Nasjonale Sosialister I Den Lange Weimarrepublikken

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Nasjonale Sosialister I Den Lange Weimarrepublikken Nasjonale Sosialister i den lange Weimarrepublikken Tre intellektuelle nasjonalsosialisters erfaringer i overgangen fra et demokrati til et diktatur Kjartan Hverven Masteroppgave ved Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Vår 2018 Nasjonale Sosialister i den lange Weimarrepublikken Tre intellektuelle nasjonalsosialisters erfaringer i overgangen fra et demokrati til et diktatur II © Kjartan Hverven 2018 Nasjonale Sosialister i den lange Weimarrepublikken Tre intellektuelle nasjonalsosialisters erfaringer i overgangen fra et demokrati til et diktatur Kjartan Hverven http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo III Sammendrag Denne oppgaven handler om tre nasjonalsosialistiske forfattere og deres tekster i overgangen mellom Weimarrepublikken og det nasjonalsosialistiske regimet. Forfatterne tilhørte et meningsfellesskap tilknyttet forlagsvirksomheten i Kampf-Verlag i Berlin. Tidligere forskning har omtalt og plassert forfatterne i en sosialistisk fløy av Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), og de beskrev seg selv som nasjonale sosialister. Forfatterne argumenterte i artikler og bøker for at NSDAP måtte programfeste mer av NSDAPs politikk og at man måtte endre sosiale status quo for å oppnå et harmonisk folkefellesskap. Oppgaven viser at det verserte ulike oppfatninger om kapitalisme, religion, sosial rettferdighet og antisemittisme i NSDAP. De ulike oppfatningene var snarere en styrke enn et problem når partiet skulle mobilisere velgere og støttespillere i et samfunn som var splittet i forskjellige regionale, religiøse, yrkesmessige og sosiale tilhørigheter. Det første halvannet året etter maktovertakelsen januar 1933 førte likevel med seg endringer i partiets mobiliseringsarbeid. Gjennom en ensrettingsprosess – ikke bare av samfunnet for øvrig, men også av partiorganisasjonen – sluttet NSDAP å oppmuntre til mobiliseringsinitiativer «nedenfra». Det nye systemet som vokste frem under det nasjonal- sosialistiske regimet, favoriserte ikke «de gamle» nasjonalsosialistene, som selv hadde formet og fortsatt ønsket å forme ideologien. Inkludering i og ekskludering fra regimets nye makt- posisjoner var et gradsspørsmål, der forskjellige kriterier spilte en rolle til forskjellige tider. Studiens tre «intellektuelle» forfatterne måtte i løpet av de første årene av regimet enten tilpasse seg de nye forutsetningene for å oppnå innflytelse i det nye regimets systemer, eller (for)bli på utsiden av institusjonene med politisk makt. IV Forord For to år siden så jeg godt på avstand og jeg hadde ingen anelse om hvem noen av denne oppgavens studieobjekter var. Jeg hadde imidlertid fått tips om at i turbulente politiske tider, med en populistisk høyreside på fremmarsj, burde man studere og lære av Weimar- republikken. To år senere sitter jeg med minst like mange spørsmål som svar – både til datidens og dagens politikere. Jeg setter likevel punktum for denne oppgaven nå og kommer meg til optikeren for å få korrigert det tapte langsynet. Det var i og for seg en grei bytte- handel; litt innsikt mot litt langsyn. Jeg vil benytte anledningen takke veilederen min Kim Christian Priemel for mange lange og gode samtaler. Selv om jeg har gjort mye annet enn masterarbeid i løpet av disse to årene, har Kim vært stødig og fått arbeidet på rett kurs. Jeg vil også takke Mamma og Pappa som har lest og kommentert hele teksten. Dessuten vil jeg takke Even N. Bergseng for lesing. Even har også fått høre alle mine mer eller mindre velbegrunnede spørsmål og utrykk for irritasjon. Takk til Bernt Hagtvet og Anders Kjøstvedt som satte meg på sporet av å studere Weimarrepublikken. Jeg vil også takke biblioteket på Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter for lån av bøker. Takk til Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie som finansierte studieopphold i Berlin. Takk også til førstelinjen ved Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde og ved Institut für Zeitgeschichte i München for god hjelp. Til slutt vil jeg takke Oda for varm støtte underveis i skriveprosessen. V Innholdsfortegnelse 1 Innledning ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Presentasjon av tema ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problemstilling............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Historiografi og litteratur ............................................................................................. 3 1.4 Kilder ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Teori............................................................................................................................. 9 1.6 Videre studier ............................................................................................................ 12 2 Folkepartiet som lyktes .................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Partier mobiliserer i sosialmiljøer .............................................................................. 14 2.2 Sosialmiljøene og partiene sementeres, velgergrunnlaget forandres ......................... 19 2.3 NSDAP mot den borgerlige eliten ............................................................................. 23 3 Miljøet i Kampf-Verlag 1925 – 1930 ............................................................................... 28 3.1 NSDAP etablerer seg i nord ...................................................................................... 28 3.2 Strasser-brødrene danner Kampf-Verlag ................................................................... 29 3.3 Miljøet i Kampf-Verlag ............................................................................................. 32 3.4 Økende spenninger mellom nord og sør .................................................................... 34 3.5 Meningsforskjeller mellom KV-miljøet og partiledelsen .......................................... 39 3.6 Sosialpolitikk i krisetider ........................................................................................... 45 4 Sosialisme ......................................................................................................................... 50 4.1 Eiendomspolitikk ....................................................................................................... 50 4.1.1 Reventlows eiendomsreform i den nye staten .................................................... 51 4.1.2 Rudolf Jungs Bodenreform ................................................................................. 53 4.1.3 Kontinuitet .......................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Medeierskap og medbestemmelse ............................................................................. 59 4.3 Forholdet til marxismen............................................................................................. 61 5 Antijødiske forestillinger .................................................................................................. 67 5.1 Historisk dualisme ..................................................................................................... 67 5.2 Der jüdische Geist ..................................................................................................... 74 6 Avslutning ........................................................................................................................ 78 6.1 Hitler tar eierskap til revolusjonen og sosialismen .................................................... 83 6.2 «Gamle» nasjonalsosialister i et nytt system ............................................................. 86 Kilder og andre referanser ........................................................................................................ 92 VI Figurer og tabeller Tabell 1. Tabell over riksdagsvalg 1871 – 1912 ...................................................................... 16 Tabell 2. Tabell over riksdagsvalg 1919 – mars 1933 ............................................................. 17 Figur 1. Arbeidsledighet i Tyskland mellom 1927 og 1936 .................................................... 47 VII 1 Innledning 1.1 Presentasjon av tema I recollect that, when I first came in to Parliament, Mr. Tierney, a great Whig authority, used always to say, that the duty of an opposition was very simple – it was, to oppose everything, and propose nothing.1 (Edward Stanley, House of Commons 4. juni 1841). Det er opposisjonens privilegium å fremme sin alternative mening om den sittende regjer- ingens politikk. Det er imidlertid ikke slik at opposisjonen aldri har noen egne forslag til hva som kunne vært bedre. Om den rollen NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter- partei) hadde i opposisjon til det sittende regimet i Weimarrepublikken kunne man kanskje heller sagt at «their duty was to oppose everything, and propose everything». NSDAP hadde en bemerkelsesverdig bred appell i det tyske samfunnet. Denne appellen skyldes delvis ideologiens fleksibilitet og nasjonalsosialistenes evne til å kommunisere seg selv som den beste løsningen på mange forskjellige gruppers problemer og bekymringer. Denne oppgaven vil studere sosialismen i nasjonalsosialismen. Oppgaven vil ta utgangspunkt i tre nasjonalsosialistiske forfattere som selv mente de hadde den sanne forståelsen
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