The Archaeology of North America

ARCL 0079 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICA 2018-2019 Term 2 THURSDAYS 4-6 PM ROOM 209 INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Coordinator: Katherine (Karen) Wright Additional teachers: Kevin Macdonald, Jose Oliver, Andrew Garrard, Patrick Quinn

OVERVIEW OF MODULE CONTENT This module is an introduction to the archaeology of North America, from initial colonization by Eurasian hunter-gatherers, to the present day. Topics include the European encounter with the New World; physical and cultural geography of North America; colonization of the continent (ca. 20,000 BC); Palaeo-Indian hunter-gatherer societies and human ecology (20,000-8000 BC); the Archaic period (ca. 8000-1000 BC); the post-Archaic period (ca. 1000 BC – 1500 AD); early mound builders of the Middle and Late Archaic; sites of the Woodland-Adena-Hopewell cultures; the Mississippian culture; the emergence of pueblos in the American Southwest; the nature of social complexity in native North America, before European contact; the archaeology of European contact; Spanish and French colonization; British colonization; the archaeology of the early United States of America; the 19th century; the African diaspora, the archaeology of slavery, plantations, the Civil War, westward expansion of the United States; and issues in cultural heritage. 1

ARCL 0079 (previously 3099) ARCHAEOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICA 2018-19 Term 2, Thursdays 4-6 pm, Room 209 Institute of Archaeology

Co-ordinator: Katherine (Karen) Wright ([email protected]), Room 101, IoA. Tel. 0207 679 4715 Additional teachers: Kevin MacDonald, Andrew Garrard, Jose Oliver, Patrick Quinn *Coordinator’s Office Hours: Tuesdays 2-5 pm; Wednesdays 4-6 pm; Fridays 4.15-5.30 pm. If you have questions, please consult the coordinator in person, in office hours or after class. If you need to email me, please put the module code in the heading (ARCL 0079).

IMPORTANT: This Module Handbook is the official reading list for the module and is in Word format. The Online Reading List for this module is not yet available. For readings: first, check this Handbook for the suggested readings and use UCL Explore.

You are not expected to read all of the sources in this handbook. For each session, essential readings are shown. Module handbooks list many readings for two reasons: (1) to give you a wide choice of readings for essays; and (2) to give you an overview of relevant literature for future reference. Please read this handbook carefully. It can be useful to familiarize yourself (in a general way) with the names of authors and their writings -- even those you do not read. ______GENERAL. This handbook contains introductory information. If you have queries, please consult the Co-ordinator. For policies & procedures, see Appendix A at end of this document. If changes need to be made to module arrangements, these will be communicated by email; it is essential that you consult your UCL e-mail regularly. PLEASE BRING THIS HANDOUT TO ALL SESSIONS.

AIMS, OBJECTIVES and LEARNING OUTCOMES The aims of this module are (1) to introduce students to the long-term development of North American civilizations, via examination of the continent’s prehistory and history as revealed in archaeological remains; and (2) to examine how North America and its cultures highlight questions about (a) global human evolution and history; (b) the impact of human migrations; (c) the independent development of agriculture and complex social institutions in the New World; (d) the nature of European colonization and its impact on smaller-scale societies; (e) technology, culture and the emergence of the United States and Canada; (f) issues and problems in the cultural heritage of North America today. On successful completion of this module, a student should have an overview of the prehistory and history of North America as revealed by archaeology; (2) understand and be able to discuss key variables, models and theories accounting for long-term culture change in North America; (3) demonstrate familiarity with the archaeological record of North America and how it places modern-day North America in long-term perspective; (4) have an appreciation for issues of cultural heritage in North America today.

TEACHING METHODS, PREREQUISITES and WORKLOAD The module will be taught by means of lectures and seminars, with Powerpoint presentations and other learning materials made available via Moodle. There are no pre-requisites for this module. There will be 20 hours of class sessions. Students will be expected to spend about 80 hours doing the reading and about 50 hours in producing assessed work – in all, approximately 150 hours for the module. A minimum attendance of 70% is required, except for illness/ circumstances supported by documentation ASSESSMENT (see separate handout for further details). This module is assessed by an essay evaluating two sides of a debate (40% of final mark); and a standard essay (60% of final mark) MOODLE: if you have problems getting onto this module in Moodle, contact Charlotte Frearson [email protected]

ARCL 0079 SCHEDULE 2018-2019 Thursdays 4-6 PM, Room 209, IoA

10 January 2019 Session 1 Introduction to North American archaeology Disconnects between Archaeologists and Native Americans (Karen Wright, Kevin MacDonald)

17 January Session 2 The peopling of North America (ca. 18,000-8000 BC) (Andrew Garrard)

24 January Session 3 The Archaic period (ca. 8000 BC - 2000 BC) (Karen Wright) Early agriculture (ca. 2000 BC – AD 200)

31 January Session 4 Early Mound Builders of the Archaic in the South (from 3500 - 1300 BC); The Mississippian (ca. AD 900-1500) and the nature of its social complexity (Kevin MacDonald)

7 February Session 5 The archaeology of the Eastern Woodlands: Adena, Hopewell & Weeden Island cultures (1000 BC–AD 900) (Jose Oliver)

11-15 February READING WEEK

21 February Session 6 The Southwest, Part 1: the emergence of Pueblo cultures and their contemporaries (1200 BC-1400 AD) (Karen Wright)

28 February Session 7 The Southwest, Part 2: complexity and Pueblo society (1200 BC-1400 AD) (Karen Wright)

7 March Session 8 Way out west: late prehistoric hunter-gatherer cultures of southern California and the Northwest Coast (Patrick Quinn, Andrew Garrard)

14 March Session 9 Contact: the archaeology of European colonization in North America (Kevin MacDonald)

21 March Session 10 Historical Archaeologies of Slavery and Conflict (Kevin MacDonald)

Assessment due dates: Assessment 1 Turnitin deadline: Monday 4 March (midnight); Hardcopy deadline: Tuesday 5 March (5 pm, Reception) Assessment 2: Turnitin deadline: Monday 15 April (midnight); Hardcopy deadline: Tuesday 16 April (5 pm, Reception)

TURNITIN: Module Code = ARCL0079 Class ID = 3884547 Password = IoA1819

If you are not in London on hardcopy due dates, you may post the hardcopy, but make sure there is a postmark showing posting before 5 pm on hardcopy due date. Turnitin deadlines apply in any case.

CORE TEXTS *Fagan, Brian. 2005. Ancient North America. New York: Thames and Hudson. *Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren. 2005. North American Archaeology. Malden: Blackwell. *Pauketat, T. (ed) 2012 The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

OTHER BASIC TEXTS available within UCL libraries Alt, Susan. 2010. Ancient Complexities: New Perspectives on Pre-Columbian North America. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Coe, M., D. Snow, and E. Benson. 2009. Atlas of Ancient America. Oxford: Facts on File. Cordell, L. and G. Gumerman. 1989. Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Washington: Smithsonian. Cordell, L. and McBrinn, M. 2012. Archaeology of the Southwest. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press. Ferguson, L. 1992. Uncommon Ground: archaeology and early African America, 1650-1800. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. Ferris, Neal. 2009. The Archaeology of Native Lived Colonialism: Challenging History in the Great Lakes. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Gibson, J.L. 2000. The Ancient Mounds of Poverty Point: Place of Rings. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. Gibson, J.L. and P.J. Carr 2004. Signs of Power: The Rise of Cultural Complexity in the Southeast, 214-233. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. + on order Gumerman, George J. 1989. Themes in Southwest Prehistory. Santa Fe: School of American Research. Haviser, J. and K. MacDonald (eds.) 2006. African Re-Genesis: confronting social issues in the Diaspora. Pp.53-61. London: UCL Press Hume, I.N. 1991. Martin’s Hundred. Charlottesville: : University of Virginia Press Johnson, J. K. 1993. The Development of Southeastern Archaeology. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. Kehoe, Alice. 1998. The Land of Prehistory: a Critical History of American Archaeology. New York: Routledge. Kelso, W.M. 2008. Jamestown: The Buried Truth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. Knight, V. J. and V. Steponaitis. 1998. Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press. Leone, M.P. and P.B. Potter Jr. (eds.) 1988. The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. McNutt, C. H. 1996. Prehistory of the Mississippi Valley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. Milner, G.R.2004. The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America. London: Thames and Hudson. Pauketat, T. 2001. The Archaeology of Traditions: Culture and History Before and After Columbus. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. Pauketat, T. 2004 Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pauketat, T. 2007. Chiefdoms and Other Archaeological Delusions. Plymouth: Altamira Press. Reinhart, T. R. and D. J. Pogue. 1999. The Archaeology of 17th Century Virginia. Richmond, Virginia: Richmond Archaeological Society. Reyman, J. E. 1992. Rediscovering Our Past: Essays on the History of American Archaeology. Aldershot: Avebury. Snead, J. 2001. Ruins and Rivals: the Making of Southwestern Archaeology. Tucson: Univ. Arizona. Snow, Dean. 1980. The Archaeology of New England. New York: Academic Press. Snow, Dean. 1981. Foundations of Northeast Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. Snow, Dean. 1994. The Iroquois. Oxford: Blackwell. Snow, Dean. 2009. The Archaeology of Native North America. New York: Pearson. Sobel, E. 2006. Household Archaeology on the Northwest Coast. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory. Ward, H. T. and S. Davis. 1999. Time Before History: the Archaeology of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. White, Nancy M. 2005. Gulf Coast Archaeology: the Southeastern US and Mexico. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. 4

1 Introduction to North American archaeology; Disconnections between archaeologists and Native Americans

Physical geography; chronological overview; human geography and the cultural map after 1492; ‘culture areas’ and language groups; brief history of North American archaeology; issues in the archaeology of living traditions; NAGPRA and its implications.

Overviews (read 3)

Coe, M.D., Snow, D.R., Benson, E., 1986. Atlas of Ancient America. Facts on File, Oxford. (Part 3) Fagan, Brian. 2005. Ancient North America. New York: Thames and Hudson. Chapter 1. *Pauketat, T. 2012. Questioning the past in North America. In: Pauketat, T. (ed. ) The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3-17. (Ch. 1) Pauketat, T. and D. Loren 2005. Alternative histories and North American archaeology. In: Pauketat, T. and D. Loren (eds.) North American Archaeology. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1-29. (Ch. 1) Watkins, J. 2005. Representing and repatriating the past. In: Pauketat, T. and D. Loren (eds.) North American Archaeology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 337-358. (Ch. 14) *Watkins, J., 2012. Bone lickers, grave diggers and other unsavory characters: archaeologists, archaeological cultures and the disconnect from native peoples. In Pauketat, T.(ed) The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 28-38 (Ch. 3).

NAGPRA and Archaeological Disconnects with Native Americans (read 1) Ferguson, T.J., 1996. Native Americans and the practice of archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 25 , 63-80. Jones, G. & Harris, R. J. 2003. Archaeological human remains: scientific, ethnical and cultural considerations. Current Anthropology, 39(2): 253-264. Layton, R. (ed.) 1989. Conflict in the Archaeology of Living Traditions. London: Unwin Hyman. Read Chapters 4, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 15) Layton, R. (ed) 1989. Who Needs the Past? Indigenous Values and Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman. McGuire, R. 2004. Contested pasts: archaeology and Native Americans. In L. Meskell and R. Preucel (eds) A Companion to Social Archaeology. Malden: Blackwell:374-95. Scarre, C. and Scarre, G. (eds.) 2006. The Ethics of Archaeology. Cambridge: C.U.P. Seidemann, R. M. 2004. Bones of contention: a comparative examination of law governing human remains from archaeological contexts in formerly colonial countries. Louisiana Law Review, 64(3): 546-588. Thomas, D. H. 2000 Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archaeology and the Battle for Native American Identity. New York, NY: Basic Books. Watkins, J. 2005. Through wary eyes: indigenous perspectives on archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 34:429-449.

For further background reading Browman, D.L., Williams, S., 2002. New perspectives on the origins of Americanist archaeology. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Feld, S. and Basso, K. (eds) Senses of Place. Santa Fe: School of American Research. Kehoe, A., 1998. The Land of Prehistory: a Critical History of American Archaeology. Routledge, New York. Kidder, A.V., 1924. An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archaeology, with a Preliminary Account of the Excavations at Pecos. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Kroeber, A., 1939. Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. University of California Press (Reprinted in 1963), Berkeley, California. Leone, M. and R. Preucel. 1992. Archaeology in a democratic society: a critical perspective. In L. Wandsnider (ed.) Quandaries and Quests. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ.115-35. Steward, J. H. 1955. Theory of Culture Change. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. Trigger, B. 1980. Archaeology and the image of the American Indian. American Antiquity 45:662-76. Willey, G. and Sabloff, J. 1980. A History of North American Archaeology. (2nd edition). London: Thames and Hudson. Chapter 2. 5

2 The peopling of North America (ca. 18,000-8000 BC)

Human colonization; Palaeo-Indian societies: Clovis, Folsom, Dalton; hunter-gatherer ecologies.

There is still controversy about the first colonization of the Americas, whether it occurred through an ice-free corridor which opened up in the terminal Pleistocene period or possibly earlier by coastal colonization from around the Pacific rim. The earliest evidence from both North and South America will be discussed in this session along with the contribution of recent research on linguistic diversity and genetics. The session will continue with a discussion of the adaptations of these pioneer communities to the diverse environments of the Americas and their possible contribution to the large- scale extinction of megafauna which occurred in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.

Essential:

Fiedel S. (2000) The peopling of the New World: present evidence, new theories and future directions. Journal of Archaeological Research 8: 39-103 (Online) Hall R., Roy D. & Boling D. (2004) Pleistocene migration routes into the Amercias: human biological adaptations and environmental constraints. Evolutionary Anthropology 13: 132-144. (Online) Haynes G. (2013) Extinctions in North America’s late Glacial landscapes. Quaternary International 285: 89-98. (Online) Meltzer D.J. (2009) First People in a New World. Colonizing Ice Age America. Berkeley: University of California. (DEA MEL) Reich D. et al. (2012) Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488: 370-374. Waguespack N.M. (2007) Why we’re still arguing about the Pleistocene occupation of the Americas. Evolutionary Anthropology 16 (2): 63-74. (Online)

For further reading

Adovasio J.M. & Pedler D.R. (1997) Monte Verde and the antiquity of humankind in the Americas. Antiquity 71: 573-80. (Online) Adovasio J.M., Pedler D., Donahue J. & Stuckenrath R. (1999) No vestige of a beginning nor prospect of an end. Two decades of debate on Meadowcroft Rockshelter. In R. Bonnichsen & K. Turnmire (1999) Ice Age Peoples of North America. Corvallis: Oregon State University: 416-431.(Arch: DEA Qto BON) Bonnichsen R. & Turnmire K. (1999) Ice Age Peoples of North America. Corvallis, Oregon State University. (Arch: DEA Qto BON) Dillehay T.D. (1999) The late Pleistocene cultures of South America. Evolutionary Anthropology 7: 206-16. (Online) Dillehay T.D. (2015) New archaeological evidence for an early human presence at Monte Verde, Chile. Plos One doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141923 (Online) Dixon E.J. (2013) Late Pleistocene colonization of North America from Northeast Asia: new insights from large- scale paleogeographic reconstructions. Quaternary International 285: 57-67. (Online) Erlandson J.M. et al. (2011) Paleoindian seafaring, maritime technologies and coastal foraging on California’s Channel Islands. Science 331: 1181-1185. (Online) Frison G.C. (1991) Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press. Gill J.L. et al. (2009) Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America. Science 326: 1100-1103. (Online) Grayson D.K. & Meltzer D.J. (2003) A requiem for North American overkill. Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 585-593. (Online) Guidon N. et al. (1996) Nature and age of the deposits in Pedra Furada, Brazil. Antiquity 70: 408-21 (reply to article by Meltzer) (Online) Haynes G. (2013) Extinctions in North America’s late Glacial landscapes. Quaternary International 285: 89-98. (Online) Hoffecker J.F. & Elias S.A. (2003) Environment and Archaeology in Beringia. Evolutionary Anthropology 12: 34-49. (Online) Jablonski N. (2002) The First Americans. The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. Memoirs of Californian Academy of Sciences. (Arch: DE JAB)

Jenkins D.L. et al. (2012) Clovis age Western Stemmed Projectile Points and human coprolites at the Paisley Caves. Science 337: 223-228. (Online) Meltzer D.J., Adovasio J.M. & Dillehay T.D. (1994) On a Pleistocene human occupation at Pedra Furada, Brazil. Antiquity 68: 695-714 (Online). Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren. (2005). North American Archaeology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. Chapter 2 (by Adovasio and Pedler) Pauketat, T. (ed) (2012) The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapter 8 (by Waguespack) Raghavan, M. et al. (2015) Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and Recent population history of Native Americans. Science 349 (3884). doi: 10.1126/science.aab3884 Reich D. et al. (2012) Reconstructing native American population history. Nature 488: 370-74. (Online) Vialou, D. et al. (2017) Peopling South America’s centre: the late Pleistocene site of Santa Elina. Antiquity 91: 865-884. (Online) Waters M.R. et al. (2011) Pre-Clovis Mastodon hunting 13,800 years ago at the Manis site, Washington. Science 334: 351-353. (Online)

3 The Archaic Period (ca. 8000 BC - 2000 BC) & Early Agriculture (ca. 2000 BC – AD 200)

The Archaic period in North America generally refers to hunter-gatherer groups that emerged in the early Holocene, from about 8000 BC to 2000 BC. Sites are sparse, but the data suggest that greater regionalization of hunting and gathering was characteristic. The diversity of Archaic cultures is highlighted by comparing the southwest to northern regions. Archaic sites display diversification in artefact technologies and apparently also in subsistence practices, with use of a wider range of plant and animal resources. In the Southwest, the appearance of maize at about 2000 BC reflects the spread of agricultural practices from Mesoamerica, where maize was initially domesticated. However, recent research suggests that an in situ domestication of plants may have taken place in the American Southeast (ca. 3800 BP/1800 BC).

Essential (read 1 from each section)

Overviews Coe, M.D., Snow, D.R., Benson, E., 1986. Atlas of Ancient America. Facts on File, Oxford. (Part 3, esp. pages 36-40) Fagan, Brian. 2005. Ancient North America. New York: Thames and Hudson. Chapters 13, 15, 17 Pearsall, D.M., 2012. People, plants and culinary traditions. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 73-85.

The Southwest and West in the Archaic

Cordell, L. and McBrinn, M. 2012. Archaeology of the Southwest. 3rd edition. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. Chapters 2, 4, 5 Huckell, B.B., 1996. The Archaic prehistory of the North American southwest. Journal of World Prehistory 10, 305-373. Morgan, C., Bettinger, R.L., 2012. Great Basin foraging strategies. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, pp. 185-198.

The appearance of agriculture in the Southwest

Wills, W., 1988. Early agriculture and sedentism in the American Southwest: evidence and interpretations. Journal of World Prehistory 2 , 445-488. *Wills, W., 1995. Archaic foraging and the beginning of food production in the American Southwest. In: Price, T.D., Gebauer, A.B. (eds.), Last Hunters. First Farmers. School of American Research, Santa Fe, pp. 215-242. Wills, W., 1994. Organizational strategies and the emergence of prehistoric villages in the American Southwest. In: Gregg, S. (ed.), Between Bands and States. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Occasional Paper 9, Carbondale, Illinois. Wills, W., 2001. Pithouse architecture and the economics of household formation in the prehistoric Southwest. Human Ecology 29 , 477-500. Wills, W., Huckell, B.B., 1994. Economic implications of changing land use patterns in the Late Archaic. In: Gumerman, G.J. (ed.), Themes in Southwest Prehistory. School of American Research, Santa Fe, pp. 33-52.

The appearance of agriculture in the Southeast

*Sassaman, K.E., 2005. Structure and practice in the Archaic southeast. In: Pauketat, T.R., Loren, D.D. (eds.), North American Archaeology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 79-107. Smith, B.D., 2006. Eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 , 12223-12228. *Smith, B.D., Yarnell, R.A., 2009. Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at 3800 BP. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 , 6561-6566. 8

Smith, B.D., 2011. The cultural context of plant domestication in eastern North America. Current Anthropology 52 (Supplement 4), 471-484.

Northern regions in the Archaic

*Chapdelaine, C., 2012. Overview of the St. Lawrence Archaic through Woodland. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 249-261. Gibbon, G., 2012. Lifeways through time in the Upper Mississippi valley and northeastern plains. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 325-335. McElrath, D. L. and Emerson, T. E. 2012. Re-envisioning eastern Woodlands Archaic origins. In Pauketat, T. R., The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 448-459.

For further reading

Bettinger, R. L. and J. W. Eerkens (1999) Point typologies, cultural transmission, and the spread of bow-and- arrow technology in the prehistoric Great Basin. American Antiquity 64(2):231-242. Erlandson, J., Braje, T.J., 2012. Foundations of the far west: Paleoindian cultures on the western fringe of North America. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 149-159. Haury, E., 1950. The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ventana Cave. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Huckell, B.B., 2003. The Ventana complex: new dates and new ideas on its place in early Holocene western prehistory. American Antiquity 68 , 353-371. Huckell, L.W., Toll, M.S., 2004. Wild plant use in the North American Southwest. In: Minnis, P.E. (ed.), People and Plants in Ancient Western North America. Smithsonian, Washington, DC, pp. 37-115. Irwin-Williams, C., 1979. Post-Pleistocene archaeology, 7000-2000 BC. In: Ortiz, A. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians Volume 9. Smithsonian, Washington, DC, pp. 31-42. Nicholas, G.P., 1988. Holocene human ecology in northeastern North America. Plenum Press, New York. Phillips, J.L., Brown, J.A., 1983. Archaic hunters and gatherers in the American Midwest. Academic Press, New York. Smith, B.D., 2011. The Subsistence Economies of Indigenous North American Societies. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Publications, Washington, D.C.

4 Early Mound Builders of the Archaic in the South (from 3500 - 1300 BC); The Mississippian (ca. AD 900-1500) and the nature of its social complexity

Watson Brake to Poverty Point – early mound-building in Louisiana; overview of the Mississippian; selected large sites: Toltec Mounds, Moundville, Cahokia; the chiefdom debate; ‘stateliness.’

From as early as 3500 BC small mound complexes were being constructed in what is now northern Lousiana by hunter-gatherer peoples. By 1600 BC these early mound sites reached their apogee at the 350ha+ ritual centre of Poverty Point – remarkably without pottery or agriculture. A consistency in the spatial grammar of these sites has been suggested by several scholars coupled with a notionally theocratic leadership. Trade or tribute flowed in from as far away as the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes. But, for whatever reason, the ‘Poverty Point Culture’ did not long endure, with a decline in activity after 1200 BC. The Mississippian (c. AD 900-1500) was a much later tradition of complex societies which swept across the American southeast and Midwest, associated with agriculture, the building of platform mounds and a range of important ceremonial centres. Cahokia – the greatest of these, at 890ha - is North Americas largest prehistoric settlement site. It has been at the centre of debate concerning its status: state ?, urban centre? complex chiefdom? We will critically consider the criteria used to construct such categories and their usefulness.

Watson Break to Poverty Point

Alt, Susan. 2010. Ancient Complexities: New Perspectives on Pre-Columbian North America. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Read Chapter 3 (Kidder) Gibson, J.L. 1994. Before their time? Early Mounds in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Southeastern Archaeology 13: 162-186. Gibson, J.L. 2000. The Ancient Mounds of Poverty Point: Place of Rings. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. *Gibson, J.L. and P.J. Carr (eds.) 2004. Signs of Power: The Rise of Cultural Complexity in the Southeast, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. Read Chapter 1(Gibson & Carr), Chapter 8 (Carr & Stewart), Chapter 9 (Saunders), Chapter 10 (Clark), Chapter 11 ( Sassaman and Heckenberger) Kidder, T.R.. 2012. Poverty Point. In: Pauketat, T. (ed), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapter 38, pp. 460-470. Sassaman, K.E., 2005. Structure and practice in the Archaic southeast. In: Pauketat, T.R., Loren, D.D. (eds.), North American Archaeology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 79-107. Sassaman, K.E. 2004.’ Complex hunter-gatherers in evolution and history: a North American perspective’, Journal of Archaeological Research 12: 227-80. INST ARCH PERS and electronic resource. *Sassaman, K.E. 2005. ‘Poverty Point as structure, event, process’, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12: 335-64. *Saunders, Joe W. et al. 2005, Watson Brake, a Middle Archaic Mound Complex in Northeast Louisiana, American Antiquity 70 (4): 631–668 Saunders, J.W., A. Thurman and R.T. Saucier 1994. Four Archaic (?) Mound Complexes in Northeastern Louisiana. Southeastern Archaeology 13: 134-153. Spivey, S.M., T.R. Kidder, A.L .Ortmann and L.J. Arco. 2015. Pilgrimage to Poverty Point? In Z. Gilmore and J. O’Donoughue eds. The Archaeology of Events, pp. 141-159. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

The Mississipian and Cahokia Blitz, J. H. 1999. Mississippian Chiefdoms and the Fission-Fusion Process. American Antiquity 64: 577-592. *Blitz, J.H. 2010. New Perspectives in Mississippian Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 18: 1-39.

Cobb, C. R. 2003. Mississippian Chiefdoms: How Complex? Annual Review of Anthropology, 321(1): 63-84 Johnson, A. W. and T. Earle. 1987. The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Knight, V. J. and V. Steponaitis. 1998. Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press. McNutt, C. H. 1996. Prehistory of the Mississippi Valley. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. Milner, G.R. 2004. The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America. London: Thames and Hudson. INST ARCH DED 16 MIL. Monaghan, G.W. and C. S. Peebles 2010. The Construction ,Use, and Abandonment of Angel Site Mound A: Tracing the History of a Middle Mississippian Town through its earthworks. American Antiquity 75: 935-953. *Pauketat, T. (eds.) 2001. The Archaeology of Traditions: Culture and History Before and After Columbus. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. Read Chapter 8 (Rees), and Chapter 9 (Alt) Pauketat, T. 2004 Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pauketat, T. 2007. Chiefdoms and Other Archaeological Delusions. Plymouth: Altamira Press. *Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren. 2005. North American Archaeology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. Read Chapter 8, (Pauketat). Pauketat et al. 2002. The residues of feasting and public ritual at early Cahokia. American Antiquity 67: 257-279. Steponaitis, V. 1991. Contrasting patterns of Mississippian Development, in T. Earle (ed.) Chiefdoms: Power, Economy and Ideology, 193-228. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

5 The archaeology of the eastern woodlands: Adena, Hopewell & Weeden Island cultures (1000 BC–AD 900)

Great Plains and Midwest (Woodland sites; Adena, Hopewell, Plum Bayou, Coles Creek); Gulf of Mexico (Florida-Alabama Gulf sites; Belle Glade, Manasota, Weeden Island, Fort Walton). Emerging out of the Archaic Period, around 1200-1000 BC, the Eastern Woodlands societies embarked in a multi-faceted trajectory of cultural change and further elaboration that presaged the emergence of the Mississippian Tradition at the end of the Woodland Period. This millennium-long period witnessed the intensification of food resource exploitation (deliberate cultivation of native plants), the development of pottery technology, a shift toward a more sedentary lifeway (hamlets, villages), the emergence of more complex social orders (ranked societies), and an amplified network of inter- regional trade and exchange of exotic materials. Elaborate earth-mound constructions continued; human interments and charnel-houses were ritually buried under (usually conical) earth mound structures. By 200 BC (middle Woodland Period) saw the consolidation of the “Southern Cult”, or more accurately the Southeastern Ceremonial Cult (e.g., Calumet Ceremony), with varying regional expressions. The lecture discusses and traces these developments by highlighting three cultural traditions: The Adena (Early Woodland) and the Hopewell (Middle Woodland) of the Ohio River Valley and the Weeden Island (Mid-Late Woodland) of the Gulf Coast of peninsular Florida.

Essential

Fagan, B. (2005). Ancient North America: the Archaeology of a Continent. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISSUE DESK IOA FAG (1 copy); INST ARCH DED 100 FAG (3 copies, 1 week loan). Required Reading: Ch. 18, 19 and Ch. 20, pp. 457-461. Hays, C. T. (2010). Adena Mortuary Patterns in Central Ohio. Southeastern Archaeology, 29(1): 106-120. UCL-EXPLORE: Open Line Access. Milanich, J. T. and C. H. Fairbanks (1980). Florida Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. Required Reading: Chapter 5 [Weeden Island Period Cultures] ISSUE DESK IOA MIL (1 copy); INST ARCH DED 16 MIL (cf. Issue Desk). Nolan, K. C. and R. A. Cook (2010) An Evolutionary Model of Social Change in the Middle Ohio Valley: Was Social Complexity Impossible during the Late Woodland but Mandatory during The Late Prehistoric? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21(1):62-79. UCL-EXPLORE: Open Line Access. Yerkes, R. W. (1988). The Woodland and Mississippian Traditions in the Prehistory of Midwestern North America. Journal of World Prehistory 2(3):307-357. UCL-EXPLORE: Open Line Access.

For further reading

Charles, Douglass K. (2012). Origins of the Hopewell Phenomenon. In: The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology, edited by T. R. Pauketat. Suggested Reading: Ch. 39. Oxford University Press. ISSUE DESK IOA PAU (1 copy); INST ARCH DEA PAU (1 copy; 1 week loan). McElrath D. L. and T. Emerson (2012). Reenvisioning Eastern Woodlands Archaic Origins. In: The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology, edited by T. R. Pauketat. Suggested Reading: Ch. 37. Oxford University Press. ISSUE DESK IOA PAU (1 copy); DEA PAU (1 copy; 1 week loan). Milner, G.R.2004. The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America. London: Thames and Hudson. Suggested Reading: Chapters 4, 5. ] ISSUE DESK IOA MIL (1 copy); INST ARCH DED 16 MIL (cf. Issue Desk). Rees, M. A. (2012). Monumental Landscape and Community in the Southern Lower Mississippi Valley during the Late Woodland and Mississippi Periods. In: The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology, edited by T. R. Pauketat. Oxford University Press. Suggested Reading: Ch. 40. ISSUE DESK IOA PAU (1 copy); INST ARCH DEA PAU (1 copy; 1 week loan).

Additional Readings (for Essay Research)

Brose, D. S. and N. Greber, editors (1979). Hopewell Archaeology : The Chillicothe Conference. Kent: Kent State University Press. INST ARCH DED 16 BRO (1 copy, 1 week loan). Case, D. T. and C. Carr, editors (2008). The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding. New York: Springer. UCL-EXPLORE: Open Line Access [PDF full text]; INST ARCH DED 16 CAS (1 copy, standard loan+ CD with colour Illustrations] Webb W. S. and C. E. Snow (2001 [1974]) The Adena People, with a chapter on Adena pottery and a foreword to the new ed. by James B. Griffin. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. UCL-EXPLORE: On Line Open Access; INST ARCH DED 16 WEB (1 copy, standard loan).

6 The Southwest, Part 1: the emergence of Pueblo cultures and their contemporaries (1200 BC-1400 AD)

The development of agricultural economies resulted in the emergence of a range of distinct but inter- related cultures in the American southwest. The most well known are the Hohokam, Mogollon and Ancestral Pueblo (formerly ‘Anasazi’) cultures. Beginning between 200 and 900 AD, villages composed of pithouses and courtyards began to emerge, although settlements do show considerable diversity in architectural forms and layouts. Between 700 and 1000 AD, new types of settlements appeared, characterized by multi-room surface buildings. In some areas, these surface structures evolved into aggregated settlements of many connected rooms (pueblos). The Hohokam were concentrated along the Salt and Gila Rivers and in the Sonoran desert, in what is now Arizona. The Hohokam were masters of irrigation and occupied villages composed of pit houses or surface structures (but not pueblos); a famous example is Snaketown. The Mogollon pueblo culture emerged in the central and eastern highlands of Arizona and the western highlands of New Mexico; Grasshopper is a well known Mogollon site. Ancestral Pueblo sites were concentrated in the San Juan and Rio Grande Valleys. These settlements were unusually large and some had special ritual significance. Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde are two of the best known. A key research problem is what stimulated episodes of aggregation and abandonment. Other regional cultures include Fremont, Patayan, Sinagua, and Chihuahuan. A simplified periodization, which mainly applies to some of the Ancestral Pueblo regions, is as follows: Basketmaker II (ca. 1500 BC – 300 AD); Basketmaker III (ca. 500-700 AD); Pueblo I (ca. 700-900 AD); Pueblo II (ca. 900-1150 AD); Pueblo III (ca. 1150-1400 AD) and Pueblo IV (ca. 1400-1600 AD); Pueblo V (1600 AD to present).

Essential (read one from each section)

Overviews Coe, M.D., Snow, D.R., Benson, E., 1986. Atlas of Ancient America. Facts on File, Oxford. (Part 3 – esp. pages 66-79, and especially study the illustrations) *Cordell, Linda and McBrinn, M. 2012. Archaeology of the Southwest. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. Chapters 6, 7 Mills, B.J., 2012. The archaeology of the greater southwest: migration, inequality and religious transformations. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 547-560. Young, L., 2012. Diversity in first-millennium AD southwestern farming communities. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 561-570.

Hohokam

Fish, P.R., 1989. The Hohokam: 1000 years of prehistory in the Sonoran desert. In: Cordell, L.S., Gumerman, G.J. (eds.), Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 19-64. *Fish, S.K., Fish, P.R., 2012. Hohokam society and water management. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 571- 584.

Mogollon

*Reid, J.J., 1989. A Grasshopper perspective on the Mogollon of the Arizona Mountains. In: Cordell, L.S., Gumerman, G.J. (eds.), Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 65-98.

Ancestral Pueblos (Anasazi): beginnings

Wills, W., Windes, T.C., 1989. Evidence for population aggregation and dispersal during the Basketmaker III period in Chaco Canyon. American Antiquity 54 (2), 347-369. Wilshusen, R.H., van Dyke, R., 2006. Chaco's beginnings. In: Lekson, S.H. (ed.), The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon. School of American Research Seminar Series, Santa Fe, pp. 211-260.

Ancestral Pueblos (Anasazi): lifeways and social organization

Crown, P., Orcutt, J.D., Kohler, T.A., 1996. Pueblo cultures in transition: the northern Rio Grande. In: Adler, M.A. (ed.), The Prehistoric Pueblo World, AD 1100-1300. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Fowles, S., 2012. The pueblo village in an age of reformation (AD 1300-1600). In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 631-644. Hegmon, M., 2005. Beyond the mold: questions of inequality in southwest villages. In: Pauketat, T.R., Loren, D.D. (eds.), North American Archaeology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 212-234. Plog, S., Heitmann, C., 2008. Hierarchy and long term social inequality in the American Southwest, AD 800-1200. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 , 19619-19626. *Wills, W., Crown, P., 2004. Commensal politics in the prehispanic American southwest: an introductory review. In: Mills, B.J. (ed.), Identity, Feasting and the Archaeology of the Greater Southwest. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, pp. 153-172.

For further reading:

Cordell, Linda and George J. Gumerman. 1989. Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press. Crown, P., Judge, W.J., 1991. Chaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, Santa Fe. Gumerman, George J. 1994. Themes in Southwest Prehistory. Santa Fe: School of American Research. Gumerman, G.J., Dean, J.S., 1989. Prehistoric cooperation and competition in the Western Anasazi area. In: Cordell, L.S., Gumerman, G.J. (eds.), Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 99-148. Haury, E., 1936. The Mogollon Culture of Southwestern New Mexico. Medallion Papers 2a, Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona. Longacre, W., 1970. Reconstructing Prehistoric Pueblo Societies. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Mills, B.J., 2000. Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Pauketat, T. 2007. Chiefdoms and Other Archaeological Delusions. Plymouth: Altamira Press. Plog, S., 2008. Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest. Thames and Hudson, London. Preucel, R.W., 2002. Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt: Identity, Meaning and Renewal in the Pueblo World. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Reid, J.J., Whittlesey, S., 2005. Seven years that reshaped southwest prehistory. In: Cordell, L.S., Fowler, D.D. (eds.), Southwest Archaeology in the Twentieth Century. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 47-59. Reid, J.J., Whittlesey, S., 1997. The Archaeology of Ancient Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Riggs, C.L., 2001. The Architecture of Grasshopper Pueblo. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Snead, J. E. 2001. Ruins and Rivals: the Making of Southwestern Archaeology. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Stuart, D.E., 2000. Anasazi America: Seventeen Centuries on the Road from Center Place. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

7 The Southwest 2: complexity and Pueblo society

A major debate has emerged in recent years on the nature of social organization and social inequality in Ancestral Pueblo societies. In particular, questions have been raised as to whether Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde constituted urbanized, state-level societies. For many years Ancestral Pueblo groups were regarded by archaeologists as having non-state political organization, whilst the large settlements were seen as impressive, but not ‘urban’ in character. Allied to this debate is the issue of why these cultures traditionally have not been called ‘civilizations’ on a par with the civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Mesoamerica, etc. Some of this debate centers on problems of definition and the nature of the evidence; but the debate has been couched (on both sides) in terms of political agendas and how they affect terminology and interpretation. Some have argued that traditional views of ancient pueblo societies greatly underestimate the degree of social complexity. Others suggest that pueblo cultures do not need to be labelled as “urban, state-level civilizations” to be considered important; that such labels force these cultures into categories derived from elsewhere; and that what matters is what the archaeological evidence tells us. In this session we also look at the links between the southwest and Mesoamerica; and the later history of pueblo groups and their contemporaries.

Overviews

*Cordell, Linda and McBrinn, M. 2012. Archaeology of the Southwest. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10 Fowles, S., 2012. The pueblo village in an age of reformation (AD 1300-1600). In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 631-644. Snead, J.E., 2012. Warfare and conflict in the late pre-Columbian pueblo world. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 620-630.

Chaco Canyon (read one work by Lekson and one by another author)

Crown, P. L. and W. H. Wills 2003, Modifying pottery and kivas at Chaco: pentimento, restoration, or renewal? American Antiquity 68 (3): 511-532. Judge, W.J., 1989. Chaco Canyon - San Juan Basin. In: Cordell, L.S., Gumerman, G.J. (eds.), Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 209-262. Judge, W.J., Cordell, L.S., 2006. Society and polity. In: Lekson, S.H. (ed.), The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon. School of American Research Seminar Series, Santa Fe, pp. 189-210. Lekson, S.H., 2005. Chaco and Paquimé: complexity, history, landscape. In: Pauketat, T.R., Loren, D.D. (eds.), North American Archaeology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 235-272. Lekson, S.H., 2006. Chaco matters: an introduction. In: Lekson, S.H. (ed.), The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon. School of American Research Seminar Series, Santa Fe, pp. 3-44. Lekson, S.H., 2006. Architecture. In: Lekson, S.H. (ed.), The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon. School of American Research Seminar Series, Santa Fe, pp. 67-116. Lekson, S.H., 2012. Chaco's hinterlands. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 597-607. Wills, W., 2000. Political leadership and the construction of Chacoan Great Houses in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, AD 1020-1140. In: Mills, B.J. (ed.), Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 19-44. Wills, W., 2001. Ritual and mound formation during the Bonito phase in Chaco Canyon. American Antiquity 66 (3), 433-451. Wills, W. 2012. On the trail of the lonesome pine: archaeological paradigms and the Chaco ‘tree of life’. American Antiquity 77(3): 478-497.

Mesa Verde

Varien, M.D., Kohler, T.A., Ortman, S.G., 2012. The Mesa Verde region. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 608- 619. Wilshusen, R.H., 2002. Estimating population in the central Mesa Verde region. In: Varien, M.D., Wilshusen, R.H. (eds.), Seeking the Center Place: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 101-120.

The Southwest and Mesoamerica

Hall, R.L., 2012. Some commonalities linking North America and Mesoamerica. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 52-63. VanPool, C.S., VanPool, T.L., 2012. Casas Grandes phenomenon. In: Pauketat, T.R. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 645-657.

For further reading

Alt, S., 2010. Ancient Complexities: New Perspectives on Pre-Columbian North America. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Ericson, J.E., Baugh, T.G., 1993. The American Southwest and Mesoamerica: systems of prehistoric exchange. Plenum Press, New York. Irwin-Williams, C., 2008. Chacoan society: the view from Salmon Ruin. In: Reed, P.F. (ed.), Chaco's Northern Prodigies: Salmon, Aztec and the Ascendancy of the Middle San Juan Region after AD 1100. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 273-283. Lekson, S. (ed) 2006. The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon. Santa Fe: School of American Research. MacDonald, D. 2001. Grief and burial in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 66:704-714, Renfrew, C. 2001 Production and consumption in a sacred economy: the material correlates of high devotional expression at Chaco Canyon. American Anquity 66 (1):14-25.

8 Way out west: late hunter-gatherer cultures of southern California and the Northwest Coast

Craft traditions; cultural diversity; migration; cultural interaction; adaptation

8a - Southern California (P. Quinn)

Southern California was occupied in Late Prehistoric times (600-1769AD) by several ethno- linguistically diverse native groups who practiced a semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle, migrating between the different landscape zones that define the region. Late Prehistory is marked by the appearance of a distinctive material culture package that includes small projectile points, mortars and pestles and simple paddle-and-anvil pottery. This pattern lasted until the arrival of the Europeans and Mexicans in 1769, which ultimately led to the demise of native culture throughout the Historic Period. The use of ceramics in the southernmost part of California, occupied by San Diego Country, contrasts with the rest of the state, where baskets were utilised instead. The inconspicuous native campsites in this area, which lack built structures, contain large numbers of plain brown and buff coloured sherds. These artefacts offer important insights into Late Prehistoric life, as this lecture will demonstrate through the use of stylistic and metric analysis, in depth scientific investigation and ethnographic research. The appearance of ceramics in San Diego County will be considered in terms of its timing, possible origins and the benefits it afforded to the Late Prehistoric inhabitants of the region. Techniques of ancient ceramic manufacture will be reconstructed through the use of thin section petrography and important ethno- historic accounts that record the craft at the time of contact. It will be demonstrated how the petrographic and geochemical signatures within of Late Prehistoric ceramics can be used to study patterns of seasonal migration and cultural interaction between the different ethno-linguistic groups of the area. Lastly, ceramic technology and distribution will be used to consider how the native inhabitants of southern California adapted to periods of environmental pressure, as well as the cultural changes brought about by the arrival of foreign settlers.

Essential (in library or on-line)

Arnold, J. E., Walsh, M. R. and Hollimon, S. E. 2004. The Archaeology of California. Journal of Archaeological Research 12: 1–73. (pages 46-48) Hohenthal, W.D. 2001. Tipai Ethnographic Notes: A Baja California Indian Community at Mid Century. Balena Press, Novato, California. (pages 166-173) Hildebrand, J. A. and Hagstrum, M. B. 1995. Observing subsistence change in native Southern California: The late prehistoric Kumeyaay. Research in Economic Anthropology, 16: 85–127. Laylander, D. 1992. Tizon Brown Ware. In: Research Issues in San Diego Archaeology. San Diego County Archaeological Society, San Diego. (http://www.sandiegoarchaeology.org/Laylander/Issues/) Quinn, P. S., Burton, M. (2009). Ceramic Petrography and the Reconstruction of Hunter-Gatherer Craft Technology in Late Prehistoric Southern California. In Quinn, P. S. (Ed.). Interpreting Silent Artefacts: Petrographic Approaches to Archaeological Ceramics ( pp.267-295). Oxford, England: Archaeopress. Quinn, P. S. and Burton, M. 2015. Ceramic Distribution, Migration and Cultural Interaction Among Late Prehistoric (ca. 1300–200 B.P.) Hunter-Gatherers in the San Diego Region, Southern California. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports, 5: 285-295.

For further reading (available from P. Quinn)

Bayman, J. M., Hevly, R. H., Johnson, B., Reinhard, K. J., and Ryan, R. (1996). Analytical perspectives on a protohistoric cache of ceramic jars from the lower Colorado Desert. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 18:131–154. Hildebrand J.A. Gross G.T. Schaefer J. and Neff H. 2002. Patayan ceramic variability: Using trace elements and petrographic analysis to study brown and buff wares in southern California. In: Glowacki D.M. and Neff 18

H. (eds.) Ceramic Production and Circulation in the Greater Southwest. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Monograph 44. University of California, Los Angeles: 121–139. Laylander, D. 1997. Last Days of Lake Cahuilla: The Elmore Site. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 33: 1–138. Sampson, M. P. 2004 Aboriginal Settlement in Mine Wash and its Role in Local Prehistory, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, 17:163-170. Wilken, M. 1982. The Paipai Potters of Baja California: A Living Tradition. The Masterkey 60:18-26.

8b - The Northwest Coast

At the time of first European contact, native groups of the North-West Pacific coast had developed the greatest social and material complexity seen amongst any non-agricultural societies. Their economy was heavily dependent on the exploitation of seasonally abundant marine resources, but they lived in large corporate houses in permanent villages, in a socially ranked system which included hereditary nobility as well as a class of slaves. They had developed extensive trade networks and craft specialisation including the production of visually spectacular art to reinforce clan history as well as social status. They carefully defended their resources and were engaged in intermittent warfare with other groups. There has been much interest in how this level of complexity evolved in a non- agricultural society, and this lecture will trace the archaeological evidence for its development.

Essential

Ames K.M. 1994. The Northwest Coast. Complex hunter-gatherers, ecology and social evolution. Annual Reviews of Anthropology 23: 209-229. Ames K.M. 2001. Slaves, chiefs and labour on the Northern Northwest Coast. World Archaeology 33: 1-17. Ames K.M. 2003. The Northwest Coast. Evolutionary Anthropology 12: 19-33. Maschner H.1991. The emergence of cultural complexity on the northern Northwest Coast. Antiquity 65: 924-34. Maschner H.D.G. (2011) Archaeology of Northwest Coast. In T.R. Pauketat (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press: 160-172. (IoA: DEA PAU)

For further reading: communities of the Northwest Coast

Ames K.M. (2005) North Coast Prehistory Project Excavations in Prince Rupert Harbour: the Artifacts. Oxford: BAR S1342. (IoA: DEC Qto AME) Ames K.M. & Maschner H.D.G. (1999) People of the Northwest Coast. London: Thames & Hudson. (IoA: DEA AME) Jonaitis A. (1988) From the Land of the Totem Poles. The Northwest Coast Indian Art Collection at the American Museum of Natural History. New York: American Museum of Natural History. (Art: DP5 JON) Levi-Strauss, C. 1982. The Way of the Masks. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Matson R.G. & Coupland G. (1995) The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. Orlando: Academic. (IoA: DED 11 MAT) Sobel E.A., Trieu Gahr A., Ames K.M. (2006) Household Archaeology on the Northwest Coast. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory. (IoA: DEA SOB) Suttles, W. (1968) Coping with abundance. Subsistence on the Northwest Coast. In R.B. Lee and I. DeVore (eds.) Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine: 56-68. (IoA: HB LEE) Suttles, W. (1990) Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 7 Northwest Coast. Washington, Smithsonian Institute. (IoA: DEA Qto Ser HAN 7)

For further reading: communities of the Northwest Plateau

Hayden B. (1997) Pit houses of Keatley Creek. Complex hunter-gatherers of the North West Plateau. London: Harcourt Brace College (IoA: DEC HAY) Hayden B. (1997) Observations on the prehistoric social and economic structure of the North American Plateau. World Archaeology 29: 242-61. Hayden, B. (2005) The emergence of large villages and large residential corporate group structures amongst complex hunter-gatherers at Keatley Creek. American Antiquity 70: 169-174. Prentiss A-M. et al. (2007) The emergence of state inequality in intermediate scale societies. A demographic and socio-economic history of the Keatley Creek site, British Columbia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26: 299-372. (IoA: DEA PAU) Prentiss A-M. (2011) The winter village pattern on the plateau of northwestern North America. In T.R. Pauketat (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press. 173-184. (IoA: DEA PAU)

9 Contact: the archaeology of European colonization in North America

Vikings in Greenland and Newfoundland, Native groups in Virginia, and the east coast c. AD 1500- 1750; Spanish and French contact and ’exploration’; early British settlements and interactions; the impact on native populations. Case studies: St Augustine, Jamestown, Parkin.

The European colonisation and dominance of North America was by no means a foregone conclusion. Original visits by the Vikings were small scale and tentative, if fascinating, endeavours. Early post- Columbian colonist settlements were largely reliant upon exchange and diplomacy with native populations. For some time, and until a tipping point in the 18th century, the close co-existence of Native American and Euro-African populations seemed inevitable. This lecture will focus on the period of AD 1500-1750 and processes of interaction and creolization in the eastern half of North America.

Appelbaum, R. and Sweet, J. W. 2005 (eds). Envisioning an English empire: Jamestown and the making of the North Atlantic world (Early American Studies). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. AMERICAN HISTORY C 631 APP Bray, W. (ed.) 1993. The Meeting of Two Worlds: Europe and the Americas 1492-1650. Oxford: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH DF 200 BRA. Deagen, K. 1983. Spanish St. Augustine: The Archaeology of a Colonial Creole Community. New York: Academic Press. *Dye, D.H. and C.A. Cox (eds.) 1990. Towns and Temples along the Mississippi. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. Copies of Chapter s 7 and 10, concerning archaeological evidence of the DeSoto expedition will be made available. Hume, I.N. 1991. Martin’s Hundred. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press Ingstad, H. 1969. Westward to Vinland: the discovery of Pre-Columbian Norse house sites in North America. London: Cape. STORE 00-01541 Ingstad, H. 1985. Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America. Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. STORE 14-0314 Ingstad, H. and A.S. Ingstad 2001. The Viking Discovery of America. New York: Facts on File. *Kelso, W.M. 2008. Jamestown: The Buried Truth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. *Leone, M.P. and P.B. Potter Jr. (eds.) 1988. The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. Read Chapters 1 through 5. Loren, D. DiPaolo 2000. The Intersections of Colonial Policy and Colonial Practice: Creolization on the Eighteenth-Century Louisiana/Texas Frontier. Historical Archaeology 34(3):85-98. Pauketat, T. 2001. The Archaeology of Traditions: Culture and History Before and After Columbus. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. Read Chapters 3 (Scarry), and 5 (Saunders), *Pauketat, T. and D. D. Loren. 2005. North American Archaeology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. Read Chapters 11 and 12. Reinhart, T. R. and D. J. Pogue. 1999. The Archaeology of 17th Century Virginia. Richmond, Virginia: Richmond Archaeological Society. Silvia, D. E. 2002. Native American and French Cultural Dynamics on the Gulf Coast. Historical Archaeology 36(1):26-35. Snow, Dean. 1980. The Archaeology of New England. New York: Academic Press. Snow, Dean. 1994. The Iroquois. Oxford: Blackwell. Stewart, C. (ed.) 2007. Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek. Read Introduction. Usner, D.H. 1992. Indians, Settlers, & Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower Mississippi Valley before 1783. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Chapters 1-3 AM HIST C300 USN *Van Buren, M. 2010. The Archaeological Study of Spansih Colonialism in the Americas. Journal ofArchaeological Research 18: 151-201.,

10 Historical Archaeologies of Slavery and Conflict

The African diaspora, the archaeology of slavery, plantations, African cultural survival and syncretism; the Civil War and Battlefield archaeology; historical archaeology & heritage of the United States of America.

Post Contact-Period North American Historical Archaeology has focused primarily on the archaeology of the African Diaspora. As a sub-field, after an inception primarily documenting plantation systems, Diaspora archaeology has turned more to issues of African cultural survival and transformation in the New World. So-called colonoware pottery and elements of African architecture in the New World have served as foci for debate. Interest has also been generated in using archaeology to better explain America’s many national and state battlefield parks. A particularly important example of forensic battlefield information that can be recovered through careful study is the archaeological re-evaluation of the Battle of Little Big Horn.Interesting issues also attend the historical archaeology of sites which are special to the formation of the United States and their heritage presentation.

African Diaspora Archaeology

Ferguson, L. 1992. Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650-1800. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. *Haviser, J. and K. MacDonald (eds.) 2006. African Re-Genesis: confronting social issues in the Diaspora. London: UCL Press Read Chapter 1 (Haviser & MacDonald) and Chapter 6 (Morgan) Leone, M., et al. 1995 Can an Afro-American historical archaeology be an alternative voice? In, I. Hodder, et al. (eds) Interpreting Archaeology. London, Routledge, pp. 110-24. TC 3513, Inst Arch AH HOD, Issue Desk HOD 1. Leone, M.P. and P.B. Potter Jr. (eds.) 1988. The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. Read Chapter 11 (Singleton chapter) MacDonald, Kevin C. and David W. Morgan 2012. African Earthen Structures in Colonial Louisiana: Architecture from the Coincoin Plantation (1788-1816). Antiquity 86: 161-177. *Morgan, D. W. and K. C. MacDonald 2011 Colonoware in Western Colonial Louisiana: Makers and Meaning. In The Historical Archaeology of French America: Louisiana and the Caribbean, edited by K. Kelly and M. Hardy, pp. 117-151. University of Florida Press, Gainesville. Morgan, D. W. and K. C. MacDonald 2017. Pots Sauvage: Plantation Pottery Traditions of Northwest Louisiana at the End of the Eighteenth Century. In E. M. Scott (Ed.), Archaeological Perspectives on the French in the New World, pp. 154-184. Tallahassee: University Press of Florida. *Mouer, L.D. et al. 1999. ‘Colonoware Pottery, Chesapeake Pipes, and “Uncritical Assumptions”’ In T. Singleton (ed.) “I Too Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life . pp. 83-115. Charlottesville: University of Virginia. Singleton, Theresa A. and Mark Bograd 2000. Breaking Typological Barriers: looking for the Colono in Colonoware. in J. Delle, S. Mrozowski and R. Paynter eds. Lines that Divide: Historical Archaeologies of Race, Class, and Gender. pp.3-21.Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Wheaton, T.R. 2002. Colonial African American Plantation Villages, in J.W. Joseph & J.A. King (eds.) Another’s Country: Archaeological and historical perspectives on cultural interactions in the Southern Colonies, 30-44, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. Wheaton, T.R. and Garrow, P.H. 1985. Acculturation and the Archaeological Record in the Carolina Lowcountry, in T. Singleton (ed.) The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life, 239-59, Orlando: Academic Press.

Civil War/ Battlefield Archaeology

Geir, C.R. Jr. and S.R. Potter 2001. Archaeological Perspectives on the American Civil War. Tallahassee: University Press of Florida. Geir, C.R. Jr. and S.E. Winter 1994. Look to the Earth: Historical Archaeology and the American Civil War. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Read Chapter 1, skim through others. Scott, D.D., R.A. Fox, M.A. Connor and D. Harmon 1989. Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of Little Bighorn. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. *Scott, D.D. and A.P. McFeaters 2011. The Archaeology of Historic Battlegrounds: a history and theoretical development in conflict archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research . 19: 103- 132.

Heritage Issues and Sites of the Early United States of America

Eichstedt, J.L. and S. Small 2002. Representations of Slavery: Race and Ideology in Southern Plantation Museums. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian. *Gable, Eric. 2011. Anthropology and Egalitarianism: Ethnographic Encounters from Monticello to Guinea-Bissau. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Chapter 3, ‘Jefferson’s Ardor’ Handler, R. 2004. Deep dirt: messing up the past at Colonial Williamsburg. In: Rowan, Y. and Baram, U. (eds.), Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption of the Past. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, pp. 167-182. Little, B. 2004. Is the medium the message? The art of interpreting archaeology in U.S. National Parks. In: Rowan, Y. and Baram, U. (eds.), Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption of the Past. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, pp. 269-286 *Neiman, F.D. 2008. The lost world of Monticello: an evolutionary perspective. Journal of Anthropological Research 64 (2): 161-193. *http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/monticello-archaeology

ASSESSMENTS

ASSESSMENT 1: Evaluation of debate 2000 words, 40% of mark

In this assessment, choose one topic below. Briefly summarize the positions of each source and then evaluate their validity in light of recent discoveries. Note: you will need to read beyond the two articles; use your reading list. Try to evaluate the positions in light of the most recent research. State your own position on the debate and explain why you have taken your position.

1.1 The route of initial colonization.

Evaluate the hypothesis that the initial colonisation of the Americas was from the Pacific coast rather from an inland corridor which opened up after the melting of the Canadian icesheet.

Erlandson J.M., Moss M.L. & Des Lauriers M. (2008) Life on the edge: early maritime cultures of the Pacific Coast of North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 2232-2245. (Online)

Dickinson W. (2011) Geological perspectives on the Monte Verde archaeological site in Chile and pre- Clovis coastal migration in the Americas. Quaternary Research 76: 201-210. (Online)

Also valuable to look at:

Dixon E.J. (2013) Late Pleistocene colonization of North America from Northeast Asia: new insights from large-scale paleogeographic reconstructions. Quaternary International 285: 57-67. (Online)

1.2 Interpretations of the North American past: Non-Native and Native American perspectives.

Evaluate the debate about cultural assumptions and how they have affected exploration and interpretation in North American archaeology.

Watkins, J. 2005. Through wary eyes: indigenous perspectives on archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 34:429-449. Science: ANTHROPOLOGY Journals, eJournals.

Willey, G. and Sabloff, J. 1980. A History of North American Archaeology. (2nd edition). London: Thames and Hudson. (Select any two chapters and assess the underlying cultural assumptions)

1.3 ‘Origins of agriculture’ in North America.

How much consistency was there in the emergence of agriculture in different regions? How do the North American data affect wider views of this problem in world archaeology?

Wills, W., 1995. Archaic foraging and the beginning of food production in the American Southwest. In: Price, T.D., Gebauer, A.B. (eds.), Last Hunters. First Farmers. School of American Research, Santa Fe, pp. 215-242.

Smith, B.D., 2011. The cultural context of plant domestication in eastern North America. Current Anthropology 52 (Supplement 4), 471-484.

ASSESSMENT 2 Essay 3000 words, 60% of mark

2.1 Examine the degree to which there is continuity and change in the mound-building traditions of the Mississippi river from Watson Brake to Cahokia. Are these complexes all examples of theocratic power?

2.2 What are the current debates about social-political organization in the Ancestral Pueblo societies of the Southwest? Which position (or positions) do you find most persuasive - and why?

2.3 Consider the case of Colonoware as a meeting point of the European, African and Native American worlds. What can it tell us about the nature of social relations in colonial North America?

2.4 Should the Mississippian be considered a chiefdom, a state-level society, an urban society? Why is there so much debate about this culture?

2.5 Topic of student’s choice -- if chosen in consultation with module coordinator.

APPENDIX A - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Libraries and other resources: In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this degree are: Anthropology, Main Library and Science Library. Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students: Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington (email [email protected]), which will also be available on the IoA website. Health and safety: The Institute has a Health and Safety policy and code of practice which provides guidance on laboratory work, etc. This is revised annually and the new edition will be issued in due course. All work undertaken in the Institute is governed by these guidelines; students have a duty to be aware of them and to adhere to them at all times.

APPENDIX B: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY) This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to courses. It is not a substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should be familiar. For full information on Institute policies and procedures, see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=40867. For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic Manual: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-regulations ; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/ ATTENDANCE: A minimum attendance of 70% is required. A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email. DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet. COURSEWORK LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission will be penalized in accordance with current UCL regulations, unless formal permission for late submission has been granted. The UCL penalties are as follows:  The marks for coursework received up to two working days after the published date and time will incur a 10 percentage point deduction in marks (but no lower than the pass mark).  The marks for coursework received more than two working days and up to five working days after the published date and time will receive no more than the pass mark (40% for UG modules, 50% for PGT modules).  Work submitted more than five working days after the published date and time, but before the second week of the third term will receive a mark of zero but will be considered complete.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Please note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. You are reminded that Course Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA website for further information. Additional information is given here: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating- circumstances/

RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your marked coursework within one month of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your marked essay is returned to you, return it to the Course Co- ordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all coursework submitted. CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed in your own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number; website address if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/guidelines/plagiarism MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the course on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please contact Charlotte Frearson ([email protected])