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Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’S Enduring Insurgency
Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Editor: Jacob Zenn Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Jacob Zenn (Editor) Abdulbasit Kassim Elizabeth Pearson Atta Barkindo Idayat Hassan Zacharias Pieri Omar Mahmoud Combating Terrorism Center at West Point United States Military Academy www.ctc.usma.edu The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Combating Terrorism Center, United States Military Academy, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government. May 2018 Cover Photo: A group of Boko Haram fighters line up in this still taken from a propaganda video dated March 31, 2016. COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Director The editor thanks colleagues at the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (CTC), all of whom supported this endeavor by proposing the idea to carry out a LTC Bryan Price, Ph.D. report on Boko Haram and working with the editor and contributors to see the Deputy Director project to its rightful end. In this regard, I thank especially Brian Dodwell, Dan- iel Milton, Jason Warner, Kristina Hummel, and Larisa Baste, who all directly Brian Dodwell collaborated on the report. I also thank the two peer reviewers, Brandon Kend- hammer and Matthew Page, for their input and valuable feedback without which Research Director we could not have completed this project up to such a high standard. There were Dr. Daniel Milton numerous other leaders and experts at the CTC who assisted with this project behind-the-scenes, and I thank them, too. Distinguished Chair Most importantly, we would like to dedicate this volume to all those whose lives LTG (Ret) Dell Dailey have been afected by conflict and to those who have devoted their lives to seeking Class of 1987 Senior Fellow peace and justice. -
Odo/Ota Local Government Secretariat, Sango - Agric
S/NO PLACEMENT DEPARTMENT ADO - ODO/OTA LOCAL GOVERNMENT SECRETARIAT, SANGO - AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 1 OTA, OGUN STATE AGEGE LOCAL GOVERNMENT, BALOGUN STREET, MATERNITY, AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 2 SANGO, AGEGE, LAGOS STATE AHMAD AL-IMAM NIG. LTD., NO 27, ZULU GAMBARI RD., ILORIN AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 3 4 AKTEM TECHNOLOGY, ILORIN, KWARA STATE AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 5 ALLAMIT NIG. LTD., IBADAN, OYO STATE AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 6 AMOULA VENTURES LTD., IKEJA, LAGOS STATE AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING CALVERTON HELICOPTERS, 2, PRINCE KAYODE, AKINGBADE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 7 CLOSE, VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS STATE CHI-FARM LTD., KM 20, IBADAN/LAGOS EXPRESSWAY, AJANLA, AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 8 IBADAN, OYO STATE CHINA CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION (CCECC), KM 3, ABEOKUTA/LAGOS EXPRESSWAY, OLOMO - ORE, AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 9 OGUN STATE COCOA RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NIGERIA (CRIN), KM 14, IJEBU AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 10 ODE ROAD, IDI - AYANRE, IBADAN, OYO STATE COKER AGUDA LOCAL COUNCIL, 19/29, THOMAS ANIMASAUN AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 11 STREET, AGUDA, SURULERE, LAGOS STATE CYBERSPACE NETWORK LTD.,33 SAKA TIINUBU STREET. AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 12 VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS STATE DE KOOLAR NIGERIA LTD.,PLOT 14, HAKEEM BALOGUN STREET, AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING OPP. TECHNICAL COLLEGE, AGIDINGBI, IKEJA, LAGOS STATE 13 DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES, 11, NUPE ROAD, OFF AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 14 AHMAN PATEGI ROAD, G.R.A, ILORIN, KWARA STATE DOLIGERIA BIOSYSTEMS NIGERIA LTD, 1, AFFAN COMPLEX, 1, AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 15 OLD JEBBA ROAD, ILORIN, KWARA STATE Page 1 SIWES PLACEMENT COMPANIES & ADDRESSES.xlsx S/NO PLACEMENT DEPARTMENT ESFOOS STEEL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, OPP. SDP, OLD IFE AGRIC. & BIO. ENGINEERING 16 ROAD, AKINFENWA, EGBEDA, IBADAN, OYO STATE 17 FABIS FARMS NIGERIA LTD., ILORIN, KWARA STATE AGRIC. -
State, Octoberto Decembe& 1983. 6.I Introduction Gongoi
189 CHAPTER SIX ASTHE THIRD CTVILIAN GOVERNOROF GONGOI.A STATE, OCTOBERTO DECEMBE& 1983. 6.I INTRODUCTION l. GONGOI-A STATE UNDER COL. MUHAMMADUIEGA The General Murtala Mohammed Administration created Gongola State in February 1976 along with six other states. The state had Lt. Col. Muhammadu Jega (now Major General Rtd.) as its fust Military Governor. To all Gongolans, the creation marked the beginning of social, economic and political challenges leading to general development. Carved out of the defunct North-Eastem State (comprising former Bauchi, Adamawa, Borno and Sardauna Provinces) and part of Benue-Plateau State (i.e. the former Wukari Division), Gongola State had a land mass of 102,068 sq kilometers which made it the second latgest state in the Federation. It is located within latitude 11" South and longitude 9%"West and 14" East with a projected population of 4.6 million people (1983). Gongola State shared comnon borders with Plateau and Benue sates. Seven administrative divisions comprising Adamawa, Numan, Mubi, Wukari; Ganye, Jalingo and Sardauna made up the state at its inception. At the initial stage, the st2te capital, Yola, and all the seven adrninistrative headquarters had few or no modern infrastructutal faciiities. Mosi facilities therefore had to be developed from scratch in all parts of the sate. To this end, a Task Fotce Committee was esablished undet the chaitmanship of Alhaji Abubakar Abdullahi @aban Larai) to scout for both of6ce and residential iccommodation for the more than 5,000 civil servants deployed to the state. Similarly, the committee had to device means of srilizilg 6axi6fly, the few movable assets inherited from the former North-Eastern State. -
THE ORIGIN of the NAME NIGERIA Nigeria As Country
THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME NIGERIA Help our youth the truth to know Nigeria as country is located in West In love and Honesty to grow Africa between latitude 40 – 140 North of the And living just and true equator and longitude 30 – 140 East of the Greenwich meridian. Great lofty heights attain The name Nigeria was given by the Miss To build a nation where peace Flora Shaw in 1898 who later married Fredrick Lord Lugard who amalgamated the Northern And justice shall reign and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria in the NYSC ANTHEM year 1914 and died in 1945. Youth obey the Clarion call The official language is English and the Nation’s motto is UNITY AND FAITH, PEACE AND Let us lift our Nation high PROGRESS. Under the sun or in the rain NATIONAL ANTHEM With dedication, and selflessness Arise, O Compatriots, Nigeria’s call obey Nigeria is ours, Nigeria we serve. To serve our fatherland NIGERIA COAT OF ARMS With love and strength and faith Representation of Components The labour of our hero’s past - The Black Shield represents the good Shall never be in vain soil of Nigeria - The Eagle represents the Strength of To serve with heart and Might Nigeria One nation bound in freedom, - The Two Horses stands for dignity and pride Peace and unity. - The Y represent River Niger and River Benue. THE PLEDGE THE NIGERIAN FLAG I Pledge to Nigeria my Country The Nigeria flag has two colours To be faithful loyal and honest (Green and White) To serve Nigeria with all my strength - The Green part represents Agriculture To defend her unity - The White represents Unity and Peace. -
Crise Et Développement La Région Du Lac Tchad À L’Épreuve De Boko Haram Crise Et Développement
Crise et développement La région du lac Tchad à l’épreuve de Boko Haram Crise et développement À partir de 2009, l’insécurité liée à l’insurrection du groupe Boko Haram et à sa répression s’est diffusée depuis le cœur du Borno nigérian vers tout le nord-est du pays puis vers les zones frontalières des pays voisins, Cameroun, Niger et Tchad. La crise a affecté progressivement La région du lac Tchad toute la région du lac Tchad, un des grands espaces transfrontaliers de l’Afrique sahélienne, à la charnière de l’Afrique des savanes et du désert, de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et de l’Afrique à l’épreuve de Boko Haram centrale et orientale. Cette étude est la première à aborder la crise Boko Haram à partir d’une perspective transcendant les frontières politiques et linguistiques entre le Nigeria anglophone et les trois pays francophones riverains du lac Tchad. Réalisée par une équipe pluridisciplinaire d’une quinzaine de chercheurs français, britannique, camerounais, nigériens, nigérians et tchadiens, elle considère la région du lac Tchad comme un système. Ses composantes et leurs interactions environnementales, économiques et politiques sont appréhendées depuis une perspective diachronique avant, pendant et après le pic de violence. L’analyse débouche sur une réflexion prospective à 20 ans. À partir du constat que la crise a ébranlé le système de relations qui faisait la résilience de la région du lac Tchad, cette étude de référence vise à éclairer les choix cruciaux qui définiront sa trajectoire de développement à venir. Sylvain Aoudou Doua Emmanuel -
The Role of Ethnicity and Religion in Shaping Nigeria's Foreign Policy in the Post Cold War Years
University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh THE ROLE OF ETHNICITY AND RELIGION IN SHAPING NIGERIA'S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE POST COLD WAR YEARS BY BABAGANA MONGUNO THIS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEG ON, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LEGON AUGUST, 2004 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of an origin~L research conducted by me under the supervision of Ambassador J. Q. Cleland, and that no part of it has been submitted elsewhere for any other purpose. Amb. 1. Q. Cleland ~.~~ (Supervisor) (Student) Date.... 2!.J~~'±:. .. Date.. ~.f!~.o/~t University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to all the innocent Nigerians who lost their lives as a result of ethnic and religious violence. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the course of preparing this work, I have incurred a lot of debt. Everyone who contributed to the research effort in any way, no matter how small needs to be acknowledged. However, the list would undoubtedly be too long but my gratitude remains profound to all. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the Director of LECIA, Professor Kofi Kumado and all the Research Fellows of LECIA. I am especially grateful to Ambassador J. Q Cleland whose advice, assistance and patience cannot be quantified. Without his support, this work would at best have been a mirage. -
Page 1 of 67 OPERATION AURE 7/21/2008
OPERATION AURE Page 1 of 67 OPERATION 'AURE’: The Northern Military Counter-Rebellion of July 1966 By Nowa Omoigui BACKGROUND In the early hours of January 15, 1966, citing a laundry list of complaints against the political class, there was a military rebellion in Nigeria against the first republic [http://www.dawodu.com/nzeogwu2.htm]. Led by a group of Majors who were predominantly of eastern origin, the Prime Minister, a federal minister, two regional premiers, along with top Army officers were brutally assassinated. A number of civilians were also killed. [http://www.gamji.com/NEWS1103.htm] The coup succeeded in Kaduna the northern region capital, failed in Lagos the federal capital and Ibadan the western regional capital, but barely took place in Benin the midwestern capital, and Enugu the eastern capital. The majority of those murdered were northerners, accompanied by some westerners and two Midwesterners. No easterner lost his or her life. On January 16, rather than approve the appointment of Zanna Bukar Dipcharima, a politician of northern origin, as acting Prime Minister, the acting President, Nwafor Orizu, himself of eastern origin, handed over power to Major-General JTU Aguiyi- Ironsi, the GOC of the Nigerian Army, also of eastern origin. This was allegedly at the behest of the rump cabinet, allegedly to enable Ironsi put down the revolt which, as of then, had already failed in southern Nigeria. Until it became apparent recently in separate testimony by Alhaji Shehu Shagari and Chief Richard Akinjide, it had always been publicly assumed in the lay Press that the hand-over was voluntary although unconstitutional - since no such provision existed in the Nigerian constitution. -
Youth-Friendly Services Gather Momentum
Access Report Bulletin on Promoting Access to Information and Services for Young People in Nigeria 2003-2004 VOLUME I Youth-Friendly Services Gather Momentum ver the last twelve months, the O “Expanded Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Information and Ser vic es for Youth in Northern Nigeria” Project, with sup port from the David and Lucille Packard Foun da tion, recorded several re mark able achievements in spite of the various chal leng es faced by im ple ment ing partners. To date over 22,000 young people have been reached with in forma tion and services through activities carried out im ple ment ing part ners. NGO part ners were involved in organizing community sen si ti za tion and advocacy sem i nars, ren o vation of youth-friendly centres, peer educators training and ground work to establish school health clubs. youth clinics, assigning clinic staff and about 336 peer health educators have Youth centre ac tiv i ties were on go ing at procuring necessary equip ment and been trained by various implementing the NGO sites while outreach activities supplies for service delivery. partners to provide health education, were also con duct ed to selected In 2004, implementing partners focused counseling and referrals for young schools and communities. on strengthening service provision. people. A few more of the government To this end, two of the government The groundwork to establish school referral health facilities com menced referral facilities namely—Specialist health clubs in secondary schools also the provision of youth-friendly health Hospital, Misau, Bauchi State and yielded results. -
Micioipilms Intemationcil 300 N
INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. -
Can't…? Or Won't? – the Nigerian
Can’t…? Or Won’t? The Nigerian Government and the Boko Haram Conflict Name R.H. Schoemaker Student number 0935433 Email [email protected] Thesis supervisor Dr. T.S. Reinold Second reader Prof. Dr. I.G.B.M. Duyvesteyn Date 24 June 2015 City Leiden Word Count (excl. bibliography) 21624 Word Count (incl. bibliography) 24920 1 Can’t…? Or won’t? – The Nigerian Government and the Boko Haram Conflict Nigeria is situated in West Africa and is with approximately 177 million inhabitants the most populous country in Africa, and the eight most populous country in the world. In 2014, it became clear that in 2013, Nigeria surpassed South Africa as Africa's largest economy, with oil being a major economic drive (CIA World Factbook 2015). It further has 80,000 active military personnel, compared to Uganda's 45,000 active military personnel, and South Africa's 62,100 (International Institute for Security Studies 2015a). However, despite this at first sight seemingly positive picture, the country has been dealing with a rebellion in the north since 2009, which carries the name Boko Haram. Boko Haram has managed to enter its sixth year of existence and it does not seem to have reduced in strength since its start. It is arguably even gaining strength, as it began seizing territory, is generating a vastly increasing civilian death toll, and started attacking Nigeria’s neighbouring countries (Sergie & Johnson 2015). The government, however, after postponing the elections scheduled on February 14th, 2015 for security reasons, claimed it would defeat Boko Haram before the new elections scheduled March 28h. -
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Opec): a Chronicle of Nigeria’S Key Contributions to Its Goals and Aspirations
Global Journal of Political Science and Administration Vol.7, No.4, pp.13-29, September 2019 __Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) ORGANISATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC): A CHRONICLE OF NIGERIA’S KEY CONTRIBUTIONS TO ITS GOALS AND ASPIRATIONS Professor (Barr.) Solomon O. Ogbu Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Abuja, Nigeria. Adie, Edward Idagu Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Abuja, Nigeria. Nwokedi, Lawretta Obiageli Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Abuja, Nigeria. ABSTRACT: This study dwells extensively on Nigeria’s contributions to the attainment of the goals and aspirations of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) from 1971 when it became a member of the organisation till date. It relies on secondary sources of data collection obtained from textbooks, newspaper, articles, journals as well as the organisation’s website. It also utilizes Neo- liberalism as a framework for analysis. The findings which are ascertained via content analysis show that OPEC exists fundamentally to coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; ensure an efficient economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a return on capital to investors in the industry. And that Nigeria has contributed immensely towards meeting these goals and aspirations of the organisation either through the acceptance of the appointments of her citizens into important positions in the Organisation, including that of the Secretary General, OPEC Presidency or as host nation where lingering issues are resolved. -
General Inforrmation (8.6.12) for Web.Indd
General Information Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 2012 Helferstorferstrasse 17, A-1010 Vienna, Austria Telephone: +43 1 21112-0 Fax: +43 1 21112 5081 [email protected] www.opec.org OPEC Secretariat Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Helferstorferstrasse 17, A-1010 Vienna, Austria Telephone: +43 1 21112-0 Secretariat fax: +43 1 216 43 20 PR and Information Department fax: +43 1 21112 5081 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.opec.org May 2012 CONTENTS The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 1 Foundation 1 Location 2 Structure 2 I The Conference 2 II The Board of Governors 3 III The Economic Commission 3 IV The Secretariat 3 Principal aims and membership 7 Principal aims 7 Membership 9 OPEC and other International Organizations 11 OPEC Conference Presidents 13 OPEC Secretaries General 23 The OPEC Fund for International Development 25 The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Foundation The first move towards the establishment of the Organization of the Pe- troleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) took place in 1949, when Venezuela approached Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia and suggested that they exchange views and explore avenues for regular and closer communica- tions between them. The need for closer cooperation became more apparent when, in 1959, the International Oil Companies (IOCs) unilaterally reduced the posted price for Venezuelan crude by 5¢ and then 25¢ per barrel, and that for Middle Eastern crude by 18¢ per barrel. This prompted the convening of the First Arab Petroleum Congress which took place in Cairo, Egypt. The Congress adopted a resolution calling on the IOCs to consult with the governments of the producing countries before unilaterally taking any decision on oil prices.