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ELECTORAL ENGINEERING, ETHNICITY and PRESIDENTIAL Formatted: Font Color: Gray-80% ELECTIONS in NIGERIA, 1979-2007

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ELECTORAL ENGINEERING, ETHNICITY and PRESIDENTIAL Formatted: Font Color: Gray-80% ELECTIONS in NIGERIA, 1979-2007 ELECTORAL ENGINEERING, ETHNICITY AND PRESIDENTIAL Formatted: Font color: Gray-80% ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA, 1979-2007 Formatted: Font color: Gray-80% BY EMMANUEL AYOBAMI ADESIYAN B.Sc., M.sc., (Ibadan) MATRIC NO. : 44310 A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN SEPTEMBER, 2014 ii CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out by Emmanuel Ayobami ADESIYAN in the Department of Political Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. ……………………………….. ……………………………….. Date Supervisor Dr E. Remi Aiyede B.A. M.Sc., PhD (Ibadan) (Pol. Sc.) Senior Lecturer, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my late parents Mr. and Mrs. Ajala Adesiyan; my wife, Victoria Omolara Adesiyan; my children: Isaac, Joseph and Deborah Adesiyan, and To God Almighty, the Source of my success in life. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the support and cooperation of a number of people. I am grateful to my late parents, Mr. and Mrs. Ajala Adesiyan, who did all within their limited resources to nurture and bequeath to me a lasting legacy of education. I also acknowledge the support of my sisters and brothers during the programme. I equally acknowledge the contributions of Prof. Rotimi Suberu, an amiable intellectual, who took special interest in my academic career. He readily accepted to take me as his doctoral student, but for some reasons, he could not complete the supervision. I am ever grateful. I am particularly grateful to my supervisor, Dr Remi Aiyede, a man of towering intellect. He joyfully volunteered to take up the supervision at the crucial stage of the study, when I almost gave up. Hewho provided an enabling environment for me, such that speeded up the completion of the thesis. The dynamic and creative environment provided by the Department of Political Science, proved invaluable to me. I am grateful to the Head of Department, Prof. O.B.C. Nwolise who is always desirous of seeing students of the department graduate on time. The Postgraduate Coordinator, Dr Irene Pogoson is equally appreciated. She is such a dynamic academic, who is readily available to attend to the needs of students. I alsoequally thank my teachers: Prof. Bayo Okunade, Prof. Eghosa Osaghae, Prof. Alex Gboyega, Prof. Kunle Amuwo, Prof. Adigun Agbaje, Prof. Rotimi Suberu and Dr Fred Onyeoziri. Other academic staff such as Dr. V.I. Isumonah; Mr Tunde Oyekanmi, Dr Lafenwa, Dr (Mrs) Bukola Adesina, Dr Idowu Johnson, Dr Umar Idachaba at one time or the other rendered needed assistance. The success of the field work was due to the assistance of Prof. Lanre Olutayo of Department of Sociology. He linked me up with Dr Sarafa Ogundiya at Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto who facilitated my interview with Alhaji Shehu Shagari. I am indeed grateful to them. Greg Ogunjobi of the Survey and Geo-informatics Department, Polytechnic, Ibadan. He facilitated my interview with Chief Olu Falae made available the means of interviewing Chief Olu Falae.. Mr Akinwale of the General Studies Department, the Polytechnic, Ibadan and , did the editing of the work gratisthesis. May God reward your labour of love. During my field work, I received warm support from many individuals I interviewed. They were hospitable and eager to supply needed information. Alhaji Shehu Shagari, Chief Olu v Falae, Senator Lekan Balogun, Prof. J. A. Ayoade, Dr Emmanuel Ojo, Prof. (Mrs) Tonia Simbine. -I thank you all. Dr S.A. Adewuyi, Prof. Moji Oyebola (Special Education), Prof. C.O. Kolawole (Teacher Education), University of Ibadan, and Mr. S. O. Olajumoke contributed immensely to the success of this thesis. Dr Adewuyi gave his time to go through the work.; he was never tired of making useful suggestions. Prof. Moji Oyebola, my special auntie, always encouraged me. I can never forget your labour of love. Deaconess Unuigbe and my bossom friend, Dr Tunde Abisoye were always encouraging me to complete the thesis on time. I acknowledge the inestimable contribution of my darling wife, Omolara Adesiyan, a virtuous woman, always there for me. I could not have married a better woman. My children are also wonderful. Isaac and Joseph were involved in gathering data from internet; so also my little baby Debora. Sister Veronica Ekong word processed the manuscript. She is such a painstaking and industrious lady. I equally appreciate my father-in-the-Lord, Rev. Solomon Adebara and his wife, Pastor (Mrs) Lola Adebara of the Fountain of Grace Ministries, for their prayers. Also my colleagues and friends in the Pastoral Council of the Ministry, Pastors Ayo and( Mrs) Alesinloye, Alakhume, Gabriel Oguntola, Gboyega Alagba, Femi Fadeyi, Wale Adediran, Joseph Ukoidip, Dele Akinrinola, Tope Oyedemi, Gabriel Adetula, Nathaniel Idah, and Akanji Lanre. My brethrens at Mokola Branch of Fountain of Grace Chapel, where I pastor, are also appreciated. Members of staff of the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER) gave me a hand of fellowship to use the Library. I am most especially grateful to Mr. Abubakar Oladeji who facilitated the use of the Library. Moreover, we both went through the rigour of PhD programme under the same supervisor and God saw us through. My colleagues and brothers in the Polytechnic Ibadan, Toyese Jayeoba, Akinola A.B., and many others too numerous to mention, deserve appreciation. Finally, my greatest appreciation goes to my Creator, the God Almighty for His mercy and favour upon my life and more importantly, for the successful completion of the thesis. Ancient of Days, my Succourer, my Present Help in times of need, I bow and tremble. It is you I will serve all the days of my life. vi vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AC Action Congress AD Alliance for Democracy ADP African Democratic Party ALP African Liberation Party ANPP All Nigeria Peoples Party APGA All Progressive Grand Alliance APP All Peoples Party CA Constituent Assembly CDC Constitution Drafting Committee CPC Congress for Progressive Change DAM Democratic Advance Movement EMB Electoral Management Body FDP Fresh Democratic Party FEDECO Federal Electoral Commission FMG Federal Military Government GNPP Great Nigeria Peoples Party INEC Independent National Electoral Commission IPP Ideal Peoples Party JMA Jamiyyar Mutanen Arewa LC Liberal Convention NAC National Action Council NAP Nigeria Advanced Party NCNC National Council of the Nigerian Citizen NCP National Conscience Party NEC National Electoral Commission NECON National Electoral Commission of Nigeria NEPU Northern Elements Progressive Union NNC Nigeria National Congress NPC Northern Peoples Congress NPN National Party of Nigeria viii NPP Nigeria Peoples Party NPWP Nigeria Peoples Welfare Party NRC National Republican Convention NSM National Solidarity Movement NUC National Union Congress NUP National Union Party PDM Peoples Democratic Movement PDP Peoples Democratic Party PFN Peoples Front of Nigeria PNP Patriotic Nigerian Party PPA Progressive Peoples Alliance PPP Patriotic Peoples Party of Nigeria PRP Peoples Redemption Party; PSP Peoples Solidarity Party RP Republican Party SDP Social Democratic Party SMC Supreme Military Council UDP United Democratic Party UMBC United Middle Belt Congress UNDP United Democratic Party UNIP United Nigeria Independent Party UPN Unity Party of Nigeria UPP United Peoples Party ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Title Page i Certification ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv List of Abbreviations vi Table of Contents viii List of Tables xii Abstract xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background to the Study 1 1.1 The Problem 4 1.2 General Objective 6 1.3 Significance of the Study 6 1.4 Scope of the Study 7 1.5 Methodology 7 1.6 Research Question 8 1.7 Data analysis 9 1.8 Chapters Outline 9 1.9 Conceptual clarification 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Literature Review 15 2.2 Ethnicity in Nigeria: Foundation and Dimensions 22 2.3 Scarce Resources and Ethnicity 273 Formatted: Font color: Gray-80% 2.4 Political Elite and the Growth of Ethnicity 28 2.5 Electoral Engineering and Ethnicity 32 2.6 Electoral Engineering and the Management of Ethnicity 33 2.7 Consociational School 345 Formatted: Font color: Gray-80% 2.8. Centripetalism/Integrative Electoral Design 38 x 2.9 Theoretical Framework: Rational Choice Institutionalism/Incentive Model 42 2.10 Rational Choice Institutionalism/Incentive Model 45 2.11 Conclusion 46 CHAPTER THREE: ELECTORAL ENGINEERING AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA’S SECOND REPUBLIC 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 The Constituent Assembly 47 3.3 Membership of the Constitution Drafting Committee 48 3.4 Recommendations of the Transition Committee 49 3.5 The Constituent Assembly and Its Assignment 50 3.6 From Parliamentary to Presidential System 53 3.7 Party Engineering and Presidential Electoral System in the 1979 Constitution 56 3.8 Party Formation in the Second Republic 57 3.9 National Party of Nigeria (NPN) 59 3.10 Nigeria Peoples Party (NPP) 63 Formatted: Font color: Gray-80% 3.11 Great Nigerian Peoples Party (GNPP) 64 3.12 Peoples Redemption Party (PRP) 66 3.13 Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) 67 3.14 Analysis of 1979 Presidential Election 70 3.15 Presidential Election: Beyond Ethnic Consideration 76 3.16 1983 Presidential Election and Electoral Design 80 3.17 Prelude to the Presidential Election 80 3.18 Parties‟ Nomination Process 80 3.19 1983 Presidential Election 82 3.20 Conclusion 87 CHAPTER
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