Literature Cited and References

RARE PLANTS

Bingham, R.T. 1987. Plants of the Seven Devils Mountains of Idaho – An Annotated Checklist. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-219.

Blake, J. and C. Ebrahimi. 1992. Species Conservation Strategy and Monitoring Plan for Blechnum spicant for northern Idaho, Idaho Panhandle National Forest and Clearwater National Forest. USFS Regional Office, Missoula MT. 14 pp. plus appendices.

Bohlin, A., L. Gustafsson, and T. Hallingback. 1977. Skirmossan, Hookeria lucens, I Sverige. Hookeria lucens (Musci) in Sweden.) Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 71:273-284.

Caicco, S.L. 1988. Status report for Calochortus nitidus. Unpublished report. On file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 54 p plus appendices.

Caicco, S.L. 1992. Calochortus nitidus Species Management Guide. Unpublished report on file at: ID Dept. of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise ID. 32 pp. plus appendices.

Chadde, Steve and Greg Kudray 2001. Conservation Assessment of Botrychium simplex (Least Moonwort) Unpublished report for USDA Forest Service, Region 9. 21 pp. plus appendices.

Christy, J.A. and Harpel, J.S. (1997). “Rare bryophytes of the Columbia River Basin and Northern Great Basin, U.S.A.” Journal of the Hattori Botanical Lab. 82:61-75.

Christy, J.A. and D.H. Wagner. 1996. Guide for the Identification of Rare, Threatened or Sensitive Bryophytes in the Range the Northern Spotted Owl, Western Washington, Western Oregon, and Northwestern California. BLM, OR-WA Office, Portland Oregon.

Cousens, M.I. 1981. Blechnum spicant: Habitat vigor of optimal, marginal and disjunct populations and field observations of gametophytes. Botanical Gazette 142(2): 251-258.

Crawford, R. C. 1980. Ecological investigations and management implications of six northern Idaho endemic plants on the proposed endangered and threatened lists. Unpublished MS Thesis. Moscow ID: University of Idaho. 200 pp.

FEMAT. 1994. Record of decision for amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management planning documents within the range of the northern spotted owl. Appendix A. Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team. USDA Forest Service, Portland, Oregon. 73 p plus Standards and Guidelines.

Ferguson, D.E. 1991. Investigations on the grand fir mosaic ecosystem of northern Idaho. PhD dissertation, University of Idaho, Moscow. 255 pp.

Fertig, W. and H. Marriott. 1993. Field survey for Astragalus paysonii (Payson's milkvetch) and Draba borealis (boreal draba), Bridger-Teton NF Final Report. Wyoming Natural Diversity Data base, Laramie. 23 p.

Gray, K., S. Walker, M. Hays, and B. Moseley. 1998. Goldback Fern in Idaho: A Coastal Disjunct. Sage Notes, A Publication of the Idaho Native Plant Society. Vol. 20 (4):12-13.

Gray, K. 1999. Personal communication concerning Rhizomnium nudum.

Greenlee, J. 1997. Cypripedium fasciculatum Conservation Assessment. USDA Forest Service, Region 1, Lolo National Forest. Missoula MT. 18 pp. plus appendices.

Hammet, A. 2001. Table summarizing the results of the Blechnum spicant monitoring plots at Distillery Bay, Priest lake Ranger District, Idaho Panhandle National Forests (1991-1997). Unpublished. On file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 1p.

Harrod, R.J., D.E. Knecht, E.E. Kuhlmann, M.W. Ellis, and R. Davenport. 1997. Effects of the Rat and Hatchery Creek fires on four rare plant species. Pages 311-319 in: Proceedings – Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species and habitats Conference, Nov. 13-16, 1995, Coeur d’Alene, ID. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, WA.

Hays, M. 1997. Field observations of Cypripedium fasciculatum on the Palouse Ranger District, Clearwater National Forest.

Hitchcock, C.L. and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 730 p.

Idaho Conservation Data Center. 2002. Element occurrence records.

Johnson-Groh, C.L. and D. Farrar. 1989. Ecological monitoring of Botrychium campestre and a new species of Botrychium in western Minnesota. Unpublished report on file at: Idaho department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 6 p.

Johnson-Groh, C.L. 1999. Population ecology of Botrychium (moonworts), status report on Minnesota Botrychium permanent plot monitoring. Dept. of Biology, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN.

Kelly, D. 1994. Demography and conservation of Botrychium australe, a peculiar sparse mycorrhizal fern. N.Z. J. Bott. 32:393-400.

Koponen, T. 1973. Rhizomnium (Mniaceae in North America). Annales Botanici Fennici 10:1-26.

Laaka, S. 1992. The threatened epixylic bryophytes in old primeval forests in Finland. Biological Conservation 59:151-154.

Laaka, S., and K. Syrjanen, K. 1990. Notes on the distribution and ecology of a threatened moss, Buxbaumia viridis (DC,) Moug. & Nestl., in Finland. Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 66:108- 11.

Lake, L. 2001. Personal Communication concerning Cypripedium fasciculatum.

Lichthardt, J.J. 1992. Report on the Conservation Status of Mertensia bella (Oregon bluebells) in Idaho. Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 11 pages plus appendices.

Lichthardt, J.J. 1995. Monitoring of Clustered Lady’s Slipper Orchid (Cypripedium fasciculatum Kell. Ex Wats.) At Apgar Campground, Clearwater National Forest. Idaho Conservation Data Center, Unpublished Report.

Lichthardt, J. 1998a. Monitoring of rare plant populations on the Clearwater National Forest. Unpublished report for the Clearwater National Forest. On file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center. 14 p plus appendices.

Lichthardt, J. 1998b. Monitoring of rare plant populations on the Clearwater National Forest: Third annual summary report: clustered lady’s slipper orchid – Aquarius RNA, Constance’s’ bittercress – North Fork, Steep Creek timber sale. Unpublished report for the Clearwater National Forest, on file at the Department of Fish and Game Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 15 p plus appendices.

Lichthardt, J.J. 1999. Action Plan for sensitive plant species on the Clearwater National Forest. Report to the Clearwater National Forest SO, Orofino, ID. Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 17 pages plus appendices.

Lichthardt, J. 2000. Monitoring of rare plant populations on the Clearwater National Forest: fourth annual summary report, Clustered lady’s slipper orchid – Aquarius RNA, Henderson’s sedge – Aquarius RNA, crinkle-awn fescue – Aquarius RNA, Constance’s bittercress – North Fork Ranger District. Unpublished report for the Clearwater National Forest. On file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 15 p.

Lichthardt, J. 2002. Conservation Strategy for Clustered Lady’s Slipper Orchid (Cypripedium fasciculatum) in U.S. Forest Service Region 1 (Draft v. 2). Unpublished report prepared for the Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 25 pages plus appendices.

Lichthardt, J. and R.K. Moseley. 1994. Ecosystem analysis and conservation planning for the Clearwater Refugium, Clearwater and Nez Perce National Forests. Unpublished report for the Clearwater and Nez Perce National Forests. On file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 40 p plus appendices.

Lorain, C. 1990. Field investigations of Astragalus paysonii (Payson’s milkvetch). Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game Conservation Data Center, Boise. 11 pp. plus appendices.

Mancuso, M. and R. Moseley. 1994. Vegetation descriptions, rare plant inventory, and vegetation monitoring for Craig Mountain, Idaho. Unpublished report for the Bonneville Power Administration. On file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. 146 p plus appendices.

Montgomery, J.D. 1990. Survivorship and predation changes in five populations of Botrychium dissectum in eastern Pennsylvania. Am. Fern J. 80:173-182.

Morgan, P. 1994. Dynamics of ponderosa pine and Jeffery pine forests. Pages 47-73 in Flammulated boreal and great gray owls in the United States: a technical conservation assessment. G.D. Hayward, and J. Verner, tech. eds. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-253.

Mousseaux, M. 1995. Botanist Idaho Panhandle NF. Personal Communication concerning Cardamine constancei.

Mousseaux, M. 1996. Botanist Idaho Panhandle NF. Draft Botanist Report for the St. Joe Geographic Assessment.

Pipp, A. 1999. Botanist, BLM – Coos Bay, OR. Personal Communication concerning Cypripedium fasciculatum response to fire on the Clearwater National Forest.

Schofield, W.B. 1992. Some common Mosses of British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum. 394 pp.

USDA Forest Service. March 12 1999. Update of Northern Region Sensitive Species List. File Code 2670, Missoula Montana.

USDA-Nez Perce NF. 1999. South Fork Clearwater River Biological Assessment. Grangeville, Idaho.

Vance, N. and L. Lake. 2001. Response of clustered ladyslipper (Cypripedium fasciculatum) to partial overstory removal and prescribed fire in north central Idaho. Preliminary draft. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR. 4 p.

Wagner, H. 1999. Personal communication concerning Botrychium sp.

Welch, W.H. 1962. The Hookeriaceae of the United States and Canada. The Bryologist 65:24.

WILDLIFE

Aney, W.C. and B.R. McClelland. 1990. Pileated woodpecker habitat relationships. Pp. 10-17. IN N.M. Warren (ed.). Old-growth habitats and associated wildlife species in the northern Rocky Mountains. R1-90-42. USDA Forest Service. p. 10

Aubry, K. B. and Jeffrey C. Lewis. 2003. Extirpation and reintroduction of fishers (Martes pennanti) in Oregon: implications for their conservation in the Pacific states. Biological Conservation 114(1):79- 90.

Aubry, K. B. and C. M. Raley. 2002. Selection of nest and roost trees by pileated woodpeckers in coastal forests of Washington. Journal of Wildl. Management 66(2):392-406.

Barrett, S. W., S. F. Arno, and J. P. Menakis. “Fire episodes in the Inland Northwest (1540-1940) based on fire history data,” Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-370, USDA Forest Service, 1997, p 17.

Blair, G. S., G. Servheen, F. Gordon, E. R. Vizgirdas, R. Dixon, and D. Arling. 1995. White-headed woodpecker (Picoides albolarvatus) in Idaho: Habitat conservation assessment and conservation strategy-draft. Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game, Boise, Idaho. 21 pp.

Bonar, R. L. 2001. Pileated woodpecker habitat ecology in the Alberta foothills. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Alberta, Canada. 75 pp.

Bright-Smith, D. J., and R. W. Mannan. 1994. Habitat use by breeding male northern goshawks in northern Arizona. Studies in Avian Biol. 16:58-65.

Bull, E. L. 1980. Resource partitioning among woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 109 pp. Pgs. 6-7, 26, 35, 41-42, 54, 59, 62-65.

Bull, E. L. 1996. Ecology of American marten in northeastern Oregon. Presentation made to the Western Forest Carnivore Committee Annual Meeting, Spokane, WA, April 1996.

Bull, E. L., and J. A. Jackson. 1996. Pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus. The Birds of North America, No. 148.

Bull, E. L., C G. Parks, and R. R. Torgersen. 1997. Trees and logs important to wildlife in the interior Columbia River Basin. Gen Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-391. Portland, OR: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Pages 21-31 (55 pp.).

Bull, E. L. and T. W. Heater. 2001. Home range and dispersal of the American marten in northeastern Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 82(1):7-11.

Bull, E., S. Peterson, and J. Thomas. 1986. Resource partitioning among woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. PNW-444.

Bull, E. L. 1980. Resource partitioning among woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 109 pp. Pgs. 6-7, 26, 35, 41-42, 54, 59, 62-65.

Bush, R., R. Lundberg, and D. Berglund. 2007. Estimates of old growth and snag density on the Nez Perce National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Region 1, Forest and Range Management, Missoula, MT. Report 07-05 v1.1. 11 pp.

Bush, R. and J. D. Zeiler. 2004. Detailed Estimates of Old Growth And Large-Snags on the Nez Perce National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Region 1, Forest and Range Management, Missoula, MT. 4 pp.

Buskirk, S. W., and L. F. Ruggiero. 1994. American marten. Pages 7-37 in L.F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski. The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: american marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United States. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-254.

Campbell, T. M. III. 1979. Short-term effects of timber harvests on pine marten ecology. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. 71 pp. Pg. 60.

Carpenter, J. and K. Keating. 1979. Relationship of photo interpretation types and habitat types to pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) habitat and elk (Cervus canadensis) cover requirements on the Nez Perce National Forest, Idaho. 23 pp.

Chapin, T. G., D..l J. Harrison, and D. M. Phillips. 1997. Seasonal habitat selection by marten in an untrapped forest preserve. Journal of Wildl. Management 61(3):707-717.

Clough, L.T. 2000. Nesting habitat selection and productivity of northern goshawks in West-Central Montana. M.S. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. pg. 67-68 (87 pp.).

Copeland, J. and Hudak, H. 1995. Conservation assessment for wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Idaho. Pages 100-114 IN: Habitat Conservation Assessments and Strategies for Forest Carnivores in Idaho. Prepared by Idaho Dept. of Fish & Game, Nez Perce Tribe, and Sawtooth National Forest. 130 pp.

Czaplewski , R. L., A. Leach, P. L. Patterson, and M. S. Williams. 2003. Application of forest inventory and analysis data to estimate amount of old growth and snag density on the Lolo National Forest. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Co. 7 pp.

DeGraaf, R.M., V.E. Scott, R.H. Hamre, L. Ernst, and S.H. Anderson. 1991. Forest and Rangeland Birds of United States. Natural History and Habitat Use. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook #688. 625 pp. Page 79.

Dixon, R. D. and V. A. Saab. 2000. Black-backed woodpecker, Picoides arcticus. The Birds of North America, No. 509. 20 pp.

Dobkin, D. S. 1994. Conservation and management of neotropical migrant landbirds in the Northern Rockies and Great Plains. University of Idaho Press, Moscow, ID. Pages 4-5.

Engle, J. C. and C. E. Harris. 2001. Idaho species of special concern element state ranking review. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID. 104 pp. Pages 21-22, 33-34, 45-46, 53-54.

Frederick, G. P., and T. L. Moore. 1991. Distribution and habitat of white-headed woodpeckers (Picoides albolarvatus) in West-central Idaho. Unpublished report submitted to Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game. 32 pp. Pg. 27.

Goggans, R. 1986. Habitat use by flammulated owls in northeastern Oregon. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Or. 54 pp. Pgs. 26, 30, 34, 38, 41-45.

Green, P., J. Joy, D. Sirucek, W. Hann, A. Zack, and B. Nauman. 1992. Old-growth forest types of the Northern Region. Unpublished report, USDA forest service, Northern Region. Missoula, MT

Groves, C., B. Butterfield, A. Lippincott, B. Csuti, and J.M. Scott. 1997a. Atlas of Idaho’s Wildlife: Integrating Gap Analysis and Natural Heritage Information. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID. 372. pp. Pages 76, 80, 125, 153, 155, 276, 339.

Groves, C., T. Frederick, G. Frederick, E. Atkinson, M. Atkinson, J. Shepherd, and G. Servheen. 1997b. Density, distribution, and habitat of flammulated owls in Idaho. Great Basin Naturalist 57(2):116-123.

Hayward, G. D., and J. Verner, technical editors. 1994. Flammulated, boreal, and great gray owls in the United States: a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-253, Fort Collins, CO. 214 pp. Pages 10, 14, 25, 40.

Hayward, G. D., T. Holland, and R. Escano. 1990. Goshawk habitat relationships. Pages 19-28 in N. M. Warren. Old-growth habitats and associated wildlife species in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Northern Region, Wildlife Habitat Relationships Program. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region.

Hayward, G. D. and R. E. Escano. 1989. Goshawk nest-site characteristics in Western Montana and Northern Idaho. The Condor 91:476-479.

Hejl, S. and M. McFadzen. 1999. An assessment of the suitability of salvaged-logged burned forests for cavity-nesting birds in western Montana. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 5(1/4): 54.

Hessburg, P. F., J. K. Agee, and J. F. Franklin. 2005. Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland Northwest USA: Contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras. Forest Ecology and Management 211:117-139.

Hessburg, P. F. and J. K. Agee. 2003. An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800-2000. Forest Ecology and Management 178:23-59.

Hornocker, M. G., and H. S. Hash. 1981. Ecology of the wolverine in Northwestern Montana. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59:1286-1301.

Hutto, D. L. 1995. USFS Northern Region Songbird Monitoring Program: Distribution and Habitat Relationships. USFS Contract #R1-95-05, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 120pp. Pages 21, 45, 79.

Hutto, Richard L. 1995. Composition of bird communities following stand-replacement fires in northern Rocky Mountain (U.S.A.) conifer forests. Conserv. Biol. 9(5):1041-1058.

Hutto, D.L. and J.S. Young. 1999. Habitat Relationships of Landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-32, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT. Page 69 (72 pp).

Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 2005. Idaho Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy – September 2005 Draft. Idaho Department of Fish and Game. Boise, ID. Available http://fishandgame.idaho.gov/cms/tech/CDC/cwcs_table_of_contents.cfm.

Idaho Partners in Flight. 2000. Idaho bird conservation plan, version 1.0. Idaho Partners in Flight, Hamilton, MT. 166 pp.

Jones, J. L. 1991. Habitat use of fisher in Northcentral Idaho. M.S. Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow. 147 pp.

Kaufmann, M. R., W. R. Moir, and W. W. Covington. 1992. Old-growth forests: What de we know about their ecology and management in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Pages 1-11 in M. R. Kaufmann, W. H. Moir, and R. L. Bassett, Tech. Coords. Old-growth forests in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain Regions: Proceedings of a Workshop. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-213.

Kennedy, P. L. 1997. The northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus): is there evidence of a population decline? J. Raptor Research 31(2):95-106.

Kingery, H. E., and C. K. Ghalambor. 2001. Pygmy Nuthatch (Sitta pygmaea). In The Birds of North America, No. 567 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Koehler, G. M., and J. D. Brittell. 1990. Managing spruce-fir habitat for lynx and snowshoe hares. Journal of Forestry. October. Pages 10-14.

Koehler, G. M., and M. G. Hornocker. 1977. Fire effects on marten habitat in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness. Journal of Wildlife Management 41:500-505.

Koehler, G. M., W. R. Moore, and A. R. Taylor. 1975. Preserving the pine marten: management guidelines for western forests. Western Wildlands (summer):31-36.

Kujala, Q. J. 1993. Winter habitat selection and population status of pine marten in southwest Montana. M.S. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman. 58 pp. Pgs, xi, 51.

Leege, T. A. 1990. Moose management plan: 1991-1995. Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game, Boise, ID. 22 pp. pg. 6.

Ligon, J. D. 1973. Foraging behavior of the white-headed woodpecker in Idaho. The Auk 90:862-869.

McGrath, M. T., S. DeStefano, R. A. Riggs, L. L. Irwin, and G. J. Roloff. 2003. Spatially explicit influences on northern goshawk nesting habitat in the interior Pacific northwest. Wildlife Monograph 154. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD. 63 pp.

McIver, J. D. and L. Starr, Tech. eds. 2000. Environmental effects of postfire logging: Literature review and annotated bibliography. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-486. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 72 pp. Pages 21, 25-26.

Nadeau, J. S., and C. Mack. 2006. Idaho wolf recovery report. Pages 64-80 in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Idaho Fish and Game, and USDA Wildlife Services. 2006. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2005 Annual Report. C. A. Sime and E. E. Bangs, ed. USFWS, Ecological Services, 585 Shepard Way, Helena, MT. 130 pp. Available http://westerngraywolf.fws.gov/annualrpt05/2005_WOLF_REPORT_TOTAL.pdf

Nature Serve. 2007. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 6.1. NatureServe, Arlington VA. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: February 2007).

Patla, S. (team leader), K.K. Bates, M. Bechard, E. Craig, M. Fuller, R. Howard, S. Jefferies, S. Robinson, R. Rodriguez, and B. Wall. 1995. Habitat conservation assessment and strategy for the northern goshawk for the State of Idaho, March 3, 1995. 35 pp.

Patton, T., and R. Escano. 1990. Marten habitat relationships. Pages 29-36 in N. M. Warren. Old- growth habitats and associated wildlife species in the Northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region.

Peek, J. M., D. J. Pierce, D. C. Graham, and D. L. Davis. 1987. Moose habitat use and implications for forest management in Northcentral Idaho. Proceedings Second International Moose Symposium, Swedish Wildlife Research, Supplement 1:195-199.

Pierce, D.J., and J. M. Peek. 1984. Moose habitat use and selection patterns in North-Central Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:1335-1343.

Powell, H. D. W. 2000. The influence of prey density on post-fire habitat use of the black-backed woodpecker. M.S. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula. 99 pp. Pages 30-31, 77-81.

Powers, L. R., A. Dale, P. A. Gaede, C. Rodes, L. Nelson, J. J. Dean, and J. D. May. 1996. Nesting and food habits of the flammulated owl (Otus flammeolus) in southcentral Idaho. Journal Raptor Res. 30(1):15-20.

Reynolds, R. and B. Linkhart. 1992. Flammulated owls in ponderosa pine: evidence for preference for old growth. Old growth forests in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain regions: Proceedings of a workshop: 9-13 March 1992, Portal, AZ. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-213. pp. 166-169.

Reynolds, R. T., R. T. Graham, M. Hildegard, and others. 1992. Management recommendations for the northern goshawk in the southwestern United States. Gen Tech. Rep. RM-217. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Pg. 13. (90 pp.).

Roloff, Gary J. and Haufler, Jonathan B. 1997. Establishing Population Viability Planning Objectives Based on Habitat Potentials. Wildlife Society Bulletin: 25 (4): 895-904.

Rosenberg, K. V. 2004. Partners in flight continental priorities and objective defined at the state and bird conservation region levels – Idaho. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. 30 pp.

Rowland, M. M., Wisdom, M. J., Johnson, D. H., Wales, B. C., Copeland, J. C, and Edelmann, F. B. 2003. Evaluation of Landscape Models for Wolverines in the Interior Northwest, United States of America. Journal of Mammology 84(1):92-105.

Ruediger, B., J. Claar, S. Gniadek, B. Holt, L. Lewis, S. Mighton, B. Naney, G. Patton, T. Rinaldi, J. Trick, A. Vandehey, F. Wahl, N. Warren, D. Wenger, and A. Williamson. 2000. Canada lynx conservation assessment and strategy. USDA Forest Service, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management, and USDI National Park Service. Forest Service Publication #R1-00-53, Missoula, MT. 142 pp.

Ruggiero, L. F., D. E. Pearson, and S. E. Henry. 1998. Characteristics of American marten den sites in Wyoming. Journal of Wildl. Management 62(2):663-673.

Samson, F. B. 2006a (amended March 6, 2006). A Conservation assessment of the northern goshawk, blacked-backed woodpecker, flammulated owl, and pileated woodpecker in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service. Unpublished report on file, Northern Region, Missoula, Montana, USA. 135 pp.

Samson, F. B. 2006b (amended April 19, 2006). Habitat estimates for maintaining viable populations of the northern goshawk, black-backed woodpecker, flammulated owl, pileated woodpecker, American marten, and fisher. Unpublished report on file, Northern Region, Missoula, Montana, USA. 25 pp.

Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD. Most Recent Update: 3 June 2005.

Savignac, C., A. Desrochers, and J. Huot. 2000. Habitat use by pileated woodpeckers at two spatial scales in eastern Canada. Canadian Journal Zool. 78(2):219-225

Shepherd, J. F. and G. Servheen. 1992. Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus) surveys and habitat sampling on the Clearwater, Red River and Salmon River Ranger Districts, Nez Perce National Forest.

Idaho Dept of Fish and Game. 23 pp.

Smith, J. K., ed. 2000. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on fauna. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS- GTR-42-vol. 1. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 83 pp. Page iv.

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SOILS AND ECOLOGY Alexander, E.B., and R. Poff. 1985. Soil disturbance and compaction in wildland management. USDA Forest Service. Pacific Southwest Region. Earth Resources Monograph 8. Pp 30- 32.

Andrus, C.W. and H.A. Froelich. 1983. An evaluation of four implements used to till compacted forest soils in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University. College of Forestry. Research Bulletin 45. 12 pp.

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