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Download (2MB) ! ∀ !∀∀# ∃%%& ∋ ( ∃%%) ∗%+ ∋ ∃%% ∋,− ./0% !∀∀# INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG 6-10 KAPITEL I: DIE ORIENTKRISE UND DIE MAKEDONISCHE FRAGE BIS ZUM BERLINER KONGRESS (1876-1878) 1. Die Revolution in Bosnien und Herzegowina und der russisch-türkisch Krieg. 11-13 2. Der San Stefano Vertrag und der Berliner Kongress. 13-15 3. Die Interessen der Balkanvölker in den europäischen Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. 15-17 4. Der europäische Imperialismus und die Makedonische Frage. 17-25 5. Resümee. 25-26 KAPITEL II: DIE VORBEREITUNGSPHASE DES MAKEDONISCHEN KAMPFES 1. Die Problematik der ethnisch-konfessionellen Heterogenität in den europäischen Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. 28-34 2. Der Kirchen- und Schulkampf in der Folgezeit der Gründung des bulgarischen Exarchats. 34-37 3. Die Auswirkung des Schulkampfes: die Gründung slawischer Organisationen außerhalb Makedoniens. 37-44 4. Die Aktivitäten und Beziehungen zwischen VMRO und VMOK und die Frage der makedonischen Identität. 44-58 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 2 5. Die Verknüpfung der Kretischen mit der Makedonischen Frage: Die griechische Außenpolitik und die Aktivität der “Ethniki Etairia” vom griechisch-türkischen Krieg (1897) bis zum Ilinden-Aufstand (1903). 58-68 6. Die Aktivierung des griechischen Patriarchats in der Vorzeit des griechisch- türkischen Krieges bis zum Ilinden-Aufstand. 68-77 7. Resümee. 78-81 KAPITEL III: DER MAKEDONISCHE KAMPF BIS ZUR JUNG-TÜRKISCHEN REVOLUTION 1. Das Wiener Reformkonzept und der Weg zum Ilinden-Aufstand 82-97 2. Die Organisation des “Makedonischen Kampfes” in West-Makedonien im Jahr 1904 97-108 3. Der Verlauf des “Makedonischen Kampfes” in West-Makedonien im Jahr 1905 und seine Erweiterung auf Zentral- und Ost-Makedonien. 108-120 4. Die griechisch-bulgarischen Partisanenkriege im Jahr 1906. 120-140 5. Die Fortsetzung des Makedonischen Kampfes im Jahr 1907. 140-157 6. Die Endphase des Makedonischen Kampfes im Jahr1908. 157-162 7. Resümee. 162-166 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 3 KAPITEL IV: VON DER JUNGTÜRKISCHEN REVOLUTION BIS ZUM ERSTEN BALKANKRIEG (1908-1912) 1. Die Jungtürkische Revolution. 167-177 2. Die Gründung von ethnischen Organisationen und Parteien. 177-181 3. Die Bildung einer neuen Regierung. 181-190 4. Die Macht fällt in die Hände des nationalistischen Flügels der Jungtürken. 190-198 5. Die Kretische Frage zwischen 1908-1912. 198-202 6. Die Entwicklung der innenpolitischen Situation Griechenlands zwischen 1908-1912. 202-210 7. Die diplomatischen Verhandlungen und Verträge der Großmächte zwischen 1904 und 1911. 210-216 8. Die Balkanbündnisse. 216-222 9. Resümee. 222-226 KAPITEL V: DIE BALKANKRIEGE 1912-1913 1. Die Situation in Makedonien und Thrakien nach den griechischen Konsulatsberichten an das griechische Außenministerium zwischen Januar und September 1912. 227-247 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 4 2. Der Verlauf des I. Balkankrieges. 247-261 3. Die Beziehungen der Großmächte kurz vor dem Ausbruch des I. Balkankrieges. 261-266 4. Die Verhandlungen in London und die Fortsetzung des Krieges. 267-270 5. Die Kriegsvorbereitung der Großmächte und das griechisch -serbische Abkommen. 270-274 6. Die innenpolitische Situation in Makedonien und Thrakien während des I. Balkankrieges und bis zum Ausbruch des II. Balkankrieges. 274-293 7. Der Verlauf des II. Balkankrieges 293-297 8. Die Situation in Makedonien und Thrakien während und nach dem II. Balkankrieg 297-303 9. Resümee 303-306 KAPITEL VI: DER ERSTE WELTKRIEG 1. Der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges im Jahr 1914 307-311 2. Konsulats- und Verwaltungsberichte an das Außenministerium im Jahr 1914 311-325 3. Der Verlauf des Krieges im Jahr 1915 und die Dardanellen- Operationen 325-351 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 5 4. Konsulats- und Verwaltungsberichte an das Außenministerium im Jahr 1915. 351-359 5. Die Einrichtung der Makedonischen Front im Jahr 1916. 359-395 6. Die Situation in Makedonien und Thrakien aus den Griechischen Konsulatsberichten des Jahres 1916. 395-403 7. Der Kriegsverlauf während des Jahres 1917 und die Teilnahme Griechenlands am Krieg. 403-425 8. Die Situation in Makedonien und Thrakien aus den Griechischen Konsulatsberichten des Jahres 1917 425-437 9. Das Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges 438-462 10. Die Situation in Makedonien und Thrakien aus den Griechischen Konsulatsberichten des Jahres 1918 462-470 11. Resümee 470-473 SCHLUSSWORT 474-485 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 486-499 EINLEITUNG 6 In der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts begann eine wichtige Phase der Geschichte Makedoniens und Thrakiens, die seit 400 Jahren osmanische Provinzen waren. Es war eine sehr bewegte Zeit, da sich die unterworfenen Volksgruppen in ihrem Nationsbildungsprozess befanden, ihre Identität suchten und ihre Befreiung vom Osmanischen Reich anstrebten. Lefteris Stavrianos1 bezeichnet diese Periode als die Zeit des balkanischen Nationalismus. Das Osmanische Reich, befand sich nach 400-jähriger Herrschaft in einem Zustand des Zerfalls. Es wurde zunehmend schwächer und konnte in den unterworfenen Gebieten seine Macht nicht mehr durchsetzen. Die heterogene Bevölkerung, die unter osmanischer Herr- schaft lebte, war nicht länger bereit, die Unterjochung hinzunehmen. Gleichzeitig stieg der Einfluss der Großmächte besonders in Makedonien und Thrakien. Ökonomische, strategische und außenpolitische Interessen verstärkten die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen allen Be- teiligten. Was Makedonien und Thrakien betrifft, träumten Serben und Bulgaren von der Gründung autonomer Staaten, die auch diese Gebiete umfassten. Das griechische Königreich verlangte die Vereinigung Makedoniens und Thrakiens mit dem griechischen Mutterland. Diese expansiven Ansprüche im Zusammenhang mit der ökonomischen und strategischen Bedeutung Makedoniens und Thrakiens für die Großmächte der Zeit, d.h. Russland, Österreich-Ungarn, England und das Osmanische Reich, konnten nur widersprüchliche Beziehungen der Länder untereinander hervorrufen. Die Orientkrise,2 die von 1875 bis 1878 dauerte, beschränkte sich nicht nur auf den nationalen Befreiungskampf gegen die türkische Herrschaft, sondern war gleichzeitig auch den Versuch der Balkanvölker, hegemoniale Ansprüche gegeneinander durchzusetzen.3 Der Aufstand in Bosnien und Herzegowina Anfang 1870 hatte mit Makedonien und Thrakien direkt nichts zu tun, verursachte aber weitere Aufstände im Osmanischen Reich, denn der eine Aufstand führte zum nächsten. Kettenreaktionen, die das Osmanische Reich nicht mehr 1 L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (New York 1958) p. 215. 2 Winfried Baumgart, Europäisches Konzert und nationale Bewegung: Internationale Beziehungen 1830- 1878 (Paderborn: Schöningh, 1999), p. 416. 3 “The South Slavs were divided in cultural as well as political matters. The Croatians and the Slovenes belonged to the Western world, being bians and the Bulgarians, on the other hand, belonged to the Eastern world because of their Orthodox faith and their Byzantine-Ottoman background. This cultural and political heterogeneity of the Balkan Slavs explains in large part why they lagged behind the other Slavic peoples of Europe in the tempo of their national awakening. It also explains why their awakening, once it began, was a many-stranded affair.” Stavrianos, op. cit., p. 230. EINLEITUNG 7 unter Kontrolle bringen konnte, waren die Folgen. Die Aufstände führten zur Einberufung der Konferenz von Konstantinopel, auf der die anstehenden Probleme gelöst werden sollten. Diese scheiterte jedoch im Dezember 1876, und es kam zum russisch-türkischen Krieg im April 1877, dem Vertrag von San Stefano am 3. März 1878 und zu seiner Revision in Berlin am 13. Juni 1878. Dort versuchten die Großmächte u. a. auch eine Lösung der Makedo- nischen und Thrakischen Frage zu finden, doch diese fand jedoch bis zu den Balkankriegen keine Lösung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen, die Zusammenhänge zwischen den historischen Ereignissen in Europa und auf dem Balkan herzustellen und die griechisch- bulgarischen Beziehungen bezüglich der Makedonischen und Thrakischen Frage im Zeitraum 1912-1918 zu untersuchen. Der Einfluss, den diese historischen Ereignisse auf die Entwick- lung der europäischen und balkanischen Geschichte haben, ist gravierend, wird aber zumeist von der historischen Forschung, insbesondere im deutschsprachigen Raum, nicht berück- sichtigt: Makedonien und Thrakien befinden sich, geographisch gesehen, an der Peripherie des Kontinents. Diese Gebiete standen daher nicht im Mittelpunkt der Ereignisse. Eine weitere Erklärung für die Vernachlässigung der Geschichte des Balkans seitens der zentral- europäischen Forschung ist, dass die Beherrschung mehrerer Balkansprachen eine ent- scheidende Voraussetzung ist. Von den wenigen Werken, die sich tatsächlich vorrangig mit der Geschichte Griechenlands und Makedoniens beschäftigen und eine wichtige Quellen- arbeit geleistet haben, seien hier für den allgemeineren Überblick die Monographien von Douglas Dakin12 , W. N. Medlicott, L. S. Stavrianos und Heinz A. Richter 3 genannt. Daneben verdienen insbesondere die Dissertationen von Fikret Adanir (Die Makedonische Frage. Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis 1908), Jutta De Jong (Der nationale Kern des Makedo- nischen Problems. Ansätze und Grundlagen einer makedonischen Nationalbewegung (1890- 1903)) und Mehmet Hacisalihoðlu (Die Jungtürken und die Makedonische Frage 1890- 1918), die sich speziell mit der Makedonischen Frage auseinander gesetzt haben, Erwähnung. Einige der wichtigsten griechischen Werke, die in der Arbeit ausgewertet werden, sind 1 Dakin, Douglas
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