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Determining Anthropometric and Leg Power Differences Between Alpine Ski Racers and Non-Skiers James L

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Determining Anthropometric and Leg Power Differences Between Alpine Ski Racers and Non-Skiers James L Ithaca College Digital Commons @ IC Ithaca College Theses 1978 Determining anthropometric and leg power differences between alpine ski racers and non-skiers James L. Meyer Ithaca College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/ic_theses Part of the Sports Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, James L., "Determining anthropometric and leg power differences between alpine ski racers and non-skiers" (1978). Ithaca College Theses. Paper 181. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ IC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ithaca College Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ IC. DETERMttNING ANTHROPOMETRIC AND LEG POWER DttFFERENCES BETWEEN ALPttNE SKtt RACERS AND NON― SKIERS by James L. Meyer An .Abstract of a project submitted in partial fulfillment of the reguirements for the degree of i Master of Science in the School of Health, PhYsical Education and Recreation at Ithaca College August L978 Project Advisor: Dr. Edmund tsurke LIBRARY ITHACA COLLEGE ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a significant difference in male alpine ski racers and non-skiers of the same age utilizing selected anthropometric and 1eg power measures. The subjects (U=40) who participated in this investi- gatj-on were 20 non-skiing students who were enrolled at Paul Smith's College, and. 20 alpine skiers who had earned an rlArr rating from the United States Ski Association. Selected measurements were taken to determine if there were ant.hrc'r- pometric characteristics and 1eg power differences bettvecn groups. To determine test administt.aot reliability, 20 students who were not involved in this research project were tested and retested with the same methods three days later. These results were analyzed utilizing Pearson product rnornent correlation coefficients. To determine the variables rvhich were included in the multivarj-ate analysis of variance (MANOVA), factor analysis was employed. The variables with the two highest loadings from eaeh factor obtained were utilized in the MANOVA. In the event of a significant approx- imate F ratio, a univariate F ratio was computed in order to identify the precise nature of the differences. A11 alpha values were set at the .05 level of significance The results of this investigation indicated signifi- cant anthropometric differences between alpine ski racers and non-skiers using selected anthropometric and leq power. measures. These differences were localized through uni- variate F ratios to include the following variables: height, mid-axillary and abdominal skinfolds. DETERMttNING ANTHROPOMETRttC AND LEC POWER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALPINE SKI RACERS AND NON― SKttERS A Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Hea1th, Physical Education, and Recreation Ithaca College In Partial FulfilIment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by 」ames L. Meyer August 1978 Ithaca College School- of Health, Physical Education and Recreation Ithaca, New York CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL MASTER OF SCIENCE PRO」 ECT This is to certify that the Master of Science Project of James L. Meyer submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation at Ithaca College has been approved. Project Advisor: Candidate: Cha■ rman′ Graduate Programs ■n Phys■ ca■ Education: Director of Graduate Studies: Date: ′″ク ACKNOWLEDG}{ENTS The author wishes to acknowledge Dr. Edmund Burke for his constant assistance and encouragement without which this study would never have been a reality. Special recog- nition to Connie Gordon, the author's unfailing tlpist, and to Mr. Lary Jones for his invaluable assistance in the com- puter room. A special thanks to the author's parents who en- couraged and never doubted that this study r"rould be com- pleted. ■■ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ● ● ● ■■ LIST OF FIGURES . ● ● V LIST OF TABLES. 。 . 。 。 。 . ● ● 0 V■ Chapter ■. 工NTRODUCT工 ON. 。 . ● ● ● ● ■ Scope of Problem. 。 . 。 ■ Statement of Prob■ em. 。 . 2 Hypotheses。 . ● ● ● ● 2 Assumptions of Study. 2 Definition of Terms . 。 . 3 Delimitations of Study. 3 Limitations of Study。 . 4 2。 REVttEW OF RELATED LttTERATURE. 5 Anthropometr■c Research 。 . 5 Muscular Power. 。 . 15 AIPine Ski Rac■ ng . 23 Summary . 。 . ● 0 29 3。 METHODS AND PROCEDURES. 33 Selection of Subjects . 33 Testing fnstruments 33 Methods of Data Collection. 33 Scoring of Data 34 Treatment of Data 35 Summary 35 ■■■ Page chapter 4. ANALYSIS OF DATA . 。 . ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 37 Means and Standard DeV■ ations. ● 0 37 Re■ iabi■ ity. 。 . ● ● 0 0 ● ● 0 0 ● 0 0 ● 37 FactOr Analysis. ● ● ● ● 0 0 ● 37 MANOVA . ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 38 univariate Analysis of Variance. 。 . 。 38 Summary. 。 . 。 . ● ● ● ● 0 0 0 ● ● ● ● 39 5. DISCUSS工 ON OF RESULTS. 。 。 。 . 。 . 0 ● ● 0 ° 47 Anthropometric Simi■ arities and Differences. 47 Leg Power Differences. 。 。 0 0 ● ● ● ● 0 50 Surrmary. 。 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● 5■ 6. SUMMARY′ CONCLUSIONS′ AND RECOILMENDATIONS. 53 SulnIELary. 。 . ● ● ● ● 。 ● ● 0 ● ・ ● ● 53 Conc■usions. ・ ・ ・ o o ● 0 ● 0 ● ● ● ● 54 RecOmnendations. 。 . ● ● ● ● ● 0 0 ● ● 55 ５ ６ APPENDttX 。 。 . ● 0 0 ● ● ６ ５ A. Samp■ e Subject Data Card ７ ５ BttBL工 OGRAPHY . 0 ● ・ ・ ・ ■V LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure le Sample Subject Data Card . 。 . 。 . ・ 0 0 ・ 0 55 V LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Age and Selected Anthropometric Characteristics 40 2. Selected Girth Measurements . 4L 3. Selected Skin Folds . 42 4. Test-Re-test Correlation Coefficients for Selected Anthropometric and Leg Power Measures- 43 5. Factor Analysis of Selected Anthropometric and Leg Power Measures in 60 Subjects - 44 6. I{ANOVA Between Ski Racers and Non-Skiers Using Selected Anthropometric and Leg Power Measures chosen as a nesult of Factor Anallzsis Findings ' 45 7. Univariate Analysis Between Ski Racers and Non- Skiers Using Setected Anthropometric and Leg Power Measures. 46 vL ChaPter I INTRODUCTION Interest in the composition, size, and shape of the human body has increased as a result of the advancement of anthropometric measurement techniques. The athlete may be considered a unique member of the human population in terms of Lhe composition and build of his/her body. In addition, the knowledge of the build and composition of various types of athletes may be helpful in gaining a better understanding of the physical reouirements demanded by a particular sport. The present study deals with the particular body builds of high level alpine ski racers as compared to non-skiers. World class ski coaches and researchers such as Irlitherell (11) and Joubert Q) have f elt that Ieg power is of vital importance to the alpine ski racer. Because of the improvements in equipment and ski technique, the role leg power plays in successful ski racing cannot be overemphasized. The present study also deals with possible leg power differ- ences found between alpine skiers and non-skiers. Scope of the Problem The data qere collected for the study in the Winter of 1977. The subjects (N=40) who participated in the investi- I 2 gation were 20 non-skier students who rvere enrolled at PauI Smith's Col1ege, and 20 alpine skiers who had earned an tAt rating from the United States Ski Association. The subj ects comprised two equal groups and ranged in age from 18 to 22 years. The mean age of the non-skiing group was 20. 30 years, and 20.75 years for the alpine skiing group. Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a significant difference in male alpine ski racers and non-skiers of the same age utilizing selected anthropometric and Ieg power measures. Hypothesis Hlt There will be a significant difference in se- Iected anthropometric and 1eg power characteristics of male alpine ski racers as oPPosed to mal-e non-skiers of the same age. NuII Hypothesis HOt There will be no significant difference in se- lected anthropometric and Ieg power characteristics of male alpine ski racers as oPPosed to male non-skiers of the same age. Assumptions of the Study 1。 Alt data \,rere accurately collected. 2. Body compositions of alpine skiers was typical of ski racers during peak t-raining. 3. Body composition of non-skiers was typical of males of that age. 4. Subjects performed the vertical jump test to the best of their ability. Definition of Terms The following terms were operationally defined for the purposes of this investigatj-on 1. Alpine. The skiing discipline involving Slalom, Giant SIalom, and Downhill racing. 2. Alpine Ski Racer. A ski racer who has earned an 'A' rating by the United States Ski Association- 3. Non-Skier. A student who has never been Alpine skiing. Delimitations of the StudY I. Only male students from PauI Smithrs College were included as non-skiers in this study. 2. Only male members of the United States Ski Association were used as the alpine ski racers for this st'udy' 3. Only subjects between L8-22 years of age l'/ere tested. 4. Only one measure of leg power was utilized. Limitations of the Study ,. Results can be generalized to the students sampled 2. Results can be generalized to the ski racers sampled 3. Results can only be generalized to students be- tween 18-22 years of age. 4. Leg power measurement was limited to a vertical jump test. 5. Vertical jump testing was administered after a day of racing for the ski racers. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction The following is a review of available literature relative to the present study. This chapter is subdivided into the following areas: (1) anthropometric research, (2) muscular power research, (3) research involving alpine ski racing, and (4) summary. thropometric Research Exercise physiologists frequently concern themselves with the three major components of the body: fat, bone and muscle. In several recent studies, attempts have been made to measure the fat, muscle, and bone content of an individual by anthropometric techniques. The ability to assess body fat and lean body weight in humans has been successfully achierzed through a variety cf methods, each based on a set of principles unique to that specific method.
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