-ing and Olympism

Summary Part Ill The Competitions - Technical aspects ; Foreword by the president of the FIS. - Ski-ing in the Winter : General Information on the FIS. - Participation by NOC from 1924 to 1980 ; - Nordic Ski-ing : events on the programme, list of winners ; Part I - Alpine Ski-ing : events on the programme, The History of the FIS list of winners ; Origins and foundation, subsequent develop- - Senior World Nordic Ski-ing Champion- ment through congresses, successive Presi- ships ; dents and Secretaries General, biographical - World Ski-flying championships ; notes. - Junior World Nordic Ski-ing Champion- ships ; - Nordic Ski-ing Cups ; Part II - Senior World Alpine Ski-ing Champion- The Administration of the FIS ships ; - Junior World Alpine Ski-ing Championships ; Organisation chart, aims, member federations, - Alpine Ski-ing World Cups ; Congress, voting rights, Council, Executive - Major international competitions. Committee, President, Committees and sub- committees, the General Secretariat, Financ- ing, Training and improvement of technical Part IV officials, the main FIS publications, films. Olympic Awards Obtained.

51 From a slier in 1908 (etching by Edgar Bouilette )...

... to the success of a recent fun-run

52 Foreword

The International Ski Federation was founded on February 2nd, 1924 during the first Winter Games in . Prior to this date meetings and competitions had been held in our sport. The coincidence of the dates in Chamonix are significant for the close relationship and interdependence between the Olympic Movement and the sport of . In the course of the following 80 years, the Winter Games have greatly contributed to the success and to the popularity of the Olympic Movement. In spite of the fact that snow-covered areas on this earth are limited, participation by countries and athletes, and to even a great extent the coverage by the mass media, has been continuously and rapidly growing.

On the other hand, an increasing number of cities and winter resorts are becoming interested in playing host to the Olympic winter Games. As a general rule the International Olympic Committee receives many more invitations for the Winter Games than for the Games of the Olympiad to be held in the summer.

However, the first Olympic Winter Games held in Chamonix not only gave birth to the International Ski Federation, but also turned out to be the beginning of a most successful promotion and development of winter sports in general and of skiing in particular. Until 1924, skiing had been a predominantly nordic sport. From 1924 onwards, however, in the context of the rapidly growing popularity of winter tourism and winter holidays, the so-called alpine events, downhill, slalom and some ten years later , initiated their victorious advance to world-wide recognition. Today nordic and can be jointly considered the most widely practised winter sports.

The relationship between the International Olympic Committee and the International ski Federation, as successful as it has been for both parties, has not been without problems and crises. With the expansion of winter tourism, skiing, earlier than other sports, had to cope with the interference of commercial interests. On the other hand, the requirements of time and therefore of absence from homes, schools and jobs due to the geopraphical situation of snow and mountains call for rather advanced and liberal rules on eligibility, which did not always meet with the approval of the leading personalities of the Olympic Movement. With feelings of satisfaction and relief it may be acknowledged today that any conflicts on this important matter are past history. With the new policy of the International Olympic Committee and its rules 28, many International Sports Federations in their bye-laws have followed skiing on its way towards a more realistic approach to eligibility. We are honoured and pleased to have been invited to present our Federation and our sport in this issue of the “Olympic Review”.

Marc Hodler, President of the FIS and of the International Assembly of Winter Sports Federations, IOC member in

53 The International Ski Federation FIS

General Information

Year Founded: 1924 President in Office : Marc Hodler * (SUI) Secretary Genera/ in Office: Gian Franco Kasper * (SUI) Treasurer in Office : Fritz Wagnerberger (FRG) Address : Worbstrasse 210, Postfach, 3073 Gumligen B., Switzerland Telephone : 031 I52 58 15 Telex : 911 109 fis ch Cables : Fis Güimligen

e M Marc Hodler, President * See biographical notes

The four Vice-Presidents

1 2 3 4

7. A. Akentiev 2. Y. Ito 3. H. Koskwuori The Secretary General The Treasurer 4. B. Little

5. G.F. Kasper 6. F. Wagnerberger 5 6

54 Part I

Engraving of a skier on the rock walls of a cave, dating back some 4000 years, discovered on the The History of the FIS island of Rodoy (NOR). Origins and foundation

Ski-ing has existed since time immemorial. and (1905) and , and The old Scandinavian legends bear witness to (1908). this. In a cave in the North of can be found what is probably the oldest wall painting in the world representing a skier. Its age ? Beyond doubt, several thousands years ! In Sweden, geologists have dated fragments of antique as being four thousand years old.

Paulus Diaconus, in 770, named the Lapland- ers as “Skridfinnen” (Gliding Finns).

If the existence of ski-ing is very ancient, its practice as a sport is very recent. It was not developed in Norway until after 1850, when the first races were held around the town of Christiana, which later became the city of .

Ski-ing’s universal fame dates from the perfor- mance accomplished by Fridjhof Nansen (NOR) in Greenland in 1888. Using skis, the famous explorer was able to cross Greenland from one sea to the other in 46 days. Pierre de Coubertin, who revived Olympism, together Stone engraving discovered on the shores of the with his colleagues from the IOC paid him a White Sea (URS). special tribute by awarding him the second Olympic Diploma of Merit in 1905.

From 1870 onwards, the Alpine countries were From 1910 to 1924, an international Ski-ing in turn affected by the rapid expansion of Commission strove to monitor the develop- ski-ing as a sport: the first competitions in ment of competitive ski-ing throughout the Germany in 1879, the foundation of the first world. Swiss Club in 1893 at Glaris initiated by Christoph Iselin. National Ski Federations In 1924, at the time of the first Winter Olympic appeared in turn in Russia (1896), Czechoslo- Games, this commission gave birth to the vakia (1903) the (1904), Federation lnternationale de Ski.

55 Subsequent development through Congresses

I. 18th February 1910 at Christiana (NOR) International Ski Federation with a view to 22 delegates from 10 countries establishing approved rules for jumping and to find the best way to resolve the problems of the When the Norwegian Ski Association was amateur. We are convinced that the delegates being set up in 1908, the possibility of from the different countries would like to see the founding an International Federation was competitions at Holmenkollen. Thus we propose raised. The following year, on 2nd February to organise the Ski Congress within the context 1909. during international ski-ing competitions of the competitions... ”. at Morez (FRA), the trainer for the Norwegian skiers, Durban Hansen, spoke up during the Delegates from ten nations agreed to attend. distribution of prizes and issued an invitation On 18th February 1910, Karl Roll, President of on behalf of his national association to those the Norwegian Ski Association, welcomed present to attend a Ski Congress at Christiana them at Christiana, and then chaired the with the aim of setting up this International debates. The discussions ended with the Federation. Officials and competitors from setting up of an International Ski Commission , and Switzerland enthusiastically (CIS). A major task was entrusted to this applauded this invitation. Two months later a Commission - the establishment and written confirmation was sent to the responsi- application of a set of rules for each type of ble authorities in eleven countries where the ski competition. Karl Roll, declined the offer to sport of ski-ing was practised. be the first Chairman of the Commission, for private reasons. This text stipulated : “Over the last ten years, we have noted a keen interest in developing the sport of ski-ing in many countries. We therefore Amongst the delegates was future IOC Presi- believe that the time has come to found an dent, J. Sigfrid Edström.

Christiana - 1910. The above photograph shows: in the first row, from left to right: Albert Weber (SUI), Rudolph Gomperz (AUT), J. Sigfrjd Edström (SWE), Karl Roll (NOR, President), Hepp (FRA), E. C. Richardson (GBR) and Rudolph Biehler (ALL). Second row. a secretary, G Gerjer (SWE), Carl Hellberg (SWE), C. W J. Tennant (ECO), Schubert (BOH), Hassa Horn (NOR), H. Aslund (SWE), Hoffmann (SAX) Third row N Thisell (SWE). Carl Gröndahl (NOR), Hargberth Steffens (NOR, representing Spain). Harald Durban Hansen (NOR), Thorleif Björnstad (NOR. representing Switzerland), Nicolai, Ramm Õstgaard * (NOR, who was to be President of the FIS from 1934 to 1951, representing Bohemia), Alf Staver (NOR). Car/ Nordenson * (SWE).

56 V. 27th-28th February 1914 - Christiana (NOR) 17 delegates from 10 countries

- Hassa Horn (NOR) becomes President of the CIS. - The German delegate suggests for the first time that ski-ing be included on the Olympic programme. Carl Hellberg (SWE) opposes this plan, which had already been envisaged and rejected by the authorities in his country. Thus the question is put back to the next congress planned for 1915 at Salzbourg (AUT). However, war leads to its cancellation.

1916 : First CIS Council PT: Johannes Dahl (NOR) K. Roll S: Carl Gröndahl (NOR) MS: Bjarne Nilssen (NOR), Carl Hellberg (SWE). II. 20th-21st March 1911 -Stockholm (SWE) 15 delegates from 9 countries

Before the end of 1910, the rules has already been established : a second congress had to VI. 10th February 1922 - Stockholm (SWE) be convened. It took place under the chairman- 20 delegates from 6 countries ship of J. Sigfrid Edström. The congress members polished and adopted the first inter- The countries of Central Europe are unable to national rules for ski-ing competitions. attend following a rail strike in Germany. No decision is taken in regard to the introduction III. 24-25th January 1912 - Munich (FRG) 14 of ski-ing on the Olympic programme as the delegates from 8 countries IOC is not yet ready to give full recognition to ski-ing competitions which the Games’ organ- In the rules governing amateur status, it is isers could however plan for, without awarding clearly laid down that any skier who receives Olympic medals. money for his participation or compensation in In his “Olympic Memoirs”, Pierre de Coubertin kind must not be considered as an amateur. recalls the difficult creation of the Winter Games, when speaking of the IOC Congress of IV. 20th-21st March 1913 - Berne/lnteriaken 1921. (SUI) 14 delegates front 8 countries “The Scandinavians did not want them at any - Enlargement of the International Ski-ing price”, he writes “But”, he adds, in twenty-five Commission to seven members : two Norwe- years, winter sports had not on/y developed in a gians, two Swedes. a Swiss, a German and number of countries but they were so truly an Austrian. amateur, so frank and so pure in their sporting dignity that their complete exclusion from the - The adoption of new rules. Olympic programme deprived it of much force and value. On the other hand, how were they to be organised ? In addition to the Scandivavian Presidents of the International Ski resistance, there was the twofold concern that Commission they could not take p/ace at the same time or in 1910 - 1924

1910-1914 Johannes Dahl (NOR) 1 ALL, AUT, BOH, ESP, FRA, GBR lEngland and Scotland), NOR. SUI and SWE. 1914-1924 Hassa Horn (NOR). 2 FIN. FRA, NOR, ROM, SWE and TCH

57 the same place as the Summer Games... It was precise, the International Commission trans- therefore bruited abroad that if France - were formed itself into the International Ski Federa- selected as the host country for the Games of tion. the Vlllth Olympiad, the organisers would have the right to present at Chamonix a week of winter According to the first statutes, the council had to have a President, Vice-President, Secretary sports to which the IOC would give its patronage General/Treasurer and six members. Finland, but which “would not be part of the Games”. Norway and Sweden had to be represented on This latter clause had to be annulled later and, confirms Coubertin, “the Winter Games were the Council. In addition, the President and the Secretary General had to be of one of these finally founded in spite of the Scandinavians who ended by abandoning their objection and realis- three nationalities. Following a proposal by lvar Holmquist *E) who was elected the first ing that in view of the roles of Switzerland and President of the FIS, the official abbreviation in particular they could no longer lay “FIS” was chosen and has remained. c/aim to the practical monopoly they had exercised for so long.

VII. 6th February 1923 - Prague (TCH) : 18 1924 - First FIS Council delegates from 11 countries PT: Ivar Holmquist * (SWE) - Presence of American delegates for the first time. VPT: lngolf Hysing Olsen (NOR) - The principle of the foundation of an Interna- SGT: Carl Nordenson * (SWE) tional Ski Federation is approved ; however MS: Pierre Minelle (FRA), K. E. Levalahti the final decision is adjourned until the next (FIN), Josef Symacek (TCH), Albert meeting. Weber (SUI), Johann Gsur (AUT) and Peter Frey (FRG).

VIII. 2nd February 1924 - Chamonix (FRA) : 36 delegates from 14 countries’ This congress, which established the FIS, took During this congress, it was also decided that place during an international winter sports the FIS should invite ski-racers each year to a week - known in Olympic history as the 1st large international competition. At the origin of Winter Games. The CIS gave way to the FIS. the world championships, these champion- ships were called a “rendez-vous” up until Delegates Josef Rossler-Orovsky (TCH) and 1927, and then from 1929 onwards “the FIS lvar Holmquist * (SWE) were firmly in favour of Competitions”. the constitution of a Federation, but Hysing Olsen (NOR) was against it. He was of the opinion that it was enough to maintain the Commission as before. “Norway is opposed to this idea”, he had to add, and these words were recorded. He added however that if all those present were in favour of a federation and if the proposal for the statutes, studied by the International Ski Federation, was adopted in the main, Norway was ready to give way. Three proposals for the statutes were made : one by the CIS, one by Doctor Pierre Minelle (FRA), and a third, studied shortly before the congress by the Norwegian and Swedish delegations and in which the main points of the two other proposals appeared. I. Holmquist The Congress decided unanimously that the Norwegian and Swedish proposal should con- stitute the basis of future deliberations.

Thus, the International Ski Federation was 1 AUT. FIN. FRA, GBR. HUN, ITA, NOR, POL. ROM, SUI, SWE formed by unanimous decision. Or, to be more TCH. USA and YUG.

58 IX. 3rd to 6th February 1926 - (FIN) 21 Xl. 24th to 26th February 1930 - Oslo (NOR) delegates from 12 countries 26 delegates from 15 countries

The question of ski-ing and the Olympic - The birth of Alpine Ski-ing 1 : Games was once again raised at this con- gress. The decisions taken were not unani- “Karl Dannegger (SUI), opened the debate mous, despite the fact that in 1925 the IOC with a brief resume and explained the new had decided to include winter sports on its rules for the slalom and the downhill. He Olympic programme. The delegates from Fin- proposed that the vote be in favour of the land and Norway declared that their respective British proposal. national federations were not in favour of Olympic ski-ing competitions. These two Then, N. R. Östgaard said that the Norwegian countries, together with Sweden, maintained Ski Association, in agreement with the other their positions during the vote. Nordic associations (Sweden and Finland) would not, after all. oppose the inclusion of 1 slalom and downhill races in the FIS Interna- - Nonetheless, the “Yes” votes won the day. tional Regulations. This was a great surprise

1 for all the delegates ! What had happened ? ALL, AUT, FIN. ITA, JPN, POL. ROM, SUI, TCH. Well, the three Nordic countries had met on the previous afternoon and had changed their minds. They were now in favour of these “new” races.

X. 14th to 16th February 1928 - St-Moritz Rohmberg (AUT), said that he was happy that (SUI) 38 delegates from 15 countries the problem had been solved so easily and without dramatic discussions. No other dele- Arnold Lunn* (GBR) founder of the slalom, or gate took the floor. Even Arnold Lunn had not “artistic” ski-ing, passing through gates, pro- spoken throughout the meeting, but he was poses the introduction of Alpine ski-ing to the visibly relieved. FIS competitions. The project was assigned to a special committee with K. von Graffenried The President of the FIS, lvar Holmquist, then (SUI) as chairman. said with a smile, I propose that we vote in favour of the following supplement to para- graph 3 of the lnternational Regulations : The British Ski Year Book of 1928 reports: “Von Graffenried took the floor and remarked “Downhill and Slalom races may be organi- that the Swiss had tried out the slalom at the last sed”. championships, but that they had been very disappointed by the results. Smith-Kielland said The proposal was adopted unanimous/y. This that, in most cross-country races, there were simple sentence radical/y changed the world sections passing through forest and that he was of ski-ing. ». naturally opposed to artificial slaloms. The British slalom appeared to be a very artificial race. Toivo Aro then took the floor and raised the fact that his country was flat and that XII. 14th to 16th May 1932 - IFRA) 27 downhill races could not be organised in delegates from 16 countries Finland”. These three speeches were not exactly encouraging for the proposal. Arnold - Cross-country relay races are made official. Lunn then defended his cause and said, - Australia becomes a member of the FIS. amongst other things, “We are not asking that slalom and downhill races be included in a// - A proposal relating to European Champion- international meetings. All that we ask is that ships is rejected unanimously. slalom and downhill races should not be ousted - Rules concerning downhill and slalom without being put to the test”. events are adopted.

Von Graffenried then proposed to the commit- tee that it should recommend to the congress that countries outside the Alps try these races according to the British rules during the year 1 Taken from an article by the winter sports historian Jakob to come. The congress approved this proposal Vaage (NOR) published in the FIS bulletin No 79, page 44 unanimously. and following.

59 - Setting up of three new technical commit- tees : cross-country (with Sigge Bergman * (SWE) as chairman-Jumping (Chairman : -NOR) and Ladies’ (Chair- man : Elsa Roth-SUI).

XVII. 10th to 15th May 1949 - Oslo (NOR) 44 delegates from 27 countries Marc Hodler* (SUI) becomes chairman of the Downhill-Slalom Committee which up until then had been headed by Arnold Lunn * (GBR).

XVIII. 24th to 27th April 1951 Venice (ITA) : 39 delegates from 16 countries - Mr. Marc Hodler l (SUI) becomes President - A. Lunn (right) and N.R. Östgaard of the FIS. - Women’s Nordic ski-ing event included in the Winter Games (1952). - Monitoring of the development of ski-flying.

XIII. 21st to 23rd February 1934 - Solleftea XIX. 27th to 30th May 1953 - lgls (AUT) : 60 ISWE) : 18 delegates from 10 countries delegates from 19 countries - The President of the FIS, lvar Holmquist *, - New rules for the world championships resigns and is elected, Honorary Presisent. New President : N. R. Ostgaard * (NOR). - Introduction of annual conferences to set the calendar for international competitions. - The calendar for ski events at the Olympic Games of 1936 at Garmisch--Partenkirchen - The number of FIS committees must not is adopted with the inclusion of alpine exceed 10. ski-ing events for the first time. - The Women’s 3 x 5 km relay is introduced in the programme of international competi- XIV. 14th to 24th February 1936 - Garmisch. tions. Partenkirchen (FRG) 47 delegates from 24 - The Alpine combined is reintegrated on to countries the programme. - Setting up of World Championships, the first of which was to take place the following year at Chamonix (FRA). XX. 30th May to 4th June 1955 - Montreux (SUl) 66 delegates from 21 countries - Adoption of statutes for the new Downhill/S- lalom committee. A good number of other - New rules are adopted for the entrance committees were to be set up from then on. exams and recognition of FIS ski-jumping judges. XV. 21st to 23rd February 1938 Helslnki (FIN) 36, delegates from 15 countries XXI. 30th May to 14th June 1957 -Dubrovnik (YUG) : 57 delegates from 20 countries. Recognition of ski-flying - for which competi- tion rules were not to be adopted until after the - Commission is appointed to study the War. advantages and disadvantages of cross- country races at high altitude (1,000 m and above). XVI. 27th to 31st August 1946 - Pau (FRA) 37 delegates from 18 countries - The FIS Bulletin appears. - Cancellation of competitions known as the - The IOC will henceforth agree to listen to a world championships organised in 1941 at report from the International Federations on Cortina d’Ampezzo (ITA) with a limited their inspection of the sites before naming number of participants. the Organising City for the Games.

60 XXII. 10th to 13th June 1959 Stockholm - It is decided that the world championships (SWE) 75 delegates from 24 countries in ski-jumping will be organised on two - Stricter safety rules for the downhill. ski-jumps (70 m and 90 m) from 1962 onwards. - It is agreed that non-amateurs must be excluded from the Olympic Games. “An The council in 1962 Olympic competitor shall have a civilian profession”. PT: Marc Hodler* (SUI) - Collaboration with the sectors of sports SG : Sigge Bergman* (SWE) medicine and physiology is strengthened at international level. VPTS : Victor Andreev (URS), Björn Kjell- ström (SWE), J. Stanley Mullin (USA). - A fee of SF 150.- will henceforth be payable for each event entered on the international MS: Einar Bergsland* (NOR), Urbain calendar. Cazaux (FRA), Danilo Dougan (YUG), Rolf Hohenthal (FIN), Piero Oneglio (ITA), - At the Secretariat general, Arnold Kaech* Robert Readhead (GBR), Walter Waizer (SUI) succeeds Sigge Bergmann* (SWE). (AUT), Stanislaw Ziobrzynski (POL). XXIV. 20th to 24th May 1963 -Athens (GRE) 66 delegates from 31 countries E. Bergsland - For the first time, the world ski champion- ships are entrusted to a town in the southern hemisphere, Portillo du Chili. - In the FIS budget for 1963-1965, spending was at SF 155,400.

XXV. 8th to 11th June 1965 - Mamaia (ROM) 76 delegates from 30 countrIes - The 1924 Olympic events are officially made the 1st ski-ing world championships. The winners of competitions patronized annually by the FIS and the Olympic winners now have the right to the title of “World Cham- pion”. - Introduction of special speed competitions in alpine ski-ing, kilometre stride, etc.

XXVI. 16th to 21st May 1967 - Beirut (LlBl) : 74 delegates from 31 countries - Recognition of the world alpine ski-ing cup S. Bergman which is to be monitored by the FIS from 1968 onwards. - Electric timekeeping is adopted for cross- - Distribution of advice and rules for circula- country events. tion on skis. - The Women’s 5 km is included in the - Appearance of femininity controls. programme for the 1962 World Champion- - Authorisation of continental championships ships. in cross-country and jumping for Juniors. - A new form of classification for the nordic - Television rights at the world championships combined. become the exclusive property of the FIS which will negotiate directly with the televi- XXIII. 28th May to 3rd June 1961 - Madrid sion companies. IESP) 96 delegates from 26 countries - The congress members declare that the - New types of classifications for nordic and sport of ski-ing, under the jurisdiction of the alpine combined events are adopted. FIS, includes all manners of ski-ing engen-

61 dered by muscular force and gravity, on the view of the constant improvement in speeds ground and on any kind of artificial or natural which are becoming excessive and which surface. make jumps uncontrollable. The present runs, which are too straight, should be modified, and made more technical in order to limit the XXVII. 22nd to 25th May 1968 - Barcelona speed’: (ESP) : 85 delegates from 33 countries - Total revision of the statutes. - The national associations take charge of XXXI. 29th and 30th April 1977 - Bariloche monitoring relationships between athletes (ARG) : 79 delegates from 33 countries and the manufacturers of sports items. - Provisional recognition of the cross-country - Distribution of safety rules in winter sports ski-ing organised unofficially for centres. the 4th time in 1976-1977. - An equipment committee is given the task of agreeing all new innovations in order to XXVIII. 26th to 29th May 1971 - Opatija reinforce safety. (YUG) : 85 delegates from 34 countries - Re-shaping of competition rules. - On the 1976-1977 calendar, 868 alpine events and 422 nordic events appear. - Setting up of world ski-flying champion- ships. - Adoption of a code of conduct for cross- country skiers similar to that existing for - FIS Budget for 1971-1973 = SF 780,000. alpine skiers. - Women’s 4 x 5 km relay replaces the - Responsibility and control of free style traditional 3 x 5 km. ski-ing is included amongst the activities of - Setting up of Junior European alpine ski-ing the FIS. championships.

XXXII. 18th and 19th May 1979 - Nice (FRA) : XXIX. 7th and 8th June 1973 - Nicosie (CYP) : 104 delegates from 41 countries 83 delegates from 35 countries - Setting up of a Jumping World Cup. - The principal of modernising the rules governing amateur status is adopted. - Recognition of acrobatic ski-ing and ski-ing on grass. - The wearing of a helmet becomes obligatory XXX. 25th to 31st May 1975 - San Francisco for ski-jumpers. (USA) 82 delegates from 33 countries - The ski-jumps are approved in 17 countries. - Recognition of Women’s 20 km cross- - The alpine combined event in the world country. championships becomes a separate event, - Setting up of Junior World Nordic Ski-ing governed by special rules. Downhill and - Championships. slalom make up the programme for this combined event. This formula replaces that - Adoption of new rules for qualification which consisted of establishing the classifi- making provision for a category of racers cation on the three events played during the who could not take part in the Olympic championships. Games. - The Junior World nordic ski-ing champion- - Laminated ski-suits are banned. ships replace the European championships. - The formula for the parallel slalom is - Greater stress is laid on ski-ing for all. maintained, with revised rules. - Mr. Gian Franco Kasper* (SUI, aged 29) is appointed as the person in charge of FIS XXXIII. 11th to 16th May 1981 - Puerto de la Administration. Cruz (ESP) : 101 delegates from 39 countries Safety and ski-ing. The President of the FIS, - The world cups in three groups of events are Mr. Marc Hodler *, declares : “The approval of officially recognised : alpine, cross-country alpine ski runs shoud be reviewed regularly in and jumping.

62 - Appearance of a new giant slalom, which is longer and faster, in a single round: the Biographical notes “Super G”. lvar Holmquist, President of the FIS from - The Women’s 20 km completes the Olympic 1924 to 1934, then Honorary President up programme in cross-country. until his death in 1954. - Introduction of four new events which count Born in Sweden in 1879. Lieutenant General, for the world championships: team ski- Chief of the Swedish Army. For 27 years (from jumping competition and team nordic com- 1923 onwards) he was President of the bined, free style ski-ing for seniors and Association for the Promotion of Ski-ing and juniors. Open Air Activities in Sweden and, from 1923 to 1946, vice-President of the Swedish Ski Association. He was one of the pioneers who XXXIV. 8th to 15th May 1983 - Sydney introduced alpine ski-ing to Sweden. (AUS) : 92 delegates from 44 countries Nicolai Ramm Östqaard. President of the FIS - From 1985 onwards, the senior world cham- from 1934 to 1951, vice-president from 1928 pionships will take place every two years to 1934, Honorary President from 1951 until and not every four years. Thus there will be his death in 1956. no medals awarded to world ski champions at in 1984. Born 1885. An army colonel, and Norwegian football champion. Distinguished himself parti- - Appearance of three new events : European cularly in the ski competitions at Holmenkol- Freestyle Championships - len. Member of the Council of the “Skiforenin- team event at the Junior World ski-ing gen” from 1924 to 1927. President of the championships - Nordic combined at World Norwegian Ski Association from 1927 to 1930. cup. - The most famous of all cross country races, Marc Hodler, President of the FIS since 1951 the 80 km “Vasa” is held for the 60th time and member of the IOC in Switzerland since in 1983. 1963. Born 26th October 1918 in Berne (SUI). He was simultaneously the first city-dwelling skier XXXV. 1985 - Vancouver (CAN) and the first university undergraduate selected for the Swiss national alpine ski-ing team. A serious accident while training for the world XXXVI. 1987 - Istanbul (TUR) championships in 1938 put an end to his career as a competitor. He then turned to technical and administrative activities. From 1939 to 1948, he led the Swiss alpine skiing team, then from 1940 to 1951 became vice- President and head of the alpine skiing section of the national federation and was responsible for alpine competitions at the Winter Games in - Successive Presidents 1948. Within the FIS, he presided over the 1924-1934 : lvar Holmquist* (SWE) downhill and slalom committee from 1946 to 1934-1951 : Nicolai Ramm Ostgaard * (NOR) 1951. In 1949, he entered the Council. An Since 1951 : Marc Hodler* (SUI). all-round sportsman, his activities are diverse but always bear the mark of talent : university champion, captain of the Berne golf club team for 18 years, a sport which he still Successive Secretaries General practises regularly, as he does tennis and swimming ; three times national bridge cham- 1924-1926 : Carl Nordenson* (SWE) pion, he has presided over the Swiss Bridge 1926-1934 : Carl Gustaf David Hamilton l Federation since 1944. (SWE) 1934-1938 : lngvald Smith-Kielland* (NOR) Upon completion of his studies at the Univer- 1938-1949 : Jacob de Rytter Kielland* (NOR) sity of Berne, he became a lawyer, and 1949-1951 : Einar Bergsland* (NOR) managed his practice, while at the same time 1951-1961 : Arnold Kaech* (SUI) carrying out his functions as juridical adviser 1961-1979 : Sigge Bergman* (SWE) to many different bodies, mainly in the food Since 1979 : Gian Franco Kasper* (SUI). industry.

63 Finally, be it the International Olympic Commit- lngvald Smith-Kielland, Secretary General tee, or the Swiss Olympic Committee, these and Treasurer of the FIS from 1934 to 1938. two bodies have never looked to him in vain Norwegian, born in 1890. Member of the whenever his help was needed for important Association for the Promotion of Ski-ing in tasks. Norway from 1912 to 1918. President of the Norwegian Ski Association from 1934 to 1936. Sir Arnold Lunn (GBR), Founder of the Alpine disciplines. Born 18th April 1888 at Madras (IND), he Jacob de Rytter Kielland, Secretary General discovered skiing in 1898 and ten years later of the FIS from 1938 to 1949. founded the French Alpine team. Born in 1909 at Oslo (NOR). Civil Engineering The following year, he invented the slalom and graduate of the Zurich Technological Institute, in 1921 organised the first downhill and slalom an excellent specialist both in - events at Muerren. He founded the Kandahar winner at Holmenkollen in 1938 and 1940 - ski club then, in 1928, the Arlberg-Kandahar and in slalom - best Norwegian in the first races. In 1930 the FIS made the rules he competition in modern slalom to be held in his - suggested for these new events official. He country. In 1933, he became the closest represented his country within the Interna- collaborator of Nicolai Ramm Ostgaard who, tional Ski Federation from 1928 to 1949 when he presided over the FIS, had him withour interruption. Lunn organised the first appointed Secretary General. He died in 1982. world alpine ski-ing championships in 1931 and assisted in the introduction of these disciplines onto the programme of the Winter Einar Bergsland, Secretary General of the FIS Games in 1936. All his life he maintained a between 1945 and 1951, then member of the youthful enthusiasm which comes over clearly Council up until 1969, President of the on every page of his many writings. He died on Commission from 1951 to 1953, and Honor- 2nd June 1974 at the age of 86. ary Member until his death in 1982. Born in 1910 in Norway, he spen his life at Carl Nordenson, Secretary General of the FIS Holmenkollen, that ski-ing paradise, of which from 1926. he was a life-long promoter. A talented nordic Swedish, born in 1871, died 1959. Member of skier, he beat the legendary Grottumsbraten, the International Ski-ing Commission from yet did not hesitate later to encourage the 1921, he took over the vice-presidency up until introduction of alpine disciplines in his country. 1924. He practised many competitive sports, and One of the founders of the Association for the was national rowing and golf champion, and promotion of ski-ing in Sweden, in 1892. All his nordic champion in dog racing across snow. life, he was deeply involved with this associa- An organiser, diplomat, writer, he has been, tion and he initiated the setting up of the amongst other things, an influential and Swedish Ski Museum. respected member of the organising commit- tee for the events at Holmenkollen for 35 years, including 14 years as President. Carl Gustav David Hamilton, Secretary Gen- eral of the FIS from 1926 to 1934, then vice-President until 1946. He became acting Arnold Kaech, FIS Secretary General bet- president during the Second World War and ween 1951 and 1961, President of the managed to preserve the total independence Publishing Commission from 1957 to 1961 ; of the FIS. in charge of the Federation Bulletin, he later Born 1882. A professional soldier, and army resigned for professional reasons but came colonel. Excellent rider and fervent ski enthu- back in 1979 as honorary editor of the FIS siast. A member of the FIS Council from 1924 bulletin and chairman of the committee for to 1949. public relations and the mass media. Official delegate of the Swedish Ski Associa- Born in 1914 in lnnertkirchen (SUI). A lawyer. tion, and a keen skier, he was one of the Personal Secretary to the Minister for the promoters of the alpine disciplines - Arnold Economy (1939-1940). Military attache at the Lunn often maintained that Halmilton was the Swiss legation in Berlin (1940-1943) and later only Scandinavian who gave him his whole- at Stockholm (1943-1947), Director of the hearted support. He died on 29th September Swiss National Institute for Physical Education 1968. and Sport at Macolin (1947-1956), high-

64 General, Treasurer and President. Honorary President. Editor-in-chief of the Annual Jour- nal of the Ski Association (for 36 years). From 1955 to this day, he has been legally responsi- ble for the publication of the official review of the Swedish Ski Association. President of the organising committee for the world alpine and nordic ski-ing championships which took place in Sweden in 1954. Member of the Executive Committee of the Swedish Sports Federation from 1956 to C. Nordenson C. G. D. Hamilton 1959. Secretary General of the Organising Committee for the European Athletics Cham- pionships in 1958 at Stockholm. Member of the Executive Committee of the Swedish NOC from 1953 to 1976 and vice- President from 1971 to 1976. Honorary Member. Chef de Mission at the 1972 Olympic Games at Munich and at the 1976 Games at Montreal. He has attended all Summer and Winter Games since 1936 as a journalist or technical official. Since 1978 he has been a faithfful contributor to the “Olympic Review”. I. Smith-Kielland A. Kaech

Gian Franco Kasper, Secretary General of the FIS, since 1975. ranking official in the Department of Defence from 1957 to 1979. An eclectic sportsman Born 24th January 1944 at St. Moritz (SUI). (rowing, athletics, mountaineering and above Studied psychology, philosophy and journa- all, ski-ing) he took part in the 1936 Winter lism at the University of Zurich. From 1969 onwards he contributed to different newspap- Games in the cross-country and the military ers and edited the “Courrier de St-Moritz” in ski patrolleur. four languages. In 1974, he took charge of the management of a new Swiss Tourist Office at Montreal (CAN) before entering the manage- ment of the FIS in 1975. Sigge Bergman, Secretary General of the FIS from 1961 to 1979, having been founding Although a skier, and member of the Ski Club Chairman of the Technical Committee for Alpina teams (both in cross-country and alpine Nordic Ski-ing from 1946 to 1961. Editor-in- ski-ing) he is equally adept at bobsleigh, chief of the FIS Bulletin from 1961 to 1979. skeleton bob, water ski-ing, riding and yacht- Honorary Member of the FIS. ing. Born 31 st July 1905 at Lulea (the most Before joinding the FIS, he worked for ten northern part of Sweden), he became Director years at the St. Moritz tourist office while at of gymnastics at the Royal Central Institute of the same time belonging to the organising Gymnastics at Stockholm. After a stay in committees of several skiing world cups, and Austria and Switzerland (1935-1936) where the world championships at St. Moritz in 1974 he perfected his theoretical knowledge of where he presided over the publicity press and alpine ski-ing, he introduced alpine disciplines public relations sections, and of the “world into Sweden. He took part in ski-ing and championships” in bobsleigh or the European athletics competitions, as well as football and championships in yachting and riding. hockey matches. He has been a journalist in Stockholm since 1937, and member of the Although he has little time for training, he still executive committee of the Swedish Ski takes part in popular cross-country ski events Association from 1939 to 1976, as Secretary and plays golf.

65 Part II

The Administration of the FIS

The Aims of the FIS lie in, amongst other - organising world ski-ing championships and things : competitions approved by the FIS and - establishing the rules for these competi- encouraging the practice of ski-ing by tions. everyone, supervising and directing its development ;

Organisation Chart • Members of the present Council (1983-1985) Congress PT: Marc Hodler * (SUI) (delegates from the national federations) VPTs: Anatolij Akentiev (URS), Yoshiro Ito (JPN). Hannu Koskivuon (FIN), Bud Little (USA). SG: Gian Franco Kasper * (SUI) President Ms: 1. H.R.H. Prince Alfonso de Bourbon (ESP), 2. Jean Barthalais (FRA), 3. Erich Demetz (ITA), 4. Janez Kocrjancic (YUG), 5. Karl Martitsch (CAN), 6. Jan Mraz (TCH). 7. Council (18 members) Fred Rossner (AUT), 8. Ludwig Schroder (GDR), 9. Artoro von Schroeders (CHI), IO. Odd Seim-Haugen (NOR), 11. Stag Synnergren (SWE), 12. Fritz Wagnerberger (FRG). Executive Committee (6 members)

Secretary General

Technical committees Other committees

1 • Member Federations 2 To date, the FIS groups together 54 national federations.

Growth in the number of affiliated federations 1924 191 1960 37 1972 46- 1928 19 1962 39 1976 48 1936 24 1964 41 1980 51 1948 27 1968 47 1983 54 1952 35

1 Of 16 countries, Finland, Czechoslovakia and Austria were 4 each represented by two federations. 3

66 The 54 affiliated federations

Year Year Year Year NOC of foundation of affiliation NOC 1 of foundation of affiliation ALG 1960 1965 ISR 1977 FRG 4.11 .1905 1951 ITA 1920 1924 AND 20. 6.1945 1965 JPN 5. 2.1925 1926 ARG 20.11.1941 1949 LIB 3. 1.1948 1949 AUS 19. 3.1932 1932 LIE 5.1932 1949 AUT 4.11.1905 1924 LUX 11. 6.1970 1971 BEL 7. 1.1947 1936 MAR 1958 1959 BOL 1975 1977 MEX 1980 1981 BRA 1966 1967 MON 1979 1981 BUL 12.1918 1924 MGL 1958 1963 CAN 11.12.1920 1924 NOR 21.2.1908 1924 CHI 23. 6.1942 1949 NZL 1932 1953 CHN 1981 HOL 8.10.1927 1932 CYP 2. 3.1947 1963 POL 26.12.1919 1924 KOR 15. 4.1946 1957 POR 24.10.1932 1949 CRC 1980 1981 GDR 1.10.1948 1951 DEN 23.11.1938 1946 PRK 1949 1965 ESP 1936 1936 ROM 10.10.1931 1924 USA 21. 2.1904 1924 SMR 13.10.1970 1973 FIN 28. 2.1908 1924 SEN 1980 1981 FRA 24. 4.1924 1924 SUI 20.11.1904 1924 GBR 6. 5.1903 1924 SWE 11.12.1908 1924 GRE 20. 2.1930 1936 TPE 19. 2.1963 1967 HUN 15. 7.1913 1924 TCH 21.11.1903 1924 IRN 1945 1957 TUR 1 .1936 1938 IRL 10.11.1971 1971 URS 1896 1949 ISL 1946 1946 YUG 13.10.1922 1924

1 Accordmg to the alphabetical list in the IOC’s Olympic Directory

567 6

9 10 11

67 • The Congress 5. Representatives of non-European countries, Pt: Björger V. Pettersen The Congress represents the supreme body of (CAN) the FIS. Normally it meets every two years. 6. Women’s cross-country, Pt : lnga Löwdin (SWE) • Voting rights 2. Jumping Committee, chaired by Torbjörn Each Federation has at least one vote. Yggeseth (NOR) and its ten sub- Each Federation having at least 5,000 mem- committees : bers and fulfilling one of the following condi- tions has an extra vote (two votes in all) : 1. Ski-jumps, Pt : Miloslav Belonoznik (TCH) - to have participated with racers in the last 2. Jumping Judges, Pt: Hans Ostler World Skiing Championships (alpine or (FRG) nordic disciplines) or 3. World Cup and Continental Cups, Pt : - to have organised at least one international Antti Hvvarinen (FIN) competition per year over the two preceding 4. Equipment, Pt : Toni lnnauer (AUT) years which appear on the international 5. Rules and Control, Pt : Gerhard Hoch- calendar. muth (GDR) Each Federation having at least 25,000 mem- 6. Press relations, Pt : Arnolf Gundersen bers and fulfilling the above two conditions has (NOR) two extra votes (three votes in all). 7. Relations with organising commit- tees, Pt : Janez Gorisek (FUG) 8. Promotion, Pt : Aloiz Gorianc (YUG) • The Council 9. Coaches and Trainers, Pt: Ewald Roscher (FRG) The Council, elected for two years, is made up 10. Representatives of non-European of 18 members : a President, four Vice- countries, Pt : Robert McCormac Presidents, a Secretary General and 12 mem- (CAN) bers. 3. Nordic combined Committee, chaired by Helmut Weinbuch (FRG) • Executive Committee An executive committee may be set up by the 4. Calculation Committee, chaired by War- council, which in turn determines its field of ren M. Lowry (USA) authority. 5. Alpine ski-ing Committee, chaired by Rdto Melcher (SUI) and its nine sub- The President, in collaboration with the • committes : Secretary General, has responsibility for the- proper conduct of the daily activities of the FIS. 1. Continental CUDS and calendar plan- ning, Pt : Serge Lang (FRA) 2. Classification of alpine racers, Pt : • The Committees and sub-committees, Sepp Sulzberger (AUT) appointed by the council, act as advisory 3. Women’s Alpine, Pt : Laura Gaja des bodies and assume certain technical functions Ambrois (ITA) of the FIS. In 1983, sixteen committees with 4. Alpine runs, Pt : Hubert Spiess (AUT) 31 sub-committees brought together more 5. Rules, equipment, monitoring of con- than five hundred and fifty sports leaders. tests, Pt : Benito Ferronato (ITA) 6. Alpine world cup, Pt : Serge Lang (FRA) 1. The Cross-country Committee, chaired by 7 European Cup, Pt: Heinz Pachler lvar Formo (NOR) and its six sub-committees : (AUT) 1. Rules and racing equipment, Pt : Ger- 8 Nor-Am series and planning of Ameri- hard Grimmer (GDR) can Alpine Calendar, Pt : J. Leland 2. World Cup and Continental Cups, Pt : Sosman (USA) Paovo M. Petädä (FIN) 9 Australasiatic Cups, Pt : Richard 3. Popular cross-country and veteran Johnson (NZL) events, Pt : Christian Egli (SUI) 4. Calendar planning and monitoring, 6. The Racing Equipment Committee, Pt : Dietrich Martin (FRG) chaired by Ludwig Schröder (GDR)

68 7. The Juridical and Safety Committee, • The Financing of the Federation chaired by Paul Moranne (FRA) In addition to the sums assigned by the IOC from the television rights for the Winter 8. The Medical Committee, chaired by Bud Games, the FIS budget is founded by television Little (USA) rights for FIS events, annual subscriptions paid by the federations on a pro rata basis according to the numbers of their members, 9. The Teaching and Training Committee, fees charged for each ski competition appear- chaired by Hubert Fink (ITA) ing on the international calendar, and public relations operations.

10. The Leisure-time Ski-ing Committee, chaired by Adrienne Smith (AUS) • Training and Improvement of Technical Officials 11. The Committee for Youth and Children, Competition judges and technical officials are chaired by Hubert Pirchner (AUT) trained through courses and seminars in the different ski disciplines at which all 1,000 12. The Committee for Public Relations and officials (approximately) who participate in the the Mass Media, chaired by Arnold organisation of international competitions Kaech * (SUI) must attend. In addition, all competition judges must pass an examination each year. Besides the training and improvement of officials by the 13. Qualification Committee, chaired by FIS, the national ski federations organise Pierre Hirschy (SUI) annual courses where national competition judges are trained.

14. The Committee for Inter-pool Relations, chaired by Attilio Coen (ITA) • Main FIS Publications - The official bulletin of the FIS has been 15. The Committee for Racers with special published regularly since 1958 (annual Status, chaired by Paul Hoffman and its subscription : SF. 32). five sub-committees : 1. University racers, Pt : Jean-François Saurin (FRA) - The Rules are the subject of a four-volume work : 2. City-dwelling alpine racers, Pt : Nuria Bofill (ESP) I. “General Rules and Statutes (RIS)” 3. Veterans racer, Pt : Joaquin Bofill II. “Cross-country, Nordic combined (RIS)” (ESP) Ill. “Jumping, ski-flying, nordic combined 4. Corporative racers, Pt : Richard (RIS)” Atwood (FRA) IV. “Downhill, slalom, Giant Slalom, parallel 5. Cross-country for flat countries and events, alpine combined (RIS)”. city-dwelling skiers, Pt : John Leaning (GBR) • FIS Films 16. The Committee for Free-style Ski-ing, chaired by John Johnston (CAN) “Skischedule der Weltelite” (The of the world’s elite) “Tempo, Technik and Medaillen” (Tempo, The General Secretariat • Technique and Medals) The administrative offices of the FIS are at “Langlauf 80” (Cross-country 80) Berne, and are divided into sections : “Schnee, Ski und ein Super Girl” (Snow, ski - Alpine ski-ing - Nordic ski-ing and a super girl) - Press and publications These films and others on various international - Accounting competitions are available form the FIS Secre- - Computer tariat.

69 Part III

The Competitions

Technical Aspects 1 “If there is one sport which deserves the title of “king” over all others, it is ski-ing”. This was the opinion of Norwegian pioneer Fritjof Nan- sen and is perhaps a rather unilateral one. But no other sport, at least no other popular sport, has known as many new supporters in recent years. According to recent estimates, during the winter months more than 50 million skiers occupy the world’s tracks and runs. In addition, the “season” is becoming longer each year now that ski-ing can be practised summer or winter in the regions of “eternal snow”, that is, the glacier regions. The development of ski-ing, while extraordin- ary, has not yet reached its peak, and indeed is far from it. One of the reasons for this development comes from the fact that men began, before the second half of the 19th century, to lose their natural “fear” of moun- tains and to find pleasure in escaping from the towns to the plateaux during the cold damp days of winter to take advantage of the mountain sunshine and, little by little, of winter sports also.

This “fleeing” from the freezing towns to the G. F. Kasper during a veterans’ event in 1981 sunny mountainsides brought an ever-growing number of supporters to the sport of ski-ing, thus leading to the appearance of winter tourism. Today, ski-ing forms the economic basis for winter resorts and enables a wide nordic combined) in 21 countries and 958 social strata to lead a decent existence in all competitions in alpine ski-ing (slalom, giant the alpine nations. Without ski-ing. there slalom and downhill) in 25 countries. would be no chance of survival for the mountain populations. For these 1518 events, FIS technical dele- gates were appointed to ensure the observa- Parallel with the world-wide extension of tion of the rules of competitive ski-ing, the ski-ing as a popular sport, the true competitive safety of the participants and to help the local sport developed under the leadership of the organisers. The FIS must, therefore, monitor a International Ski Federation (FIS). It need only great many competitions during the relatively be pointed out that the main task of the FIS short lapse of time of about four months which lies, as in the past, in the practice of ski for all. constitutes the winter in the northern hemis- The figures which follow illustrate the current phere. importance of competitive ski-ing. During the 1982-83 season, the FIS ran 560 competitions 1 Heading written by Gian Franco Kasper, Secretary General in nordic ski-ing (cross-country, jumping and of the FIS.

70 During this period, the cream of the ski-ing Alpine disciplines world meets once or twice a week mainly during world cup events, the true, permanent The alpine diciplines - slalom, giant slalom, world championships. Thus the competition is downhill - are currently enjoying world-wide not only of national interest but creates a great popularity amongst the different ski disci- stir throughout the world through the modern plines. They are practised by both men and mass media. women in separate competitions and on different runs.

The disciplines The downhill: The downhill, like the 50 km for the cross-country, is reputed to be the Cross-country: Nordic ski-ing competitions call for perseverance. They demand top physical “Queen” of the alpine ski disciplines. Reach- condition and an efficient technique in order to ing speeds of about 140 km/h, the competitors must show a mastery of technique, concentra- save energy. In international competitions, tion and enormous physical stamina, great women set off over distances of 5, 10 and 20 km as well as the 4 x 5 km relay course. The suppleness and of course plenty of courage. men’s events are relatively longer, 15, 30, 50 The downhill run must be marked out in such a way as to put the qualities demanded of the km and 4 x 10 km relay, but women are competitors really to the test. currently demanding longer events. Further- more, the popular cross-country events of 50 to 100 km often bring together 10,000 to Technical data : Men’s events : 800 to 1000 m 15,000 male and female competitors. slope. Duration of event : about 1’30” to 2 minutes. Women’s events: 500 to 700 m Ski-Jumping: The jumping competitions take slope. Duration of event : about 1’30”. place on jumps of different heights governing the distance which may be jumped. Two jumping competitions appear on the pro- gramme of the Winter Games ; one small jump (standard height 70 m) enabling jumps of between 80 and 90 m and the other a big jump . 1976 (standard height 90 m) permitting jumps of about 100 m. The jump is judged on the one hand by the distance achieved and on the other by the marks for style given by the five judges. On the programme for the world champion- ships, team competitions and competitions on a ski-flying jump, enabling jumps of more than 180 m to be made, also appear. In addition to the courage needed to fly with skis over a distance of more than 100 m, the skier must possess perfect technique, strength and speed as well as timing to enable him to leap effectively from the jump and then adapt to air currents.

The nordic combined The nordic combined, a traditional discipline, includes a 15 km cross-country event and a jumping event on a 70 m jump. As for the decathlon, the competitor must possess many qualitites in order to compete in these two events in less than 24 hours. The nordic combined and the jumping events are res- tricted to men at the moment, but efforts (albeit at an early stage) are now being made to open this dicipline to women.

71 These are the recommendations for the mark- differently marked out runs. The final placing ing out of runs : is established by adding the time achieved in the two rounds. The run should not contain any bumps which are too hard or too dry. Bumps which make it necessary for the skier to leap which are too high or too long should be flattened. In Technical data : addition, the run should not have any cracks Men’s events : 140 to 200 m slope, number of which are too pronounced and would throw the gates per round : 55 to 75. Women’s events : skier into the air over long distances. This is 120 to 180 m slope, number of gates per especially valid if the landing is made on the round : 45 to 60. flat, on a biais slope or uphill. The run must not have any sharp bends rising Giant Slalom: The giant slalom should, by slopes. Narrow passages should be avoided definition at least, come somewhere between on those portions where speed is greatest. the downhill and the slalom, the exploitation of Here the run must get wider according to the the ground being of particular importance. The increase in speed. On the outside of bends tracks for the giant slalom must allow a which are negociated at moderate or high judicious alternation of large, medium and speed clear spaces must be left so that a skier small bends. The competitor must enjoy who falls and is thrown outside the run would relative liberty in choosing his course between not be injured (fall zone). the different gates. Figures such as those of These passages must be at least 30 metres the slalom should be placed in limited number wide. The inspector who approves the run will and only on those parts of the run where the decide if this minimum width is sufficient and terrain as such offers little technical variety. In will if necessary order it to be widened to the giant slalom, the competitor must give several times its width. proof above all of his capacity to negociate to perfection the long bends and the short ones, Any obstacles against which the skiers may at high speeds. be thrown when leaving the run must be protected either with snow or straw, catch nets Following the example of the alpine disci- or other adequate means. plines, the giant slalom can only take place on No artificial obstacle may be set up on natural runs approved by the FIS. Like the slalom, the runs to give the public a type of acrobatic giant slalom is held in two rounds, each show. marked out differently. This is contrary to the most recent discipline in alpine ski-ing. the Super-G, which does not as yet appear on the Olympic programme. The Super G, which is The slalom: The track of the slalom is marked held in one single round, could one day replace out by gates relatively close together, marked the traditional giant slalom. It brings the giant by flags, This track is similar to a ski race slalom closer to the downhill and offers the through a dense forest. The competitor must same opportunities to the downhill specialist thus prove his skill and ability to move his as to the slalom specialist. weight rapidly from one leg to the other. The slalom should make it possible to negociate all the bends perfectly, and the run should not Technical data make demands on the skier to produce acrobatics irreconcilable with ordinary ski-ing Men’s events : 250 to 400 m slope, number of technique. The slalom should enable the gates per round : 15 % gradation with a margin intelligent composition of figures well placed of +/-5 gates on the ground between which are inserted single or multiple gates, in such a way as to Women’s events : 250 to 300 m slope, number result in a “fluid” course. Rapid changes of of gates per round : 15 % gradation with a direction should put the competitor’s techni- margin of +/-5 gates. que to the test. Taking into consideration the rules concerning the gradation and inclination of the slope, the slalom track must include Super-G changes of direction which enable the compe- titor to combine the greatest possible speed Men’s events : 500 to 600 m slope, number of with a perfect execution of the short bends. gates : 10% of the gradation, at least 35 The slalom in carried out in two rounds, on two gates.

72 Cortina d’Ampezzo 1956.

Women’s events : 350 to 500 m slope, number traditional event for many years, it rewards the of gates : 10% of the gradation, at least 30 most complete skiers and fights against gates. specialisation.

Competitions on parallel slaloms An event in which two or more competitors race on two or more runs set next to each Freestyle ski-ing other and for which the tracks, configuration In addition to ski-ing technique, freestyle of the ground, and preparation of the snow are ski-ing, the youngest child of the FIS, calls as identical as possible. The track is deter- above all for artistic qualities. Unlike the alpine mined by a set of markers for the bends skier, the competitor is not judged by his timing between which a streamer is stretched forming but by the scoring of the judges. Freestyle a gate about 30 cm wide and 70 cm high. ski-ing has three disciplines : ballet racing on bumpy runs and artistic jumping. G.F.K. Technical data Men’s and Women’s events : 80 to 100 m slope, 20 to 30 gates. Duration : 20 to 25 seconds.

The Alpine combined The Alpine combined is a reward for the best skier over two events (slalom and downhill) or three events (slalom, giant slalom, downhill). A

73 1 74 Ski-ing in the - Participation by NOC from 1924 to 1980

1 The figure m brackets represents the number of women competitors m the preceding figure. x Germany up until 1936 : 1928 = 17, 1936 = 28 (5). 75 *USSR up until 1956 : Estonia ; 1928 = 2 (1), 1936 = 2 (1). Nordic Ski-ing at the Winter Games

I. Formo (NOR) E.A. Larsson (SWE)

Since the creation of the Winter Games, Nordic ski-ing events have always appeared on the Olympic programme, in the following order: Number Number of events of events Date M1 W1 Date M1 W1

1924 4 0 1960 6 2 1928 4 0 1964 7 3 1932 4 0 1968 7 3 1936 5 0 1972 7 3 1948 5 0 1976 7 3 1952 5 1 1980 7 3 1956 62 1984 7 4

F. Nones (ITA) 1 Men’s events (M) and Women’s events (W) N. Bajukov

Men’s Programme

1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984

15 to 19 km

30 km 50 km 4 x 10 km Nordic Combined 70 m Jump 90 m Jump

Women’s Programme

1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984

5 km 10 km 20 km 3 x 5 km 4 x 5 km

76 List of Olympic winners (Men) 1964 (SWE) 1968 Ole Ellefsaeter (NOR) 1972 Pal Tyldum (NOR) 1976 lvar Formo (NOR) 1980 Nikolai Zimyatov (URS) 4 x 10km 1936 FIN (Sulo Nurmela, Klaes Karppinen, Matti Lahde, Kalle Jalkanen) 1948 SWE (Nils Ostenson, Nils Täpp, Gun- nar Eriksson, Martin Lundström) 1952 FIN (, Paavo Lonkila, , Tapio Mäkelä) 1956 URS (Fjodor Terentiev, Pavel Kolchin, Nikolaj Anikin, Wladimir Kusin) 1960 FIN (Toimi Alatalo, Eero Mäntyranta, Vainö Huhtala, ) 1964 SWE (Karl-Ake Asph, Sixten Jernberg, , Assar Rönnlund) 1968 NOR (, Paal Tyldum, Harald Grönningen, Ole Ellefsaeter) T. Haug (NOR) 1972 URS (Vladimir Voronkov, Yuri Skobov, Fedor Simachov, Viatcheslav Vede- 15 to19 km nine) 1924 (NOR) 1976 FIN (Matti Pittaenen, , Pertti 1928 Johan Gröttumsbraaten (NOR) Teurajaervi, ) 1932 Sven Utterström (SWE) 1980 URS (Vassili Rochev, Nikolai Bajukov, 1936 Erik-August Larsson (SWE) Evgeni Beliaev. Nikolai Zimyatov) 1948 Martin Lundström (SWE) 1952 (NOR) 1956 Hallgeir Brenden (NOR) 1960 Haakon Brusveen (NOR) 1964 Eero Mäntyranta (FIN) 1968 Harald Gronningen (NOR) 1972 Sven-Ake Lundbäck (SWE) 1976 Nikolai Bajukov (URS) 1980 (SWE) 1 1924 to 1936: 18 km 1928 19 km 700 1932: 18 km 214 Since 1948 : 15 km 30 km 1956 Veikko Hakulinen (FIN) 1960 Sixten Jernberg (SWE) 1964 Eero Mäntyranca ‘(FIN) 1968 Franco Nones (ITA) 1972 Viatcheslav Vedenine (URS) 1976 Serguei Saveliev (URS) 1980 Nikolai Zimyatov (URS) 50 km 1924 Thorleif Haug (NOR) 1928 Per-Erik Hedlund (SWE) 1932 (FIN) 1936 (SWE) 1948 (SWE) 1952 Veikko Hakulinen (FIN) 1956 Sixten Jernberg (SWE) 1960 Kalevi Hamalainen (FIN) V. Hakulinen (FIN)

77 U. Wehling (GDR)

Nordic Combined (Cross-country and jumping) 1924 Thorleif Haug (NOR) J. Raska (TCH) 1928 Johan Gröttumsbraaten (NOR) 1932 Johan Gröttumsbraaten (NOR) 1936 Oddbjorn Hagen (NOR) 1972 (JPN) 1948 Heikki Hasu (FIN) 1976 Hans-Georg Aschenbach (GDR) 1952 Simon Slåttvik (NOR) 1980 Anton lnnauer (AUT) 1956 Svera Stenersen (NOR) 1960 (FRG) 1964 Tormad Knutsen (NOR) 1968 (FRG) 1972 (GDR) 1976 Ulrich Wehling (GDR) 1980 Ulrich Wehling (GDR)

Y. Kasaya (JPN)

70 m Jumping 1924 Jacob Thullin Thams (NOR) 1928 Alfred Andersen (NOR) T lnnauer (AUT) 1932 (NOR) 1936 Birger Ruud (NOR) 90 m Jumping 1948 Petter Hugstedt (NOR) 1952 (NOR) 1964 (NOR) 1956 Antti Hyvärinen (FIN) 1968 Vladimir Beloussov (URS) 1960 (GDR) 1972 (POL) 1964 Viekko Kankkonen (FIN) 1976 (AUT) 1968 Jiri Raska (TCH) 1980 Jouko Toermaenen (FIN)

78 List of Olympic winners (Women) 10 km 1952 (FIN) 1956 Ljubow Kozyreva (URS) 1960 Maria Gusakova (URS) 1964 Claudia Boyarkich (URS) 1966 (SWE) 1972 (URS) 1976 (URS) 1960 (GDR)

From left to right: H. Takalo (FIN), R. Smetanina (URS), G. Kulakova (URS).

3 x 5 km 1956 FIN (Sirkka Polkunen, Mirja Hietamies, S. Rantanen (FIN) Sirii Rantanen) 1960 SWE (Irma Johansson, Britt Strand- berg, Sonja Edström-Ruthstrom) 5 km 1964 URS (Alevtina Koltjina, Jewdokija 1964 Claudia Boyarkich (URS) Mekshilo, Claudia Boyarkich) 1966 Toini Gustafsson (SWE) 1966 NOR (Inger Aufles, Babben Enger- 1972 Galina Kulakova (URS) Damon, Berit Mördre) 1976 (FIN) 1972 URS (Liubov Moukhatcheva, Alevtina 1960 Raisa Smetanina (URS) Oljunina, Galina Kulakova)

1980 - The GDR women’s relay team (from left to right): V. Hesse, C. Anding, M. Rostock, B. Petzold. 4 x 5 km 1976 GDR (Marlies Rostock, Carola Anding, Veronika Hesse, Barbara Petzold) 1960 URS (Nina Baldicheva, Zinaida Amo- T. Gustafsson (SWE) with V. Moedre (NOR) and sovo, Raisa Smetanina, Galina Kula- J. Auf/es (NOR) on either side. kova)

79 Alpine Ski-ing at the Winter Games

Since 1936, when alpine ski-ing first appeared on the programme of the Winter Games, men and women have always participated in identical events. This is how the number of events evolved :

Giant Total Date Combined Slalom Downhill Slalom M W The President of the IOC, H.E. Mr Juan Antonie Samaranch, awards the gold medal to F 1936 x 1 1 Fernandez Ochoa (ESP). 1948 x xx 3 3 1952 xxx 3 3 1956 x x x 3 3 1960 x x x 3 3 1964 x x x 3 3 1968 x x x 3 3 1972 x xx3 3 1976 x x x 3 3 x 1980 x x 3 3 1984 x x x 3 3

In 1936, a single event, the “combined”, played over two events, was on the programme. In 1948, the slalom and the downhill were added. In 1952. the Giant slalom was in turn introduced but the combined classification no longer led automatically to an Olympic title. However, the FIS used the classification up until 1980 to award the men’s 1968 - J.-C. Killy (FRA) and Mr. Hodler in or women’s world championship title. Chamrousse (FRA).

Participation by event during the last three Olympic Games

Sapporo 1972 Innsbruck 1976 Lake P/acid 1980 Athletes NOC Athletes NOC Athletes NOC

Men Downhill 55 21 74 27 47 23 Slalom 72 28 62 26 79 28 Giant slalom 73 28 97 30 78 28

Women Downhill 41 13 38 16 28 13 Slalom 42 14 45 17 46 21 Giant slalom 42 14 40 16 47 21

80 List of Olympic winners (Men) Alpine Combined 1936 Franz Pfnur (ALL) 1948 (FRA)

F Pfnur (ALL) and H Oreiller (FRA).

Slalom 1948 Edi Reinalter (SUI) 1952 (AUT) 1956 (AUT) 1960 (AUT) 1964 (AUT) 1968 Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) T. Sailer (AUT) 1972 Francisco Fernandez Ochoa (ESP) 1976 (ITA) 1980 lngemar Stenmark (SWE) Downhill 1948 Henri Oreiller (FRA) 1952 Zeno Colo (ITA) 1956 Toni Sailer (AUT) 1960 (FRA) 1964 (AUT) 1968 Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) 1972 (SUI) 1976 (AUT) 1980 (AUT)

Z. Colo (ITA) Grant Slalom 1952 (NOR) 1956 Toni Sailer (AUT) 1960 (SUI) 1964 François Bonlieu (FRA) 1968 Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) 1972 Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) Front left to right. E. Good (SUI), H. Hemmi (SUI) 1976 (SUI) I. Stenmark (SWE). 1980 lngemar Stenmark (SWE)

81 List of Olympic winners (Women) Alpine Combined 1936 Christ1 Cranz (ALL) 1948 Trude Beiser (AUT)

C. Haas (AUT) Slalom 1948 Gretchen Frazer (USA) C. Cranz (ALL) 1952 Andrea Mead-Lawrence (USA) 1956 Renée Colliard (SUI) 1960 (CAN) Downhill 1964 (FRA) 1948 Hedi Schlunegger (SUI) 1968 (FRA) 1952 Trude Jochum-Beiser (AUT) 1972 (USA) 1956 (SUI) 1976 (FRG) 1960 (FRG) 1980 (LIE) 1964 (AUT) 1968 (AUT) 1972 Marie-Thérèse Nadig (SUI) 1976 Rosi Mittermaier (FRG) 1980 Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT)

M. Berthod (SUI) Giant Slalom 1952 Andrea Mead-Lawrence (USA) 1958 (FRG) 1960 Yvonne Ruegg (SUI) 1964 Marielle Goitschel (FRA) 1968 Nancy Greene (CAN) 1972 Marie-Thérèse Nadig (SUI) 1976 (CAN) N. Greene (CAN) 1980 Hanni Wenzel (LIE)

82 The Senior World Nordic Ski-ing Championships Officially, the first world nordic ski-ing championships were organised in 1937. However, these championships were preceded from 1925 to 1927 by “rendez-vous” competitions and from 1926 to 1936 by “FIS Competitions”. Besides, up until 1980, the winners of the events at the Olympic Games were automatically made world champions.

Edition Date Place Edition Date Place

1. 1924 Chamonix (FRA) 19. 1952 Oslo (NOR) 2. 1925 Johannisbad (TCH) 20. 1954 Falun (SWE) 3. 1926 Lahti (FIN) 21. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo (ITA) 4. 1927 Cortina d’Ampezzo (ITA) 22. 1958 Lahti (FIN) 5. 1928 St. Moritz (SUI) 23. 1960 Squaw Valley (USA) 6. 1929 Zakopane (POL) 24. 1962 Zakopane (POL) 7. 1930 Oslo (NOR) 25. 1964 Innsbruck (AUT) 8. 1931 Oberhof (ALL) 26. 1966 Oslo (NOR) 9. 1932 Lake Placid (USA) 27. 1968 (FRA) 10. 1933 Innsbruck (AUT) 28. 1970 Vysoke Tatry (TCH) 11. 1934 Solleftea (SWE) 29. 1972 (JPN) 12. 1935 Haut Tatras (TCH) 30. 1974 Falun (SWE) 13. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen (ALL) 31. 1976 Innsbruck (AUT) 14. 1937 Chamonix (FRA) 32. 1978 Lahti (FIN) 15. 1938 Lahti (FIN) 33. 1980 Lake Placid (USA) 16. 1939 Zakopane (POL) 34. 1982 Oslo (NOR) 17. 1948 St. Moritz (SUI) 35. 1985 Seefeld (AUT) 18. 1950 Lake Placid (USA) 36. 1987 (GDR)

83 List of winners (Men) 15 to 18 km 1924 Thorleif Haug (NOR) 1925 Otokar Nemecky (TCH) 1926 Event cancelled 1927 (SWE) 1928 Johan Gröttumsbraaten (NOR) 1929 Veli Saarinen (FIN) 1930 Arne Rudstadstuen (NOR) 1931 Johan Gröttumsbraaten (NOR) 1932 Sven Utterström (SWE) 1933 Nils-Joel Englund (SWE) 1934 Sulo Nurmela (FIN) 1935 Klaes Karppinen (FIN) 1936 Erik-August Larsson (SWE) 1937 Lauritz Bergendahl (NOR) 1938 Pauli Pitkänen (FIN) 1939 Juho Kurikkala (FIN) 1948 Martin Lundström (SWE) 1950 Karl Erik Aström (SWE) 1952 Hallgeir Brenden (NOR) 1954 Veikko Hakulinen (FIN) 1956 Hallgeir Brenden (NOR) 1958 Veikko Hakulinen (FIN) 1960 Haakon Brusveen (NOR) 1962 Assar Rönnlund (SWE) 1964 Eero Mäntyranta (FIN) J. Grottumsbraaten (NOR) 1966 Gjermund Eggen (NOR) 1926 Matti Raivo (FIN) 1968 Harald Grönningen (NOR) 1927 John Lindgren (SWE) 1970 Lars-Göran Aslund (SWE) 1928 Per Erik Hedlund (SWE) 1972 Sven-Åke Lundbäck (SWE) 1929 A. Knuttila (FIN) 1974 (NOR) 1930 Sven Utterström (SWE) 1976 Nikolai Bajukov (URS) 1931 Ole Stenen (NOR) 1978 Josef Luszczek (POL) 1932 Veli Saarinen (FIN) 1980 Thomas Wassberg (SWE) 1933 Veli Saarinen (FIN) 1982 Oddvar Braa (NOR) 1934 Elis Wiklund (SWE) 1935 Nils-Joel Englund (SWE) 30 km 1936 Elis Wiklund (SWE) 1926 Matti Raivo (FIN) 1937 (FIN) 1954 Wladimir Kusin (URS) 1938 Kalle Jalkanen (FIN) 1956 Veikko Hakulinen (FIN) 1939 Lauritz Bergendahl (NOR) 1958 Kalevi Hämälåinen. (FIN) 1948 Nils Karlsson (SWE) 1960 Sixten Jernberg (SWE) 1950 (SWE) 1962 Eero Mäntyranta (FIN) 1952 Veikko Hakulinen (FIN) 1964 Eero Mäntyranta (FIN) 1954 Wladimir Kusin (URS) 1966 Eero Mäntyranta (FIN) 1956 Sixten Jernberg (SWE) 1968 Franco Nones (ITA) 1958 Sixten Jernberg (SWE) 1970 Viatcheslav Vedenine (URS) 1960 Kalevi Hämälåinen (FIN) 1972 Viatcheslav Vedenine (URS) 1962 Sixten Jernberg (SWE) 1974 Thomas Magnusson (SWE) 1964 Sixten Jernberg (SWE) 1976 Serguei Saveliev (URS) 1966 Gjermund Eggen (NOR) 1978 Serguei Saveliev (URS) 1968 Ole Ellefsaeter (NOR) 1980 Nikolai Zimyatov (URS) 1970 Kalevi Oikarainen (FIN) 1982 (SWE) 1972 Pal Tyldum (NOR) 1974 Gerhard Grimmer (GDR) 1976 lvar Forma (NOR) 50 km 1978 Sven-Ake Lundbäck (SWE) 1924 Thorleif Haug (NOR) 1980 Nikolai Zimyatov (URS) 1925 Frantisek Donth (TCH) 1982 Thomas Wassberg (SWE)

84 4 x 10 km 1933 SWE (Per Erik Hedlund, Sven Utter- strom, Nils-Joel Englund, Hjalmar Berg- strom) 1934 FIN (Sulo Nurmela, Klaes Karppinen, Martti Lappalainen, Veli Saarinen) 1935 FIN (Mikko Husu, Klaes Karppinen, Vaïnö Liikonen, Sulo Nurmela) 1936 FIN (Sulo Nurmela, Klaes Karppinen, Matti Lähde, Kalle Jalkanen) 1937 NOR (Annar Ryen, Oscar Fredriksen, Sigurel Roen, Lauritz Bergendahl). 1938 FIN (Juho Kurikkala, Matti Lauronen, Pauli Pitkänen, Klaes Karppinen) 1939 FIN (Pauli Pitkänen, Olavi Alakulppi, Eimo Olkinvora, Klaes Karppinen) 1948 SWE (Nils Östensson, Nils Täpp, Gun- nar Eriksson, Martin Lundström) 1950 SWE (Nils Täpp. Karl Erik Aström, Martin Lundström, Enar Josefsson) 1952 FIN (Heikki Hasu, Paavo Lonkila, Urpo Kohronen. Tapio Mäkela) 1954 FIN (August Kiuru. Tapio Mäkelä Arvo Viitanen, Veikko Hakulinen) 1956 URS (Fjodor Terentiev, Pavel Kolchin, Nikolai Anikin, Wladimir Kusin) 1958 SWE (Sixten Jernberg, Lennart Lars- son, , Per Erik Larsson) 1960 FIN (Toimi Alatalo, Eero Mäntyranta, Vaïnö Huhtala. Veikko Hakulinen) N. Zfmyatov (URS) 1962 SWE (Lars Olsson, Sture Grahn, Sixten Jernberg, Assar Rönnlund) 1964 SWE (Karl-Ake Asph, Sixten Jernberg, Janne Stefansson, Assar Rönnlund) 1966 NOR (Odd Martinsen, Harald Grönnin- gen, Ole Ellefsaeter. Gjermund Eggen) 1968 NOR (Odd Martinsen, Pal Tyldum, Harald Grönningen, Ole Ellefsaeter) 1970 URS (Vladimir Voronkov, Valeri Tara- kanov, Fedor Simachov, Viatcheslav Vedenine) 1972 URS (Vladimir Voronkov, Yuri Skobov, Fedor Simachov, Viatcheslav Veden- ine) 1974 GDR (Gerd Hessler, Dieter Meinel, Gerhard Grimmer, Gert-Dietmar Klause) 1976 FIN (Matti Pitkaenen, Juha Mieto, Pertti Teurajaervi, Arto Koivisto) 1978 SWE (Sven-Ake Lundback, Christer Johansson, Tommy Limby, Thomas Magnusson) 1980 URS (Vassili Rochev, Nikolai Bajukov, Evgeni Beliaev, Nikolai Zimyatov) 1982 URS (Vladimir Nikitin, Alexandre Batiouk. Youri Burlakov. Alexandre Zavialov) and NOR (Lars-Erik Eriksen. , Pal F. Keller (FRG) Gunner Mikkelsplass, Oddvar Braa) 85 Nordic Combined (teams) 1982 GDR (Uwe Dotzaver, Gunther Schmieder, ).

70 m Jump 1924 Jacob Thullin Thams (NOR) 1925 Willi Dick (TCH) 1926 Jacob Thullin Thams (NOR) 1927 Tore Edman (SWE) 1928 Alfred Andersen (NOR) 1929 Sigmund Ruud (NOR) 1930 (NOR) 1931 Birger Ruud (NOR) 1932 Birger Ruud (NOR) 1933 (SUI) 1934 Kristian Johanson (NOR) 1935 Birger Ruud (NOR) 1936 Birger Ruud (NOR) 1937 Birger Ruud (NOR) 1938 Asbjörn Ruud (NOR) 1939 Joseph Bradl (ALL) 1948 Petter Hugstedt (NOR) H. Recknagel (GDR) 1950 Hans Bjornstad (NOR) 1952 Arnfinn Bergmann (NOR) Nordic Combined 1954 Matti Pietikäinen (FIN) 1956 Antii Hyvärinen (FIN) 1924 Thorleif Hatig (NOR) 1958 Juhanni Kärkinen (FIN) 1925 Otokar Nemecky (TCH) 1960 1926 Johan Gröttumsbraaten (NOR) Helmut Recknagel (GDR) 1927 Rudolf Purkert (TCH) 1962 Toralf Engan (NOR) 1964 (FIN) 1928 Johan Gröttumsbraatten (NOR) 1966 Biörn Wirkola (NOR) 1929 Hans Vinjarengen (NOR) 1968 Jiri Raska (TCH) 1930 Hans Vinjarengen (NOR) 1931 Johan Gröttumsbraaten (NOR) 1970 Garij Napalkov (URS) 1932 Johan Gröttumsbraaten (NOR) 1972 Yukio Kasaya (JPN) 1974 Hans-Georg Aschenbach (GDR) 1933 Sven Eriksson (SWE) 1976 Hans-Georg Aschenbach (GDR) 1934 Oddbjorn Hagen (NOR) 1978 Mathias Buse (GDR) 1935 Oddbjorn Hagen (NOR) 1980 Anton lnnauer (AUT) 1936 Oddbjorn Hagen (NOR) 1982 (AUT) 1937 Sigurd Röen (NOR) 1938 Olaf Hoffsbakken (NOR) 1939 Gustaf Berauer (ALL) 1948 Heikki Hasu (FIN) 1950 Heikki Hasu (FIN) 1952 Simon Slåttvik (NOR) 1954 Svera Stenersen (NOR) 1956 Svera Sternesen (NOR) 1958 Pavo Korhonen (FIN) 1960 Georg Thoma (FRG) 1962 (NOR) 1964 Tormad Knutsen (NOR) 1966 Georg Thoma (FRG) 1968 Franz Keller (FRG) 1970 Ladislav Ryge (TCH) 1972 Ulrich Wehling (GDR) 1974 Ulrich Wehling (GDR) 1976 Ulrich Wehling (GDR) 1978 Konrad Winkler (GDR) 1980 Ulrich Wehling (GDR) W. Fortuna (POL) on the shoulders of W. Steiner 1982 (NOR) (SUI) (left) and of R. Schmidt (GDR).

86 90 m Jump 1962 Helmut Recknagel (GDR) 1964 Toralf Engan (NOR) 1966 Björn Wirkola (NOR) 1968 Vladimir Beloussov (URS) 1970 Garij Napalkov (URS) 1972 Wojciech Fortuna (POL) 1974 Hans-Georg Aschenbach (GDR) 1976 Karl Schnabl (AUT) 1978 Tapio Räiesänen (FIN) 1980 Jouko Toermaenen (FIN) 1982 Matti Nykaenen (FIN)

Team Jump 1982 NOR (Johan Sätre, , Ole Bremseth, ).

L. Kozyrewa (URS) List of winners (Women) 5 km 3 x 5 km 1962 Alevtina Koltjina (URS) 1954 URS (Liubov Kozyreva, Margarita Mas- 1964 Claudia Boyarkich (URS) lennikova, Valentina Tsareva) 1966 Alevtina Koltjina (URS) 1956 FIN (Sirkka Polkunen, Mirja Hietamies, 1968 Toini Gustafsson (SWE) ) 1970 Galina Kulakova (URS) 1958 URS (Radija Eroshina, Alevtina Kolt- 1972 Galina Kulakova (URS) jina. Liubov Kozyreva) 1974 Galina Kulakova (URS) 1960 SWE (Irna Johansson, Britt Strand- 1976 Helena Takalo (FIN) berg, Soja Edström-Ruthström) 1978 Helena Takalo (FIN) 1962 URS (Ljubov Baranova, Marija Gusa- 1980 Raisa Smetanina (URS) kova, Alevtina Koltjina) 1982 (NOR) 1964 URS (Alevtina Koltjina, Evdokia Meks- hilo, Claudia Boyarkich) 10 km 1966 URS (Claudia Boyarkich, Rita Atskina, 1952 Lydia Widerman (FIN) Alevtina Koltjina) 1954 Liubov Kozyreva (URS) 1968 NOR (Inger Aufles, Barben Enger- 1956 Liubov Kozyreva (URS) Damon, Berit Mördre) 1958 Alevtina Koltjina (URS) 1970 URS (Nina Fjodorova, Galina Kulakova, 1960 Maria Gusakova (URS) Alevtina Oljunina) 1962 Alevtina Koltjina (URS) 1972 URS (Liubov Moukhatcheva, Alvetina 1964 Claudia Boyarkich (URS) Oljunina, Galina Kulakova) 1966 Claudia Bovarkich (URS) 1968 Toini Gustafsson (SWE) 4 x 5 km 1970 Alevtina Oljunina (URS) 1974 URS (Nina Baldicheva, Nina Seljunina, 1972 Galina Kulakova (URS) Raisa Smetanina, Galina Kulakova) 1974 Galina Kulakova (URS) 1976 GDR (Marlies Restock, Carola Anding, 1976 Raisa Smetanina (URS) Veronika Hesse, Barbara Petzold) 1978 Zinaida Amosova (URS) 1978 FIN (Taina Empiö, Marja-Lissa Hämä- 1980 Barbara Petzold (GDR) Iäinen, Hilka Rüivvori, Helena Takalo) 1982 Berit Aunli (NOR) 1980 URS (Nina Baldicheva, Zinaida Amo- sova, Raisa Smetanina, Galina Kula- kova) 20 km 1982 NOR (Anette Boe, Inger-Helene Nybra- ten, Berit Aunli, ). 1978 Zinaida Amosova (URS) 1 1 As this competition could not be included in the programme 1980 Veronika Hesse (GDR) of the Xlllth Winter Games in Lake Placid. it was held in Falun 1982 Raisa Smetanina (URS) (SWE).

87 World Ski-flying Championships Since 1972, the World Ski-flying championships have taken place every year, outside the Nordic Ski-ing World championships.

Edition Date Place List of winners

1. 1972 Planica (YUG) (SUI) 2. 1973 Oberstdorf (FRG) Hans-Georg Aschenbach (GDR) 3. 1975 Mitterndorf/Tatüplitz (AUT) Karel Kodejska (TCH) 4. 1977 Vikersund (NOR) Walter Steiner (SUI) 5. 1979 Planica (YUG) Armin Kogler (AUT) 6. 1981 Oberstdorf (FRG) Jarri Puikkonen (FIN) 7. 1983 Harrachov (TCH) (GDR) 8. 1985 Planica (YUG)

World Free-style Championships The first of these championships is planned for 1986 at (SUI).

The Junior World Nordic Ski-ing Championships Preceded by the European Championships organised nine times between 1968 and 1976, these championships were held for the first time in 1977. Since 1979, they have taken place annually.

Edition Date Place Edition Date Place

1. 1977 Ste-Croix and Gstaad (SUI) 6. 1983 Kuopio (FIN) 2. 1979 Mont Sainte-Anne (CAN) 7. 1984 (NOR) 3. 1980 Ornskoldsuik (SWE) 8. 1985 Tasch (SUI) 4. 1981 Schonach (FRG) 9. 1986 USA or CAN 5. 1982 Murau (AUT) 10. 1987 Asiago (ITA)

List of winners (Men) 1980 URS (Alexandre Tchaiko. Yuri Burla- kov. Alexandre Kozel) 15 km 1981 NOR (, Paal G. Mikkels- plass, Reidar Bjerkli) 1977 Ivan Lebanov (BUL) 1982 SWE (Erik Ostlund, Lars Haland, 1979 Thomas Eriksson (SWE) ) 1980 Alexandre Chaiko (URS) 1983 URS (Andrei Astachkine, Alexandre 1981 Lars Göran Dahl (SWE) Ushkolenko, ) 1982 Andrei Astachkine (URS) 1983 Alexandre Ushkolenko (URS) 70 m Jump 1977 Pavel Fizek (TCH) 3 x 10 km 1979 Horst Bulau (CAN) 1977 URS (Alexander Ponomarev, Leonid 1980 Steve Collins (CAN) Oliouchine, Anatoli Ivanov) 1981 Matti Nykanen (FIN) 1979 URS (Sergei Ichkov. Alexandre Tchai- 1982 (AUT) ko, Alexander Koutovkine) 1983 Franz Wiegele (AUT)

88 Nordic Combined 1977 Günter Schmieder (GDR) 1979 (FRG) 1980 Hubert Schwarz (FRG) 1981 Bernd Blechschmidt (GDR) 1982 Knut Leo Abrahamsen (NOR) 1983 Heiko Hunger (GDR)

List of winners (Women)

5 km 1977 Brigit Schreiber (GDR) 1979 Marlies Rostock (GDR) 1980 Brit Pettersen (NOR) 1981 (NOR) 1982 Hanne Krogstad (NOR) 1983 Svetlana Sakharova (URS) 3 x 5 km 1977 GDR (Marlies Restock, Elvira Pech- mann, Brigit Schreiber) 1979 GDR (Marlies Restock, Carola Anding, Brigit Schreiber) 1980 NOR (Brit Pettersen, Ragnhild Brat- berg, Kersten Jung) 1981 NOR (Anne Jahren, Hanne Krogstad, Nina Skeime) 1982 NOR (Kary Syrdalen, Hanne Krogstad, Anne Jahren) 1983 FIN (Jaano Savolainen, Marjo Matikai- nen, Riikka Salonen) B Aunli (NOR)

Nordic Ski-ing World Cups

I. Cross-country List of winners Nation’s Date Men Women Cup 1981 Alexandre Zavialov (URS) Raisa Smetanina (URS) URS 1982 Bill Koch (USA) Berit Aunli (NOR) NOR 1983 Alexandre Zavialov (URS) Marja-Luisa Hamalainen (FIN)

II. Jumping Nation’s Date Men Cup 1981 Armin Kogler (AUT) AUT 1982 Armin Kogler (AUT) AUT 1983 Matti Nykanen (FIN) NOR

89 The Senior World Alpine Ski-ing Championships

The first titles were awarded in 1931 at Mtirren (SUI), the adopted city of Arnold Lunn*. The Olympic winners, as in nordic ski-ing, held the right to the title of world champion as well, up until 1980. There was however one exception to this, in 1936, at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, when the two events (slalom and jumping) on the programme leading to the Olympic “combined” title were not sanctioned by world titles. That year, the world championships were organised at Innsbruck (AUT).

Edition Date Place Edition Date Place

1. 1931 Murren (SUI) 16. 1960 Squaw Valley (USA) 2. 1932 Cortina d’Ampezzo (ITA) 17. 1962 Chamonix (FRA) 3. 1933 Innsbruck (AUT) 18. 1964 Innsbruck (AUT) 4. 1934 Saint Moritz (SUI) 19. 1966 Portillo (CHI) 5. 1935 Mürren (SUI) 20. 1968 Grenoble (FRA) 6. 1936 Innsbruck (AUT) 21. 1970 (ITA) 7. 1937 Chamonix (FRA) 22. 1972 Sapporo (JPN) 8. 1938 Engelberg (SUI) 23. 1974 Saint Moritz (SUI) 9. 1939 Zakopane (POL) 24. 1976 Innsbruck (AUT) 10. 1948 Saint-Moritz (SUI) 25. 1978 Garmisch-Partenkirchen (FRG) 11. 1950 Aspen (USA) 26. 1980 Lake Placid (USA) 12. 1952 Oslo (NOR) 27. 1982 Schladming (AUT) 13. 1954 Are (SWE) 28. 1985 Valtellina/Bormio (ITA) 14. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo (ITA) 29. 1987 Crans-Montana (SUI) 15. 1958 Badgastein (AUT)

List of Olympic winners (Men) Downhill Alpine Combined 1931 (SUI) 1932 (SUI) 1932 Guzzi Lantschner (AUT) 1933 Anton Seelos (AUT) 1933 Walter Prager (SUI) 1934 (SUI) 1934 David Zogg (SUI) 1935 Anton Seelos (AUT) 1935 Franz Zingerle (AUT) 1936 Rudolf Rominger (SUI) 1936 Rudof Rominger (SUI) 1937 Emile Allais (FRA) 1937 Emile Allais (FRA) 1938 Emile Allais (FRA) 1938 (FRA) 1939 (ALL) 1939 Helmuth Lantschner (ALL) 1948 Henri Oreiller (FRA) 1948 Henri Oreiller (FRA) 1950 Not awarded 1950 Zeno Colo (ITA) 1952 Not awarded 1952 Zeno Colo (ITA) 1954 Stein Eriksen (NOR) 1954 (AUT) 1956 Toni Sailer (AUT) 1956 Toni Sailer (AUT) 1958 Toni Sailer (AUT) 1958 Toni Sailer (AUT) 1960 Guy Périllat (FRA) 1960 Jean Vuarnet (FRA) 1962 (AUT) 1962 Karl Schranz (AUT) 1964 Ludwig Leitner (FRG) 1964 Egon Zimmermann (AUT) 1966 Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) 1966 Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) 1968 Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) 1968 Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) 1970 William « Bill » Kidd (USA) 1970 Bernhard Russi (SUI) 1972 Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) 1972 Bernhard Russi (SUI) 1974 Franz Klammer (AUT) 1974 (AUT) 1976 Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) 1976 Franz Klammer (AUT) 1978 (LIE) 1978 (AUT) 1980 (USA) 1980 Leonhard Stock (AUT) 1982 (FRA) 1982 (AUT)

90 Slalom 1931 David Zogg (SUI) 1932 Friedrich Dauber (ALL) 1933 Anton Seelos (AUT) 1934 Franz Pfnur (ALL) 1935 Anton Seelos (AUT) 1936 Rudi Matt (AUT) 1937 Emile Allais (FRA) 1938 Rudolf Rominger (SUI) 1939 Rudolf Rominger (SUI) 1948 Edi Reinalter (SUI) 1950 (SUI) 1952 Othmar Schneider (AUT) E. Reinalter (SUI) 1954 Stein Eriksen (NOR)

Giant Slalom 1950 Zeno Colo (ITA) 1952 Stein Eriksen (NOR) 1954 Stein Eriksen (NOR) 1956 Toni Sailer (AUT) 1958 Toni Sailer (AUT) 1960 Roger Staub (SUI) 1962 Egon Zimmermann (AUT) 1964 François Bonlieu (FRA) 1966 Guy Périllat (FRA) 1968 Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) 1970 Karl Schranz (AUT) 1972 Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) 1974 Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) 1976 Heini Hemmi (SUI) 1978 lngemar Stenmark (SWE) 1980 lngemar Stenmark (SWE) 1982 (USA)

P Mahre (USA)

1956 Toni Sailer (AUT) 1958 Josef Rieder (AUT) 1960 Ernst Hinterseer (AUT) 1962 (FRA) 1964 Josef Stiegler (AUT) 1966 (ITA) 1968 Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) 1970 Jean-Noël Augert (FRA) 1972 Francisco Fernandez Ochoa (ESP) 1974 Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) 1976 Piero Gros (ITA) 1978 lngemar Stenmark (SWE) 1980 lngemar Stenmark (SWE) S. Eriksen (NOR) 1982 lngemar Stenmark (SWE)

91 List of Olympic winners (Women) Alpine Combined 1932 RösIi Streiff (SUI) 1933 lnge Wersin-Lantschner (AUT) 1934 (ALL) 1935 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1936 Evie Pinching (GBR) 1937 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1938 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1939 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1948 Trude Beiser (AUT) 1950 Not awarded 1952 Not awarded 1954 Ida Schöpfer (SUI) 1956 Madeleine Berthod (SUI) 1958 Frieda Dänzer (SUI) 1960 Anne Heggtveit (CAN) 1962 Marielle Goitschel (FRA) 1964 Marielle Goitschel (FRA) 1966 Marielle Goitschel (FRA) 1968 Nancy Greene (CAN) 1970 Michèle Jacot (FRA) 1972 Annemarie Proell (AUT) 1974 (FRA) 1976 Rosi Mittermaier (FRG) 1978 Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) 1980 Hanni Wenzel (LIE) 1982 (SUI) Esme Mackinnon (GBR), First World ski-ing champion. Downhill 1931 Esme « Muffie » Mackinnon (GBR) 1932 Paola Wiesinger (ITA) 1933 lnge Wersin-Lantschner (AUT) 1934 Anny Ruegg (SUI) 1935 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1936 Evie Pinching (GBR) 1937 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1938 Lisa Resch (SUI) 1939 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1948 Hedi Schlunegger (SUI) 1950 Trude Beiser-Jochum (AUT) 1952 Trude Beiser-Jochum (AUT) 1954 Ida Schöpfer (SUI) 1956 Madeleine Berthod (SUI) 1958 (CAN) 1960 Heidi Biebl (ALL) 1962 Christl Haas (AUT) 1964 Christl Haas (AUT) 1966 Erika Schinegger (AUT) 1968 Olga Pall (AUT) 1970 Annerösli Zryd (SUI) 1972 Marie-Thrérèse Nadig (SUI) 1974 Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) 1976 Rosi Mittermaier (FRG) 1978 Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) 1980 Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) M. Goitschel (FRA) 1982 (CAN)

92 Slalom 1931 Esme « Muffie » Mackinnon (GBR) 1932 RösIi Streiff (SUI) 1933 lnge Wersin-Lantschner (SUI) 1934 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1935 Anni Ruegg (SUI) 1936 Gerda Paumgarten (AUT) 1937 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1938 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1939 Christl Cranz (ALL) 1948 Gretschen Fraser (USA) 1950 Dagmar Rom (AUT) 1952 Andrea Mead-Lawrence (USA) 1954 Trude Klecker (AUT) 1956 Renée Colliard (SUI)

R. Colliard (SUI)

1960 Yvonne Ruegg (SUI) 1962 Marianne Jahn (AUT) 1964 Marielle Goitschel (FRA) 1966 Marielle Goitschel (FRA) 1968 Nancy Greene (CAN) 1970 Elisabeth Clifford (CAN) 1972 Marie-Thérèse Nadig (SUI) 1974 Fabienne Serrat (FRA) 1976 Kathy Kreiner (CAN) 1978 (FRG) 1980 Hanni Wenzel (LIE) 1982 Erika Hess (SUI) G. Frazer (USA)

1958 lnger Björnbakken (NOR) 1960 Anne Heggtveit (CAN) 1962 Marianne Jahn (AUT) 1964 Christine Goitschel (FRA) 1966 (FRA) 1968 Marielle Goitschel (FRA) 1970 lngrid Lafforgue (FRA) 1972 Barbara Cochran (USA) 1974 Hanny Wenzel (LIE) 1976 Rosi Mittermaier (FRG) 1978 Lea Sölkner (AUT) 1980 Hanni Wenzel (LIE) 1982 Erika Hess (SUI)

Giant Slalom 1950 Dagmar Rom (AUT) 1952 Andrea Mead-Lawrence (USA) 1954 Lucienne Schmitt (FRA) 1956 Ossi Reichert (FRG) 1958 Lucile Wheeler (CAN) H. Wenzel (LIE)

93 Innsbruck in 1976

Junior Alpine Ski-ing World Championships* Edition Date Place Edition Date Lieu

1. 1982 Auron (FRA) 4. 1985 Jasna (TCH) 2. 1983 (ITA) 5. 1986 Kleinkirchheim (AUT) 3. 1984 Sugarloaf (USA) * Run by the FIS since 1966.

List of prize-winners (Men) List of winners (Women) Downhill Downhill 1982 Frank Piccard (FRA) 1982 Catherine Quittet (FRA) 1983 (FRA) 1983 (FRG)

Slalom Slalom 1982 Johan Wallner (SWE) 1982 Andrea Leskovsek (YUG) 1983 Rok Petrovic (YUG) 1983 Fulvia Stevenin (ITA)

Giant Slalom Giant Slalom 1982 Gunther Mader (AUT) 1982 Michaela Gerg (FRG) 1983 Johann Wallner (SWE) 1983 Michaela Gerg (FRG)

Combined Combined 1982 Guido Hinterseer (AUT) 1982 (ITA) 1983 Leonid Melnikov (URS) 1983 Michaela Gerg (FRG)

94 Alpine Ski-ing World Cup Run by the FIS since 1968.

Three holders of the World Cup : A. Wenzel, A.M. Moser-Proell, M. T. Nadig (from left to right).

List of World Cup Winners (Women)

Date Downhill Slalom Giant Slalom Overall p/acing

1967 Marielle Goitschel (FRA) Marielle Goitschel and Annie Nancy Greene (CAN) Nancy Greene (CAN) Famose (FRA) 1968 lsabelle Mir (FRA) and Olga Annie Famose (FRA) Nancy Greene (CAN) Nancy Greene (CAN) Pall (AUT) 1969 (AUT) (AUT) (USA) Gertrud Gabl (AUT) 1970 lsabelle Mir (FRA) lngrid Lafforgue (FRA) Michele Jacot and Françoise Michèle Jacot (FRA) Macchi (FRA) 1971 Annemarie Proell (AUT) (FRA) and Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) Annemarie Proell (AUT) Betsv Clifford (CAN) 1972 Annemarie Proell (AUT) Britt Lafforgue ‘(FRA) Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) Annemarie Proell (AUT) 1973 Annemarie Proell (AUT) (FRA) (AUT) Annemarie Proell (AUT) 1974 Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) (FRG) Hanni Wenzel (LIE) Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) 1975 Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) Lise-Marie Morerod (SUI) Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) 95 1976 (AUT) Lise-Marie Morerod (SUI) Rosi Mittermaier (FRG) Rosi Mittermaier (FRG) 1977 Brigitte Habersatter-Totschnig Lise-Marie Morerod (SUI) Lise-Marie Morerod (SUI) Lise-Marie Morerod (SUI) 96 (AUT) 1978 Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) Hanni Wenzel (LIE) Lise-Marie Morerod (SUI) Hanni Wenzel (LIE) 1979 Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) Regina Sackl (AUT) Christa Kinshoffer (AUT) Annemarie Moser-Proell (AUT) 1980 Marie-Therese Nadig (FRA) Hanni Wenzel (LIE) Hanni Wenzel (LIE) 1981 Marie-Thérèse Nadig Erika Hess (SUI) Tamara McKinney (USA) Marie-Thérèse Nadig (SUI) 1982 Cécile Gros-Gaudenier (FRA) Erika Hess (SUI) (FRG) Erika Hess (SUI) 1983 (SUI) Erika Hess (SUI) Tamara McKinney (USA) Tamara McKinney (USA)

List of World Cup winners (Men)

Date Downhill Slalom Giant slalom Overall placing

1967 Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) 1968 (AUT) (SUI) Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) 1969 Karl Schranz (AUT) Alfred Matt (AUT). . Karl Schranz (AUT) Karl Schranz (AUT) Jean-Noel Augert and (FRA) 1970 Karl Schranz and Patrick Russel and Alain Penz Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) Karl Schranz (AUT) (AUT) (FRA) 1971 Bernhard Russi (SUI) Jean-Noël Augert (FRA) Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) and Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) Patrick Russel (FRA) 1972 Bernhard Russi (SUI) Jean-Noël Augert (FRA) Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) 1973 (SUI) Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) Hans Hinterseer (AUT) Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) 1974 Roland Collombin (SUI) Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) Piero Gros (AUT) Piero Gros (ITA) 1975 Franz Klammer (AUT) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) Gustavo Thoeni (ITA) 1976 Franz Klammer (AUT) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) 1977 Franz Klammer (AUT) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) Heini Hemmi (SUI) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) 1978 Franz Klammer (AUT) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) 1979 Peter Muller (SUI) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) Peter Lüscher (SUI) 1980 Peter Muller (SUI) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) Andreas Wenzel (LIE) 1981 Harti Weirather (AUT) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) Phil Mahre (USA) 1982 (CAN) and Peter Phil Mahre (USA) Phil Mahre (USA) Phil Mahre (USA) Muller (SUI) 1983 Franz Klammer (AUT) lngemar Stenmark (SWE) Phil Mahre (USA) Phil Mahre (USA)

The Nations’ Cup is awarded on the overall results for men and women obtained in the World Cup 1967 = FRA 1970 = FRA 1973 = AUT 1976 = AUT 1979 = AUT 1982 = AUT 1968 = FRA 1971 = FRA 1974 = AUT 1977 = AUT 1980 = AUT 1983=SUI 1969 = AUT 1972 = FRA 1975 = AUT 1978 = AUT 1981 = AUT G. Thoeni and P. Gros (ITA) B. Totschnig (AUT), R. Mittermaier (FRG), C. Nelson (USA)

Major international Competitions

Events 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 - Olympic Winter Games 4 Sarajevo - - (YUG) (CAN)

World Ch. - Alpine Ski-ing 2 Valtellina Crans-Montana - (ITA) (SUI) - Nordic Ski-ing 2 - Seefeld Oberstdorf (AUT) (FRG) - Ski-flying 2 - Planica x (YUG) - J. Alpine Ski-ing 2 1 Trondheim Täsch USA or CAN Asiago x (NOR) (SUI) (ITA) - J. Nordic Ski-ing 2 1 Sugarloaf Jasna Kleinkircheim x x (USA) (TCH) (AUT) - Team Alpine 3 Engelberg - --- (SUI) - Combined Nordic (Teams) 3 Rovaniemi - - - - (FIN) - Free-style 2 - Engelberg - (SUI)

World Cups 3 - Alpine Ski-ing 1 x xxxx - Cross-country ski-ing 1 x x x x x - Jumping 1 x xxxx - Nordic Combined 1 xxxxx - Free-style 1 x xxxx

Cups 3 Cont. 4

1 Period of recurrance (1) every year, (2) every two years, etc. 2 J = Juniors 3 Played over one season. 4 Europe, South America, North America, Oceania.

97 Part IV

Olympic Awards Obtained

Olympic Cup 1926 To the Norwegian Ski Federation for its exceptional success in the Winter Games.

Olympic Diploma of merit To Fridtjof Nansen (NOR), second holder in 1905, for his contribution to the exploration of polar territory, his first ski crossing of Greenland. He received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1923.

Olympic Order Gold Medal 1981 H.M. King Olaf of Norway for, amongst other things, his immense support for the sport of ski-ing.

Silver Medal 1983 Galina Kulakova (URS) for her overall sports career and her kind-heartedness. G. Kulakova (URS)

Bronze Medal 1980 Sigge Bergman* (SWE), see biographical notes. 1982 Sixten Jernberg (SWE), Toni Sailer (AUT) and Ulrich Wehling (GDR), all three for their good sportsmanship as competitors.

Fearnley Cup 1962 “Foreninben for Skidlopnigens och Frilufstlwets Framsande (SWE) - Society for the encouragement of ski-ing and the open-air life”.

Mohamed Taher Trophy 1965 Sixten Jernberg (SWE) who won great fame in the history of cross-country ski-ing.

S. Jernberg (SWE) and E. Mäntyranta (FIN).

98