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Chapter 2.2. Physical Connectivity Between Asia and Europe

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Chapter 2.2. Physical Connectivity Between Asia and Europe Physical Connectivity between Asia and Europe A MONGOLIAN PERSPECTIVE TUMURPUREV DULAMBAZAR, INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES, NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL OF MONGOLIA ongolia is a landlocked and mineral-rich country, sandwiched between two major countries: Russia and China. Currently, Mongolia’s foreign trade is mainly carried Mwith the two neighbours and is highly vulnerable to the volatility of mineral prices. It is recognised that development of key infrastructure, such as rail and roads, will contribute to Mongolia’s global integration, diversification of its economy, and sustainable development. Since Mongolia’s key sector is mining, transportation issues hugely influence economic efficiency. According to statistics, transportation costs alone account for 18 percent of export expenses and 11 percent of its imports. Transportation challenge hugely impacts our economy and reduces its competitiveness in the world market. The majority of Mongolian imports and exports are carried by railway, both within the country and in neighbouring countries. The main railway section of the Mongolian Railway is a trunk line between Sukhbaatar on the Russian border, through Ulaanbaatar to Zamyn Uud on the Chinese border, and has a distance of about 1,400 kilometres (km). The Mongolian Railway company carries almost 80 percent of all freight and 30 percent of all passenger transport within Mongolia. Mongolia’s railway faces difficulties in both investment and lack of competitiveness. The Mongolian–Russian Joint Venture Company ‘Ulaanbaatar Railway’, of which both sides equally own a 50 percent share, has devised a reform plan. The Government Implementing Agency Railway Authority is also trying to reform the ‘Ulaanbaatar Railway’ to fully utilise the Trans-Asian Railway network (Figure 1). Mongolia’s roadway network totals approximately 49,250 kilometres, connecting 21 major cities and towns and 160 soums, baugs (small administrative units in Mongolia). Roads are classified into state roads, which are intended to connect capital Ulaanbaatar with provinces and major cities and with important border crossings, and local roads, which are intended to connect provinces to other provinces and other small distances (Figure 2). About 13,877 km of roads are classified as state roads. 36 Asia–Europe Connectivity Vision 2025: Challenges and Opportunities Figure 1: Trans-Asian Railway Network 40° E 60° E 80° E 100° E 120° E 140° E 500 Km. Buslovskaya 60° N St. Petersburg 500 Km. 60° N Vologda RUSSIAN FEDERATION Kotelnich Ekaterinburg Nizhniy Novgorod Tayshet Kurgan Moscow Krasnoyarsk Utyak Petukhovo Tatarskaya Krasnoe Chelyabinsk Novosibirsk Smolensk Petropavlovsk Omsk Ryazan Kochetovka Kartaly Kokshetav Barnaul Bryansk Rtisthevo Suzemka Tobol Irkutsk Ulan-Ude Chita Saratov Orenburg Ecil Gryazi Ozinki Orsk Karimskaya Uralsk Iletsk Astana Lokot Liski Djetigara Semiglavii Mar Aul Belogorsk Chinghirlau Naushki Semipalatinsk Aktobe Zabaykalsk Nikeltau Karaghandy Sukhbaatar Ereen tsav Kandagach Volgograd Manzhouli Khabarovsk Makat Ulaanbaatar Choibalsan Likhaya Aktogai Numrug Rostov KAZAKHSTAN Mointy UKRAINE Atyrau Khuut Aksarayskaya Baruun Uurt Ganyushkino Astrakhan Bichigt MONGOLIA Harbin Kavkaz Port Olya Beyneu Dostyk Krimskaya Kzyl-Orda Ushtobe Krasnodar Tyuratam Alashankou Sainshand Oazis Karakalpakia Novorossiisk Grodekovo ROMANIA Urumchi Suifenhe 500 Km. Chu Changchun Baranovski Ussurijsk Aktau Tavantolgoi Zamyn-Uud Erenhot Uglovaya Veseloe Lugovaya Nariin Sukhait Kungrad Djambul Tumen Gantiadi Makhachkala Almaty BULGARIA Sukhumi Nukus Shiveekhuren Namyang Vladivostok Nakhodka Bishkek Turpan Khasan Poti SamtrediaGEORGIA Uchkuduk Arys Gashuun Sukhait Nakhodka Vostochnaya Chimkent Tumangang Kapikule Dashowuz Urgench Kochkor Rajin Batumi Akhalkalaki Tbilisi Samur UZBEKISTAN Sary-Agach KYRGYZSTAN Shenyang Chongjin Istanbul Samsun Yalama Keles Kartsakhi Beyouk Kesik Tashkent Arpa Dogukapi Gazodjak Andizhan AZERBAIJAN Baku Tinchlik Sirdarinskaya Kanibadam Torugart DEMOCRATIC ARMENIA Khavast Kars Yerevan Turkmenbashi TURKMENISTAN Navoi Kokand Osh Beijing Dandong Sinuiju 500 Km. Khudjand PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC 40° N Balikesir Kalin Sivas Yeraskh Alyat Bukhara Ulugbek Isfara 40° N Ankara Erzurum Ali Bairamli Samarkand Eskisehir Farap OF KOREAWonsan Alayunt Khodzhadavlet Kashi Dalian Pyongyang Cetinkaya Jolfa Agbent Turkmenabad TAJIKISDushanbeTAN Razi Meghri Karshi Tashguzar Onjongri Astara Kudukli Yangi Bazar Tianjin Malatya Tatvan Boysun Pakhtaabad Kaesong Izmir TURKEY Van Kapikoy Tabriz Ashgabat Yavan Shijiazhuang Sufian Incheboroun Mari Kumkurgan Kulyab Bongdong Dorasan Tenzhen Chinese Line Miyaneh Bandar-e-Anzali Kerkichi Termez Kurgan Tube Seoul Adana Rasht Khoshad Suwon REPUBLIC OF Mersin Toprakkale Bandar-e-Amirabad Khairaton Lanzhou Sari Kunduz Qazvin Gorgan Mashhad Sarakhs Sheberghan Badakhshan Jinan KOREA JAPAN Iskenderun Mazar-i-Sharif Daejeon Tehran Sarakhs Qingdao Kyongju Shahrood Kashmar Naibabad Daegu Tokyo Fariman Kholm Iksan Bamiyan Hajigak Jammu Zhengzhou Busan Garmsar Torbat Heidarieh Indian Line Lianyungang Mokpo Kermanshah Kabul and Qom Herat Syadara CHINA Gwangyang Badrud Kashmir Baoji Tabas Attock Islamabad Xi'an Xizhou Khaneghein Khosravi Sangan Peshawar Arak ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN AFGHANISTAN Rawalpindi Chadormalu Kundian Esfahan Ardakan Delaram Indian Line Shahdara Kandahar Attari Chinese Line Nanjing Bafq Ahvaz Gereshk Faisalabad Lahore Xinyang Wagah Dhandari Kalan Shanghai Chaman Kerman Bandar Emam Quetta Khorramshahr Spezand Khanewal Zahedan Sher Shah Multan Wuhan Koh-i-Taftan Lodhran Dalbandin Samasata Tanakpur Brahma Mandi Mirjaveh New Delhi NEPAL Kathmandu Rohri Mathura Changsha Bandar Abbas Agra Birgunj BHUTAN PAKISTAN Janakpur Kakarvitta Phuentsholing Panitanki Hengyang Raxaul Jaynagar Kanpur Patna Birol Dali Hyderabad Radhikapur Parbatipur Kachang Khokropar Kunming Gwadar Karachi Mirpurkhas Mahisasan Singhabad Rohanpur Shahbazpur Kulaura Baoshan Port Qasim Mughalsarai Sitarampur Abdulpur Jiribam Ruili Yuxi 500 Km. Tongi Ishurdi Muse Bhopal Darsana Dhaka Akhaura Tamu Gede Kalay Lashio Guangzhou Hekou Nanning Shenzhen Kolkata BANGLADESH Chittagong Kharagpur Jinghong Lao Cai Hong Kong, China Dohazari Quan Trieu Pingxiang Haldia Mandalay Mongla Dong Dang Dong Anh Nagpur Gundum Boten Ha Noi Cai Lan Wardha Tachilek Ha Long MYANMAR Hai Phong 500 Km. 20° N Mae SaiLAO PEOPLE'S 20° N Chiangrai DEMOCRATIC CHINA Sary-Agach Naypyitaw VIET NAM Chiangmai Keles Mumbai INDIA REPUBLIC Tashkent Vientiane Kholkobad Namangan Denchai Hekou Angren Visakhapatnam Tan Ap Vung Ang Nanning Pap Nongkhai Nakhon Thakhek Andizhan Bago Mu Gia Lao Cai Sirdarinskaya Phanom UZBEKISTAN Yangon Mae Sot Densavanh Dong Ha Karasu THAILAND Kanibadam Myawadi Mukdahan Savannakhet Kokand Osh Vijayawada Khon Kaen Da Nang Tinchlik Khavast Bekabad Khudjand Margilan Pingxiang Thanpyuzayat Bua Yai PHILIPPINES Quan Trieu Dong Dang Navoi Nakhonsawan Ubonratchathani Nau Three Pagoda Pakse Ye Manila Isfara Pass Banphachi Nakhonratchasima Luu Xa Kaeng Khoi Lim Kep KYRGYZSTAN Namtok ChachoengsaoAranyaprathet Mohan Dong Anh Ulugbek Samarkand Yen Vien Poipet Gialam Nong Pla Duk Bangkok Sisophon Boten Si Racha Hanoi Cai Lan Chennai Laem Chabang Kao Chi Chan Bangalore CAMBODIA Halong Jolarpettai Sattahip Map Ta Put Bat Deng Kratie Nha Trang Haiphong Karshi TAJIKISTAN Loc Ninh Tashguzar Dushanbe Phnom Penh Yangi Bazar Darband VIET NAM Dekhanabad Kudukli LAO PEOPLE'S Pakhtaabad Ho Chi Minh Chumphon Sihanoukville City Boysun Vung Tau Yavan Madurai Can Tho DEMOCRATIC Kumkurgan Kulyab Rameswaram TURKMENISTAN Kurgan Tube Talaimannar REPUBLIC Kerkichi Tuticorin Trincomalee Termez Maho Khoshad Kurunegala Dambulla Katunayake Hat Yai Khairaton Colombo Padang Besar AFGHANISTAN Sri Jayewardenepura-Kotte SRI LANKA Sungai Kolok Kataragama Rantau Panjang Galle Hambantota Tumpat Matara Wakaf Bahru Banda Aceh Butterworth Ipoh Bandar Seri Begawan Male Setia Jaya MALAYSIA 500 Km. Belawan Port Klang BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Medan Kuala Lumpur MALDIVES Tebingtinggi Tanjungbalai Kisaran Kajang Gemas RUSSIAN FEDERATION MALAYSIA Veseloe Rantauprapat Segamat Gantiadi Tanjung Pasir Gudang Padang Pelepas Sukhumi Makhachkala Panjang Singapore GEORGIA Naras SINGAPORE INDONESIA 500 Km. 0° Poti Senaki Sawahlunto 0° Khashuri Samtredia Muaro Padang Capital City Batumi Tbilisi Samur Yalama TRACK GAUGES Akhalkalaki Gardabani INDONESIA Ferry Link Sadakhlo Beyouk Kesik Teluk Bayur Indarung 1,676 mm Ayrum Akstafa Gyumri Barkhudarly Kertapati Dogukapi AZERBAIJAN Lubuklinggau 1,520 mm Kars Ijevan Prabumulih Akhuryan Muaraenim Baku The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map ARMENIA Tanjung Enim 1,435 mm Masis Yerevan Martuni do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Erzincan Yeraskh Jermuk Alyat secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, 1,067 mm Erzurum Ali Bairamli Tanjungkarang PAPUA Belidag Panjang territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its Kapan Cikampek NEW GUINEA Merak Jakarta frontiers or boundaries. 1,000 mm Djulfa Cirebon TURKEY Ordubad Agbent Semarangtawang Surabaya Jolfa Meghri Bandung Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and 1,000/1,435 mm Razi Solobalapan Astara Kroya Kertosono Banyuwangi Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kapikoy Sufian Astara UNITED NATIONS Yogyakarta Port Moresby Tatvan Van Tabriz Malang Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. TAR LINK-PLANNED/UNDER CONSTRUCTION ISLAMIC 2014 POTENTIAL TAR
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