The Current Position of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters in the Republic of North Macedonia

Journal of Liberty and International Affairs | Vol. 7, No. 1, 2021 | eISSN 1857-9760 Published online by the Institute for Research and European Studies at www.e-jlia.com © 2021 The Author/s This is an open-access article under the terms of the CC-BY 3.0 License. Peer review method: Double-Blind Date of acceptance: March 02, 2021 Date of publication: March 24, 2021 Original scientific article Thematic section: North Macedonia: Interdisciplinary Aspects DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.47305/JLIA21170027i THE CURRENT POSITION OF THE FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA Ice Ilijevski Faculty of Law, University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola, North Macedonia ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8515-2032 [email protected] Katerina Krstevska Savovska Faculty of Security - Skopje, University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola, North Macedonia [email protected] Abstract: Terrorism with religious ideological background today is a serious global threat. The modern infrastructure and the communications of movement allowed terrorist organizations to be able to attack everywhere in the world. The issue that is a point of interest of this paper is the current situation of returning the foreign terrorist fighters to their home country or third countries and the security consequences that may arise if they are not treated properly. For a more detailed perception of this problem through the case analysis – an operative police action related to the foreign terrorist fighters, the functional aspects of the criminal prosecution bodies of the Republic of North Macedonia will be better perceived and studied. Also, a special emphasis will be placed on the strategy for the fight against violent extremism and the financing of terrorist fighters. Keywords: Foreign Terrorist Fighters; Terrorism; Radicalization; Violent Extremism 27 Journal of Liberty and International Affairs | Vol. 7, No. 1, 2021 | eISSN 1857-9760 Published online by the Institute for Research and European Studies at www.e-jlia.com INTRODUCTION Along with the escalation of wars in the Near East, the emergence of foreign terrorist fighters became an important issue, which has led the countries around the world to face the problem when their citizens join these groups. The opposing of the emergence of „the foreign terrorist fighters‟ and the violent extremism became a top priority of the international community which has contributed to changes and amendments to the existing legislation to initially resolve the issue with foreign fighters. The Resolutions 2170 (2014) and 2178 (2014) of the United Nations Security Council adopted according to Chapter VII from the UN Charter, concluded that the flow of foreign terrorist fighters was an “international threat to peace and security”. As a result, the Resolutions oblige the countries to undertake wide measures to prevent and suppress this flow. Resolution 2396 of the UN Security Council (2017) calls for further actions in the areas of border security and the exchange of information, judicial measures, and co-operation, as well as strategies for prosecuting, rehabilitating, and reintegrating foreign terrorist fighters. The extremist groups and their networks promote violent extremism by different methods. Their continuous existence relies on recruiting others for their cause. The violent extremist groups get new supporters and as a result of individual perception of injustice and need for a form of political activism. They join to meet their socio-cultural needs related to the identity issue. They are looking for an essence, which in a form of ideology is purposely produced by the extremist (terrorist) groups. Some individuals join for personal achievement and advancement, which leads to access to the organized criminal groups and improved incomes etc. (Talking Extremism 2012). The phenomenon of the foreign terrorist fighters is closely related to the increase in the execution of the acts by the terrorists operating alone or in small cells. They can be a significant threat when returning to their home countries, but also the threat comes from people who haven‟t provided resources for traveling and take part in the wars in the Near East or were prevented from traveling by the security services. The inability of travelling to Syria, Iraq, or other countries makes them frustrated and more vulnerable to attack in their home countries. The involvement of several foreign fighters in the terrorist attacks in Brussels, Paris, London, and Istanbul from 2015 to 2017 just confirmed the risk and the danger of the countries from these people. LEGAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS In the Republic of North Macedonia, special attention is paid to terrorism and the fight against it. From 1996, under the Criminal Code, the criminal offense of terrorist endangerment of the constitutional order and security has been prescribed (Dimovski and Ilijevski 2011, 35). Furthermore, in 2004 another act was established - a terrorist 28 Journal of Liberty and International Affairs | Vol. 7, No. 1, 2021 | eISSN 1857-9760 Published online by the Institute for Research and European Studies at www.e-jlia.com organization, and in 2008 two more acts - terrorism and financing of terrorism. Also, since 1996, the crime of „international terrorism‟ has been established. Specific to these crimes is that in the previous period their content was directed to several changes stating their essence and prescribing stricter sanctions, and in 2009 they became subject to prolonged confiscation (Krstevska 2017, 254). Because of the new forms of terrorist acts and the spreading of the phenomenon of radicalization and violent extremism in September 2014, the Macedonian Assembly adopted changes in the Criminal Code that sanction the recruitment, the training, the agitating, the logistics, the financing, and the participation of people in War conflicts outside the country and in foreign paramilitaries and terrorist organizations. The revised legislation introduced a new criminal act „Participating in foreign military, police, paramilitary or parapolice formations‟ to prosecute the Macedonian citizens who have in different ways participated in the paramilitary terrorist organization in Iraq and Syria. According to the amendments of the Law, participation, recruitment, training, agitation, logistics, and financing are criminal offenses for which minimum sentences of four or five years in prison are provided. The minimal prison sentence of five years is provided for the direct participants in the war conflicts, their instructors, the financiers, and the logisticians. One year less is the minimum sentence for people who recruit or encourage or call for participation through tests, speeches, and promotion on social networks. From the variety of criminal acts of the Criminal Code of the Republic of North Macedonia is recognized the effort of the Macedonian criminal legalization to proceed and implement all international efforts to combat terrorism at the national and international level. From a normative point of view, the framework of the number and type of criminal offenses is solid, but that is not a guarantee that in the application of these provisions there are no dilemmas in terms of the application of substantive law. RADICALIZATION Radicalization is a dynamic process that is not a threat to society if it is not related to violence or other illegal acts. Radicalization can occur in many different circumstances in different ways and at different speeds. Every case of terrorist radicalization and recruitment for terrorism is a result of a unique intersection of the environment with the personal circumstances and the psychology of the people (Preventing Terrorism, OSCE 2014, 35). Radicalization is seen as a process when a person increasingly accepts the use of violence to achieve certain political, ideological, or religious goals. The process of radicalization that results in violent extremism is characterized by (Action plan 2014): Cognitive development towards a stable one-sided perception of the reality, where there is no space for alternative perspectives; 29 Journal of Liberty and International Affairs | Vol. 7, No. 1, 2021 | eISSN 1857-9760 Published online by the Institute for Research and European Studies at www.e-jlia.com Further development where the perception of the reality is experienced so acutely and seriously that violent action seems necessary and just. Having in mind the basic characteristics of terrorist recruitment and acting with all their complexities, certain terrorist activities would be possible only if their internal organization has a built-in policy of radicalization of membership and recruits. It stems from the use of political and cultural violence where such a strategy can only be fulfilled by a radicalized „fighter‟. The modern analysis of terrorism pays great attention to the phenomenon of radicalization which is closely related to the recruitment process (Fatic 2014, 214). With the advancement of technology or the development of internet communication and propaganda techniques, the possibility for faster and simpler contact of extremists with the targeted population has increased and facilitated. In the past two decades, the Internet became a necessary tool in the extremists‟ strategy. In this regard, it can be mentioned that radicalization and recruitment are done through social networks and other internet applications (Balkan Jihadists 2016, 28). Cases of self- radicalization through access and use of

Load more