Maria João Mendes De Carvalho Diversidade De Aeromonas Sp. De

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Maria João Mendes De Carvalho Diversidade De Aeromonas Sp. De Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2010 Maria João Diversidade de Aeromonas sp. de diferentes Mendes de Carvalho ambientes em Portugal Diversity of Aeromonas species from different environments in Portugal Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2010 Maria João Diversidade de Aeromonas sp. de diferentes Mendes de Carvalho ambientes em Portugal Diversity of Aeromonas species from different environments in Portugal dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia, realizada sob a orientação científica do Prof. Doutor António Carlos Matias Correia, Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro e da Prof. Doutora Maria José Félix Saavedra, Professora Associada com Agregação do Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. Referência da bolsa: SFRH/BD/19640/2004 Às pessoas mais importantes da minha vida: os meus Pais e o meu irmão. Obrigada por existirem. o júri presidente Prof. Doutor António Mendes dos Santos Moderno Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Didáctica e Tecnologia Educativa da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutora Ana Cristina Lobo Vilela Professora Catedrática da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa Prof. Doutora Maria Arlete Mendes Faia Professora Catedrática da Escola de Ciências da Vida e do Ambiente da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Prof. Doutor António Carlos Matias Correia Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutora Maria Aida da Costa e Silva da Conceição Duarte Professora Associada com Agregação da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa Prof. Doutora Maria José Félix Saavedra Professora Associada com Agregação da Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Prof. Doutor Mário Jorge Verde Pereira Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro. agradecimentos Agradeço a todos aqueles que fizer am parte da minha vida durante estes anos e àqueles, que apesar de agora mais distantes, contribuíram também para que tudo isto se concretizasse. Estas palavras são insuficientes para me expressar e não consigo discriminar toda a gente. Agradeço ao Professor António Correia por me ter integrado no seu grupo de trabalho fabuloso e por me ter dado a oportunidade de concretizar um dos sonhos da minha vida. Obrigada pelo seu apoio e encorajamento durante estes anos e pelos ensinamentos e conselhos que contribuíram para a minha formação profissional e pessoal. Agradeço à Professora Maria José pela sua amizade e carinho, pelo seu grande incentivo e papel fundamentais na realização deste trabalho. Obrigada pela oportunidade, pelo apoio e formação que me deu. Ao Professor Antonio Martínez-Murcia por me ter acolhido no seu laboratório onde desenvolvi trabalhos cruciais para a realização desta tese. Do mesmo modo agradeço a todos os funcionários do MDC pelo bom ambiente de trabalho e amizade, em especial à minha grande amiga Sonia Esteve. A toda a família Tesouro do Laboratório de Microbiologia, muito obrigada pela vossa amizade, colaboração, apoio e incentivo incondicionais. Agradeço a vossa disponibilidade e ajuda constantes nos bons e maus momentos. Obrigada Isabelinha e Alexandra por tudo (sempre). Obrigada Joca. Obrigada Fatolas, Martolas, Anabelita, Croquete, Sofia, Cristina, Daniela, Juli, Eliana… Obrigada também aos rebentos por contribuírem para levantar o ânimo. Espero fazer justiça ao valor inestimável deste grupo. Obrigada às minhas Madames (Alexandra, Fátima, Sónia) pelas nossas tertúlias terapêutico-científico-gastronómicas semanais. Obrigada minha Cris, Martolas, Elisabete, (nosso) Rui, Patrícia por todas as vivências e pelo apoio incondicional, mesmo quando o mau-feitio se apoderou de mim! Mimi, obrigada por todos os momentos que partilhámos. Agradeço a amizade, o carinho, a força que sempre me deste, a troca de conhecimentos. Aos meus Pais e irmão e à minha família agradeço o amor imensurável, o apoio incondicional e a omnipresença. Tenho muito orgulho em todos vós. Obrigada Mamã e Papá por todos os ensinamentos, oportunidades e exemplo de rectidão. São o melhor que há no mundo. Obrigada por acreditarem em mim. Obrigada Rui André, pela compreensão, incentivo, alegria, companheirismo… Obrigada por existires na minha vida e tornares esta fase final muito mais leve. A mis amigos en España (incluyendo mi Marisa), muchas gracias por vuestra amistad y por haber sido mi familia mientras estuve ahí. Jamás os olvidaré. Obrigada a todos os vizinhos de departamento na UA pelo apoio logístico e amizade que sempre me dispensaram. Às senhoras funcionárias da Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro muito obrigada pelo carinho, amizade e pela prestabilidade sempre que ali estive. A todos os meus queridos amigos e em especial àqueles que sempre ou mais recentemente me acompanharam (Su, Juni, Lili, Ricardo, Gonçalo, Helena, Helder, Vânia, Catarina, Ana Costa, Joana Almeida, Manelito, Tozé, Helena Albano etc, etc…) obrigada por estarem presentes. Acabei! WooOooHuuUuu! palavras -chave Águas de consumo, produtos agrícolas, diversidade, filogenia, taxonomia, resistência, antibióticos, virulência resumo Espécies de Aeromonas encontram-se distribuídas por diferentes habitats, estando especialmente relacionadas com ambientes aquáticos. O seu papel em complicações na saúde humana e animal é reconhecido. De facto, não só pelo seu potencial de virulência, mas também pelos determinantes genéticos de resistência a antibióticos que possam conter, estes organismos constituem uma preocupação na medicina humana e veterinária. Assim, é essencial o estudo da diversidade de espécies de Aeromonas bem como explorar as suas características fenotípicas e genéticas que podem conduzir a impactos negativos. A água constitui um importante veículo de transmissão de microrganismos e espécies de Aeromonas estão amplamente distribuídas em águas tratadas e não tratadas. Em Portugal é ainda comum o consumo de águas não tratadas cuja qualidade, na maioria das vezes, não é sujeita a monitorização, como acontece por exemplo, em explorações agrícolas de gestão familiar. Neste estudo, investigou-se a presença de Aeromonas em águas não tratadas para consumo. Estabeleceu-se também uma linha horizontal de colheitas de diferentes amostras de origem agrícola com o intuito de avaliar a possibilidade de a água ser uma das vias de contaminação de culturas agrícolas e animais por espécies de Aeromonas . Obtiveram-se 483 isolados que foram discriminados por RAPD-PCR. 169 estirpes distintas foram identificadas ao nível da espécie por análise filogenética baseada no gene gyrB . Verificou-se uma frequente ocorrência bem como uma diversidade considerável de espécies de Aeromonas. Em alguns casos, as relações genotípicas entre isolados de diferentes amostras eram muito próximas. Adicionalmente, a maioria das amostras continha diferentes espécies e estirpes distintas da mesma espécie. A. media e A. hydrophila foram as espécies mais ocorrentes. Um grupo de isolados apresentou variantes moleculares de gyrB diferente das conhecidas até agora, o que indica que poderão constituir espécies não descritas. O perfil de susceptibilidade da colecção de Aeromonas a diferentes antibióticos foi estabelecido, constituindo um perfil típico do género, com algumas excepções. Estirpes multirresistentes foram encontradas. A presença de genes tet e bla foi investigada por estudos de PCR, hibridação e, e m alguns casos, de sequenciação. Como era esperado, cphA /imiS foi o mais detectado. A detecção de integrões fez-se por PCR e hibridação e a sua caracterização foi feita por sequenciação de DNA; a sua ocorrência foi reduzida. A maioria das estirpes sintetizou enzimas extracelulares com actividade lipolítica e proteolítica que potencialmente contribuem para virulência. A análise por PCR e hibridação permitiram a detecção de vários determinantes genéticos que codificam moléculas possivelmente envolvidas em processos patogénicos. Diversas espécies de Aeromonas apresentando características relacionadas com resistência a antibióticos e potencialmente de virulência estão frequentemente presentes em produtos para consumo humano e animal em Portugal. keywords Water for consumption, agricultural sources, diversity, phylogeny, taxonomy, antibiotic, resistance, virulence abstract Aeromonas spp. are present in a wide range of ecological niches, being mainly related to aquatic environments. Their role in human and animal health complications is recognised . In fact, not only for their putative virulence but also for the antibiotic resistance genetic determinants Aeromonas may harbour, these organisms constitute an issue of concern in human and veterinary medicine. Thus, it is essential to get knowledge on Aeromonas sp. diversity and on their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics that may lead to negative impacts. Water constitutes a good contamination route for microorganisms and Aeromonas are widespread in untreated and treated waters from different sources. In Portugal there is still an extensive use of untreated water which is not regularly monitored for quality. This is often the case in family smallholding farms. In this study untreated drinking and mineral waters were assessed for their content in Aeromonas spp. Furthermore, a sampling
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