Le Rivoluzioni in Musica Di Carlo Gesualdo, Principe Di Venosa

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Le Rivoluzioni in Musica Di Carlo Gesualdo, Principe Di Venosa Le rivoluzioni in musica di Carlo Gesualdo, Principe di Venosa GIULIO D’A NGELO DOCENTE DI STORIA ED ESTETICA MUSICALE DEL CONSERVATORIO DI MUSICA GIUSEPPE TARTINI DI TRIESTE el 2013 correvano i quattrocento anni dalla morte di CARLO GESUALDO , P RINCIPE DI V ENOSA , nel 2016 correranno i quattrocentocinquanta anni dalla sua nascita : in oc - casione di queste ricorrenze , le iniziative degne di maggior rilievo sono quelle attivate dal COMITATO GESUALDIAN O1 costituitosi per iniziativa della regione basilicata che ha già prodotto un cd e che ha programmato negli anni a venire la pubblicazione di una edizione critica degli opera omnia del compositore . q ueste ed altre iniziative legate alla Fondazione Carlo Gesualdo costituitasi in gesualdo, nell’auspicio di molti, meglio definiranno l’immagine di uno straordinario musicista e chiariranno Nanche ai non specialisti le sue rivoluzioni . ai più, infatti, carlo gesualdo è noto come principe omicida : l’assassinio per sua mano della moglie maria d’avalos e del di lei amante, fabrizio carafa, colti «in flagrante delicto di flagrante peccato», fu evento epocale. nei secoli, massimamente in epoca romantica, poi, l’opera del prin cipe di venosa è stata spesso associata a questo tragico evento della sua bio - grafia. il presente scritto vuole essere un piccolo contributo a meglio rendere la pro - duzione musicale di carlo gesualdo e anche una sorta di piccola guida all’ascolto per meglio contestualizzarla. è subito necessario dire che gli eventi eccezionali della biografia di Carlo Ge - sualdo Principe di Venosa (venosa, 1566 –gesualdo 1613) hanno determinato una risultanza rara se non unica in ambito storiografico: considerando l’aspetto mera - mente quantitativo, la gran parte di saggi, pubblicazioni, documentari 2 et similia riguardano appunto approfondimenti su accadimenti più o meno importanti del vivere del Principe de’ Musici 3 e son relativamente pochi, se pur encomiabili, gli NC scritti che trattano della sua musica, che si approcciano in maniera scientifica e si - 12 .2014 129 [GIULIO D’ANGELO ] Giovanni Calducci, ritratto di Gesualdo, Principe di venosa, Pala del Perdono Chiesa di Santa Maria delle Grazie, Gesualdo (av) (particolare) stematica al corpus delle sue composizioni 4. la figura del compositore viene in qualche modo adattata a maniere di pensiero romantiche cosi ché sembra quasi di trovarsi a cospetto di un eroe maledetto da romanzo d’appendice se non proprio di un antesignano dell’espressionismo. ci si affeziona in qualche modo ad una figura che con siffatte caratteristiche ben si presta ad una mitizzazione che, per di più, af - fonda radici plurisecolari in ambiti colti e men colti. tanto per dire, il delitto d’onore commesso da carlo detta ispirazioni poetiche a torquato tasso 5 ma fornisce straor - dinario canovaccio alle centinaia di rappresentazioni dell’ opera dei pupi, dei canta - storie e al correlato apparato iconografico dei carretti siciliani. con questi aspetti agiografici, romanticamente si indulge spesso nell’enfatiz - zare il legame fra certe composizioni e accadimenti biografici e a rendere ecce zio - nale, quasi decontestualizzata da tempi e luoghi, la musica del principe. ecco, par - lando proprio di musica bisogna subito dire che gesualdo non è il genio solitario che nel chiuso del suo inaccessibile castello costruisce le sue cattedrali sonore e compie le sue rivoluzioni . gesualdo è figlio del suo tempo, vive pienamente lo straordinario periodo che dalla modalità condurrà gradualmente al sistema tonale, sarà protagonista, anzi coprotagonista, delle ultime grandi innovazioni in ambito NC madrigalistico e polifonico. i moderni media informatici, rendendo disponibile e 12 .2014 accessibile una enorme quantità di documenti sonori, ci permettono immediate 130 [LE RIVOLUZIONI IN MUSICA DI CARLO GESUALDO, PRINCIPE DI VENOSA ] comparazioni e riscontri. giusto per fornire qualche indicazione di ascolto, si com - ponga un viaggio temporale in ambito madrigalistico ascoltando in sequenza com - posizioni di Philippe Verdelot , Jacques Arcadelt , Cipriano de Rore , Orlando di Lasso , Giaches de Wert , Luca Marenzio , Claudio Monteverdi (quello dei primi tre libri di madrigali) e, appunto, Gesualdo . e’ un viaggio di circa settanta anni che ci permetterà di godere delle radici e della levigatezza delle prime esperienze madri - galistiche 6, di osservare il graduale passaggio a pratiche contrappuntistiche sempre più ardite, accompagnate da esigenze estetiche che già guardano all’incipiente ba - rocco. per avere ulteriori elementi di comparazione è poi il caso di approcciare l’opera di musicisti che furono a stretto contatto o direttamente a servizio del principe di venosa: Rocco Rodio , Pomponio Nenna , Muzio Effrem e soprattutto Giovanni de Macque e Scipione Stella . ecco, questi ascolti rendono meno unica la figura del principe di venosa ma, per paradosso, ne esaltano la grandezza e ne ren - dono più chiare e perciò ancor più encomiabili la cifra estetica e le opere. Carlo Gesualdo è poi mirabile epilogo di quella che viene definita musica re - servata , una pratica e una prassi compositiva che fa della esclusività, del consumo in privatissimi e colti circoli la sua essenza. a tal riguardo è d’uopo offrire una ulte - riore suggestione d’ascolto, i Madrigali a uno, a doi, a tre soprani scritti da Luzzasco Luzzaschi per il Concerto delle dame di ferrara, città all’avanguardia in ogni con - testo artistico a lungo frequentata dal nostro principe. e’ poi il caso di dire che carlo gesualdo, essendo nobile, dilettante nel senso letterale del termine, gode del privilegio di assoluta libertà di azione, del non dover sottostare a desiderata (e a capricci…) di padroni e committenti, del disporre di mezzi economici tali da potersi permettere l’acquisto di stampe musicali, la colla - borazione di compositori, musici, poeti, intellettuali, stampatori fra i massimi del suo tempo; giusto per fare un esempio, Torquato Tasso fu a servizio del casato dei gesualdo e spesso inviava al compositore versi e composizioni poetiche da mettere in musica. Carlo Gesualdo ha coscienza intellettuale e capacità compositive tali da com - prendere che la sua epoca porta i più grandi cambiamenti della storia della musica. la seconda pratica monteverdiana è ben presente al nostro compositore: la neces - sità di non fermarsi alla mera descrizione in musica del madrigalismo ma di offrire al testo poetico un colore più ampio e definito è ben acquisita nelle sue raccolte di madrigali, soprattutto nelle ultime. 7 sfrondando le aure romantiche sulla sua musica, si ascolti ad esempio Moro, lasso, al mio duolo dal Sesto libro di madrigali: il testo, al solito brevissimo in gesualdo, è l’ennesimo confronto fra eros e thanatos che trova luogo nella più parte dei libri di madrigali del nostro compositore. detto testo è chiaramente un pretesto e il madrigale è una dimostrazione di come la musica può assecondare le atmosfere repentinamente cangianti delle parole. siamo a cospetto di un esercizio di alto virtuosismo compositivo dove cromatismi, dissonanze, ritardi , urti sonori, colori e ogni artificio di scrittura sono destinati a su - scitare una maraviglia barocca : l’adesione emotiva è chiaramente labile ed è invece evidente la volontà gesualdiana di mostrare e dimostrare a quale grado di sapienza, NC di ardimento poteva giunge re il suo ingegno. vi è in questa musica una sorta di im - 12 .2014 131 [GIULIO D’ANGELO ] plicita teatralità, figlia del tempo, in qualche modo già barocca . detta teatralità pro - prio negli anni della piena maturità artistica di gesualdo, sul nascere del seicento induceva i musici e i poeti della fiorentina Camerata de’ Bardi e a mantova Claudio Monteverdi a cercare nuove espressioni di canto, alla monodia accompagnata, alla conseguente nascita dell’opera in musica. pur conscio di queste evoluzioni carlo gesualdo tiene il campo della polifonia anche se il madrigale nelle sue mani non è più mera occasione di otium da camera per nobili più o meno periti in ambito mu - sicale ma musica da leggere e pensare oltre che da eseguire, la cui realizzazione ri - chiede esperti interpreti. passando alla produzione sacra di carlo gesualdo, se molto accomuna detto ambito a quello profano più sopra sommariamente enunciato, altro vi è di pecu - liare, di particolare. il lascito gesualdiano in ambito sacro si sostanzia essenzialmente nei due libri di Sacrarum Cantionum Quinque vocibus (1603) e nei monumentali Responsoria et alia ad Officium Hebdomadae Sanctae spectantia (1611). qui, forse ancor più che nei madrigali, è necessaria una comparazione e una speculazione su più o meno immediati precedenti per meglio comprendere l’opera del nostro compositore. la produzione sacra del cinquecento si connota per tre grandi accadimenti: l’invenzione della stampa musicale ad opera di ottaviano pe - trucci, lo scisma luterano, la controriforma e le conseguenze anche in campo mu - sicale, la crescente migrazione di più generazioni di compositori e cantori fiam - minghi presso le corti e le cappelle italiane. la figura di Josquin Desprez è quella che prima si staglia in questo straordinario parterre : le sue messe, i suoi mottetti sa - ranno modello e riferimento per diverse generazioni e un ascolto attento delle opere offre sempre una straordinaria avventura dello spirito; si può dire davvero senza enfasi che la grandezza di questo compositore è assimilabile a quella di Bach o di Beethoven . elencando men che l’essenziale e appressandoci gradualmente agli anni di gesualdo è il caso ancora di citare Adriano Willaert ,
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