DOCSLIB.ORG

ARM Redefines Microarchitecture, IP for AI Era Programmable RGB

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ARM Redefines Microarchitecture, IP for AI Era Programmable RGB ARM redefines microarchitecture, IP for AI era Brandon Lewis, Technology Editor Like everything else in technology to date, smarter systems based on artificial intelligence (AI) require smarter processors. Expand Your Business with Microsoft & Advantech IoT Solutions Sponsored by: Advantech and Microsoft June 22, 8am ET Programmable RGB LED options Jeremy Cook, Engineering Consultant As touched on in my MakerPro display options post , LEDs can be very useful user interface devices. Though simple LEDs that light up when the proper voltage is applied have their place, another option comes in the form of programmable RGB LEDs. [An up-close view of an RGB LED. Photo by Sven Killig, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons ] These devices, which come in several different versions, allow a series of LEDs to be lit up by a single output from? Continued... Marvell octal Ethernet transceiver offers easy path to higher performance Rich Nass, Embedded Computing Brand Director Marvell claims that its Alaska M 88E2180 Gigabit Ethernet transceiver is the world?s first octal multi-Gigabit Ethernet transceiver that?s compatible with both the IEEE 802.3bz standard and the NBASE-T Alliance specification for 2.5- and 5-Gbit/s operation over CAT5e cables. With this device, developers have an easier path to multi-Gigabit Ethernet networking infrastructures. That migration path comes in because the transceiver can be deployed immediately on legacy cable systems, and then transition to multi-Gigabit Ethernet. The Alaska devices, part of a Marvell?s Ethernet transceiver family,? Continued... Five Minutes with?Bruce Alexander, Vice President, WinSystems Rich Nass, Embedded Computing Brand Director Culture within an organization is such a difficult thing to get a handle on and even harder to regulate. In this week?s Five Minutes with?discussion, I talked to Bruce Alexander, a vice president at WinSystems , who claims to be pretty good at culture. I asked him what exactly a unique culture is, and how he manages to maintain it as the company grows. It starts with being brutally honest with people, and flows down from there. Continued... MCU offers embedded graphics Rich Nass, Embedded Computing Brand Director Having graphics and processing on the same chip makes a designer?s life easier, while also reducing cost and system complexity at the same time. That?s precisely what you get with Microchip?s latest MCU offering, the 32-bit PIC32MZ DA . It?s the MCU and tools that you?re likely already accustomed to, combined with a 2D graphics processing unit (GPU) and up to 32 Mbytes of integrated DDR2 memory. The result is support for 24-bit color and larger displays. On the tool front, designers would be? Continued... Making High-Integrity Code Safe and Secure Sponsored by: MathWorks June 29, 2pm ET 2017 Top Embedded Innovator: Oliver Winzenried, CEO and Co-Founder, Wibu-Systems Brandon Lewis, Technology Editor Since co-founding Wibu-Systems in 1989, Oliver Winzenried has dedicated his career to securing embedded systems and applications, focusing primarily on software protection, licensing, and access control. With millions of devices now connecting to the Internet of Things (IoT) security has become paramount, requiring protection mechanisms that can scale from the smallest microcontroller-based (MCU-based) systems to cloud servers, as well as over time. A 2017 Embedded Computing Design Top Embedded Innovator, Winzenried offers perspective on the security ?arms race,? and introduces new (but old) methods of cryptography based on Kerckhoffs? principle that exponentially increase complexity for hackers. 2017 Top Embedded Innovator: Kristen Russell, Global President, Arrow Intelligent Systems Brandon Lewis, Technology Editor Kristen Russell, former Secretary of Technology and CIO of the State of Colorado and leader of the U.S. Digital Government Strategy for Deloitte, has been instrumental in bringing Internet of Things (IoT) solutions to the public sector, improving everything from infrastructure to employee collaboration and citizen experience. Now, she brings that expertise to Arrow, guiding clients through all the steps of implementing an IoT solution so they can improve efficiency and gain valuable insight from their data. One of Embedded Computing Design?s 2017 Top Embedded Innovators, Russell shares her perspective on moving the public and private sectors into the future. 2017 Top Embedded Innovator: Bill Mensch, CEO and Founder, Western Design Center Brandon Lewis, Technology Editor A pioneer of embedded microprocessor design and manufacturing, William ?Bill? Mensch was a major contributor to the designs of the Motorola 6800 microprocessor (MPU); MOS Technology 6502 MPU used by the Apple II, Commodore PET, and Atari gaming system; and Western Design Center (WDC) 65816 that served as the basis for the Ricoh 5A22 employed in the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. One of Embedded Computing Design?s 2017 Top Embedded Innovators, Mensch also helped establish the fabless semiconductor business model upon founding WDC in 1978.? Continued... SPONSORED GUEST BLOG Smarter Cities: A market worth billions Avnet With the global population growing exponentially, and more and more people moving to cities, plus the continued industrialization of society, the smart city market is set to explode over the next few years. Up to now, procedures and processes in cities have been ineffective in many areas. But with recent advancements in digital technology and the resulting communication possibilities, particularly between different objects, cities are gradually becoming smarter and solutions such as smart grids, smart transport systems and smart buildings are gaining traction. To? Continued... Connect With Us: Contact the Editor: FACEBOOK Email: rnass at opensystemsmedia dot com TWITTER LINKEDIN INSTAGRAM View the latest: Embedded Products | Embedded News View the latest news, articles, white papers, and blogs from our channels: IoT | Dev Tools & OS | Automotive | Industrial | Hardware | Networking | Processing | Storage Click here to view this email as an HTML page. Last updated: Mon, 05 Jun 2017 17:50:32 +0000 To ensure you are receiving your Embedded Daily News, be sure to add [email protected] to your address book. ?2017 OpenSystems Media, LLC. Thank you for reading this issue of Embedded Daily, subject: "Programmable RGB LED: What?s Available?"..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "Bob" Schreiner
    Oral History of Robert “Bob” Schreiner Interviewed by: Stephen Diamond Recorded: June 10, 2013 Mountain View, California CHM Reference number: X6873.2014 © 2013 Computer History Museum Oral History of Robert “Bob” Schreiner Stephen Diamond: We're here at the Computer History Museum with Bob Schreiner. It's June 10th, 2013, and we're going to talk about the oral history of Synertek and the 6502. Welcome, Bob. Thanks for being here. Can you introduce yourself to us? Robert “Bob” Schreiner: Okay. My name is Bob Schreiner. I'm an ex-Fairchilder, one of the Fairchildren in the valley, and then involved in running a couple of other small semiconductor companies, and I started a semiconductor company. Diamond: So that would be Synertek. Schreiner: Synertek. Diamond: Tell us about that. Schreiner: Okay. As you know from an earlier session I left Fairchild Semiconductor around 1971. And at the time I left I was running the LSI program at Fairchild, and I was a big believer that the future marketplace for MOS technology would be in the custom area. And since Fairchild let that whole thing fall apart, I decided there's got to be room for a company to start up to do that very thing, work with big producers of hardware and develop custom chips for them so they would have a propriety product that would be difficult to copy. So I wrote a business plan, and I went around to a number of manufacturers. I had a computer guy [General Automation], and I had Bulova Watch Company, and I had a company that made electronic telephones [American Telephones], and who was the fourth guy? Escapes my memory right now, but the pitch basically was, "Your business, which now you manufacture things with discrete components, it's going to change.
    [Show full text]
  • Thedagit Blog: Dagit.Github.Io Motorola in 1970’S
    Jason Dagit Twitter: @thedagit Blog: dagit.github.io Motorola in 1970’s * 1971 Microprocessor project starts * Chuck Peddle joined in 1973 as an engineer * In 1974, Chuck grew Frustrated with management For ignoring customers (asking For $25 processor) * $300 in 1974 is $1300 in 2010 2 6500 Project at MOS * Chuck Peddle, Bill Mensch, and 6 other engineers leFt Motorola * MOS was eager to break into processor market * Based on Motorola 6800 experience * Goals: * Needed to outperform 6800 * Cheaper than 6800 * Every interested engineer and hobbyist can get access 3 Lowering the Cost * Size = money * 3510 transistors (modern CPUs use billions!) * Defect rate at the time of 70% * Morally the first RISC processor 4 Defect Rate * In 1970’s processors were designed by hand * Images had to be reduced to fit on the waFer * MOS developed a process For clariFying reduction at each step * 70% Failure rate during Fabrication è 70% success rate * Bill Mensch: Legendary layout engineer 5 6 RISC Processor * Simplified addressing modes * Dropped 16bit index register * Three-state control oF bus removed * Only the essential instructions: 56 instructions * Not completely true: included non-essential BCD arithmetic * Very Few registers: PC, SP, A, X, Y, Status 7 Instruction Set 8 Improvements over 6800 * Pipelining * Zero-page addressing * Allowed indirect indexing to give 128 pseudo registers * Faster than normal memory access * Programmers trained on the 6800 found the 6502 intuitive * Almost the same clock speed, but nearly 4x the computational power 9 Marketplace
    [Show full text]
  • MOS Technology – 1974 to 1976 3 Shovel Jobs Anymore,” He Says
    C H A P T E R 11 MMOOSS TTeecchhnnoollooggyy 11997744 ttoo 11997766 i-tech companies need three players in order to succeed: a financier, a technology-God, and a juggernaut with a type-A H personality. Commodore would require these three ingredients to take them to a new level. They had Irving Gould, with his financial expertise and deep pockets. They had Jack, so aggressive people sometimes referred to him as the scariest man alive. All Commodore needed was a visionary engineer to take Commodore into a new field of technology. The Grey Wizard of the East n the 1970's, the image of a computer genius was not in the mold of I the young hacker we are familiar with today. Teenaged tycoons like Bill Gates had not filtered into the public consciousness, and WarGames (1983, MGM) was not yet released, with the prototypical computer hacker portrayed by Matthew Broderick. The accepted image of a technological genius was a middle-aged man with graying hair and glasses, preferably wearing a long white lab coat. Chuck Peddle was the image of a technology wizard, with his wire- frame glasses, white receding hairline, and slightly crooked teeth. At two hundred and fifty pounds, the five foot eleven inch engineer always struggled with his weight. Peddle describes himself at that time as “totally out of shape,” but he was characteristically optimistic and never without a joke or story to tell. Peddle possessed the ability to see further into the future than most of his contemporaries and he obsessively searched for the next big innovation.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction a Brief History of Computing
    CSE 322 — COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE II Introduction A Brief History Of Computing January 18, 2000–7 CSE 322 — COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE II Some Basic Terms Architecture: “The art or science of building habitable structures” Our Structures: Computer Systems Our Inhabitants: Computer programs Computer Architecture: Art of describing and building computer systems which can execute computer programs; alternatively: structure & behavior of computer as seen by assembly level programmer Computer Organization: Description of major logical & physical components of a computer and how they interact Computer Implementation: Description of electrical components used to build a computer Computer Execution Model: Description of how programs execute within a computer architecture Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): Description of the instructions which can make up a computer program, and the semantics of what each does when executed Feature Size (in microns): minimum width of a gate of a CMOS transistor possible in a particular technology generation A Brief History Of Computing January 18, 2000–8 CSE 322 — COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE II People & the Computer Design Process Computer Architect: Architecture Level • Develops ISA, computer system architecture • Interplay between hardware (machine organization) and software (compilers, interpreters, runtime) needed to sustain the “inhabitants” Computer Designer: Organization Level • Develops detailed machine organization - Partitioning into major blocks - Specification of each block’s interfaces & functionality - Selects
    [Show full text]
  • OF the 1980S
    THAT MADE THE HOME COMPUTER REVOLUTION OF THE 1980s 23 THAT MADE THE HOME COMPUTER REVOLUTION OF THE 1980s First published in 2021 by Raspberry Pi Trading Ltd, Maurice Wilkes Building, St. John’s Innovation Park, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0DS Publishing Director Editors Russell Barnes Phil King, Simon Brew Sub Editor Design Nicola King Critical Media Illustrations CEO Sam Alder with Brian O Halloran Eben Upton ISBN 978-1-912047-90-1 The publisher, and contributors accept no responsibility in respect of any omissions or errors relating to goods, products or services referred to or advertised in this book. Except where otherwise noted, the content of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0). Contents Introduction. 6 Research Machines 380Z. 8 Commodore PET 2001. 18 Apple II. 36 Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81. 46 Commodore VIC-20 . 60 IBM Personal Computer (5150). 78 BBC Micro . 90 Sinclair ZX Spectrum. 114 Dragon 32. 138 Commodore 64. 150 Acorn Electron . .166 Apple Macintosh . .176 Amstrad CPC 464. 194 Sinclair QL . .210 Atari 520ST. 222 Commodore Amiga. 234 Amstrad PCW 8256. 256 Acorn Archimedes . .268 Epilogue: Whatever happened to the British PC? . .280 Acknowledgements . 281 Further reading, further viewing, and forums. 283 Index . .286 The chapters are arranged in order of each computer’s availability in the UK, as reflected by each model’s date of review in Personal Computer World magazine. Introduction The 1980s was, categorically, the best decade ever. Not just because it gave us Duran Duran and E.T., not even because of the Sony Walkman.
    [Show full text]
  • MOS Technology 6502
    MOS Technology 6502 Le MOS Technology 6502 est un microprocesseur 8 bits conçu par MOS Technology en 1975. Quand il fut présenté, il était de loin le processeur le plus économique sur le marché, à environ 1/6 du prix, concurrençant de plus grandes MOS Technology 6502 compagnies telles que Motorola ou Intel. Il était néanmoins plus rapide que la plupart d'entre eux, et avec le Zilog Z80, brilla dans une série de projets d'ordinateurs qui furent par la suite la source de la révolution d'ordinateurs personnels des années 1980. La production du 6502 était à l'origine concédée par MOS Technology à Rockwell et Synertek puis plus tard à d'autres compagnies ; il est encore fabriqué en 2014 pour équiper des systèmes embarqués. Sommaire 1 Histoire et utilisation 2 Description 3 Des caractéristiques floues 4 Remarques sur le 6502 5 Références 6 Liens externes (en français) Schema d'un circuit MOS 6502. 7 Liens externes (en anglais) Caractéristiques Production 1975 Histoire et utilisation Fabricant MOS Technology Fréquence 1 MHz à 1,55 MHz Le 6502 a été conçu principalement par l'équipe qui avait développé le Motorola 6800. Après avoir quitté Motorola en Finesse de 8000 nm à 8 000 nm bloc, ses ingénieurs ont rapidement sorti le 6501, d'une conception complètement nouvelle mais dont le brochage gravure restait néanmoins compatible avec le 6800. Motorola entama des poursuites judiciaires immédiatement, et bien qu'aujourd'hui l'affaire aurait été déboutée, les dommages que MOS encourut furent suffisants pour que la société Cœur MOS Tech 6502 accepte de cesser de produire le 6501.
    [Show full text]
  • “Bill” Mensch, Jr
    ........ Computer • History Museum Oral History of William David “Bill” Mensch, Jr. Interviewed by: Stephen Diamond Recorded: November 10, 2014 Mountain View, California CHM Reference number: X7273.2015 © 2014 Computer History Museum Oral History of William David “Bill” Mensch, Jr. Stephen Diamond: OK, it's November 10, 2014, here at the Computer History Museum. I'm Steve Diamond, and we're doing in oral history of Bill Mensch. Thanks, Bill, for joining us. William David “Bill” Mensch: Well, thank you. Diamond: We'll be talking about a variety of subjects and your perceptions of what's happened in the past and, perhaps, where things are going in the future. Why don't we start out by talking about your youth and your education, and then we'll follow that up into your transition into the semiconductor world? Mensch: All right. Well, thanks for inviting me. It's an honor to be here right now, and I will enjoy telling you what I know about my life, how I got here. And we'll start, then, with my growing up on a farm in Pennsylvania, Bucks County, about 35 miles north of Philadelphia, very rural. The dairy farm had like 26 head of cattle, and I was a middle child of eight children I grew up with. And as a result, I got to explore because it was more fun being outside of the house rather than inside the house. When I was probably about 10 years old, we may have gotten a TV. We had a radio, liked to listen to the Lone Ranger.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual for Tali Forth 2 for the 65C02
    Manual for Tali Forth 2 for the 65c02 Sam Colwell, Scot W. Stevenson Version BETA, 17. Dez 2018 Table of Contents Dedication. 2 Introduction. 3 But why?. 4 The Big Picture . 4 Forth . 5 Writing Your Own Forth . 5 Overview of Tali Forth . 7 Design Considerations . 7 Deeper down the rabbit hole . 8 User Guide . 9 Installing Tali Forth . 10 Downloading . 10 Running . 10 Installing on Your Own Hardware . 10 Hardware Projects with Tali Forth 2 . 11 Running Tali Forth. 12 Booting . 12 Command-Line History . 12 Words . 12 Wordlists and Search Order . 16 Native Compiling . 17 Underflow Detection. 18 Restarting . 18 Gotchas. 18 Major Components . 20 Blocks . 20 The Block Editor. 20 The Line-Based Editor ed . 23 Assembler . 26 Disassembler. 29 Developer Guide . 32 How Tali Forth Works . 33 The Data Stack . 33 Dictionary . 35 Input . 39 The Words create and does> . 40 Control Flow . 43 Native Compiling . 45 cmove, cmove> and move. 50 Developing. 51 Adding New Words . 51 Deeper Changes . 51 Code Cheat Sheets . 53 Future and Long-Term plans . 55 Tutorials . 56 Working with Blocks . 57 First steps with blocks . 57 Editing a screen . 58 Working with blocks..
    [Show full text]
  • That Shook the World
    hensible robot in “Futurama”? Answer: MOS Technology’s 6502. What these chips have in common is that they’re part of the reason why engi- neers don’t get out enough. Of course, lists like this are nothing if not contentious. Some may accuse us of capricious choices and blatant omissions (and, no, it won’t be the first time). Why Intel’s 8088 microprocessor and not the 4004 (the first) or the 8080 (the famed)? Where’s the radiation-hardened military- grade RCA 1802 processor that was the brains of numerous spacecraft? If you take only one thing away from this introduction, let it be this: Our list is what remained after weeks of raucous debate between the author, his trusted sources, and several editors of IEEE Spectrum. We never intended to com- pile an exhaustive reckoning of every chip that was a commercial success or a major technical advance. Nor could we include chips that were great but so obscure that only the five engineers who MICROCHIPS designed them would remember them. We focused on chips that proved unique, intriguing, awe-inspiring. We wanted chips of varied types, from both big and small companies, created long ago or THAT SHOOK more recently. Above all, we sought ICs that had an impact on the lives of lots of people—chips that became part of earth- shaking gadgets, symbolized technologi- cal trends, or simply delighted people. For each chip, we describe how it came THE WORLD about and why it was innovative, with comments from the engineers and exec- utives who architected it.
    [Show full text]
  • Metode I Postupci Ubrzavanja Operacija I Upita U Velikim Sistemima Baza I Skladišta Podataka (Big Data Sistemi) the Methods
    Univerzitet u Novom Sadu Tehnički Fakultet „Mihajlo Pupin“ Zrenjanin METODE I POSTUPCI UBRZAVANJA OPERACIJA I UPITA U VELIKIM SISTEMIMA BAZA I SKLADIŠTA PODATAKA (BIG DATA SISTEMI) THE METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR ACCELERATING OPERATIONS AND QUERIES IN LARGE DATABASE SYSTEMS AND DATA WAREHOUSES (BIG DATA SYSTEMS) - DOKTORSKA DISERTACIJA - mentor kandidat Prof. dr Biljana Radulović Mr Jovan Ivković Zrenjanin, 2016. godina Univerzitet u Novom Sadu Tehnički Fakultet „Mihajlo Pupin“ Zrenjanin METODE I POSTUPCI UBRZAVANJA OPERACIJA I UPITA U VELIKIM SISTEMIMA BAZA I SKLADIŠTA PODATAKA (BIG DATA SISTEMI) THE METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR ACCELERATING OPERATIONS AND QUERIES IN LARGE DATABASE SYSTEMS AND DATA WAREHOUSES (BIG DATA SYSTEMS) - DOKTORSKA DISERTACIJA - mentor kandidat Prof. dr Biljana Radulović Mr Jovan Ivković Zrenjanin, 2016. godina UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU TEHNIČKI FAKULTET „MIHAJLO PUPIN“ ZRENJANIN KLJUČNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA INFORMACIJA Redni broj: RBR Identifikacioni broj: IBR Tip dokumentacije: Monografska dokumentacija TD Tip zapisa: Tekstualni štampani materijal TZ Vrsta rada (dipl., mag., dokt.): Doktorska disertacija VR Ime i prezime autora: Mr Jovan Ivković AU Mentor (titula, ime, prezime, zvanje): Prof. dr Biljana Radulović, redovni profesor MN „Metode i postupci ubrzavanja operacija i upita u Naslov rada: velikim sistemima baza i skladišta podataka (Big NR Data sistemi)“ Jezik publikacije: Srpski JP Jezik izvoda: Srp. / Eng. JI Zemlja publikovanja: Republika Srbija ZP Uže geografsko područje: AP Vojvodina UGP Godina: 2016. godina
    [Show full text]
  • Doing Binary 2017 Top Embedded Innovator: Bill Mensch, CEO And
    Doing Binary Colin Walls Mentor Graphics Embedded Systems Division When thinking about this blog, I was reminded of an old joke: There are 10 kinds of people in the world: those who understand binary and those who do not. Sorry, but it still makes me smile Now to the blog. Embedded developers often need to work ?close to the hardware.? Stated another way, the raw bit patterns used in control registers need to be visualized and manipulated. Clearly, the way to represent such a register would be in binary, just ones and zeros,? Continued... IoT Development Kit Guide Help for embedded and Internet of Things (IoT) design engineers to efficiently identify evaluation kits for system prototyping. 2017 Top Embedded Innovator: Bill Mensch, CEO and Founder, Western Design Center Brandon Lewis, Technology Editor A pioneer of embedded microprocessor design and manufacturing, William ?Bill? Mensch was a major contributor to the designs of the Motorola 6800 microprocessor (MPU); MOS Technology 6502 MPU used by the Apple II, Commodore PET, and Atari gaming system; and Western Design Center (WDC) 65816 that served as the basis for the Ricoh 5A22 employed in the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. One of Embedded Computing Design?s 2017 Top Embedded Innovators, Mensch also helped establish the fabless semiconductor business model upon founding WDC in 1978.? Continued... Intelligent displays and connectivity come together in the IoT Markku Riihonen, 4D Systems The Internet of Things (IoT) continues to march forward with, in most deployments, an army of sensors providing data to cloud-based control and analysis platforms. Promising to deliver new ways of conducting business, and making possible a raft of new ?pay as you go? services, the appetite for IoT can be felt in many industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Mensch Computer Manuel
    Mensch Computer TM Developer Guide 1 © Copyright 2006 The Western Design Center, Inc. 2166 East Brown Road Mesa, Arizona 85213 U.S.A. All rights reserved. Reproduction in any manner, in whole or in part, is strictly prohibited without the written permission of The Western Design Center, Inc. W65C02, W65C134, W65C816, W65C265, Mensch ROM Monitor, Mensch Operating System, MenschWorks and Mensch Computer are trademarks of The Western Design Center, Inc. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. CITIZEN and GSX-190 are trademarks of Citizen America Corporation. Com Log is a trademark of The Com Log Company, Inc. Densitron is a trademark of Densitron Corporation. SEGA and 6-Button Arcade are trademarks of SEGA. SG ProPad is a trademark of Q-J. Toshiba is a trademark of Toshiba. Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of The Com Log Company, Inc. or The Western Design Center, Inc. 2 Thank you for choosing the state-of-the-art features of the W65C265S microprocessor from Western Design Center. This manual describes the operating system, library subroutines, connector pinouts, and other useful information about the Mensch Computer development platform. The Mensch ROM Monitor and Mensch Operating System were developed by the Com Log Company, Inc. for the Mensch Computer. For best results, we recommend that you please carefully read this manual completely before you attempt to develop applications on the Mensch Computer. This manual contains important information on the proper use of the Mensch Operating System and its library of subroutines.
    [Show full text]