Ground Stone as a Migration Marker: Using Finger-Grooved Manos and Fully Grooved Axe-Heads to Trace Kayenta Influence at Salado Sites Maxwell Forton, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University

Purpose: Idenfy the possible presence of Kayenta heritage among Salado communies of the southern Southwest. Ground Stone Communies of Pracce Northern Style Ground Stone in Salado Sites Proposed Method: Use technological styles of ground stone tools (full-grooved axe Ground stone tools, like ceramics and architectural styles, may be used in • This map shows the likely migraon routes of Sites heads and finger-grooved manos) to track the movement of communies of pracce. idenfying Kayenta influence on Salado sites. The archaeological literature the Kayenta into various cultural regions, during Containing Implicaons for Salado: Examining how ground stone styles changed among mul- recognizes two disnct ground stone tools that display recognizable regional the 13th century. (Courtesy of Catherine Gilman) Northern Style ethnic communies may tell us how markers of northern identy were retained during differences. • A literature review reveals that there are Ground Stone the spread of Salado ideology. • Axe Heads-axe heads may be regionally differenated based on the type of mulple Late Prehistoric sites in the southern haing groove used. Southwest containing northern-styled ground Kayenta Migraon and Communies of Pracce • Manos-manos are the hand held grinding stones used in conjuncon with stone tools. (See sites at le.) A more thorough Hooper Ranch metates in the processing of various materials. They may be regionally review may provide addional sites possessing Pueblo, Mineral Creek, Carter Exodus of the Kayenta differenated based on the presence of finger groove comfort features. northern-styled ground stone tools. th Ranch Pueblo • In the 13 century A.D. the pueblo peoples of • The connued use of full-grooved axe heads and the Kayenta region of northern Arizona migrated finger-grooved manos in Salado communies south to form new diasporic communies in speaks to the survival of Kayenta heritage into Turkey Creek present day central and southern Arizona. the 14th century, and the hybrid nature of the • In the 14th century the Salado material culture Pueblo, Point of Salado phenomenon. Pines Pueblo. paern emerged in the southern Southwest, • Kayenta migrants may have chosen to fashion characterized by Roosevelt Redware ceramics. full-grooved axe heads and finger-grooved • It has been theorized that Salado was a hybrid manos as a means of resisng assimilaon into Disert Site, Janns Site, Stailey Site, cultural phenomenon that united peoples of local Hohokam and Mogollon populaons. Kayenta heritage with local populaons under a Swarts Ruin, Galaz • As these populaons coalesced under a Salado Ruin. new meta-identy of inclusion. Southern Style (Mogollon/Hohokam): the identy, finger-grooved manos and full-grooved Northern Style (Kayenta and others) : the haing groove goes all the way around the axe haing groove goes only ¾ of the way around axe heads connued to be made. This speaks to Communies of Pracce the axe head. (3/4-grooved) (Photo courtesy of head. (Full-grooved) (Photo courtesy of Jenny a connued Kayenta influence among Salado Dinwiddie Site, • To understand how the Kayenta amalgamated Jenny Adams) Adams) communies. Higgins Flat under a Salado identy, one must be able to (Yet to be analyzed) Davis Ruin, 76 Ranch Ruin Reeve Ruin Pueblo detect their presence at southern sites. • Certain arfacts may possess technical styles created from learning frameworks and Conclusion Acknowledgments communies of pracce diagnosc to the Salado is a complex mulcultural identy. Thank you to the 2014 Preservaon Archaeology Field School, Kayenta. Maverick Mountain ceramic jar (top) Recognizing the presence of Kayenta or northern University of Arizona, Rocker Diamond X and Dinwiddie Ranches, • Two such arfact types associated with Kayenta and perforated plate (boom). These influenced ground stone tool styles may help to and NSF Award No. 1359458. Thank you also to Jenny Adams for communies of pracce are Maverick Mountain ceramics have tradionally been used in Northern Style (Kayenta and others): Manos Southern (Mogollon/Hohokam) Style: Manos track the arrival of the migrants in the southern her insight into Southwestern ground stone and for providing idenfying Kayenta heritage at sites in are known to possess purposefully pecked associated with these archaeological cultures ceramics and perforated plates. the southern Southwest. (Photos finger grooves to act as comfort features for the display no finger grooves.(Photo courtesy of Southwest and idenfy their lasng legacy in photos for this poster and Dr. Ruth Van Dyke for reading the courtesy of Archaeology Southwest.) user. (Image courtesy of Woodbury 1954) Archaeology Southwest.) Salado communies of the 14th century. preliminary paper that originated the content for this poster.