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University of London Neolithic Communities Of UNIVERSITY OF LONDON NEOLITHIC COMMUNITIES OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of F'hi 1 osophy. November 1989. Mark Andrew Patton. Department of Anthropology University College London. ABSTRACT. This thesis is concerned with socio—cultural developments in the Channel Islands during the period 5000 BC-1500 BC. Throughout the thesis, the main emphasis is on changing social relations within Channel Island Neolithic communities, and particular attention will be given to changing relations between island and mainland communities, in an attempt to assess the significance of insularity in the development of Neolithic societies. The background to the thesis is given in the first two chapters. Chapter I begins with an outline of the history of archaeological research in the islands, and goes on to discuss the nature of the archaeological evidence, before outlining the theoretical approach adopted in this study, which is based on a realist epistemology and a dialectical approach to social relations. The environmental background to the Channel Island Neolithic is outlined in Chapter II. The development of Channel Island Neolithic communities is discussed in detail in four chronologically organised chapters <111—VI), dealing respectively with the Early Neolithic, the Middle Neolithic, the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age. A more general discussion of the social aspects of the Channel Island Neolithic is presented in Chapter VII: this chapter begins by outlining long-term trends in changing social relations on the intra—/inter— communal, inter-island and regional levels, and goes on to discuss the relationships between insularity and social relations, before discussing the main theoretical implications of the thesis. Specialist data concerning 1ithic and ceramic typology are presented in Appendices i—v, and an inventory of relevant sites is given in Appendix vi. 3 Acknowl edqements. Many people have assisted me in the course of my research for this thesis, and it is impossible to acknowledge all by name. Thanks are due, first of all, to my supervisor, Dr. Barbara Bender, for her unfailing help and good advice. My research on the islands themselves was facilitated by the assistance of numerous people, and I would like particularly to thank Hilary Stuart—Wi11iams (Jersey Museum), Rona Cole and Bob Burns (Guernsey Museum) and Jean Bonnard (Alderney Museum) for giving me virtually unrestricted access to the museum collections. Dr Arthur Mourant and Dr John Renouf, both experts on Channel Island geology, have given me much valuable assistance in this area. Much of the recent archaeological work on the islands has been carried out by members of the local societies (La Sociyty Jersiaise, La Sociyty Guernesiaise and the Alderney Society), and I received help and hospitality from many of these people, particularly Margare?t Finlaison, Brian Phillipps, Janine Tanguy and Myra Grant in Jersey, Heather Sebire, Wally Delamare, Tim Knight and Eric Lukis in Guernsey and Peter Arnold, Jacqui Langridge and Geoff Neale in Alderney. Duri ng the second year of my research I spent a term in France, working on comparative material from Brittany and Normandy, and my stay there was made both fruitful and enjoyable through the assistance and hospitality of French colleagues, notably Prof. Pierre-Roland Giot and Prof- Jacques Briard (University de Rennes I), Pierre Gouletguer (University de Brest), Mike Ilett (University de Paris I), Charles—Tanguy Le Roux, Michael Batt, Jean— Yves Tinevez, Olivier Kayser and Joel Lecornec (Direction des Antiquitys de Bretagne), Jean L'Helgouach (Direction des Antiquitys des Pays de la Loire), Antoine Chancerel (Direction des Antiquitys de Basse—Normandie), Marie— Armelle Locard and Cyrille Billard (Direction des Antiquitys de Haute Normandie). Museum curators in France were invariably helpful in giving me access to material, and I wish particularly to thank Anne—Elisabeth Riskine (Musye Miln/Le Rouzic), Catherine Louboutin (Musye Nationale des Antiquitys), Francoise Daniel (Musye des Jacobins, Morlaix), Jean-Yves Marin (Musye de Normandie), Hervy Joubeaux (Musye de Bretagne) and Margareth Le Guel1ec-Dabrowska (Musye Dypartementale, Quimper). Whilst preparing the -final manuscript for the thesis, I spent three months based in the Instituut voor Culturele Antropologie of the University of Leiden as a participant in the ERASMUS academic exchange programme. Whilst in the Netherlands I had many stimulating discussions with Dutch colleagues, and I would like particularly to thank Prof. J.D. Speckmann (Instituut voor Culturele Antropologie), Prof. L.P. Louwe-Kooi jmans Dr Pieter van de Velde (Instituut voor Prehistorie) for their assistance, hospitality and comments. Dr Paul—Louis Van Berg (Institute Royale des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique) discussed his research on Early Neolithic pottery sequences with me in some detail, and showed me much material of interest. In Britain, Dr Ian Kinnes (British Museum) was particularly helpful in giving me access to the material from Les Fouaillages, and in discussing this important site with me. Dr Bob Jones and Dr David Keen (Coventry Polytechnic) have recently completed an important research project on the Holocene environment of Jersey, and made their conclusions freely available to me. Clive Orton and Mike Czwarno (Institute of Archaeology) gave me invaluable assistance with statistical analysis of flint waste. Styphane Rault, Sinclair Forrest, Helen Nilen (Queen's University, Belfast) and James Hibbs (University of Durham) are engaged in research in areas related to mines I have enjoyed many stimulating discussions with these colleagues, and was given access to their own research material, most of it as yet unpublished. Finally, I would like to thank members of staff, my fellow post-graduates and students at University College and in Leiden, for valuable discussions and constructive criticism of many of the ideas advanced in this thesis. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter I. Introduction. .................... 10 I.i. History of Archaeological Research.... 10 1.11. Aims of this study................ 14 1.111. The Archaeological Evidence........... 15 I.iv. Theoretical approach; towards a dialectical archaeology..................... 24 IV.v. From Biogeography to Sociogeography; social relations in an insular context.......34 I.vi. Structure of the Thesis................ 38 Chapter II. The Environmental Background......... 40 II. i. Formation of the islands............... 40 I I.ii. Solid Geology........................ 43 11.111. Topography St Soils........................ 46 I I.iv. Vegetational History.................... 50 II. v. Food St Resources........................ - 50 I I.vi. Factors affecting Navigation.......... 54 Chapter III. The Early Neolithic.......... ...... 59 II I.i. The Mesolithic of the Channel Islands... 59 111.11. The earliest Neolithic of the Channel Islands .......................................... 64 III.iii . Economy St Settlement in the Early Neolithic of the Channel Islands.................... 73 11 I.iv. The Production St Exchange of stone axes. 77 III.v. The Emergence of Megalithic Ritual.... 85 III.vi. The Channel Islands in Regional Context; 5000— 4250 BC...................... T.............. 88 III.vii. Early Neolithic society in the Channel Islands ........................................ 97 Chapter IV. The Middle Neolithic................. 102 IV.i. The Early/Middle Neolithic Transition: 4500—4250 BC........................................ 102 IV.ii. Megaliths St Ritual Practice in the Channel Islands: 4250-3250 BC............ 105 IV.iii. Economy St Settlement in the Middle Neolithic of the Channel Islands....................... 166 IV.iv. The Channel Islands in Regional Context: 4250- 525’3 BC............... 168 IV.v. Middle Neolithic society in the Channel Islands 188 Chapter V. The Late Neolithic & Chalcolithic..... 198 V.i. From Middle Neolithic to Chalcolithic: transition points in the 3rd St 4th Millennia BC. 200 V.ii. Megaliths St Ritual Practice in the Channel Islands: 3250-2250 BC..................... 211 V.iii. Economy S< Settlement in the Late Neolithic S< Chalcolithic of the Channel Islands 264 V.iv. The Channel Islands in Regional Context: 3250— 2250 BC.................................... 269 V.v. Late Neolithic S< Chal col ithic society in the Channel Islands........................... 280 Chapter VI. The Early Bronze Age....... ........... 288 VI.i. The Chalcolithic/Ear1y Bronze Age transition: 2400-2250 BC. ............. 238 VI.ii. Ritual St Mortuary Practice in the Channel Islands: 2250-1500 BC..................... 293 VI.iii. Economy S'< Settlement in the Early Bronze Age of the Channel Islands...................... 304 VI.iv- The Channel Islands in Regional Contexts 2250- 1500 BC..................................... 310 VI.v. Early Bronze Age society in the Channel Islands ........................................ 316 Chapter VII. Conclusion: social dimensions of the Channel Island Neolithic........................... ........ 321 VII. i. Intra- and inter—communal relations..... 325 VII. ii. Inter—island relations...... 336 VII. iii. Changing regional configurations....... 340 VI I.iv. Insularity and social relations......... 343 Appendix i. Flint assemblages of the Channel Islands. ................................................. 351 Appendix ii. Stone axes from the Channel Islands: petrology & typology................................ 3S1 Appendix iii.
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