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Revue D'etudes Tibétaines Est Publiée Par L'umr 8155 Du CNRS (CRCAO), Paris, Dirigée Par Sylvie Hureau Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines numéro cinquante-quatre — Avril 2020 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines ISSN 1768-2959 Directeur : Jean-Luc Achard. Comité de rédaction : Alice Travers, Charles Ramble, Jean-Luc Achard. Comité de lecture : Ester Bianchi (Università degli Studi di Perugia), Fabienne Jagou (EFEO), Rob Mayer (Oriental Institute, University of Oxford), Fernand Meyer (CNRS-EPHE), Françoise Pommaret (CNRS), Ramon Prats (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona), Charles Ramble (EPHE, CNRS), Françoise Robin (INALCO), Alice Travers (CNRS), Jean-Luc Achard (CNRS). Périodicité La périodicité de la Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines est généralement bi-annuelle, les mois de parution étant, sauf indication contraire, Octobre et Avril. Les contributions doivent parvenir au moins six (6) mois à l’avance. Les dates de proposition d’articles au comité de lecture sont Novembre pour une parution en Avril, et Mai pour une parution en Octobre. Participation La participation est ouverte aux membres statutaires des équipes CNRS, à leurs membres associés, aux doctorants et aux chercheurs non-affiliés. Les articles et autres contributions sont proposés aux membres du comité de lecture et sont soumis à l’approbation des membres du comité de rédaction. Les articles et autres contributions doivent être inédits ou leur réédition doit être justifiée et soumise à l’approbation des membres du comité de lecture. Les documents doivent parvenir sous la forme de fichiers Word, envoyés à l’adresse du directeur ([email protected]). Comptes-rendus Contacter le directeur de publication, à l’adresse électronique suivante : [email protected] Langues Les langues acceptées dans la revue sont le français, l’anglais, l’allemand, l’italien, l’espagnol, le tibétain et le chinois. La Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines est publiée par l'UMR 8155 du CNRS (CRCAO), Paris, dirigée par Sylvie Hureau. Hébergement: http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/journals/ret/ v Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines numéro cinquante-quatre — Avril 2020 Karl E. Ryavec Regional Perspectives on the Origin and Early Spread of the Bon Religion based on Core Areas of Monastery Construction across the Tibetan Plateau pp. 5-27 Dawa Drolma Survey of the language use by Urban, Minyag-speaking — Tibetans: A case study on Minyag people living in Lucheng Town, Kangding Municipality, Ganzi Prefecture pp. 28-46 Katia Buffetrille A Tibetan Journey - Interview with Samten G. Karmay pp. 47-65 Yanfang Liou Wrathful and Peaceful Sound: Musical and Religious Logics of the Two-armed Mahākāla Ritual pp. 66-94 Abhinav Seetharaman Tibetan Refugees in India: The Challenges of Applying for Indian Citizenship pp. 95-113 Jay Holt Valentine On the Life of Chos rgyal bsod nams (1442-1509): Unlocking the Mysteries of a Byang gter Master from Mustang pp. 114-146 Christopher Bell The Brief Hagiography of Jokpa Jangchup Penden pp. 147-195 Lara Maconi “Mom, Can I Become a Han Officer?” Childhood Memories, Politics, Emancipation and Intimacy in the Chinese-Written Autobiographical Essays of Blo gros chos mtsho, a Khampa Woman (1909/1910–1949) pp. 196-240 Markus Viehbeck From Sūtra Collections to Kanjurs: Tracing a Network of Buddhist Canonical Literature across the Western and Central Himalayas pp. 241-260 Comptes-rendus Dylan Esler Henrion-Dourcy, Isabelle, 2017. Le théâtre ache lhamo. Jeux et enjeux d’une tradition tibétaine pp. 261-266 Hanna Havnevik Geoff Childs and Namgyal Choedup’s From a Trickle to a Torrent: Education, Migration, and Social Change in a Himalayan Valley of Nepal pp. pp. 267-270 Patrick Dowd Jinah Kim: Receptacle of the Sacred: Illustrated Manuscripts and the Buddhist Book Cult in South Asia pp. 271-274 Jean-Luc Achard Karl Debreczeny (ed.): Faith and Empire: Art and Politics in Tibetan Buddhism pp. 275-279 v Regional Perspectives on the Origin and Early Spread of the Bon Religion based on Core Areas of Monastery Construction across the Tibetan Plateau Karl E. Ryavec (University of California, Merced) 1. Introduction his study examines the early growth and spread of the Bon religion of Tibet based on mapping the spatial densities of T monastery constructions ca. 1000-1240 CE. These historical spatial patterns will also be compared to the earliest Buddhist temple and monastery building activities ca. 600-1240 CE across the Tibetan Plateau. The purpose of this approach is to provide a spatial perspective on how Bon grew and spread by constructing a core- periphery cartographic model of early Bon compared to Buddhist monastic areas. These include 70 Bonpo sites, and 363 Buddhist sites, constructed during the Imperial and Second Diffusion of Buddhism periods. The end date of 1240 is selected based on the beginnings of Mongol incursions and involvement in Tibetan internal politics that witnessed new patterns of patronage and official tolerance of different religious traditions under a ‘Pax Mongolica’ that altered previous indigenous ways in which the Bonpo and Buddhists spread their networks of temples and monasteries across Tibet. The theoretical underpinnings of this study relate to Regional Religious Systems, and also the study of Nativism in major religious traditions. As noted by Blezer and Teeuwen, the history of religion includes many cases of emerging traditions claiming distinction from their competitors, while they in fact adopted a great deal of similar doctrines, beliefs, ritual practices, and outlook.1 Good examples are Shinto in Buddhist Japan, Bön and Buddhist traditions in Tibet, Islam in its Judeo-Christian environment, and perhaps the rise of organized Daoism in China. And, in such competitive fields, there are clashes 1 Blezer, Henk, and Mark Teeuwen. 2013. Challenging Paradigms: Buddhism and Nativism Framing Identity Discourse in Buddhist Environments. Leiden: Brill. Karl E. Ryavec, “Regional Perspectives on the Origin and Early Spread of the Bon Religion based on Core Areas of Monastery Construction across the Tibetan Plateau”, Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, no. 54, Avril 2020, pp. 5-27. 6 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines between newly arising universalizing (or proselytic) ‘systems’ and localising ethnic traditions that claim authority based on being native to the area. In fact, Shinto and Bön are key examples of nativist traditions that were triggered by Buddhism but not subsumed by it. I believe spatial analysis and models offer useful approaches to better understanding these problems, and apply it here to model the early growth of core areas of Bon as an organized monastic tradition in Tibet to discover if there were systemic regional patterns and processes. 2. Regional Religious Systems An initial theory of Regional Religious Systems was first promulgated as a working definition by Wu, Tong, and Ryavec (2013) based on a study of religion in China: A Regional Religious System is a type of spatial formation in which a group of related or unrelated religious institutions are conditioned by physical, geographical, administrative, cultural, or socioeconomic systems and are highly dependent on regionally and locally distributed variables such as economy, transportation, education, 2 culture, ethnicity, and language, etc. This initial definition highlighted the spatial dependence of religious sites within larger socioeconomic systems and pointed to the regional features of a religious system. In this sense, it was assumed that certain aspects of the late G. W. Skinner’s patently spatial research on China’s agrarian economy and society, generally referred to as Regional Systems Theory, would likely prove relevant in developing an applied theoretical model of Regional Religious Systems.3 Research on RRS is still in its infancy, and only a small number of related studies have been carried out. Ryavec and Henderson, applied core-periphery theory to study the growth and spread of mosques in China according to core areas to better understand the historical geography of Islam.4 But this study did not differentiate mosques in 2 Wu, Jiang, Daoqin Tong, and Karl E. Ryavec. 2013. “Spatial Analysis and GIS Modeling of Regional Religious Systems in China: Conceptualization and Initial Experiments,” pp. 179-196 in Yongtao Du and Jeff Kyong-McClain (eds.), Chinese History in Geographical Perspective. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. 3 See for example: Skinner, George William. 1964/65. “Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China.” Journal of Asian Studies 24: 3-43, 195-228, 363-399. The City in Late Imperial China. 1977. Stanford: Stanford University Press. “Presidential address: The Structure of Chinese History.” 1985. Journal of Asian Studies 44, no. 2: 271–292. 4 Ryavec, Karl Ernest, and Mark Henderson. 2015. A Core-Periphery GIS Model of the Historical Growth and Spread of Islam in China. Historical Methods 48:103-111. Origin and Early Spread of the Bon Religion 7 any attempt to rank them in importance, such as by number of adherents, or presence of an Islamic school, and so did not contribute towards any greater methodological development of RRS by either borrowing or building upon Skinnerian Regional Systems methodologies. And, while a number of recent studies have conducted important research with georeferenced historical religious data pertaining to China, these studies are based upon observing and commenting on local and regional patterns mapped, and not utilizing GIS to further construct new forms of data (such as core-periphery zones) for spatial analysis.5 This present study on the early growth of temple networks of the Bon religion across Tibet builds upon these initial studies by utilizing georeferenced data on Tibetan
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