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Asian and African Languages and Linguistics No.11, 2017

Vocabulary of Shingnyag : A Dialect of Tibetan Spoken in Lhagang, Minyag

Suzuki, Hiroyuki IKOS, Universitetet i Oslo / National Museum of Ethnology Sonam Wangmo IKOS, Universitetet i Oslo

Lhagang Town, located in Municipality, Ganzi Prefecture, Province, , is inhabited by many Tibetan pastoralists speaking varieties which are similar to even though it is located at the Minyag Rabgang region of Khams, based on the Tibetan traditional geography. Among the multiple varieties spoken by inhabitants living in Lhagang Town, the Shingyag dialect is spoken in the south-western part of the town. It is somewhat different from other Amdo varieties spoken in Lhagang Town in the phonetic and phonological aspects. This article provides a word list with ca. 1500 words of Shingnyag Tibetan.

Keywords: Amdo Tibetan, Minyag Rabgang, dialectology, migration pattern

1. Introduction 2. Phonological overview of Shingnyag Tibetan 3. Principal phonological features of Shingnyag Tibetan

1. Introduction

This article aims to provide a word list (including ca. 1500 entries) with a phonological sketch of Shingnyag Tibetan, spoken in Xiya [Shing-nyag]1 Hamlet, located in the south-western part of Tagong [lHa-sgang] Town (henceforth Lhagang Town), Kangding [Dar-mdo] Municipality, Ganzi [dKar-mdzes] Tibetan , Sichuan Province, China (see Figure 1). Lhagang Town is in the easternmost part of Khams based on the traditional Tibetan geography, however, it is inhabited by many Tibetans whose mother tongue is Amdo Tibetan.2 Referring to Qu and Jin (1981), we can see that it is already known that Amdo-speaking Tibetans live in

Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo. 2016. “Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan: A dialect of Amdo Tibetan spoken in Lhagang, Khams Minyag”. Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11. pp.101–127. [Permanent URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10108/89211] 1 The original Tibetan orthography in a is attached in square brackets for each proper name with a transcription of Chinese. 2 For this reason, it is often misunderstood that the Amdo-speakers are the original inhabitants in Lhagang Town; that is why Suzuki and Sonam Wangmo (2015a, b) emphasise the existence of the local vernacular of Khams spoken there. 102 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11 some parts of Khams, however, varieties of Amdo Tibetan spoken in Khams have not been well investigated so far, especially those spoken in the easternmost Khams region. Wang (2012) includes a phonological description of a Amdo variety spoken in Luhuo [Brag-’go], which is, indeed, a variety spoken in a different area from Kangding. The gSerkha dialect of Amdo Tibetan (Suzuki 2015) is a variety considered as a member of Amdo Tibetan in Kangding.

Fig. 1 Geographical position of Lhagang Town. (=marked)3

As shown in Suzuki and Sonam Wangmo (2015b), Lhagang Town is a multilingual area, and they claim that there are at least four Tibetic varieties spoken in the town: two Khams varieties and two Amdo varieties. In addition, Suzuki and Sonam Wangmo (2016b) report an existence of a newly recognised non-Tibetic language, Lhagang Choyu, spoken in a hamlet within Lhagang Town. All of them are spoken in the centre of Lhagang Town, called Lhagang Village, because it is inhabited by Tibetans who are originally sedentary settlers in the village as well as immigrants from the surrounding rural, pastoral area due to the rapid urbanisation and the governmental resettlement policy.4 Figure 2 displays a distribution of regiolects within Lhagang Town recognised and

3 Figure 1 is designed with Googlemaps (https://www.google.co.jp/maps/; accessed on 25th June 2015). Also employed in Suzuki and Sonam Wangmo (2015b, 2016a). 4 See Sonam Wangmo (2013) and Suzuki and Sonam Wangmo (2017) for details. Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 103 classified by the present authors. There are three languages5 in Lhagang Town: Khams (Tibetic; Lhagang Village and the westernmost area), Amdo (Tibetic; central area of Lhagang Town except for Lhagang Village), and Lhagang Choyu (Qiangic; the westernmost area). This figure displays that Amdo is distributed the most widely. The geographical point of Shingnyag Hamlet is given in a specific symbol. The location of Shingnyag Hamlet is far from Lhagang Village, and relatively close to another -spoken hamlet called Tage [Thabs-mkhas], where Lhagang Choyu is also distributed.6 Shingnyag Tibetan, dealt with in this article, is, in fact, excluded from the two varieties of Amdo reported by Suzuki and Sonam Wangmo (2015b), and it should be regarded as a new variety of Amdo Tibetan recognised in Lhagang Town.

Fig. 2 Distribution of regiolects in Lhagang Town.7

According to the folk tradition, the element nyag in Shingnyag is related to that in Nyagchu (Yalongjiang [Nyag-chu] River) or Nyagrong (Xinlong [Nyag-rong] County), however, it awaits confirmation. This means that ancestors of Tibetans living in Shingnyag Hamlet might have immigrated from a certain place along the Yalongjiang

5 As for the ‘Tibetan language’, we follow the definition of ‘’ coined by Tournadre (2014). 6 However, Lhagang Choyu has hardly functioned as a communication language any more. See Suzuki and Sonam Wangmo (2016b). 7 Figure 2 is designed with the online geocoding system provided at the following site: http://ktgis.net/gcode/lonlatmapping.html (accessed on 29th March 2016). 104 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11

River, located at the west to Lhagang Town (present Yajiang [Nyag-chu-kha] and Xinlong counties). Amdo-speakers certainly live in the mountainous area along Yalongjiang, especially around the border area between Litang [Li-thang] and Xinlong counties. According to the oral history narrated by pastoralists in Litang, their ancestors belong to the Wa shul8 tribe, whose originally inhabiting place was around the present Seda [gSer-rta] County. If the relation between Shingnyag Tibetans and Litang pastoralists is confirmed, the language spoken by Shingnyag Tibetans will be related to that of the Wa shul tribe, which is different from the varieties spoken in Gongrima and gYukhyim hamlets within Lhagang Town.

2. Phonological overview of Shingnyag Tibetan

2.1. Phonemes and suprasegmentals The phonological inventory, following the pandialectal defined in Tournadre and Suzuki (forthcoming), adapted to the description of this article is as follows:

Consonantism

lab. alveo. retr. palatal vel. uvul. glot. pre- post- asp. ph th úh ch kh qh vl. p t ú c k q P vd. b d ã é g å affricate asp. tsh tCh vl. ts tC vd. dz dý asp. sh ùh Ch xh vl. F s ù C x X h vd. z ý , KH nasal vd. m n ő N vl. m n ˚ő ˚N liquid vd. ˚ ˚l r vl. l semivowel vd. w, V ˚ j

(asp.: voiceless aspirated; vl.: voiceless non-aspirated; vd.: voiced; lab.: labial; alveo.: alveolar; retr.: retroflex; vel.: velar; uvul.: uvular; glot.: glottal)

8 Generally pronounced as /,a xhu/ in Lithang Amdo. Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 105

Vocalism

i u e @ o a A

No contrasts between ‘short’ and ‘long’, and ‘plain’ and ‘nasalised’ are attested.

Suprasegmentals No suprasegmental distinctions are attested as in the majority of Amdo Tibetan varieties.9 Stress, realised as a higher pitch and a clearer articulatory gesture of the initial, on the first syllable of a polysyllabic word is often prominent as a prosodic feature.

2.2. Phonotactics The phonotactics of Shingnyag Tibetan is a little complicated. A maximum sound structure of a syllable is described by using the manner of Suzuki (2005) as follows:

CC CiGVC However, it is rare that a double preinitial (CC) appears; hence an ordinary sound C structure should be CiGVC. A minimum structure is CiV. All the consonant phonemes are able to appear at the position of main initial (Ci) except for /H/. A preinitial (C) may be prenasalised elements (i.e., homorganic nasal), m m p b F w l bilabial nasals ( , ˚), bilabial stops ( , ), bilabial continuants ( , ), alveolar liquids ( , l ù r x h H ˚), retroflex continuants ( , ), velar fricative ( ), or preaspirations ( , ). A double preinitial (CC) may be a combination of a prenasalisation/preaspiration and others within the elements listed above. A final (C) can be occupied by one of /p, t, k, q, m, n, N, l, r/.

3. Principal phonological features of Shingnyag Tibetan

We will list up principal phonological features characterising Shingnyag Tibetan below from a typological viewpoint.10 • Uvular sounds

9 Wang (2012) reports that there is a variety called rMa-stod which possesses a suprasegmental distinction (pitch-). 10 A dialectological analysis of Tibetic languages requires a diachronic view by comparing the synchronic data with Written Tibetan (WrT) forms. However, the discussion provided here concentrates on a synchronic description. An exhaustive description of a comparison with WrT will be separately provided in another article. 106 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11

Shingnyag Tibetan has three uvular /qh, q, å/ and two uvular /X, K/. The existence of uvular plosives in a Tibetic language is noted by many scholars, such as Huang (2012) and Wang (2012). Examples of uvular plosives are following: /qha ta/ ‘crow’, /qh@p/ ‘needle’, /qwar khoN/ ‘window’, /qap/ ‘hide (oneself)’, /ðåo/ ‘ride’, etc. Examples of uvular fricatives are following: /púh@Ka/ ‘shoulder’, /Ka/ ‘fox’, /r@KoN/ ‘rabbit’, etc. • Labiodental semivowel A labiodental semivowel /V/ is a typologically rare sound within the varieties of Amdo Tibetan. Examples are following: H N m h / Vin go/ ‘knee’, /˚tC @ V@q/ ‘lip’, etc. • Labial/labiodental sounds A labial fricative /F/ as a main initial rarely appears. However, as a preinitial, it appears more, and its voicing counterpart, labial semivowel /w/, also appears frequently. /F/ and /p/ as a preinitial are distincive in a few cases. Examples are following: /Fu tsh@p/ ‘chili/’, /Fa ro/ ‘over there’; /Fú@n/ ‘cloud’ (cf. /pú@N/ ‘breast’), /Fs@/ ‘body hair’; /wla/ ‘thigh’, /wri/ ‘snake’, etc. • Vowel contrast between /a/ and /A/ Shingnyag Tibetan has a contrast between two vowels /a/ and /A/, which can form a minimal pair. Examples are following: /kha/ ‘mouth’ - /khA/ ‘snow’; /Fkwa/ ‘order’ - /FkwA/ ‘portion’, etc. l r • Contrast between / Ci/ and / Ci/ This feature certainly characterises Shingnyag Tibetan. The actual difference of phonetic realisations between these two combinations is not regarding the articulation of the preinitial ([l, l] or [r, r]), but regarding its articulatory manner: l ˚ ˚ the preinitial of / Ci/ is pronounced with a contact of the tongue tip to the alveolar, r 11 while that of / Ci/, without a contact of the tongue tip to the alveolar. Examples are following: /lNa/ ‘five’ - /rNa/ ‘drum’; l ù r ù /˚tC@q/ ‘iron’ - / na ˚tC@/ ‘nose ring’ - / tCa/ ‘hair’; l m ˚h r ù /˚ta/ ‘look’ - /˚tC o ˚ten/ ‘st¯upa’ - / ta/ ‘horse’, etc. • Double preinitials (CC) A double preinitial (CC) rarely appears. The preinitial part is a combination of either preaspiration + a labial plosive or prenasalisation + a labial plosive.

11 / r/ / ù/ The preinitial ˚ can be distinguished from , however, an accoustic analysis will be required for this phenomenon. Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 107

Examples are following: Hb mp h / ã@N/ ‘sugar’, /˚ ú @Na/ ‘beads’, etc.

Word list of Shingnyag Tibetan The entries of vocabulary are ordered following Hua ed. (2002), in which selected items are described here, as: Nouns (classified into several semantic categories, such as Astrology and Geology, Body, Person, Animals, Plants, Food, Clothings, Housing, Instrumentals, Cultural objects, Space and Time), Numbers, Pronouns, Adjectives, and Verbs.12 A small number of words excluded in Hua ed. (2002) are also added. Evident loanwords are indicated by † following a word with a footnote.

Astrology and Geology sky Hnam dust thA sun ő@ ma mud nda mb@q light wet / wot water tCh@ moon HdzA / Hdza wa forest n@q / n@q tsh@l star hkar ma glassland ùtsa th@N cloud Fú@n gold xser thunder thoq / mã@k silver ù˚Ni wind KloN / KloN kha copper r@q H h h l rain nam / tC ar / tC a rwa iron ˚tC@q rainbow ődýa rust htsa snow khA coal ki hail she ra ash thA ice tChA r@m place sha tCha fire mőe la sha smoke to Ha Khams ˚ sha tCha earth sha Amdo Pa mdo mountain r@ Lhagang Monastery la rg@N Hgon ba river tCh@ town rdzoN ˚ m h lake ˚ts o street úoN n@N road lam village Hde wa soil sha bridge zam ba stone rdo homeland ha j@l sand FCe ma

12 Several verbs might have a stem alternation, which, however, does not regularly appear any more. Another article will be needed for a detailed description regarding this issue. 108 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11

Body body Hzu xu index finger koN mdz@k head mgo middle finger hci mdz@k hair ùtCa small finger mdz@k tChoN ma front tho pa nail shen mo eyebrow Hdz@ ma fist kh@ tsh@r eyelash ,ői Fs@ skin Po xha / l@q Héep eye ,őik wrinkle Hge Hőer nose na mole n@Xo ear r˚nA sore rma face kha No wound rma mouth kha blood ch@q m h ù lip ˚tC @ V@q pulse tsa moustache kha Fs@ brain HlA pa beard Héa Fs@ re bone r@ pa jaw ma ne joint tsh@q tho neck ùke tooth sho p h p h l shoulder ú @q qa / ú @Ka tongue ˚tCe n m h back őa ˚t@q throat ői p a armpit tsh@k kh@N lung Hlwa breast pú@N heart ˚ő@N m h milk ,o ma liver ˚tC @n ba m h belly hwa kidney ˚k wA ma h m h F navel te ja gall bladder ˚c @ sa waist ré@p stomach pú@N 13 buttocks tam Hgo intestine Hé@ ma thigh wla excrement hc@Xa knee HVin Ngo urine ùtC@n leg őa ji fart Hj@ foot ùka Na sweat HNi tCh@ elbow tC@ mdý@k sputum tCh@ ma hand l@q pa / lAXa nasal mucus ùn@p arm tsh@k tho tear ,őik tC˚h@ finger mdz@ ,@ ùkat m h h h h palm l@q ˚t i ci k@ life ù oq thumb mdz@k tChen ma

13 This word form corresponds to WrT brang ‘breast’. Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 109

Person person mő@ daughter ýi mo Tibetan wo pa bridegroom wo th@N Han Chinese réa grandson tsha wo child ýa ýi / ý@ l@ granddaughter tsha mo old man Hga rge elder brother Pa réa man ýi l@ elder sister Pa tCe woman ýi mo younger brother Cha ői doctor man ba younger sister ùh@N mo military ˚Hm@q paternal elder uncle Pa kh@ pastoralist mão Xa paternal elder uncle’s wife Pa ne beggar h@q Héo paternal younger uncle Pa kh@ friend ro Xwa nephew tsha wo teacher rge rgen brother wo Fs@n lunatic ˚őon ba sister wo mo hp@n ïãi grandfather Pa mőe maternal uncle Pa ý@N grandmother Pa ji maternal uncle’s wife Pa ne father Pa pha family ch@m Hé@t mother Pa ma relatives őe Ha parents ha ma husband Hga ho son ý@ l@ wife Hgan mo H m h bride na ma twins ˚ts e l@

Animals

l cattle zoq cattle’s wet dung ˚tCwa bull Hl@N mbi horn ra tCo yak Hj@q skin kwa / w@Xa female yak mã@ body hair Fs@ mdzo14 mdzo tail rNa ma female mdzo mdzo mo horse ùta calf wi li / wi pony hti htsi r h ox Pa ˚qo stallion ta ho cow mo zoq mare Hgon ma milk cow mã@ sheep l@k

14 A hybrid of ox and female yak. 110 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11 ewe l@k ma monkey Pa rge goat ra ma bear tom baby goat ri htsi deer Chwa lamb l@ ,@ mouse ts@ ,@ wool l@k wA / wA wolf Fsw@N kh@ sheep’s dung ri ma fox Ka mule púwi bird FCa donkey k@ r@ eagle Hl@q pig h@q vulture FCa rgot sow h@q mo swallow kh@N FCi boar ho h@q spallow FCi htse piglet h@q púh@k crow qha ta dog ch@ peacock Hma FCa bitch ch@ mo snake wri cat mo ndz@ frog wrwA wa / wrwA ñé@ rabbit r@KoN fish őa chicken FCa insect mb@ cock FCa pho flea ldýwa hen FCa mo louse Chik wing hCo Xa fly Cha mb@ down FCa Hão / Hão mosquito htsa mb@ duck tCh@ FCa spider mb@ qa ra / tCoq qa ra pigeon m@ hk@ centipede hk@ m@N mb@ tiger ht@q ant coq ma lion sheN gi bee Hw@N ma dragon mã@k butterfly FChe ma la ptse claw Hrwa wa

Plants

l 15 h h tree ˚tC@N ma fruit C aN t oq root htswa peach kham b@ leaf lo ma lotus flower pan ma me toq flower me toq saffron k@r g@m me toq connifer Ch@ ,a walnut htar ga pine Hãon ma crop lo thoq bamboo ˚őik ma foodstuff mã@ rik throne tsher ma rice mãe

15 This word form corresponds to WrT lcang ma ‘willow’. Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 111 seed sha w@n edible seed kwa ts@ / k@ mã@ wheat co pea ùhan ma highland barley ne grass ùtsa chili Fu tsh@p mushroom Cha mo garlic Hgo Xwa pteridophyte root co ma ginger ùtCa rga

Food food mãe / za ma / ndu†16 cheese tCh@ ra porrige mãe tsha first milk after the birth ýo C@ wheat flower tC@q Hdýe tsampa17 ùtsam ba steamed bun Hdzor na beef zoq Cha noodle p@ ht@q salt tsha steamed stuffed bun poq ts@ sugar Hbã@N breakfast n@N tCh@ Sichuan pepper Fu tsh@p lunch úe tCa egg rgoN wa dinner n@p tCh@ soup khwa milk tea ,o tCa alcohol tCh@N meat Cha hot water tCh@ tsha lean meat Cha rn@q tea tCa oil ùn@m ˚ tobacco t@ wa salad oil ˚ mar n@q medicine man fat oil tshi snuff na t@˚ butter mar ˚ yoghurt ýo

Clothings thread hk@ pa button Héo xo cloth re trousers tor ma monk’s cloths Can th@p hat ýa cloths ko ze belt tor th@q / hke r@q Tibetan woolen cloths Ce s@ shoe xaj†18 collar n@N koN comb húa pCh@t sleeve FCh@ koN jewel nor w@

16 Loan from Lhagang Choyu /¯ndu/ ‘food’. See Suzuki and Sonam Wangmo (2016b). 17 It just denotes ‘fried highland barley flour’ in Shingnyag. 18 Loan from Sichuanese (Southwest Mandarin) xai 鞋 ‘shoe’. 112 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11 coral FCe r@ earring HnA loN turquoise Hj@ necklace hke réet pearl m@ th@k ring mdz@p hci ivory pa sho bracelet l@q hci amber hpu Chi

Housing blanket htan wall hts@ ,a m r h pillow go ˚˚őe log C aN cushion htan plank ChaN l@p house kh@ mba pillar kwa roof qh@N thoq gate Hgo inn mãon qh@N threshold Hgo thi kitchen tCa qh@N entrance door Hgo tChin storied house tsh@k thoq window qwar khoN upstairs qh@N thoq stair hki downstairs qh@N joq beam HdoN ma store house mdzot qh@N step rdo ùki cowshed nor qh@N / zoq qh@N tent k@r pigsty h@q qh@N yak-woolen tent wra / wrwa horse fence ùta qh@N garden rwa / ra wa sheepfold l@k ra toilets tChap qh@N chicken coop FCa tsh@N

Instrumentals thing tCa kha firewood mb@ tCi table ùtCoq tse coal shu ki chair ùk@p th@q flint mőe rdo bed őA úh@ match jAN xwo†19 box rgam torch mőe chu cabinet tChwA incense hpu glass Chel garbage FCh@ rge mirror Che rgo cooking stove thap kha m h h bloom ˚C @q ma iron pan ú o light Hluq frying pan úho candle púwA Hã@n steamer Hlo ői

19 Loan from Sichuanese (Southwest Mandarin) yanghuo 洋火 ‘match’. Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 113 lid kha l@p rein ùham mda l h knife c@ whip ˚tC@q tse ù ù r ladle coq nose ring na ˚tC@ spoon kh@k Hde glasses Che˚mőik gourd ladle ùcoq oxhide string mã@N na wooden bowl ChaN tCe ship tC@ zan bowl tCa őe airplane Hnam FCa H l h dish der ma bicycle ˚tC@q ta chopsticks za th@r instrument tCh@r tCha bottle tam bi axe ùta re pot rdza ma hammer thA jar rdza ma chisel mb@k kettle tem / tsha tem saw shoq le bucket tCh@ ,zi plough ùko ma wooden tray HýoN ma leather bag Héwa basket pi thu carrying pole púh@q ChaN tripet ùk@N hs@m handle j@Ha leather bellows khu mo grip rdza loN suspender hk@r th@q rope th@Ka steelyard réa ma fertiliser l@t money ta jin†20 sickle zo ra ruler th@ ts@ sieve tsh@q needle qh@p millstone roN nd@q l n h nale ˚tC@q dzer loom zo ú @ scissors ts@n t@q conch hpe ladder hki lance mdoN umbrella Choq Hd@k sheath tc@Ch@p H l lock go˚tC@q gun wu key lde mőik bullet mde ,@ wheel ˚Nkhor lo arrow mda rod Hji ,a poison t@k saddle ùta rga net úA m h H m halter ˚t @r go present xa b@ belly band Hlo notebook tep bit ùhap quilt phu Hgi†21 stirrup jop tChen matress than dz@ r l horseshoe mik˚tC@q manger kha tsh@q

20 Perhaps loan from Sichuanese (Southwest Mandarin) dayin 大銀 or dayang 大洋 ‘money, cach’. 21 Loan from Sichuanese (Southwest Mandarin) beigai 被蓋 ‘quilt’. 114 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11

Cultural objects script ji ,e Buddha sh@N Hdýi letter ji ,e soul rnam Chi alphabet hsa Býit spirit wla picture r@ mo incarnation ndi book ji ,e next life tshe FtChe ma paper Cho Ko reincarnation ˚Nkhor wa pen ˚ő@ ,@ fortune le lam ink ùn@q tsha destiny le school ˚Cwo thAN charity Hge wa l knowledge jon den evil omen ˚ti Nen talk ùket tCha lama wla ma r h h Spoken Tibetan wot ˚ket reincarnated lama ú@l k@ m h Written Tibetan wo jik abbot ˚k wan bo name mőaN monk úwa / úwa wa family name ri mőaN nun tCo mo sign ùt@q housekeeper Hőer wa newspaper tsh@q hp@r monk resuming secular life hka loq story Hna r@k donor wýen bd@q proverb htam Xwe donation of tea m@N tCa h m h m h joke k a ˚ts @r sorcerer Pa ˚tC ot riddle Pa ke m@ ket fortune teller mo wa voice Hãa hell mőal wa song Hl@ monastery Hgon ba dance púo congregation la qh@N drum rNa religious institution˚ úa tsh@N H H m h h flute dýwa loN meditation cell ˚ts am q @N bell ú@ lwa mani ma ne jik ú@k trampet toN / ja loN burning˙ incense Fs@N h h m h r thangka, Buddhist drawing t @N k a st¯upa ˚tC o ˚ten m m r mask b@q / go Buddha statue la ˚k@ h m ˚h religion tC u l@k butter lamp ˚tC o mar belief ta pa ceremonial scarf kha tar deity la amulet box Fùw@N hkor female˚ deity la mo release of animals tshe thar ghost ïãe ˚ mantra mANen female ghost ïãe mo s¯utra tChu b mp h evil d@t beads ˚ ú @Na N¯aga Hl@ vajra rdo rdýe Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 115 mani wheel ma ne ˚Nkhor lo colour mdoq qa donation˙ wý@n ba dream mői lam position ko sha spirit jit ˚Nkham power HK@N idea Fsam tsh@l n h w l life ˚ts o wa appearance zo˚ta salary hoq affair ton d@q portion FkwA means wlo th@p market tshoN ra strength Che Chik priority han thoq order Fkwa r m h F h cause é@ ˚ts en prison tsw@n k @N answer lan rumour htam cher famine m@ ge sin ői pa H r r r suffering duk ˚Nal bare foot ˚k@N dýin ˚ï h n h H mistake no ú @l drawer ˚t em gam h m h h danger ően k a weapon ˚ts w@n tC a distinction chet tChu victory réal kha space hsAN country réan ˚Nkham lucky púa Chi experience őam mőoN thanks Fkwa ãin tChe conference tshoq nd@ crack ke se distance war th@q h r trace C i walking ˚k@N n@ shadow c@p sho ˚

Space and Time time ti tshot evening HgoN mo m h today te raN night ˚ts an ki h r m h F h yesterday k A ˚ts@N midnight ˚ts an C it day before yesterday khe őin b@ animal of year lo ùta three days before khe ýi őin b@ mouse year ts@ ,@ tomorrow sh@N őin ox year zoq day after tomorrow Hne őin tiger year ùt@q three days later Hýi őin rabbit year jor this evening to kho dragon year mã@k tomorrow evening sha rgoN snake year bã@l last night md@N rgoN horse year ùta daytime őin hk@r sheep year l@k morning ˚Na mo monkey year púw@ ji noon őin HgoN cock year FCa sunset time hsar ùhot dog year ch@ 116 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11 pig year ph@q before ői ma Hna Hna / Hna ˚Na mo day tshe wza long time ago Hna ti h h h l first day ts e tCik now ta t @N / ta˚ta second day tshe Hői future ma KoN pa month HdzA beginning Ngo ődý@k in the morning ˚Na mo Monday Hza Hda wa in the afternoon FCh@ úo Tuesday Hza Hm@k mar January Hda wa t@N bo Wednesday Hza pa sh@N February Hda wa Hői pa Thursday Hza hpen ba December Hda wa ptC@ ,ői pa Friday Hza ph@r w@ H r H beginning of a month da ˚tot Saturday za l@q pa H r H ˚ middle of a month dzA wa ˚cit Sunday za ői ma end of a month HdzA wa mdý@k spring ùtC@t ka birthday ùci hk@r summer Hjar kha year lo autumn ùton kha recently őe r@N winter rg@n kha this year ta lo new year lo hs@r last year na n@N solar ecclipse ő@ ndz@n last two years Hýi n@N lo lunar ecclipse Hda ndz@n next year sh@N lo festival ti tChin next two year Hn@N lo

Numbers

1 htCik 17 ptCi bd@n 2 Hői 18 ptCu béet 3 hs@m 19 ptC@ rg@ 4 wý@ 20 ői x@ 5 lNa 21 ùtsa htCik 6 ú@k 28 ői Ch@ ùtsa béet 7 bd@n 30 sh@m tC@ 8 béet 32 sh@m tC@ sho ,ői 9 Hg@ 38 sh@m tC@ sho béet 10 ptC@ 40 wý@ ptC@ 11 ptC@ htCik 43 wý@ ptC@ ýe hsum 12 ptC@ ,ői 50 lNa ptC@ 13 ptC@ hs@m 54 lNa ptC@ Na wý@ 14 ptCi wý@ 60 ú@k tC@ 15 ptCwANa 65 ú@k tC@ re lNa 16 ptC@ hú@k 70 bd@n tC@ Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 117

76 bd@n tC@ ton ú@k 1000 ùtoN htCik 80 béa tC@ 10000 úh@ htCik 87 béa tC@ ca bd@n 100000 mb@m 90 Hg@ ptC@ 1000000 FCe wa 98 Hg@ ptC@ ko béet 10000000 sha ja 99 Hg@ ptC@ ko rg@ 100000000 toN FCh@r 100 béa half FChet 101 béa d@ htCik first t@N bo 108 béa d@ béet second Hői pa 880 béet béa béa ptC@

Pronouns

I Na it te we two Ne Hői that te we (exclusive) Na tsho those te tsho you (singular) cho there ter you (honorific) chet over there Fa ro / te FChoq yow two che Hői like that te htar you (plural) cho tsho who sh@ he / she / it kho who (plural) sh@ sh@ they two kho Hői what tCh@ ze ïãe they kho tsho where k@N na we (inclusive) Na r@N tsho when nam m h h h ï everyone ta ˚tC et ts @N ma how tC @ z@ ma / k@N ãa self r@N ő@t how much ka tshot other person m@ wýan ba other Hýen ba this nd@ each r@N r@N sho sho n h m h these d@ ts o whole ˚t a t@q here nd@ na all tsh@N ma here around nd@ FChoq this time ta th@N these two nd@ Hői ka someday hkam Nga re like this nd@ ïãa

Adjectives big tChe thin púha h m h small tC oN high ˚t o wide Hbom low Hma 118 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11 protruding mb@r mb@r skyblue ù˚No rj@ rj@ sunken HgoN HgoN grey ùtCa convex mba r@ mb@ re bright hsa ro long raN wo shining wot lam nam short thoN dark m@n n@q far th@q raN heavy ldý@ mo near th@q őe light (weight) j@N mo middle mãwaNNa fast méo qa wide réa tChi bo slow ka le narrow réa tChoN tChoN early ù˚Na mo n h F h thick ˚t @k late C @ thin ùhap sharp Hno deep zap dull m@ rno shallow m@ rd@N clear t@N mo full k@N muddy őo Ko vacant ùtoNNa fat tshon bo h r many mAN wo thin C a ˚k@m little őoN dry hkam bo square ú@ wý@ ma wet Hl@n ba round Ko Ko Ch@ tight tsh@q tam bo flat lep lep thin ùhap ro pointed htse mbuk hard ùha mo m r r bald go do soft ˚˚ő@ mo level púha ù˚ő@N smooth ődýam bo front ú@N mo rough hts@p po reverse ldoq FChoq slippery wý@q slanting jor tight tam bo mp h horizontal ˚ ú @t loose lo bo vertical ru No solid ˚ ùha mo straight úwAN bu disorder őoq Hz@N curved k@k ro chaotic tCha r@ tCh@ re much curved ja re jo re correct ïã@k black na Ko incorrect m@ ően k@ pitch dark n@q HdAN HdAN true No ma white hka ro false Hdz@n ma red Hma ro raw Hl@n ba brilliant red Hmar l@p l@p new hsa ra yellow sher po old Hőa Na glistering yellow sher púi púi good ji Ka green Hdý@N kh@ bad Nan ba blue ù˚N@n bu weak Hd@k Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 119 expensive hkon tChe ,@ clear t@N mo cheap hkon bde ,@ good-looking hta sha j@q q@ old (year) Hgwa rge noisy ùkat c@q q@ h h r young lo tC oN bored s em m@ ˚cit k@ beautiful ji Ka hastily méo Ka ugly htso Xa colourful úha úha hot (temperature) úo ,@ wise úha mo cold ñ˚ ch@q foolish wlen ba lukewarm ődýam ja n@ honest ú@N mo warm úon bu sly Hjo ré@ Hdýen cool Fs@l wo careful shem ý@m mo hard (work) ùka mo gentle kha ődýam bo easy ùtsa mo arrogant Na rée tChe fragrant ú@ ý@m suitable ïã@k pa smelly ú@ Nan severe Nan ba tasty ý@m bo courteous ndzam ndzam r H sour ˚cu ru industrious go pu sweet HNar mo lazy jor co bitter qha mo clumsy wlen ba hot (taste) kha tsha ,@ well-behaved khwa ően mo salty tsha qha ,@ hardworking ptson ïãi tasteless tsha m@ tChoq pitiful ù˚őaN rdýe r H astringent ˚cu ru glad ga x@ ù ù h h b r oily n@m coN tCik ý@q tCik happy de ˚cit not busy ˚khom ba peaceful bde ődý@q busy púwi wa sad ùco rd@k F h m h F rich C i ,o proficient ˚k e sa H m r poor wol wo kind dza ˚tse clean hts@N ma disagreeable őa na mo p n h r dirty tso Xa single ˚tC@ Na / k e ˚c@N living hson bo cliffy Hzar wo fresh hsar wa so-so sha r@ sh@ ,@ h m h dead C @ wo rare ja ˚ts an

Verbs love Hga swing Ngi h F h n h decoct ku worship C @N ˚ts A pull up wA move (house) hpo arrange púwa mo Hã@k move (a thing) kh@r 120 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11 help roq ram FCet purify t@N ˚őik FCet tie up Hdom eat za wrap tCup FCet sprint tChoN keep secret hs@N flush FC@t protect húoN cup take out nden b n h be full hwa é@p smoke ˚t en hug wu l@n ndep whip HdoN peel off FC@ go out Hgwa shoN recite wla ndon (sun) rise Char carry on the back kh@r come out FCh@Ha Choq compare rd@r hoe up pko r close ˚ts@m wear kon weave la thread (a needle) bé@N change (something)˚ ñé@r Hdoq transmit bé@n ndz@n (something) change Hé@r infect Ngu be sick na ts@ blow (something) hor repair lan po bé@q hit HdoN donate ˚wý@n ba htoN hurt by stinging tsha wipe FCh@ urge tet wipe up ha r@Chi get wrong nor guess Pa khe m@ khet answer khe lan step on mő@q make gesture l@q bda wýe participate ý@k hunt rNon bda hide hkoN shoot (with a gun) me mda bé@q mp h scratch ˚ ú @k hit (on the target) hoq unseam ha r@ FC@k scatter htor F n h destroy C@k separate ˚t or collapse Hýik fetch lon mix ïãe nod Hői joN taste púo wa őon yawn wlap r@N FCet sing lon hiccup ri No quarrel wor bé@q open kha FChe fry hs@ thunder bolt breaks thoq bé@q fight ndz@n ri FCet thunder mã@k bé@q sink th@m take with oneself wzoN measure pc@q go to war Hãa ndz@N prize ptot úa knot md@t pa bé@q open (an umbrella) Cho ,d@k h@k snore hop r@N ne complete ïãup tsha sneeze hap tCh@ bé@q fill wl@k look after ˚ő@k admit khe lon lead úh@t Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 121 waer (a turban) húi be angry tsh@ ,a za wear (a bracelet) ht@q swear Hna hce be born ˚ïúhoN shiver ˚őtCh@k nd@r ýik delay Ngor ferment ù˚őal keep off khoq have a fever tsha pa bé@q fall down loq worry rd@k ri FCet topple Hdzoq sprout mő@ ,@ mbi pound to pieces tCh@q punish tCha pa ptCot reverse Ngo mdý@k loq turn inside out tsh@ la Hé@r arrive thon / lep ˚ turn over Hzu ,u Hé@r n h ˚ r F obtain ˚t op oppose No gul Cet wait Hg@k translate Hé@r (earth) quake sha Ngi leave (something) ődýoq lower the head mgo Hg@r put in ndep m H m p n h shake head go j@k / go tC@k put out to pasture ˚ts o m m h burn bar fly ˚p @r turn light on Hloq Héon share Hgo fall down loN separate kha kha FCet hook ndoq˚ be mad ˚őon / ˚őo n m h w fish dz@n sew ˚ts em / zo tumble loq apply FC@ flod up Hdoq put one’s hand ùcor h h m h bite s o tap satisfy ˚t @n hammer in ndep rot re shoN lose (something) wor shoN cover Ngep understand Chi / ko be dry hkam bo ret tsh@ freeze ˚Nkh@N work le hka le stir Ngi go to market úhoN naN ton ñéo read ndon catch a cold tCham s@ na n h n block up ˚ts @N / dam dare hot cross (a river) rgal say zer (thread) snap tChet cut up htCet (stick) snap tCh@q cut off tChet shoN snap (a thread) htCot mow ptCek snap (a stick) htCoq give wý@n / hter hide (oneself) qap follow Hdýi htet chop htsap plough ndep be hungry htoq be enough nd@N press Hn@n assess ha lam occur mdýoN hire Hla m h b h develop ˚p @l git shave toq 122 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11

(wind) blow HloN Hj@k deposit ptCu hang jar pkwA send hk@r turn light off htA envy púh@q toq FCet care about shem kh@r FCet fasten ptCoN close ré@q pick up Hn@n enclose tC@t sollect Hz@m manage to tam FCet reduce mar Ch@t irrigate Hl@q cut with scissors húA kneel HVi hts@k tCe tell FCet rotate ïãe loq FCet / bée descend mar loN celebrate New Year lo hs@r htoN exchange Hý@˚Hýi FCet (time) pass Ngor shoN make friends with Hã@k be ashamed No tsha irrigate Hl@k ù n h H be afraid c@q be burnt ˚ts @ z@N shout mbot chew ldat n h drink ˚t oN teach lop mp h mp h ˚ F H be appropriate ˚ ú @k ˚ ú @k (bird) crow Ca c@q di hate őan lA (cat) meow mo ndz@ hket regret ñéot pa FCet (donkey) bray woN w@Nar h ù n h paddle toN (horse) neigh ta ˚ts er draw (a picture) púw@ (cow) moo zoq Nar be pregnant HNwar tCh@Fwa (dog) bark ch@ z@k doubt to Xa z@ (pig) grunt h@q tsh@r hket htoN repay ho r@n hs@t (sheep) baa l@k mba return (a thing) hter (tiger) growl ùt@q Nar change bdýe (wolf) howl Fs@N kh@Nar wave Hj@k be named mő@N ndoq return (home) loq lift up FChe n m n h recall C@ d@n bear (fruit) ãe wu ˚t oq reply lan nde freeze tChA r@m ˚ñchoq destroy htsa met to htoN marry ùton mo ji know (to do) Chi untie Hdot pa FCet muddle ˚ő@q borrow Hjar be alive sho mbo ret thA soak bdý@N raise hso forbid hkor Ngo FCet n h h gain ˚t op submerge t @m n h gather ˚ts oq enter naN H@ ze assemble hpAN ïã@k pass béet press pts@r shock húoq squeeze wýo be shocked ïãoq remember úan rescue hCop tCet Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 123 live Hdot / Hd@k split open ke raise (a hand) ptCek drench Hl@n ba ret th@ saw shoq le ptCA flow Hý@r complete ndzom reserve ődýoq roll up Hãi tCi be deaf HnA won curl up ùk@m Hg@m FCet embrace w@ r@ htap block Ng@q leak z@q open FChe mess up hú@k be boiling ˚Nkhu be messy ˚ïúh@k blossom ce pile up pts@k drive htoN (sun) set ői ma r@ w@ Hge / n@p start Ngo ődýoq be numb Hã@t hew htCet / pts@p scold Hdz@N l l h b look ˚ta /˚tu bury s a lep é@q show hton buy őo see r@k sell htsoN see a doctor na hton be full hk@N shoulder kh@r / pc@q not to have me warm onself ùho cover up pkap rely ùten die out htA cough Hlo l@ (bird) chirp tC@q h h m h p p F be thirsty k a kom close ˚tC @ ts@k ts@m Cet carve ùqo understand ha ko n h agree ˚t @q tCe stroke r@k gnaw Cha ùqe whet rdar m h n h dig out with a finger ˚tC @t grind ˚t @q button up Héo hold len be idle khom ba jot scratch Héa ptC@k weep N@ can th@p be sleepy Hői j@N kh@ congeal hq@q hq@q n h h r p pull ˚t en twist tC@ é@r / tC@r defecate ùce Xa ht@N vomit ùtC@k be hot (taste) kha tsha wa crawl ja ra Ngo be missing loq / li climb Hgw@r come joN ˚ clap Hdep drag FCh@ r@ n@N line up Hã@k be old Hge dispatch HN@q be tired hka / tChat circle ˚Nkhor m h H connect ˚t @t run é@k dry hkem / hkam make (tea) Hdý@N chat kha bda FCet compensate FC@ Xa 124 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11 bump th@k kill Fsot float ldAN seave hcap m h h splash ˚tC ot dry in the sun ői ma t@ be torn thet sunbathe ői ma nde h H n h split up tC @q lightning loq ˚ts @k be damaged htCoq injure Hmi be broken tCh@q consult úu FCet break Hdoq sh@p go upstairs ja r@ ñéo p h F m h bully tsot t@p Cet shoot ˚p en deceive mgo hkor htoN have shot h˜ hoq ride ðåo stretch out ùc@N stand up jar l@N extend ùhaN lead along chet grow ùce owe Hgo rust htsa ,o mp h r rob ˚ ú oq grow a boil ma w@t knock HdoN give birth ùce raise (the tail) Hjik remain l@q cut up ht@p rise Ch˚ar kiss po ji / po FCet lose (something) wor look down tChoN ht@q FCet release ht@N F h l request ý@ wa Cet try ts ot˚ta drive out bda be (equative) ret fetch len harvest pú@q mp h marry (a woman) lon receive ˚ ú ot go ñéo close phap heal ú@q put in order Hdi hsoq réap be complete Hd@N defend ùhoN m@q p r F p F dye tCa ˚ts@ C@k / tsu ku comb Cet give way lam Hz@r lose (a game) ham h h n h heat up ts a ko be cooked ˚ts u recognise No Chi be ripe ptse m h h˜ h h throw ˚p @n / hen get thinner C a tC et p h p r dissolve ý@ count úwAN ka / úwAN ˚ts@ knead Hdz@ rinse FCA endure ùhon fall loN m ˚m h tan őet toss ˚p en spray ndep tie ht@q scatter seeds sha won ndep sleep őA end ci fall asleep Hő@t come loose Hýik speak FCet sweep FCh@q tear up ptet Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo: Vocabulary of Shingnyag Tibetan 125 die Ch@ become bent k@k r r ő count ˚tsi é@p bend k@k k@ dý@k break into pieces ýik finish tshar p r r spoil tC@k play ˚tse mo ˚tse collapse ýik forget bdýet trample Hd@p violate NgAl lift up jar pc@q feed Hl@k shed Hőik tCh@Ch@r smell n@m lie down loq ask ú@˚ burn (the hand) ùh@q grasp mdý@ run away púo cover s@m beg (for food) ùc@ inhale nden have a headache mgo na be accustomed kom Chor kick ùk@N thoq réap wash pú@ shave wýar be blind Hőik ýa ra be cloudy Hnam n@q go downstairs Hdze Hde mar be fine day Hnam úo lay (an egg) ht@N dawn ői ma Char rain tCha rwa mbap get dark m@n n@q scare ùc@q sha H,at lick rd@q envy jil ùmon tChor carry with a pole pú@ Ka ˚Nkh@r trust ji tC˚hi choose bdam think Fsam / úan dance púo ődýam recall úan kh@ m h F jump ˚tC oN want sam m h ï pulse ˚p @q resemble ãa mo paste béar digest ý@ listen őon disappear jal / met pa shoN hear ko subside ùc@N re m h ő H stop ˚ts am dýoq peel ýoq notify bda bdý@r be careful ka le / Hzap Hzap steal hk@ laugh Hgot hurl Hjik write pú@ spit ndep have diarrhea FCA push h˜ hit wake up Hő@t shet offer as an excuse kh@q Hý@q rest mA hso move back FCh@ n@t embroider hts@q swallow mő@t learn bdýoN drag ú@t smoke t@ wa Hd@p dislocate tsh@k h@t look for ptswA carry on the back pkwA push down Hn@n h mp h dig ko itch za ˚ ú @k / za 126 Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11

H m h b n h shake jik convene ˚ts wA é@ / ˚ts oq bite sho htap have found Hőet / r@k scoop up ptC@ sting béap need Hgo shake Ngil h mp h F lead ú @t fight for ˚ ú oq r@ Cet rely hten sha steam Hl@N ptso ji overflow FCh@ ˚őtCher know ko h n h conceal s@N weave ˚t @q win khe point at ùton greet Hga Fs@ FCet be swelling ùc@N embrace Hwu Hl@n ndep cook ptso h r H r h swim tC @ őa éap use a walking stick loq ˚ten k @r / have jot ˚Nkhen be (existential) jot wish ùmon l@m ndep meet th@k grab Hzo˚ N agree úu FCet turn around kha ˚Nkhor m h m h ù cross ˚tC oN ra b@t turn acorner k a kor be dizzy mgo j@r ˚Nkhor turn ˚Nkhor permit tChoq pack naNHa tCh@k plant ndz@k chase after ndet / bdA increase jar n@n prepare úa bã@k p ˚ n h stick into ts@k peck at ˚t @ blink Hőik Hd@ walk ñéo extract pts@k curse HNo Nan n h n n pluck ˚t o go through dz@l / dzi stick down béar be drunk Hé@q stand up jar l@N sit Hdot open kha Hd@N do le grow up tChi bo ret dream Hői lu Hői / mői lam Hői w n h H feel bloated hwA ru do business ˚ts oN é@q catch fire mőe Chor catch cold ˚ñch@q

References

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Qu, Aitang and Xiaojing Jin. 1981. “Zangyu fangyan de yanjiu fangfa [Methodology of the research on Tibetan dialects]”. Xinan Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao 3. pp.76–84. Sonam Wangmo. 2013. “Lhagang Monastery in Myth, History and Contemporary Society”. Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, M.Phil. Thesis. Suzuki, Hiroyuki. 2005. “Tibettogo onsetu koozoo no kenkyuu [Study on the Tibetan syllable structure]”. Journal of Asian and African Studies 69. pp.1–23. ———. 2015. “Kamu tiiki de hanasareru Amudotibetto-go Seka [gSerkha] hoogen no onsei kizyutu [Phonetic description of the gSerkha dialect of Amdo Tibetan spoken in the Khams region]”. Kyoto University Linguistic Research 34. pp.89–107. Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Sonam Wangmo. 2015a. “Quelques remarques linguistiques sur le tibétain de Lhagang, «l’endroit préféré par le Bodhisattva»”. Revue d’études tibétaines 32. pp.153–175. ———. 2015b. “Lhagang Tibetan of Minyag Rabgang Khams: Vocabulary of two sociolinguistic varieties”. Asian and African Languages and Linguistics (AALL) 10. pp.245–286. ———. 2016a. “Kamu-Tibettogo Tagong [Lhagang] hoogen no bunpoo suketti [Grammatical sketch of the Lhagang dialect of Khams Tibetan]”. Journal of Kijutsuken 8. pp.21–90. ———. 2016b. “Lhagang Choyu: A first look at its sociolinguistic status”. Studies in Asian Geolinguistics 2. pp.60–69. ———. 2017. “ Language evolution and vitality of Lhagang Tibetan, a Tibetic language as a minority in Minyag Rabgang”. International Journal of Sociology of Language 245. [Originally presented at the workshop on the linguistic minorities of the Chinese Tibetosphere (Uppsala, 2014)]. pp.63–90. Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. “The Tibetic languages and their classification”. In Thomas Owen-Smith and Nathan W. Hill (eds.) Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp.105–129. Wang, Shuangcheng. 2012. Zangyu Anduo Fangyan Yuyin Yanjiu [Study on the phonetics of Tibetan Amdo dialects]. Shanghai: Zhongxi Shuju.