Kajian Kelas Sosial Pada Rumah Pegawai Stasiun Kereta Api Kedjaksan Cirebon 1911–1942

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Kajian Kelas Sosial Pada Rumah Pegawai Stasiun Kereta Api Kedjaksan Cirebon 1911–1942 KAJIAN KELAS SOSIAL PADA RUMAH PEGAWAI STASIUN KERETA API KEDJAKSAN CIREBON 1911–1942 Study of Social Class on Employee Residences of Kedjaksan Cirebon Railway Station at 1911–1942 Fifi Lutfia Wardhani Balai Arkeologi Bandung Jalan Raya Cinunuk Km 17 Cileunyi Bandung E-mail: [email protected] Naskah diterima redaksi: 4 Agustus 2014 – Revisi terakhir: 17 Oktober 2014 Naskah disetujui terbit: 24 Oktober 2014 Abstract Kedjaksan Railway Station is a landmark of Cirebon city which is already established as a cultural heritage. The station was built in the Dutch colonial era to help the explora- tion and exploitation activities in Indonesia. Train related activities which can be stud- ied through the travel system of the train and the lifestyle of the workers, can be recon- structed using industrial archaeology, specifically the historical archaeology approach. How a train comes and goes through the station, the involved workers, and social life can be determined through the spatial division in Kedjaksan Cirebon Railway Station. Based on the analysis of the aspects mentioned above, the Kedjaksan Cirebon Railway Station can be classified as big station, based on location, size, and shape. Moreover, other indicator that defines the classification as big station is the complex social class of the workers. The social class stratification is studied through the shape of official housing of the workers. All the components in Kedjaksan Cirebon Railway Station have meaning which covers the train operational activities, along with the social life within. Keywords: train, station, Kedjaksan Cirebon railway station, industrial archaeology, social class Abstrak Stasiun Kereta Api Kedjaksan merupakan salah satu landmark Kota Cirebon yang telah menjadi Cagar Budaya. Stasiun ini didirikan pada masa kolonial Belanda untuk melancarkan kegiatan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi di Indonesia. Kegiatan perkeretaapian yang ditinjau dari sistem perjalanan kereta api maupun kehidupan para pegawai pada Stasiun Kereta Api Kedjaksan Cirebon dapat direkonstruksi melalui kajian Arkeologi Industri dengan menggunakan pendekatan Arkeologi Sejarah. Alur masuk dan keluar kereta api, pegawai yang terlibat hingga kehidupan sosial dapat dilihat dari pembagian ruang pada komplek Stasiun Kereta Api Kedjaksan Cirebon. Berdasarkan analisis mengenai aspek yang diamati di atas didapatkan hasil bahwa Stasiun Kereta Api Kedjaksan Cirebon tegolong ke dalam stasiun besar berdasarkan letak, ukuran, dan bentuk. Selain itu, indikator yang menjadikan Stasiun Kereta Api Kedjaksan digolongkan ke dalam stasiun besar adalah terdapat kelas sosial para pegawai yang majemuk pada 141 PURBAWIDYA Vol. 3, No. 2, November 2014: 141 – 156 stasiun tersebut. Pembagian kelas sosial tersebut diamati melalui bentuk rumah dinas pegawai. Semua komponen yang ada pada kompleks Stasiun Kereta Api Kedjaksan Cirebon tersebut memiliki makna yang melingkupi kegiatan operasional perkeretaapian dengan kehidupan sosial di dalamnya. Kata kunci: kereta api, stasiun, stasiun kereta api Kedjaksan Cirebon, arkeologi industri, kelas sosial PENDAHULUAN Kedatangan bangsa Eropa dengan tujuan kolonialisasi turut memengaruhi Ilmu arkeologi bertujuan merekons- perkembangan berbagai industri, termasuk truksi kebudayaan manusia masa lalu transportasi. Industri transportasi yang dengan mengamati tinggalan materialnya. menjadi perhatian pemerintah Belanda Perkembangan ilmu arkeologi membawa pada masa kolonialisasi Indonesia adalah perkembangan pula pada kajian arkeologi industri kereta api yang ditujukan untuk industri. Arkeologi Industri berupaya kepentingan eksploitasi sumber daya alam melihat data dalam bentuk struktur dan pertahanan militer.Pembangunan bangunan dan artefak yang berkaitan industri kereta api ditandai dengan dengan kegiatan industri masa lalu untuk pembukaan jalur pertama antara Kemijen- merekonstruksi kegiatan industri dan Tanggung (daerah Semarang, Jawa kehidupan masyarakat industri. Hal itu Tengah) yang mulai digunakan untuk sejalan dengan definisi arkeologi industri umum pada 10 Agustus 1867 (Utomo, yakni kajian sistematis mengenai struktur 2005: 7). dan artefak sebagai alat untuk memperluas pemahaman kita mengenai industri pada Pada awal pembangunan industri kereta masa lalu (Palmer, 1998: 1). api, berkembang paham liberalisme yang Pada akhir abad ke-19, kajian arkeologi mengecam sistem tanam paksa. Sistem industri muncul berawal dari perhatian tanam paksa terbukti mampu mengatasi terhadap bangunan yang digunakan pada hutang VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische masa Revolusi Industri, masa penggunaan Compagnie), namun tidak sedikit dampak mesin secara besar-besaran dalam kegiatan buruk yang dihasilkan oleh sistem tersebut industri. Perbincangan mengenai arkeologi yakni penderitaan dan kesengsaraan industri ramai di kalangan arkeolog sejak yang besar bagi rakyat Indonesia tahun 1950an mulai diterima sebagai (Poesponegoro, 1993a: 117-118). Lebih bagian ilmu arkeologi pada tahun 1960an jauh lagi sistem liberal menghasilkan serta mulai dibicarakan secara ilmiah kebijakan yang inovatif yakni memberikan mengenai fokus kajian tersebut.Arkeologi kesempatan penuh kepada modal swasta, industri adalah proses pendokumentasian baik dari Belanda maupun negara Eropa dan penelitian terhadap material culture lain untuk mengembangkan perekonomian yang berasal dari situs industri masa lalu Indonesia. Industri yang banyak terbantu (Palmer, 1998: 1-3). Dalam penelitian oleh sistem liberal adalah perkebunan- tersebut dilakukan dengan mengkaji perkebunan besar (Poesponegoro, 1993a: analisis fungsional atau bahkan juga 118). memberi konteks dalam bidang ekonomi Pada masa perkembangan industri, dan teknologi pada situs dan struktur. khususnya perkebunan, eksploitasi 142 Kajian Kelas Sosial Rumah Pegawai Stasiun Kereta Api ... (Fifi Lutfia Wardhani) terhadap sumber daya alam di daerah merupakan salah satu kota penting di pedalaman pulau turut dikembangkan. Pulau Jawa maka didirikan stasiun Kemunculan pabrik di daerah-daerah yang Cirebon sebagai penyangga aktivitas sebelumnya sulit dijangkau terfasilitasi perkeretaapian di Kota Cirebon. dengan dibuatnya jalur kereta api. Peran Sebelum pendudukan pemerintah transportasi secara umum dalam bidang Belanda, Kota Cirebon merupakan ekonomi, yakni berkaitan dengan proses kota pelabuhan penting di Jawa. Letak produksi, distribusi, dan konsumsi. geografis Kota Cirebon yang strategis Menurut Utomo (2005: 2-3), transportasi menghubungkan jalur perekonomian juga dapat membantu pendistribusian antara Pulau Jawa bagian barat (Banten, hasil bumi yang tidak merata di setiap Batavia, dan Jawa Barat) dengan daerah daerahnya. Pulau Jawa bagian timur (Jawa Tengah Perusahaan kereta api swasta mun- dan Jawa Timur). Tidak heran jika Kota cul didukung modal asing, antara Cirebon tumbuh sebagai kota pelabuhan, lain Nederlands Indische Spoorweg perdagangan, industri, dan kebudayaan di Maatschappij (NISM), Semarang-Joana wilayah Jawa Barat (Adeng, 1998: 9-10). Stoomtram Maatschappij, dan Semarang Pelabuhan Cirebon disinggahi kapal- Cheribon Stoomtram Maatschappij kapal besar sejak awal abad ke-17. Dalam (SCS). Keuntungan yang didapat tulisannya, Poesponegoro (1993:126) perusahaan kereta api swasta membuat menyatakan pelabuhan Cirebon memiliki pemerintah mendirikan perusahaan kereta tiga sampai empat jung (jenis kapal api milik negara dengan tujuan untuk besar) dan beberapa lanchara (kapal memicu perusahaan swasta lain yang kecil). Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda masih ragu menanamkan modal dalam mulai tertarik menguasai daerah Cirebon bentuk perusahaan kereta api. Pemerintah pada sekitar akhir abad ke-17. Berbagai memutuskan untuk melakukan campur perkembangan yang terjadi membawa tangan dalam pengadaan dan eksploitasi Cirebon ditetapkan sebagai salah satu jalan kereta api, yang diwujudkan dengan kota praja atau gemeente dengan nama mendirikan perusahaan milik pemerintah Gemeente Cheribon pada tahun 1906 sendiri pada 6 April 1875. Perusahaan oleh Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda. Hal itu kelak dinamakan Staats Spoorwegen tersebut dengan pertimbangan bahwa (Saleh dkk., 1997: 61-62). Cirebon di mata pemerintahan Kolonial Pertumbuhan industri kereta api memiliki posisi yang penting dan strategis diiringi dengan didirikannya fasilitas dalam mempertahankan kedudukannya di stasiun kereta api di daerah-daerah yang Indonesia (Boechari, 2001: 60). dilalui jalur kereta api. Stasiun digunakan Status Cirebon sebagai Kota Praja sebagai tempat pemberhentian dan turun- ditunjang dengan perkembangan kota naiknya penumpang pada jalur yang dan jalur kereta api. Pembangunan jalur dilintasi kereta api. Peletakan stasiun yang kereta api di wilayah Cirebon membuat baik adalah di pusat kota agar mudah Kota Cirebon berkembang pesat. Dengan dicapai oleh penduduk kota (Subarkah, dibukanya jaringan kereta api tersebut 1981: 225). Salah satu kota yang dilalui maka jalan darat di wilayah Cirebon jalur kereta api adalah Cirebon karena berkembang pesat dan berperan lebih 143 PURBAWIDYA Vol. 3, No. 2, November 2014: 141 – 156 besar menggantikan lalu lintas melalui Baru, Kecamatan Kejaksan, Kota Cirebon. sungai yang sebelumnya merupakan moda Stasiun ini ditetapkan sebagai Bangunan transportasi yang diandalkan (Adeng, Cagar Budaya pada tanggal 22 Juni 2010. 1998: 69). Stasiun ini merupakan stasiun percabangan Semarang Cheribon Stoomtram tiga jalur dan terhubung dengan beberapa Maatschappij (SCS) merintis jalan kereta pabrik gula (suiker fabriek) sehingga api pertama di Cirebon dengan rute penting diteliti untuk dapat memberikan Semarang-Cirebon
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