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Long-Term Trends in the Status of Coral-Flat Benthos : the Use of Historical Photographs

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Long-Term Trends in the Status of Coral-Flat Benthos : the Use of Historical Photographs Staff Papers Wachenfeld, D. Long-term trends in the status of coral-flat benthos : the use of historical photographs. In: State of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area Workshop : proceedings of a technical workshop held in Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 27-29 November 1995. (Edited by D. Wachenfeld, J. Oliver and K. Davis) Townsville : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, 1997. p. 134-148. Staff Paper 1997-03 Copyright resides with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. For more information contact: Librarian Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority PO Box 1379 Townsville Qld 4810 Australia Phone: +61 7 47500701 Fax: +61 7 47726093 email: [email protected] • ¢ The Library Great Bar~';er Reel Z Marine ~ark 4 ,~thority P.O tco:~ 1379 Townsvilie. 4810 Long-term trends in the status of coral reef-flat benthos - The use of historical photographs DR Wachenfeld Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, PO Box 1379, Townsville Qld 4810 Summary Recently, there has been wide-spread concern that the coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) have suffered severe degradation from anthropogenic influences since European settlement in Australia. This concern has developed particularly in more recent times, as the human population has increased. Part of the evidence used to support this contention has come from comparisons between old photographs of reef-flats exposed at low tide and the same reef- flats as they are today. This technique is clearly relatively cmde and can only be expected to detect gross shifts in benthic community structure. However, it is exactly this kind of change (for example from hard coral dominated to soft coral or algae dominated) that is of interest in the context of 'severe degradation'. Where such photographic comparisons have been used, typically only a small number of old photographs from one or two sites within the GBR have been employed. The Historical Photographs Project of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) represents the only concerted attempt to use as many old photographs as possible from as many different locations as possible in order to fully assess the information that can be derived from such photographs. There were two main aims of the project: firstly, to create as comprehensive as possible a collection of historical photographs of the GBR, using only photographs that show below-water substratum and to which an exact geographic location can be ascribed, and secondly, to return to the sites of as many of the original photographs as possible and take new photographs of the same areas of substratum. In total, comparisons between historical photographs and modem observations can be made for 14 locations. Of the 14 locations for which comparisons can be made, six show no evidence of change in reef-flat benthic communities between the historical photographs and modem observations. These locations are Daydream Island, Magnetic Island, Great Palm Island, Orpheus Island, Fantome Island and Pickersgill Reel Communities at these locations range from being dominated by Acropora spp. to being dominated by a mixture of massive hard corals (mostly faviids and Porites spp.) and soft cora~s. At four locations (Stone Island, Bramston Reef, Fitzroy Island and Michaelmas Cay) evidence of significant change in reef-flat communities has been found. At all four locations there is markedly less living hard coral on the reef-flat today than can be seen in the historical photographs. At least two of these locations have been badly affected by cyclones. At the four remaining locations (Hayman Island, Green Island, Double Island and Low Isles) some areas show evidence of change in the reef-flat community and others appear unchanged from the historical photographs. Comparisons between historical and modem photographs can provide information that is useful in the management of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA). Such comparisons can be used to distinguish between reef-flats that should be of concern to managers and others that may require less attention. However, using comparisons between modem and historical photographs as a measure of reef-flat health is a coarse tool with several important limitations (such as only reef-flats near a recognisable landmark can be studied, non- 134 q tf The current status of sessile benthic organisms on the Great Barrier Reef Dinesen, Z. 1982. Patterns in the distribution of soft corals across the central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 1: 229-236. Done, T.J. 1982. Patterns in the distribution of coral communities across the central Great B bsrier Reef. Coral Reefs 1: 95-107. Done, T.J.'~95. Ecological criteria for evaluating coral reefs and their implications for managl~s and researchers. Coral Reefs 14: 183-192. \ English, S., C. Vt(ilkinson and V. Baker (ed) 1994. Survey manual for tropical marine resources. ASEAN--A'~stralia Marine Science Project: Living Coastal Resources. Australian Institute~'""----'~~.Aof'Marine Science, Townsville, pp. 5-117. Fernandes, L. 1991.'~/~evelopment of a more robust method for determining the status of individual reefs'3~ith respect to outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci). Report to, he Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, 47 pp. Hughes, T.P. 1994. Catastl'~phes, phase shifts and large scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265: 154~-1551. _k Massel, S.R. and T.J. Done 199.3. Effects of cyclone waves on massive coral assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef: mXe~eorology,hydrodynamics and demography. Coral Reefs 12: 153-166. , Moran, P.J., G. De ath, V3. Baker, D\K. Bass, C.A. Christie, I.R. Miller, B.A. Miller-Smith and A.A. Thompson 1992. Patter,0s of outbreaks of crown-of-thorns (Acanthaster planci L.) along the Great Barrier• Reef su~ce\ 1966. Mar. Freshwater Res. 4 3: 555-68. k Oliver, J., G. De ath, T. Done, D. William,"~¢l. Furnas and P. Moran 1995. Long-term monitoring of the Great Barrier Reef. Sl,atus Report (1). Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Sweatmao, H., A. Thompson and A. Cheal 1996. (l~ese proceedings). The status of reef fishes on the Great Barrier Reef. ~ _'x van Woesik, R., A.M. Ayling and B. Mapstone ....1991. Iml~act of tropical cyclone Ivor on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. J. Coastal. Res 7 (2):'5~1-553. X van Woesik, R. 1992. Ecology of coral assemblages on continental islands in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Unpublished PhD thesis, James CookX-,Universityxof North Queensland, 227 pp. N Veron, LE.N. 1995. Corals in space and time: biogeography and evolt~tion of the Scleractinia. UNSW Press, Sydney, 321 pp. Wilkinson, C.R. and A. Cheshire 1989. Cross-shelf variations in coral reef structure and function: influences of land and ocean• Proc. 6th Int Coral Reef Symposium 1: 227-233, 133 Long-term trends in the status of coral reef-fiat benthos - The use of historical photographs randomness of original 'sampling', absence of quantitative data and incompleteness of the temporal record). These limitations must be considered when considering photographic comparisons. Given the limitations of this technique, comparisons between historical photographs and modern reef-flats can never provide definitive, stand-alone proof one way or the other in the debate over whether or not the GBR is undergoing a steady decline. Clearly, some of the reef- flats studied have suffered heavy mortality of hard corals. However, from the results of the project so far, the large number of locations that do not appear to have changed since the historical photographs were taken throws doubt on the proposition that the GBR is subject to broad scale decline. Introduction For over a century, people have been taking photographs of the GBR. The first extensive collection of high quality photographs of coral reefs was produced by William Saville-Kent (1893). The book contains many photographs of the GBR taken at spring low tide. One of Saville-Kent's ambitions in publishing these photographs was that they should be used to monitor the growth of corals in the future. To this end, he made detailed notes about the locations of each photograph, and, in one case, even made a schematic diagram of the corals shown in the photograph with measurements of their sizes. In addition, many of the photographs have distinctive landmarks on the horizon, a further aid in relocation. Despite the existence of this impressive collection of photographs and the explicitly stated intention that they be used to examine coral growth, there exists no published record of an attempt to revisit the sites of Saville-Kent's photographs and take modern photographs for comparison. However, a site near Bowen where Saville-Kent had taken photographs of extensive hard coral formations was revisited in 1925 by Charles Hedley (Hedley 1925). Unfortunately, Hedley did not take further photographs, but his description of the site is very graphic: '... this famous, wonderful, and immense structure has now completely vanished. Not only has the coral all died, but every vestige of it, except the foundation, has been swept away.' This account clearly begs the question 'What would a modern photograph of the area show?'. Since Saville-Kent's book, 100 years have passed and tens of thousands more photographs of the GBR have probably been taken. In most of these the tide is too high to see the reef-flat substratum. In those where substratum is visible, only a few offer the opportunity to relocate accurately the site of the photograph. However, a certain number of photographs exist where reef-flat substratum is visible and the site of the photograph can be relocated. These photographs offer an unrivalled opportunity to compare reef-flats as they are today with reefs as they were many years ago.
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