Hoofdstuk 5 Contacten Vanuit Geestverwantschap

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Hoofdstuk 5 Contacten Vanuit Geestverwantschap VU Research Portal In God verbonden van Valen, L.J. 2019 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) van Valen, L. J. (2019). In God verbonden: De gereformeerde vroomheidsbetrekkingen tussen Schotland en de Nederlanden in de zeventiende eeuw, met name in de periode na de Restauratie (1660-1700). Labarum Academic. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 Hoofdstuk 5 Contacten vanuit geestverwantschap De Schotse kerkgemeenschap in Rotterdam en haar contacten in de Republiek Dat ick my liever by de Schotse Gemeynte voeghe, om met haer te communi- ceeren, en onder haer predick-dienst te zijn, gheschiedt, om dat de zelve zuyver is van die paepsche overblyfzelen, de formulier-dienst en feest-dagen, en het Woordt Godts daer eenvoudelijck tot een regel van alle de betrachtingen van godsdienst, discipline en regeering wordt gestelt. Och of de Nederlandtsche Kercke van de Schotse Kerck eenighe noodighe dinghen wilde leeren! nademael in Schotlandt over weynige jaeren een heerlijck voorbeeldt van reformatie is gegeven, over welckes vasthoudingh te dezen daghe wel groote vervolgingh wordt geleden, van de getrouwe belyders en leeraers in dat coninghrijck.1 Jacobus Koelman Dit hoofdstuk behandelt de concentratie van contacten met Neder- landse geestverwanten vanuit de Schotse migrantengemeenschap in de Republiek. We beperken ons daarbij tot de Schotse Kerk in Rotterdam, omdat deze een centrale functie had in de Schotse gemeenschap in de Republiek. Vooral brengen we de religieuze eigenheid van de Schotse Kerk in de Maasstad in de periode van de Restauratie in beeld, zoals deze zich profileerde in de Republiek. In dit verband gaan we ook na in hoeverre er bij de Schotse gemeenschap in Rotterdam sprake is van een voorbeeldfunctie. De nadruk valt op contacten van presbyteriaanse migranten met ver- tegenwoordigers van de Nadere Reformatie, zoals Jacobus Koelman. Aan de orde komt de wederzijdse visie op de plaats van de Kerk in de 1 Koelman (Theophilus Parresius, pseudoniem), Historisch verhael van de proce- duuren, 579-580. 144 COntactEN vanUit GEEstvErwantschap samenleving, waarbij wordt nagegaan in hoeverre er overeenkomst is. 5.1. Centrale positie van Rotterdam 5.1.1. Verschuiving van Veere naar Rotterdam In de periode vóór de Restauratie had de Schotse Kerk in Veere een centrale positie in de contacten met de Gereformeerde Kerk in Zeeland en vertegenwoordigers van de Nadere Reformatie, zoals in hoofdstuk 3 van deze studie is besproken. Dit veranderde door verschillende oorzaken. In de eerste plaats kwam dit doordat het Schotse stapelrecht niet meer consequent werd doorgevoerd. Zoals in hoofdstuk 3 is aangegeven werd de monopolistische positie van het Veerse stapelrecht afgezwakt en ging het van 1668 tot 1675 over naar Dordrecht. Alhoewel het stapelrecht van Veere in 1675 werd hersteld, maakten de naar Rotterdam uitgeweken Schotse kooplieden geen aanstalten om naar Zeeland te verhuizen.2 De tweede oorzaak is de groei van de Schotse Kerk in Rotterdam. Een groot deel van de vluchtelingen uit Schotland vestigde zich in de Maasstad. Dit kwam deels door de handelspositie van deze stad en deels vanwege het feit dat de Covenanters zich door prediking en pastoraat in deze gemeente voelden aangesproken. Het puriteinse karakter van de Kerk in Veere stond na het vertrek van William Spang in 1653 naar Mid- delburg onder spanning. De Schotse gemeente kon van de moederkerk, die episcopaals geworden was, geen steun verwachten. De Schotten zaten overigens ook niet te wachten op inmenging van de gereformeerde classis Walcheren. Zij wilden dergelijke problemen zelf oplossen.3 2 Voor het Schotse stapelrecht: Rooseboom, The Scottish staple in the Netherlands; Davidson, Gray, The Scotish staple at Veere; Yair, An account of the Scotch trade in the Netherlands, 1776; Perrels, ‘Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van den Schotschen Stapel te Vere’, 1903; Perrels, ‘Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van den Schotschen Stapel te Vere’, 1905. Voor Dordrecht: Van Dalen, ‘Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van den Schotschen Stapel te Dordrecht 1668-1675’. 3 De notulenboeken van de Schotse kerk van Veere, de doop-, trouw- en begraaf- boeken (DTB) alsmede de lidmatenregisters zijn in mei 1940 door oorlogsvuur verloren gegaan. Zie ook: Sprunger, Dutch Puritanism, 446-449 (Veere); Steven, The history of the Scottish Church, Rotterdam, 288-294. 145 HOOFdstUK 5 5.1.2. Rotterdam als centrum van Schotse gemeenschap In de havenstad Rotterdam vonden Schotse presbyteriaanse vluchte- lingen een veilige haven. Zij kwamen vanuit de sinds 1643 bestaande Schotse Kerk ook in contact met gelijkgezinden. Zij communiceerden met hen over de noodtoestand in hun vaderland, maar konden met hen ook visies delen over theologische thema’s en kerkordelijke pro- blemen. Zoals in hoofdstuk 3 van deze studie is opgemerkt, kwam de gemeente eerst in een pakhuis aan de Wijnhaven samen. Van 1658 tot 1697 maakte zij gebruik van de Franse kerk, de St. Sebastiaanskapel in de Lombardstraat. Het is onwaarschijnlijk dat dit kleine gebouw ruimte bood voor alle gemeenteleden. De Schotten waren geconcentreerd rond de Schiedamsedijk, die in die tijd aan beide zijden bebouwd werd. Tegen het einde van de Restauratieperiode had de Schotse gemeente meer dan duizend leden die tot het Avondmaal waren toegelaten. Dit betekende dat de gemeente inclusief doopleden en nog niet tot het Avondmaal toegelaten doopleden (adherents) minstens 1500 personen groot was.4 Rotterdam zelf had belang bij de toename van de handel met Schotland.5 De Maasstad was omstreeks het midden van de zeventiende eeuw uitgegroeid tot een belangrijke stad. Het was een grote haven- en handelsstad geworden. De internationale contacten zorgden voor een grote diversiteit van de bevolking, die in 1675 45.000 inwoners bedroeg. Van hen hoorden 20.000 personen op papier tot de Gereformeerde Kerk.6 De verscheidenheid van kerken, groeperingen en stromingen in Rotterdam was groot. De Gereformeerde Kerk was de bevoorrechte kerk, die onder bescherming stond van de magistraat. Maar ook ver- oordeelde denominaties werden getolereerd. Vluchtelingen van ver- schillende achtergronden konden zich in Rotterdam vestigen vanwege de tolerante opstelling van de stedelijke overheid tegenover andersden- kenden. Buitenlandse kerken die verwant waren met het gereformeerd 4 Van der Laan, Eene rouwe gemeente, 10, 12; Morrison, Scots on the dijk, 8; Steven, The history of the Scottish Church, Rotterdam, 5. 5 Vgl. Sprunger, Dutch Puritanism, 446. 6 Zijlmans, Vriendenkringen in de zeventiende eeuw, 8; Van der Schoor, Stad in aanwas, deel 1, 261-265. 146 COntactEN vanUit GEEstvErwantschap belijden, werden gesteund. Zo ontstonden Franse, Engelse en Schotse gemeenten die hun eigen vergaderruimten kregen toegewezen en onder ‘bescherming’ stonden van de overheid en de kerkenraad van de Gere- formeerde Kerk.7 De Engelse Gereformeerde Kerk had sinds 1651 haar eigen plaats van samenkomst aan het Haringvliet. Het aantal leden van deze gemeente was ten opzichte van de jaren 1640 gedaald. Het aantal non-confor- misten dat tijdens de Restauratie Engeland verliet was beduidend minder dan het aantal presbyterianen vanuit Schotland. Tussen de Engelse en de Schotse Kerk waren, ondanks puriteinse overeenkomsten, weinig con- tacten.8 5.1.2.1. De Schotse gemeenschap in Rotterdam D. Catterall beschouwt de Schotse migranten in de Republiek in de zeventiende eeuw als een gemeenschap zonder grenzen. Hierbij wijst hij in de eerste plaats op de open handelscontacten van de Schotten met de Nederlanders. Vanwege hun eigen identiteit als Covenanters was er geen sprake van assimilatie, maar ook niet van een geïsoleerde positie. In de periode van de Restauratie moesten zij leren om te overleven en dat konden zij niet realiseren door zich van de stadsgemeenschap te isoleren. De Schotse kooplieden (factors) Andrew Russell en James Gordon zorgden voor intensivering van sociale contacten met de autochtone bevolking. De Schotten hadden zich al een eeuw vóór de Restauratie door hun nijvere handelsgeest en ook door de inbreng in het Staatse leger een gerenommeerde plaats verworven, die zij ook in de tijd van ballingschap wisten te behouden.9 De Schotse gemeenschap in Rotterdam had een economisch karakter. De factors hadden een netwerk van commerciële contacten. Uit de archiefstukken van Russell10 blijkt dat zijn handel winstgevend was. Hij was vermogend en bij een aantal migranten fungeerde hij als bank van lening. Maar niet alle leden van de kerk deelden in de welvaart die 7 Wind, ‘Sporen van de Nadere Reformatie in de acta van de Nederduitsch Gere- formeerde Kerk te Rotterdam’, in DNR, 22 (1998), nr. 2, p. 116. 8 Sprunger, Dutch Puritanism, 428-431; Steven, The history of the Scottish Church, Rotterdam, 333-335. 9 Catterall, Community without borders, 10-11. 10 Het archief van Andrew Russell, de Russell Papers, wordt bewaard in de National Archives of Scotland, Edinburgh (General Record House), RH 15/106. 147 HOOFdstUK 5 kooplieden als Russell en Gordon hadden. Het armoedeprobleem in de gemeente was een zaak van aanhoudende zorg van de diakenen.11 T.C. Smout noemt de handel tussen Schotland en het continent van 1660 tot aan het jaar van de Revolutie succesvol. De verscherpte con- troles door de voor de Schotten vijandige Britse overheid konden deze bloei niet ongedaan maken.
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