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A Tristram and Iseult Mirror-Case from Perth: Reflections on the Production and Consumption of Romance Culture

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A Tristram and Iseult Mirror-Case from Perth: Reflections on the Production and Consumption of Romance Culture [\AI f I I ., , ~. i ~. ~ 1.7 I - \ / "'" J i /" ./ _ I \/ I './ _ ~ ~ TAYSIDE AND FIFE ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMMITTEE GLENROTHES VOLUME FOUR 1998 A Tristram and Iseult mirror-case from Perth: reflections on the production and consumption of romance culture Mark A Hall and D D R Owen Summary In the collections of Perth Museum and Art Gallery By 1938 Mary Boyle (secretary to the French is a newly recognized mirror-case valve depicting prehistorian Abbe Breuil) was researching the Tristram and Iseult. Its history is reviewed and 'plaque'. Correspondence indicates she was to arguments presented dealing with its identification publish it as 'An Interesting Medallion Found in as a mirror-case and its iconography and general Perth' but there is no record of its publication. As cultural significance. part of the work for this, the then Curator of the Museum, Mr J Ritchie took the mirror-case to the Description British Museum where chemical tests were em­ ployed to show its composition as a lead-tin alloy The object has the Perth Museum and Art Gallery (ie pewter) with no silver content. Mr Ritchie also accession number 2151 and comprises a single, corresponded with Sir George MacDonald on open work, valve of a pewter mirror-case. It is oval Mary Boyle's behalf. MacDonald had reported on in shape measuring 54mm (1) x 46mm (w) x 5mm the Perth Hoard, found 12 months earlier in the (d) and weighing 15.20g. It depicts elements of the same general area as the mirror-case valve (Mac­ Tristram and Iseult legend based upon the lovers' Donald 1921). In a letter of 14 February 1939 tryst beneath the tree and has an accompanying Ritchie informs MacDonald that following its dis­ Anglo-Norman inscription. The distorted and covery the 'medal' was given to Baliour Paul, the broken remains of a hinge and clasp are opposed Lyon King of Arms, 'to find out something relative on the top and bottom edges, partially folded to if, and he in turn submitted it to ' French against the body of the case. The back carries the Authorities who d ecided it was of French origin' remains of a white deposit. Illus 1 shows the front (correspondence files in Perth Museum and Art and back faces of the valve. Gallery). Fresh eyes were brought to bear in the late Discovery and pre-1995 analysis 1980s when preparatory work for a new exhibition at Perth Museum and Art Gallery led to the opin­ The mirror-case valve was discovered in 1921, ion of Brian Spencer (then, Museum of London) during construction work on the corner of being sought. He brought the mirror-case valve to St John's Place and King Edward Street (NGR the attention of Dr M J ones (Sheffield University), approx NO 11842359) within the medieval heart of who produced a significant interpretation of its Perth and the focus of the developing burgh (see iconography. He identified the characters of King Illus 2). It was presented to Perth Museum and Art Mark, Tristram, Iseult, Brangain and Tristram's Gallery on 5 June 1921 by Mr T McLaren (Burgh hound Husdent. H e made some headway with the Surveyor). The circumstances of its discovery are Anglo-Norman inscription, particularly the phrase discussed in more detail below (Dating and ME PORTERA DE JOrE ('Will Bring Me Joy'). In Production). concert with Prof Claude Buridant (Strasbourg Soon after its discovery (and probably before University) he made little sense of the remainder. 1925) it was seen by Mr F C Eeles and Mr E Dr Jones felt it to be 'an important piece of Anglo­ MacLagan (Victoria and Albert Museum), who French (ie made in Britain but in a French speaking identified it as a badge or decorative plaque repre­ milieu) Romance iconography' (see correspond­ senting the Tristram legend, made in France in the ence 2 March 1989, in PMAG). He doubted it was 13th century. an item of jewellery and was inclined to accept it -----------------ff~:------------------------________________________ ___ Ta1lside and Fife Archae%l'ica/ TOllrnal. vo14 11qqR) . 1.S0-1IiS Irk A Hall and D D R Owen 151 " Illus I. The Perth mirror-case valve. 152 A Tristram and Iseult mirror case from Perth as a decorative plaque, but never saw the actual sents an E. The M's are clearly upside down. object. Uncommonly, there is an 1 in Marcuis, as there is In 1995 work leading to this paper commenced in the more garbled version of Marcuis on the when one of the authors (M Hall) sought to clarify Billingsgate mirror-case. These names - Marcus, what was known of the mirror-case and shortly Tristrem and Isoude are all consistent with insular afterwards was approached by Prof Owen to see Anglo-Norman forms. 'Tristram' is the first name I: 'the Tristram and Iseult plaque' in pursuit of his form found in English documents dated from 1189 interest in the Franco-Scottish culture of the 13th to 1273, but the 'Tristrem' form becomes prevalent century. in texts by the 14th century (Malcolm Jones, pers 'I comm; Withycombe 1977, 283). Isoude is also a Identification as a mirror-case 14th century form in English documents, preceded I by Ysoude, Isouda and Iseuda (ibid). Examples of simpler metalwork mirror-cases in the The circumferal inscription is somewhat more Perth collections (Spencer, forthcoming b), other problematical. Accepting the convention of a cross published examples (Bayley et a11984; Egan and as the start it seems to commence bottom right and Pritchard 1991) and discussions with colleagues runs: soon led to its re-identification as a mirror-case + 1 I 11 RMC PORJERA DE valve. Brian Spencer and Dr Ingeborg Krueger IOIE NC[L]I FAUDRA lE were particularly helpful and brought similar SURIE NC MC pieces from Billingsgate, London (Spencer, forth­ coming a) and Regensburg, Bavaria (Krueger 1995) Here, a correct J seems to represent a T (in to our attention. Both mirror-cases depict in a Porjera) and the Cs again represent E's. similar but devolved style the same aspects of the Prof Owen translates this as two phrases Tristram legend as the Perth case and are (separated by -:. ). The first is discussed below (Iconography and Inscription). 11 R ME PORTERA DE lOlE Bayley et al1984 (and Bayley 1990) discusses NE Ll FAUDRA. the survival of a white deposit on some rnirror­ cases, which X-ray diffraction (XRD) has shown to The R and the preceding I I break is problem­ be calcite (calcium carbonate), ie the remains of the atical. If it were a malformed QI or KI (from the putty used to hold the glass of the mirror-cases in Anglo-Norman form KI or KOR / K'OR - 'the place. Traces of a white deposit are clearly evident person who now') this would give a grammatical on the back of the Perth mirror-case valve. The sentence with the meaning 'whoever will carry me National Museums of Scotland kindly agreed to of joy there will be no lack to him / her', ie ' the analyse a sample of this, using XRD and X-ray person who carries (wears) me will have no lack of fluorescence (XRF). The work was carried out by joy'. This is a common type of medieval prophy­ Peter Davidson (Dept Geology and Zoology). The lactic phrase (cf Bruna 1996, 105 no 117 and 312 no XRD analysis showed that the pale grey to white 597) illtended to avert evil and bring good luck. efflorescence was a mixture of calcite and quartz The second phrase, lE SURlE NE ME, is even (the quartz in diminishing amounts) and the pres­ more of a puzzle of which no really satisfactory ence of calcite was confirmed by a violent reaction sense can be made. A degree of garbling seems and total dissolution in a small drop of concen­ highly likely. lE SURIE could be '1 smile' with trated hydrochloric acid. XRF analysis confirmed typical A-N confusion of verb conjugations. If NE the lead-tin alloy composition of the mirror-case ME could be taken as NE MEN, this would be 'nor and also revealed a small amount of lead «1 %) in lie', making the whole read '1 am smiling nor the calcite. This could either be lead corroded out lying'. This is clearly nonsensical. An alternative is from the body of the case or a trace of the lead that lE SURIE could be an Anglo-Norman form used as a backing for the mirror glass. The quartz from S(e)urer, meaning'l assure (make safe, guar­ is probably part of the filler in the calcite. antee, protect).' This would make the NE ME diffi­ cult to explain. However, if the word order had Iconography and inscription been garbled and the R represents a B this would give lE SU BlEN EME, meaning 'I am well loved' . The inscription of the Perth mirror-case has two The phraseology is appropriate both if the rnirror­ elements: a circumferal inscription and two central case had an amuletic quality (in line with its bands bearing the names of the key protagonists. courtly love imagery) and for a functional mirror, Above the central zone occurs the name: designed and owned to re-assure the vanity of its W ARCUIS user when peered into. Mirrors have long been and below the central zone the names: held to symbolize the truth for they cannot lie only TRISTREW ISOUDC report exactly what they see (as powerfully con­ .. ; ."" In the spelling of these names the T's are repre­ veyed in the fairytale of Snow White).
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