Die Anfänge Von Rastafari Und Das Problem Der Afrikanizität

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Die Anfänge Von Rastafari Und Das Problem Der Afrikanizität Die Anfänge von Rastafari und das Problem der Afrikanizität Eine religionswissenschaftliche Untersuchung zur Transkulturation im Kontext der Religionsgeschichte Jamaikas, unter Heranziehung des afrobrasilianischen Candomblé Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Philosophischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena von Heinz-Jürgen Loth M.A. geboren am 05.07.1942 in Danzig – 2 – Gutachter 1. Prof. Dr. Udo Tworuschka (Lehrstuhl für Religionswissenschaft, Friedrich-Schiller-Uni- versität Jena) 2. Prof. Dr. Martin Leiner (Theologische Fakultät, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena) 3. .............................. Tag des Kolloquiums: 10.11. 2009 – 3 – Einleitung 6 I. Zur Methodologie 14 1. Die afrikanische Diaspora in Amerika 14 2. Rastafari und Candomblé als Religionen der afrikanischen Diaspora 15 3. Die Verdrängung des indischen und islamischen Erbes in der Erforschung der Religionsgeschichte Jamaikas 19 4. Der Polykulturalismus Harlems und die Karibik 22 5. Neue Religionen 25 6. Synkretismus, Hybridität und Kreolisierung 28 7. Schütz’ „Mannigfaltige Wirklichkeiten“ 33 8. Religion im Modus des Privaten 35 9. Exkurs: Religion und Kultur: Clifford Geertz und Talcott Parsons 37 10. Transkulturation versus Akkulturation 39 11. Kalunga und kāla pāni: Ruptur und Neubeginn 43 12. Das religiöse Band zwischen Afrika und seiner Diaspora 49 13. Ergebnis 50 II. Afrikanische Religionen: der Versuch einer Annäherung 52 1. Leben und Religion in Afrika — westliche Reflexionen über Religion 52 2. Exkurs 1: Religionstypologie und ihre Problematik 57 3. Exkurs 2: Religionsphänomenologie und ihre Problematik 58 4. Der afrikanische Mensch in Interaktion mit den göttlichen Kräften 59 5. Exkurs 3: Gibt es einen afroasiatischen Konnex? 62 6. Oralität, Inkorporation von Gottheiten und die Suche nach einem glücklichen Leben 66 7. Afrikanische Religionen als Gegenstand der Religionswissenschaft 69 a. Religionsphänomenologie und afrikanische Religionen 71 b. Die Fragwürdigkeit des Begriffs „traditionelle Religion“ 72 c. Kimpa Vita als Beispiel interreligiöser Begegnung von Bantu-Religion und Christentum 74 d. Der religiöse Pluralismus der Akan-Völker 76 e. Die „Stammesreligion“ als ein europäisches Konstrukt 76 8. Ergebnis 78 – 4 – III. Zum derzeitigen Forschungsstand von Rastafari und Candomblé 79 IV. Rastafari: die Entstehung einer neuen Religion 87 1. Ras Täfäri Mäkonnǝn alias Haile Selassie I. von Äthiopien: die irdische Geschichte des Gottes der Rastafarier 87 2. Der historische Rahmen 100 a. Cimarrones, Maroons und andere Rebellen in Jamaika 106 b. Der „Baptist War“, 1831-1832 114 c. Gab es in Jamaika einen Jihād? 115 d. Die „Morant Bay Rebellion“, 1865 116 e. Zwischenergebnis 118 3. Afrikanische Traditionen der jamaikanischen Volksreligionen 119 a. Obeah — eine afrojamaikanische Glaubenstradition 119 b. Obeah im heutigen Jamaika 130 c. Neoafrikanische religiöse Traditionen im kolonialen Jamaika 133 d. Myal, Jonkonnu und Gombay 136 e. Die Ahnen und das Salz 139 f. Kumina und Convince 140 g. Die Native Baptists und das afrikanische Erbe 142 h. Myalism und die „Great Myal Procession“ 150 i. Vom Myalism zum Revivalism 155 j. Zwischenergebnis 160 4. Rastafari, Marcus Mosiah Garvey und Äthiopismus/Panafrikanismus 161 a. Rastafari — gestiftete Religion und Buchreligion 161 b. Marcus Mosiah Garvey 163 c. Äthiopismus und Panafrikanismus 175 d. Zwischenergebnis 179 5. Leonard Howell, die ersten Rastas und der Nyabinghi-Mythos 182 a. „The Holy Piby“ und die „The Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy“ 182 b. Die frühen Lehrer von Rastafari 190 c. Leonard Howell: vom Prediger zum Guru 199 d. Nyavingi/Nyabingi/Nyabinghi — Realität und Mythos 219 e. Zwischenergebnis 225 6. Ergebnis 226 – 5 – V. Rastafari im Kontext der Transkulturation 228 1. Religiöse Erfahrungen 229 2. Gott — Jah Rastafari 230 3. Exkurs: Ras Mortimo Planno 233 4. Gott und Mensch - I and I 240 a. Der Rasta Talk „I and I“ und die Philosophie 241 b. Der Rasta Talk „I and I“, die Bibel und New Thought 243 c. Der Rasta Talk „I and I“ und die Shiva-tattva 247 d. „I and I consciousness“ und Transkulturation 248 5. Jah, Ganja und Dreadlocks 249 a. Jah und die Bibel 251 b. Jah und der Jabulon/Jahbulon der Freimaurer 252 c. Jah in der esoterischen und okkulten Tradition 253 d. Jah und Hindi Jai 254 e. Jah und der Transkulturationsprozess 256 f. Ganja, Sadhus und „Dreadlocks“ 258 g. Der Ganja-Komplex als interkulturelle Schnittstelle der Transkulturation 261 6. Ergebnis 263 VI. Abschließende Bemerkungen 264 Danksagung 267 Bibliographie 268 – 6 – Einleitung Die vorliegende Untersuchung greift auf Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen des Autors während seines mehrmonatigen Aufenthalts in Kingston, Jamaika, im Jahre 1992 zurück. Die Begegnungen mit Rastafariern, afrojamaikanischen Revivalists und Kumina-Anhängern ver- mittelten Einsichten, die häufig unseren abendländisch-westlichen Vorstellungen von Religi- on nicht entsprechen. Das trifft auch auf den afrobrasilianischen Candomblé zu, den der Au- tor in Salvador da Bahia, Brasilien, während eines Forschungsaufenthalts 1996 in den dor- tigen Terreiros1 kennen lernen konnte. Die in der Karibik und in Brasilien gewonnenen Ein- sichten haben mich dahingehend geleitet, dass ich bezüglich des Verstehens von Begegnung und Wandel in diesem Teil der Welt auf ein Erklärungsmodell zurückgreife, das von dem ku- banischen Wissenschaftler Fernando Ortiz (1881-1969) mit dem Begriff „transculturación“ umschrieben wurde. Der Terminus ist in der spanisch- und portugiesischsprachigen Welt — hier als „tranculturação“ — gut bekannt. Die vorliegende Untersuchung hat in erster Linie Rastafari zum Gegenstand, eine neue Religion mit etwa einer Million Anhängern weltweit, die in dem verstorbenen äthiopischen Kaiser Haile Selassie den Gott Jah Rastafari sehen. Wir stellen zur Einführung einige Worte des Rastafariers Jah Stone aus seinem Gedicht „Golden Jubilee“ voran: I LIVE JAH people Continually I will defend JAH people by the biblical rights of divine justice. The truth is; perfect love knows no evil, For it to correspond all nations have to cooperate with the Divinity of the Most High JAH RASTAFARI. … EXODUS The movemant of JAH people guided by JAH RASTAFARI; His Majesty’s teaching of perfect love. The Niyabinghi Order of Melchizedek is a reality with the interpretation Death and Judgemant to all black and white downpressors. … Blessed are the nations who know RASTAFARI as the Almighty The Most High who is seated in Mount Zion… (zit. in Faristzaddi 1982: o. Paginierung) Zur (vorläufigen) Einordnung von Rastafari in den kulturellen Kontext von Afroamerika [1] Der Terreiro (portugiesisch: „Gelände“, „freier Platz“) ist der Ilé (Yorùbá: „Haus“) des Candomblé und zu- gleich ein Stück Afrika, bestehend aus mehreren Grundstücken und Häusern für die Orixás sowie Bäumen und Medizinpflanzen. – 7 – sei hier an erster Stelle wieder ein Rastafarier zitiert, der Soziologe und Anwalt Dennis Forsythe: The unique significance of Rastafarianism lies in the fact that it includes the most dyna- mic and powerful expression of the African pulsation in the Caribbean today. It is the voice of Africa crying out in the Caribbean. … Rastafarianism is the resurgence of Afri- can revivalism and spiritualism, and hence qualifies as an authentic mass African Renais- sance movement. (Forsythe 1980: 62 f.) Above all, Rastas are Africans. And it is in the light of the African cultural background and subsequent historical experiences that Rastafarianism is best unterstood. (ebd.: 66) Und schließlich wollen wir noch aus der Einleitung von Nathaniel Murrell zitieren, der zusammen mit William Spencer und Adrian McFarlane das Standartwerk „Chanting down Babylon“ herausgegeben hat: Like its antecedents within the African diaspora — such as Voodoo (Voudou) in Haiti and New Orleans; Santeria in Cuba; Yoruba, Kaballah, and Orisha in Trinidad and Toba- go; Shango in Grenada; and Candomble in Brazil — Rastafari is a modern Afro-Caribbe- an cultural phenomenon that combines concepts from African culture and the „Caribbean experience“ (social, historical, religious and economic realities) with Judeo-Christian thought into a new sociopolitical and religious worldview. So while Rastafarian beliefs and practices are influenced by such Africanisms in Jamaican culture as Myalism, con- vince cult, revivalism (Zion), Bedwardism, Pocomania, and Burru (all Afro-Jamaican re- ligious and cultural traditions), Rastafari’s rise and ethos are driven by social, economic, and political forces in the region. (Murrell 1998: 4) Während das Gedicht von Jah Stone mehr auf einer theologischen Ebene argumentiert und Eckpunkte des Rastafarianismus formuliert, unternehmen Forsythe und Murrell den Ver- such, Rastafari in ein afrikanisches Erbe einzuordnen, wobei auf Begriffe der afrojamaikani- schen Religionsgeschichte wie z.B. Revivalism rekurriert wird. Darüber hinaus stellt Murrell die neue Religion in den größeren afroamerikanischen Kontext, der von New Orleans bis Brasilien reicht. Solche globalen Aussagen, die nicht ins Detail gehen — auch nicht in den folgenden Ab- handlungen dieses „Rastafari Reader“ — erzwingen zwangsläufig ein Hinterfragen derselben. Was soll man zudem davon halten, wenn der Autor im Anschluss an das obige Zitat an- merkt, dass die Rastafarier „Africanists“ seien, einer „African-centered ideology“ folgen, so- mit das Anliegen des Afrozentrismus vertreten würden, bevor dieser in den USA populär wurde (ebd.: 5)? Uns wird daher die Frage beschäftigen:
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