Interkosmos the Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Interkosmos the Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program C. Burgess, B. Vis Interkosmos The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program Series: Space Exploration ▶ Addresses an often overlooked chapter that sheds light on how Cold War coalitions influenced spaceflight history ▶ Based on archival research from participating countries, including the People’s Republic of Bulgaria (PRB), the Hungarian People’s Republic (HPR), the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Cuba, the Mongolian People’s Republic (MPR), the Polish People’s Republic (PPR), the Socialist Republic of Romania, Czechoslovakia and the USSR ▶ Contains complete details of all manned Interkosmos missions with he participation of "guest cosmonauts" 1st ed. 2016, XIII, 321 p. 257 illus., 147 illus. in color. This book focuses on the Interkosmos program, which was formed in 1967, marking a fundamentally new era of cooperation by socialist countries, led by the Soviet Union, in Printed book the study and exploration of space. The chapters shed light on the space program that was at that time a prime outlet for the Soviet Union's aims at becoming a world power. Softcover ISBN 978-3-319-24161-6 Interkosmos was a highly publicized Russian space program that rapidly became a ▶ 39,99 € | £34.99 significant propaganda tool for the Soviet Union in the waning years of communism. ▶ *42,79 € (D) | 43,99 € (A) | CHF 47.50 Billed as an international “research-cosmonaut” imperative, it was also a high-profile means of displaying solidarity with the nine participating Eastern bloc countries. Those countries contributed pilots who were trained in Moscow for week-long “guest” missions on orbiting Salyut stations. They did a little subsidiary science and were permitted only the most basic mechanical maneuvers. In this enthralling new book, and following extensive international research, the authors fully explore the background, accomplishments and political legacy of the Interkosmos program. Through personal and often highly revealing interviews with many of the participants they relate the very human story behind this extraordinary but controversial space venture.. The first € price and the £ and $ price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with * include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with ** include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted..
Recommended publications
  • Polski Sektor Kosmiczny EN.Indd
    Cassini-Huygens Mars Express POLAND IN ESA BRITE-PL „Lem” Meteor 2 Kopernik 500 Integral Rosetta Mikołaj Kopernik REACHING STARS Jan Heweliusz Mirosław — Hermaszewski POLISH SPACE SECTOR 4 years in ESA PW-SAT BRITE-PL „Heweliusz” Herschel Vertical-1 ExoMars TABLE OF CONTENTS Poland 3 History of space activities 4 Space policy 6 In space and on Earth 8 Companies 12 Selected scientific and research institutions 19 Competence map 22 2 WTO UN 01 OECD POLAnd Population: 38.4 million NATO Area: 312 000 km2 Economy: 23rd place in the world* Capital city: Warsaw Government system: parliamentary republic Currency: złoty (PLN) EU ESA * World Bank, 2015, GDP based on PPP EDA EUMETSAT ESO POLAND POLAND CENTRAL AND EasterN EUROPE EU28 GDP (PPP) per capita of Poland compared Economic growth in Poland and EU28 to other countries of Central and Eastern Europe Source: own compilation based on data from Eurostat Source: The Global Competitiveness Report, World Economic Forum 3 02 HISTORY OF SPACE ACTIVITIES The beginning of Polish engagement in space flights presence of Polish instruments on the majority of the stemmed from participation in the international pro- Agency’s research missions. Meanwhile, the first private gramme Interkosmos, based on collaboration with the Polish companies offering satelite-based applications Soviet Union. The first Polish research device was sent and services were created. into orbit on board the satellite Kopernik-500 (Interkos- In 2007, the signing of the Plan for European Coope- mos-9) in 1973. Three years later the Space Research rating States (PECS) enabled significant extension of Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences was estab- Poland’s cooperation with ESA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soviet Space Program
    C05500088 TOP eEGRET iuf 3EEA~ NIE 11-1-71 THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Declassified Under Authority of the lnteragency Security Classification Appeals Panel, E.O. 13526, sec. 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP Appeal No. 2011 -003, document 2 Declassification date: November 23, 2020 ifOP GEEAE:r C05500088 1'9P SloGRET CONTENTS Page THE PROBLEM ... 1 SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS l DISCUSSION 5 I. SOV.IET SPACE ACTIVITY DURING TfIE PAST TWO YEARS . 5 II. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE PROSPECTS . 6 A. General ............................................. 6 B. Organization and Management . ............... 6 C. Economics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. 8 III. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS ... 9 A. General .. .. .. .. .. 9 B. Launch Vehicles . 9 C. High-Energy Propellants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 D. Manned Spacecraft . 12 E. Life Support Systems . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 F. Non-Nuclear Power Sources for Spacecraft . 16 G. Nuclear Power and Propulsion ..... 16 Te>P M:EW TCS 2032-71 IOP SECl<ET" C05500088 TOP SECRGJ:. IOP SECREI Page H. Communications Systems for Space Operations . 16 I. Command and Control for Space Operations . 17 IV. FUTURE PROSPECTS ....................................... 18 A. General ............... ... ···•· ................. ····· ... 18 B. Manned Space Station . 19 C. Planetary Exploration . ........ 19 D. Unmanned Lunar Exploration ..... 21 E. Manned Lunar Landfog ... 21 F. Applied Satellites ......... 22 G. Scientific Satellites ........................................ 24 V. INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION ............. 24 A. USSR-European Nations .................................... 24 B. USSR-United States 25 ANNEX A. SOVIET SPACE ACTIVITY ANNEX B. SOVIET SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES ANNEX C. SOVIET CHRONOLOGICAL SPACE LOG FOR THE PERIOD 24 June 1969 Through 27 June 1971 TCS 2032-71 IOP SLClt~ 70P SECRE1- C05500088 TOP SEGR:R THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM THE PROBLEM To estimate Soviet capabilities and probable accomplishments in space over the next 5 to 10 years.' SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS A.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychology of Space Exploration Psychology of About the Book Douglas A
    About the Editor Contemporary Research in Historical Perspective Psychology of Space Exploration Psychology of About the Book Douglas A. Vakoch is a professor in the Department As we stand poised on the verge of a new era of of Clinical Psychology at the California Institute of spaceflight, we must rethink every element, including Integral Studies, as well as the director of Interstellar Space Exploration the human dimension. This book explores some of the Message Composition at the SETI Institute. Dr. Vakoch Contemporary Research in Historical Perspective contributions of psychology to yesterday’s great space is a licensed psychologist in the state of California, and Edited by Douglas A. Vakoch race, today’s orbiter and International Space Station mis- his psychological research, clinical, and teaching interests sions, and tomorrow’s journeys beyond Earth’s orbit. include topics in psychotherapy, ecopsychology, and meth- Early missions into space were typically brief, and crews odologies of psychological research. As a corresponding were small, often drawn from a single nation. As an member of the International Academy of Astronautics, intensely competitive space race has given way to inter- Dr. Vakoch chairs that organization’s Study Groups on national cooperation over the decades, the challenges of Interstellar Message Construction and Active SETI. communicating across cultural boundaries and dealing Through his membership in the International Institute with interpersonal conflicts have become increasingly of Space Law, he examines
    [Show full text]
  • SPACE VEXILLOLOGY- Thirty Years After the First Moon Landing
    SPACE VEXILLOLOGY- Thirty Years After the First Moon Landing Dr. Andreas Herzfeld, Leipzig, Germany This year we celebrate the 3Oth anniversary of the first moon landing. Neil Armstrong, the first man to step on the moon on 21 July 1969, spoke the famous words: “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” Together with Edwin Aldrin, he then hoisted the flag of the United States on the moon (Illustration 1). Succeeding Apollo missions also hoisted the Stars and Stripes. The use of a f lag in space exploration began only after 1964—65. Following the Soviet-American missions of 1974—75, a flag was used in addition to the name of the country or agency responsible for the flight. 1. Launch Vehicles, Satellites, Spacecraft and Space Stations The Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik, on 4 October 1957. Neither this satellite (Ill. 2) nor its launch vehicle show any sign of its country of origin. After the first successful satellite launch by the U.S.A., the Soviet Union began marking its spacecraft with the inscription CCCP (USSR) (Ill. 3). Until the breakup of the USSR, the Soviets used a flag on their space vehicles only in case of multinational programs. The name of the craft, e.g., Soyuz, Salyut, Mir, was normally shown in Cyrillic letters in addition to the inscription CCCP (Ills. 4—6). An exception was the Soviet space shuttle Buran, which is marked both with the Soviet flag and the inscription CCCP (Ill. 7). The satellite Cosmos 782, launched an 25 November 1975, is another exception (III.
    [Show full text]
  • Interkosmos the Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program Series: Space Exploration
    springer.com Colin Burgess, Bert Vis Interkosmos The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program Series: Space Exploration Addresses an often overlooked chapter that sheds light on how Cold War coalitions influenced spaceflight history Based on archival research from participating countries, including the People’ s Republic of Bulgaria (PRB), the Hungarian People’s Republic (HPR), the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Cuba, the Mongolian People’s Republic (MPR), the Polish People’s Republic (PPR), the Socialist Republic of Romania, Czechoslovakia and the USSR Contains complete details of all manned Interkosmos missions with he participation of "guest cosmonauts" This book focuses on the Interkosmos program, which was formed in 1967, marking a 1st ed. 2016, XIII, 321 p. 257 illus., 147 fundamentally new era of cooperation by socialist countries, led by the Soviet Union, in the illus. in color. study and exploration of space. The chapters shed light on the space program that was at that time a prime outlet for the Soviet Union's aims at becoming a world power. Interkosmos was a Printed book highly publicized Russian space program that rapidly became a significant propaganda tool for Softcover the Soviet Union in the waning years of communism. Billed as an international “research- 39,99 € | £34.99 | $49.99 cosmonaut” imperative, it was also a high-profile means of displaying solidarity with the nine [1]42,79 € (D) | 43,99 € (A) | CHF participating Eastern bloc countries. Those countries contributed pilots who were trained in 47,50 Moscow for week-long “guest” missions on orbiting Salyut stations. They did a little subsidiary science and were permitted only the most basic mechanical maneuvers.
    [Show full text]
  • Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan Mikhail Marov
    Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan Mikhail Marov Geographical position Kyzylorda Province, Kazakhstan Location Latitude 45.9° N, longitude 63.3° E. Elevation 100m above mean sea level. General description Baikonur Cosmodrome has been the global base of operations for the Soviet, and subsequently the Russian, space programme. The first satellite, Sputnik, was launched from Baikonur, as was the first manned spacecraft in human history, Vostok 1, with Yuri Gagarin. So were several generations of cosmonauts, orbital stations, and lunar and planetary space missions. Introduction Science and technology heritage is a challenging new initiative involving numerous themes and issues, including specifically those relating to astronomical heritage and space exploration. We are keen to see solid progress towards understanding the principal concepts underlying such a complex topic. This, however, can only be accomplished by a gradual development of ideas. Baikonur’s inclusion in this volume is an attempt to undertake the first steps in this process, but it does not constitute a full case study. Science and innovation are regarded by UNESCO as key activities promoting sustainable development. Astronomical heritage is intrinsically related to the most important breakthroughs in space science and technology, and space exploration has established a new great milestone for human civilization. It is therefore essential to include space technology as an important category of technology heritage that has international significance in terms of humankind’s relationships with the sky. Following the international conference on ‘Astronomy and World Heritage: Across Time and Continents’ held in Kazan, Russia in August, 2009, it became a subject of further discussion and clarification, with an important step towards the goal being taken within the first ICOMOS–IAU Thematic Study (see DeVorkin 2010; Marov 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Space Propaganda “For All Mankind”: Soviet and American Responses to the Cold War, 1957-1977
    University of Alberta Space Propaganda “For All Mankind”: Soviet and American Responses to the Cold War, 1957-1977 by Trevor Sean Rockwell A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics © Trevor Sean Rockwell Fall 2012 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is herby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author’s prior written permission. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-89209-1 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-89209-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats.
    [Show full text]
  • Civilian Space Policy and Applications .—————
    Chapter 7 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS IN SPACE Contents Page Introduction . 175 Soviet Union... 204 Communications . 205 European Space Agency and joint European Remote Sensing. 206 Efforts . 176 Materials Processing . 207 Policy and Budget . 177 Launch Vehicles and Manned Current and Projected Applications Operations . 207 Programs . 177 Cooperation and Competition With Communications . 177 Other Countries . 208 Remote Sensing . 179 People’s Republic of China . 209 Materials Processing . 179 India . 211 Launch Vehicles . 181 Future Plans . 185 Other Space programs . 212 Cooperation/Competition With the Canada . 212 United States . 185 Brazil . 213 Cooperation . 185 Domestic/Regional Communications Competition . 186 Systems . 213 European National Programs . 187 Remote Sensing in Developing Countries 214 France . 187 Current Applications Programs . 188 West Germany . 192 Applications Programs . 192 LIST OF TABLES Great Britain . 194 Table No. Page Organization and Funding . 195 17. Contributions of Member States to the Current Applications Programs . 195 Principai ESA Programsin 1981 . 178 Italy . 196. 18. Capacity ofAriane and U.S. Launch Other European Programs . 196 Vehicles . 181 Japan . 197 19. Total Successful Orbital Launches . 204 Organization and Policy . 197 Current and Projected Applications Programs . 198 LIST OF FIGURES Communications . 198 Figure No. Page Remote Sensing. 201 11. Organizational Structure of the Materials Processing . 201 European Space Agency . .. 176 Launch Vehicles . 202 12. Schematic Chart of National Organization ‘Cooperation/Competition With the for Space Activities . 199 United States . 203 13. Japanese Budget for Space Activities. 200 Non-Western Space Programs: Soviet Union, 14. Current and Probable Landsat People’s Republic of China, India . 204 Ground Stations . 215 Chapter 7 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS IN SPACE INTRODUCTION The shape, direction, and very existence of the tiveness vis-a-vis commercial rivals, particularly U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Romanian Resources Battle Joined
    182 Nature Vol. 291 21 May 1981 development] work". However, according space activity, will include the "Astro" to Senator John Warner, the Defense experiment, which will attempt to capture Science Board has concluded that the super-heavy nuclei. Other innovations potential utility of space-based lasers is include an experiment on the behaviour of significant and that an average of $50 liquids in "microgravitational" conditions million per year should be added to the and the monitoring of dynamic dis­ programme. turbance of the space station itself, in order The money for the binary chemical to determine possible effects on the ex­ weapons facility which the Senate armed periments (the Polish "Syrena" services appropriations subcommittee has crystallization experiments in 1978 seem to left out of the supplemental request for the have run into trouble on this account). fiscal year 1981 would have been the first What prospects the Soviet manned space step towards renewed chemical weapons programme now holds for international production which has been halted since cooperation remains a mystery. Current 1968. The Administration is thought to be plans for Soyuz-Salyut still include flights moving cautiously, aware of the public by a French and an Indian cosmonaut, and connection to a central computer is also concern about the deployment of a new during last month's celebrations of the levied, so the cost to home users who want generation of chemical weapons in Europe. twentieth anniversary of Yurii Gagarin's only information on train timetables, local The main debate will probably take place flight it was suggested that Finland might cinemas and so on can seem expensive.
    [Show full text]
  • Brokers in Demand Another Trial
    528 Nature Vol. 291 18 June 1981 And the third may be saved from the Inter­ of the French Lettre des Sciences et All aboard for Halley national Solar-Polar Mission if NASA fails Techniques which selects and condenses The planned Soviet-French joint to win approval for even a modified solar­ reports of new discoveries. Many par­ mission to Halley's comet in 1986 has polar spacecraft. (The ESA solar-polar ticipants argued that the mentality of been transferred, on the initiative of the spacecraft is included in the shuttle scientists in the field needs changing. They Soviet Union, to the joint Comecon manifesto but with a launch date of May should publish information less for their "Interkosmos" programme. At the same 1986, more than a year later than originally peers than for the end user. Or they should time, French participation will be largely planned.) themselves become entrepreneurs. The Com­ reduced to the first stage of the mission, Foreign and commercial users affected mission will now consider how best to create the fly-by of Venus. by the latest shuttle delays are being given the environment for the scientist/entre­ The Halley probe is now to carry until the end of this month to decide preneur and for a European context for the apparatus from Comecon countries, whether they would like to use Thor Delta scientific information broker. although their participation seems to be launchers instead. Judy Redfearn Coincidentally, the European Com­ confined to the provision of equipment mission's proposals for EEC programmes rather than the design of any individual European innovation in the field of new technologies - experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Spaceflights (Overview)
    Human Spaceflights (Overview) No. Nation Mission Time Main tasks 1961 1 Vostok 12.04.1961 First human spaceflight 2 Vostok 2 06.08.1961 - 07.08.1961 Second human spaceflight 1962 3 Mercury 6 20.02.1962 First American in orbit 4 Mercury 7 24.05.1962 "Repeat" of Mercury 6 mission 5 Vostok 3 11.08.1962 - 15.08.1962 Rendezvous flight with Vostok 4 6 Vostok 4 12.08.1962 - 15.08.1962 Rendezvous flight with Vostok 3 7 Mercury 8 03.10.1962 Several test needed for longer, more complex flights 1963 8 Mercury 9 15.05.1963 - 16.05.1963 Final mission of the Mercury program 9 Vostok 5 14.06.1963 - 19.06.1963 Further study of the effect of various spaceflight factors in the human organism 10 Vostok 6 16.06.1963 - 19.06.1963 First woman in space 1964 11 Voskhod 12.10.1964 - 13.10.1964 First time a spacecraft with three crewmembers 1965 12 Voskhod 2 18.03.1965 - 19.03.1965 First EVA 13 Gemini 3 23.03.1965 Test of the new Gemini capsule 14 Gemini 4 03.06.1965 - 07.06.1965 First EVA of an U.S. astronaut 15 Gemini 5 21.08.1965 - 29.08.1965 New flight duration record 16 Gemini 7 04.12.1965 - 18.12.1965 Rendezvous with Gemini 6A 17 Gemini 6A 15.12.1965 - 16.12.1965 Rendezvous with Gemini 7 1966 18 Gemini 8 16.03.1966 - 17.03.1966 First orbital docking 19 Gemini 9A 03.06.1966 - 06.06.1966 Rendezvous with Augmented Target Docking Adapter (ATDA) 20 Gemini 10 18.07.1966 - 21.07.1966 Docking with GATV-10 21 Gemini 11 12.09.1966 - 15.09.1966 Docking with an Agena target vehicle 22 Gemini 12 11.11.1966 - 15.11.1966 Docking with GATV-12 1967 23 Soyuz 1 23.04.1967 -
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Scientific Space Program: Gaining Prestige
    1 Dirtttorale of 9- b ®~t!J{ \ . Intelligence ~t ~ '? ~- I ~I:'d.~~~L .... _ :. ~ ~ ~- ! ¢ ;J ~ .1.: .. 2C _...... - .... _. Soviet Scientific ~no ~c. Proaro 1m • • _.!!:" ___ -- -~-----· ··- Gaining Prestige A Research Paper CIA SPECIAL COLLH:TIONS RELE.t\SBAS SANmZED I 2000 I . 0rv-o '&x:ret SWt~X Januor" '0Rif Q,pj !~!~!!!:~~~ ~";t..u·~"-S or Methods Involved (WNINTEL) National Security Unauthorized Disclosure Information Subject to Criminal Sanctions Dis.stmination Concrol NOFORN(NF) Not rclca~bk to forcien nationals Abbrcria clons NOCONTRACT (NC) Not rcleau.ble to contractors or oontra.ctorfconsultants ORCON(Qq Dissemination and e.c.tnction of information controlled byoric:inator REL.. _____T_hi_s_in_r,or,.rru_tion has been authorized for release to... WN WN I NTEL-lnlelli~tence sources or mel hods involved A microfiche. copy of this docu­ Classified~ ment is availabJc from OIR/ Declassify: OADR DLB (482-7177); printed copies Derived from multip:c sources from CPASfiMC(482·520J: or A I M request 10 u~erid t::PASIMCl. Rerulu rcccipl of Dl reports can be uu.ne:'d lhrou~th CPAS/IMC. All material on I hi~ page is Unclas~ified. Directorate of Intelligence Soviet Scientific Space Program: Gaining Prestige A Research Paper This paper was prepared by t~~ Office of Scientific and We<>p"'1 Ru,e.<-r-ch ~ Comments and oueri~elcome and may.,W: .· directed t• OSWRI- R~'"'·'~ Blank Soviet Scientific Space Program: Gaining Prestige~ Summary The USSR has numerous, diverse, and, in many cases, ambitious scientific Itt/ormation awJi/Oblt' space missions planned for launch through the end of the century.
    [Show full text]