International Exploration of Mars

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I A Special Bibliography June 1991

STI PROGRAM SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL INFORMATION International Exploration of Mars

A Special Bibliography June 1991

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Officeof Management NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program Washington, DC 1991 This bibliography was compiled from the NASA STI Database and prepared by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information. INTRODUCTION

This bibliography contains references from the NASA Scientific andTechnical Information Database, available on RECON, on the exploration of Mars. The citations include NASA reports as well as journal articles and conference proceedings. Historical references are cited for background. The Scientific and Technical Information Program of NASA is pleased to contribute this comprehensive bibliography to the International Space University’s 1991 session as evidence of NASAs continuing interest and support.

. GeraldDirector, Soffen Off ice of University Programs k@NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Member, ISU Board of Directors

Gladys A. Cotter Director NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program

iii June 1991 TABLE OF CONTENTS

AERONAUTICS For related information see also Astronautics. 01 AERONAUTICS (GENERAL) ...... N.A. 02 AERODYNAMICS ...... N.A. Includes aerodynamics of bodies, combinations, wings, rotors, and control surfaces; and internal flow in ducts and turbomachinery. For related information see also 34 Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer: 03 AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY ...... N.A. Includes passenger and cargo air transport operations; and aircraft accidents. For related information see also 16 Space Transportation and 85 Urban Technology and Transportation. 04 AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATIONS AND NAVIGATION ...... N.A. Includes digital and voice communication with aircraft; air navigation systems (satellite and ground based); and air traffic control. For related information see also 77 Space Communications, Spacecraft Communications, Command and Tracking and 32 Communications and Radar: 05 AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE ...... N.A. Includes aircraft simulation technology. For related information see also 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance and 39 Structural Mechanics. For land transportation vehicles see 85 Urban Technology and Transportation. 06 AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTATION ...... N.A. Includes cockpit and cabin display devices; and flight instruments. For related information see also 19 Space craft lnstrumentation and 35 Instrumentation and Photography: 07 AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER ...... N.A. Includes prime propulsion systems and systems components, e.g., gas turbine engines and compressors; and onboard auxiliary power plants for aircraft. For related information see also 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Powec 28 Propellants and Fuels, and 44 Energy Production and Conversion. 08 AIRCRAFT STABILITY AND CONTROL ...... N.A. Includes aircraft handling qualities; piloting; flight controls; and autopilots. For related information see also 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance. 09 RESEARCH AND SUPPORT FACILITIES (AIR) ...... N.A. Includes airports, hangars and runways; aircraft repair and overhaul facilities; wind tunnels; shock tubes; and aircraft engine test stands. For related information see also 14 GroundSupport Systemsand Facilities (Space).

ASTRONAUTICS For related information see also Aeronautics. 12 ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL) ...... 1 For extraterrestrial exploration see 91 Lunar and Planetary Exploration. 13 ASTRODYNAMICS ...... 8 Includes powered and free-flight trajectories; and orbital and launching dynamics. 14 GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES (SPACE) ...... 8 Includes launch complexes, research and production facilities; ground support equipment, e.g., mobile transporters; and simulators. For related information see also 09 Research and Support facilities (Air). 15 LAUNCH VEHICLES AND SPACE VEHICLES ...... 11 Includes boosters; operating problems of launchkpace vehicle systems; and reusable vehicles. For related information see also 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power: 16 SPACE TRANSPORTATION ...... 12 Includes passenger and cargo space transportation, e.g., shuttle operations; and space rescue techniques. For related information see also 03 Air Transportation and Safety and 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance. For space suits see 54 ManISystem Technology and Life Support. 17 SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND AND TRACKING . N.A. Includes telemetry; space communications networks; astronavigation and guidance; and radio blackout. For related informationsee also 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation and 32 Communications and Radar: N.A.-no abstracts were assigned to this category for this issue.

PAGE, INTENTIONALLY MAW 18 SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE ...... 12 Includes satellites; space platforms; space stations; spacecraft systems and components such as thermal and environmental controls; and attitude controls. For life support systems see 54 Madsystem Technology and Life Support. For related information see also 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance, 39 Structural Mechanics, and 16 Space Transportation. 19 SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION ...... N.A. For related information see also 06 Aircraft Instrumentation and 35 Instrumentation and Photography 20 SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER ...... 13 Includes main propulsion systems and components, e.g., rocket engines; and spacecraft auxiliary Power sources. For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Powec 28 Propellants and Fuels, 44 Energy Production and Conversion, and 15 Launch Vehicles and Space Vehicles. CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS 23 CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS (GENERAL) ...... 14 24 COMPOSITE MATERIALS ...... N.A. Includes physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of laminates and other composite materials. For ceramic materials see 27 Nonmetallic Materials. 25 INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ...... N.A. Includes chemical analysis, e.g., chromatography; combustion theory; electrochemistry; and photochemistry. For related information see also 77 Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics. 26 METALLIC MATERIALS ...... N.A. Includes physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of metals, e.g., corrosion; and metallurgy. 27 NONMETALLIC MATERIALS ...... N.A. Includes physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of plastics, elastomers, lubricants, polymers, textiles, adhesives, and ceramic materials. For composite materials see 24 Composite Materials. 28 PROPELLANTS AND FUELS ...... N.A. Includes rocket propellants, igniters and oxidizers; their storage and handling procedures; and aircraft fuels. For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Powec 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Powec and 44 Energy Production and Conversion. 29 MATERIALS PROCESSING ...... N.A. Includes space-based development of products and processes for commercial application. For biological materials see 55 Space Biology

ENGINEERING For related information see also Physics. 31 ENGINEERING (GENERAL) ...... 15 Includes vacuum technology; control engineering; display engineering; cryogenics; and fire prevention. 32 COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR ...... N.A. Includes radar; land and global communications; communications theory; and optical communications. For related information see also 04 Aircraft Communications and Navigation and 17 Space Communications, Spacecraft Communications, Command and Tracking. For search and rescue see 03 Air Transportation and Safe& and 16 Space Transportation. 33 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ...... 15 Includes test equipment and maintainability; components, e.g., tunnel diodes and transistors; microminiaturization; and integrated circuitry. For related information see also 60 Computer Operations and Hardware and 76 Solid-St8te Physics. 34 FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER ...... N.A. Includes boundary layers; hydrodynamics; fluidics; mass transfer and ablation cooling. For related information see also 02 Aerodynamics and n Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics. 35 INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY ...... N.A. Includes remote sensors; measuring instruments and gauges; detectors; cameras and photographic supplies; and holography. For aerial photography see 43 Earth Resources and Remote Sensing. For related information see also 06 Aircraft Instrumentation and 19 Spacecraft Instrumentation. 36 LASERS AND MASERS ...... N.A. Includes parametric amplifiers. For related information see also 76 Solid-state Physics.

vi 37 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ...... 15 Includes auxiliary systems (nonpower); machine elements and processes; and mechanical equipment.

38 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND RELIABILITY ...... N.A. Includes product sampling procedures and techniques; and quality control. 39 STRUCTURAL MECHANICS ...... N.A. Includes structural element design and weight analysis; fatigue; and thermal stress. For applications see 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance and 18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance.

GEOSCIENCES For related information see also Space Sciences. 42 GEOSCIENCES (GENERAL) ...... N.A. 43 EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING ...... N.A. Includesremote sensing of earth resources by aircraft and spacecraft; photogrammetry; and aerial photography. For instrumentation see 35 Instrumentation and Photography 44 ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION ...... 16 Includes specific energy conversion systems, e.g., fuel cells; global sources of energy; geophysic on; and windpower. For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power; 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; and 28 Propellants and Fuels. 45 ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION ...... N.A. Includes atmospheric, noise, thermal, and water pollution. 46 GEOPHYSICS ...... N.A. Includes aeronomy; upper and lower atmosphere studies; ionospheric and magnetospheric physics; and geomagnetism. For space radiation see 93 Space Radiation. 47 METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY ...... N.A. Includes weather forecasting and modification. 48 OCEANOGRAPHY ...... Includes biological, dynamic, and physical oceanography; and marine resources. For related information see also 43 Earth Resources and Remote Sensing. LIFE SCIENCES 51 LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL) ...... 16 52 AEROSPACE MEDICINE ...... 17 Includes physiologicalfactors; biological effects of radiation; and effects of weightlessness on man and animals. 53 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES ...... 17 Includes psychological factors; individual and group behavior; crew training and evaluation; and psychiatric research. 54 MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT ...... 18 Includes human engineering; biotechnology; and space suits and protective clothing. For related information see also 16 Space Transportation. 55 SPACE BIOLOGY ...... Includes exobiology; planetary biology; and extraterrestrial life. MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 59 MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER SCIENCES (GENERAL) ...... N.A. 60 COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE ...... N.A. Ii~liideshaiijwaie foi eoiiipiiiei giaphics, fiictaie, sfid data PiocSssiiig. Fsi coiiipofieiiis see 33 Ektiihts and Electrical Engineering. 61 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE ...... N.A. Includes computer programs, routines, algorithms, and specific applications, e.g., CAD/CAM. 62 COMPUTER SYSTEMS ...... N.A. Includes computer networks and special application computer systems.

vii 63 CYBERNETICS ...... N.A. Includesfeedback and control theory, artificial intelligence, robotics and expert systems. For related information see also 54 ManBystem Technology and Life Support.

64 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ...... N-A. Includes iteration, difference equations, and numerical approximation. 65 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ...... N.A. Includes data sampling and smoothing; Monte Carlo method; and stochastic processes. 66 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ...... N.A. Includes mathematical modeling; network analysis; and operations research. 67 THEORETICAL MATHEMATICS ...... N.A. Includes topology and number theory.

PHYSICS For related information see also Engineering. 70 PHYSICS (GENERAL) ...... N.A. For precision time and time interval (PlTI) see 35 lnstrumentation and Photography; for geophysics, astrophysics or solar physics see 46 Geophysics, 90 Astrophysics, or 92 Solar Physics. 71 ACOUSTlCS ...... N.A. Includessound generation,transmission, and attenuation. For noise pollution see 45 Environment Pollution. 72 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS ...... N.A. Includes atomic structure, electron properties, and molecular spectra. 73 NUCLEAR AND HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS ...... N.A. Includeselementary and nuclear particles; and reactor theory. For space radiation see 93 Space Radiation. 74 OPTICS ...... N.A. Includes light phenomena and optical devices. For lasers see 36 Lasers and Masers. 75 PLASMA PHYSICS ...... N.A. Includes magnetohydrodynamics and plasma fusion. For ionospheric plasmas see 46 Geophysics. For space plasmas see 90 Astrophysics. 76 SOLID-STATE PHYSICS ...... N.A. Includes superconductivity. For related information see also 33 Electronics and Electrical Engineering and 36 Lasers and Masers. 77 THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS ...... N.A. Includes quantum mechanics; theoretical physics; and Bose and Fermi statistics. For related information see also 25 lnorganic and Physical Chemistry and 34 Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer: SOCIAL SCIENCES 80 SOCIAL SCIENCES (GENERAL) ...... 22 Includes educational matters. 81 ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT ...... 22 Includes management planning and research. 82 DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE ...... N.A. Includes information management; information storage and retrieval technology; technical writing; graphic arts; and micrography. For computer documentation see 67 Computer Programming and Software. 83 ECONOMICS AND COST ANALYSIS ...... N.A. Includes cost effectiveness studies. 84 LAW, POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SPACE POLICY ...... 23 Includes NASA appropriation hearings; aviation law; space law and policy; international law; international cooperation; and patent policy. 85 URBAN TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION ...... N.A. Includes applications of space technology to urban problems; technology transfer; technology assessment; and surface and mass transportation. For related information see 03 Air Fansportation and Safeu 76 Space Transportation, and 44 Energy Production and Conversion.

viii SPACE SCIENCES For related information see also Geosciences. 88 SPACE SCIENCES (GENERAL) ...... N.A. 89 ASTRONOMY ...... N.A. Includes radio, gamma-ray, and infrared astronomy; and astrometry. 90 ASTROPHYSICS ...... N.A. Includes cosmology; celestial mechanics; space plasmas; and interstellar and interplanetary gases and dust. For related information see also 75 Plasma Physics. 91 LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION ...... 23 Includes planetology; and manned and unmanned flights. For spacecraft design or space stations see 78 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance. 92 SOLAR PHYSICS ...... N.A. Includessolar activity, solar flares, solar radiation and sunspots. For related information see 93 Space Radiation. 93 SPACE RADIATION ...... N.A. Includes cosmic radiation; and inner and outer earth’s radiation belts. For biological effects of radiation see 52 Aerospace Medicine. For theory see 73 Nuclear and High-Energy Physics. GENERAL Includes aeronautical, astronautical, and space science related histories, biographies, and pertinent reports too broad for categorization; histories or broad overviews of NASA programs. 99 GENERAL ...... N.A.

SUBJECT INDEX ...... A-I PERSONAL AUTHOR INDEX ...... B-1 CORPORATE SOURCE INDEX ...... C-I FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY INDEX ...... D-1 CONTRACT NUMBER INDEX ...... E-1 REPORT NUMBER INDEX ...... F-1 ACCESSION NUMBER INDEX ...... G-I APPENDIX ...... APP-1

ix I Y ribm ncrun I GI IAI IUN ANU ne)a I nncl I

NASASPONSORED i"lN MICROFICHE 4CCESSION NUMBER -N90-26499'# Wisconsin Univ., Milwaukee. Space Architecture- CORPORATE sc Design Group. TITLE AGENESISLUNAR OUTPOST CRITERIA AND DESIGN AUTHORS -TIMOTHY HANSMANN, ed. & comp.. GARY T. MOORE, ed. & comp., DIN0 J. BASCHIERA, JOE PAUL FIEBER, and JANlS HUEBNER MOTHS 11Jun. 1990 119 p CONTRACT NUMBER -(Contract NASW-4435) PUBLICATION D, REPORT NUMBERS (NASA-CR-186831; NAS 1.26:186831; R90-1; ISBN-0-938744-69-0) COSATI CODE AILABILITY SOURCE -Avail: NTlS HC AO6/MF A01 CSCL 05H - PRICE CODE N This design study--the third in the space architecture series- focused on the requirements of an early stage lunar outpost. The driving assumptions of the scenario was that the base would serve as a research facility and technology testbed for future Mars missions, a habitat supporting 12 persons for durations of up to 20 months, and would sustain the following five experimental facilities: Lunar surface mining and production analysis facility, construction technology and materials testbed, closed environmental life support system (CELSS) test facility, lunar farside observatory, and human factors and environment-behavior research facility. Based upon the criteria set forth in a previous programming document, three preliminary lunar base designs were developed. Each of the three schemes studied a different construction method and configuration. The designs were then evaluated in terms of environmental response, human habitability, transportability, constructability, construction dependability and resilience, and their suitability in carrying out the desired scientific research. The positive points of each scheme were then further developed by the entire project team, resulting in one integrated lunar outpost design. Author

TYPICAL JOURNAL ARTICLE CITATION AND ABSTRACT

NASASPONSORED

CORPORATE SOURCE II :CESSION NUMBER -A91-27353' Duke Univ., Durham, NC. TITLE -A DEPLOYABLE HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING COIL (DHTSC) - A NOVEL CONCEPT FOR PRODUCING MAGNETIC SHIELDS AGAINST BOTH SOLAR FLARE AND GALACTIC RADIATION DURING MANNED INTERPLANETARY

MISSIONS I AUTHORS' AFFlLl AUTHOR -F. HADLEY COCKS (Duke University, Durham, NC) British- JOURNAL TITLE Interplanetary Society, Journal (ISSN 0007-084X), vol. 44, March 1991, p. 99-102. refs ONTRACT NUMBER -(Contract NASW-4453) Copyright The discovery of materials which are superconducting above 100 K makes possible the use of superconducting coils deployed beyond the hull of an interplanetary spacecraft to produce a magnetic shield capable of giving protection not only against solar flare radiation, but also even against Galactic radiation. Such deployed coils can be of very large size and can thus achieve the great magnetic moments required Using Only relatively low currents. Deployable high- temperature-superconducting coil magnetic shields appear to offer very substantial reductions in mass and energy compared to other concepts and could readily provide the radiation protection needed for a Mars mission or space colonies. Author

X INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION OF MARS A Special Bibliography

JUNE 1991

12 development status of high specific impulse electric propulsion systems for spacecraft application in earth orbit, lunar settlement, planetary science, manned Mars mission, and interstallar travel. ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL) Electrostatic, electrothermal, and electromagnetic systems are possible; attention is presently given to electrostatic ion, electrothermal arcjet, and magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters. Lightweight solar and nuclear space power systems are key enabling technologies for electric propulsion; nuclear propulsion's A87-53091' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. use will be demonstrated by the Space Nuclear Power Source Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX. Reference Mission. O.C. MARTIAN SElTLEMENT BARNEY B. ROBERTS (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, A88-52345' Spectra Research Systems, Inc., Huntsville, AL. TX) IN: The human quest in space; Proceedings of the MANNED MARS MISSION PROGRAM CONCEPTS Twenty-fourth Goddard Memorial Symposium, Greenbelt, MD, Mar. E. C. HAMILTON, P. JOHNSON, J. PEARSON, and W. TUCKER 20, 21, 1986. San Diego, CA. Univelt, Inc., 1987, p. 227-235; (SRS Technologies, Huntsville, AL) IN: Space Congress, 25th, Discussion, p. 236, 237. Cocoa Beach, FL, Apr. 26-29, 1988. Proceedings. Cape Canaveral. I (AAS PAPER 86-117) Copyright FL, Canaveral Council of Technical Societies, 1988, p. 7-1 to 7-5. The rationale for a manned Mars mission and the establishment NASA-sponsored research. of a base is divided into three areas: science, resource utilization, Copyright and strategic issues. The effects of a Mars mission on the This paper describes the SRS Manned Mars Mission and objectives of near-term NASA programs, and the applications of Program Analysis study designed to support a manned expedition these programs to a Mars mission are examined. The use of to Mars contemplated by NASA for the purposes of initiating human extraterrestrial resources to supply space settlements and thereby exploration and eventual habitation of this planet. The capabilities reduce transportation costs is studied; the development of systems of the interactive software package being presently developed by for extraterrestrial materials processing will need to be researched. the SRS for the mission/program analysis are described, and it is The possibility of a joint U.S./Soviet Mars mission is discussed by shown that the interactive package can be used to investigate the symposium parbcipants. I.F. the impact of various mission concepts on the sensitivity of mass required in LEO, schedules, relative costs, and risk. The results, A88-22044'# Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, CO. to date, indicate the need for an earth-to-orbit transportation system HUMAN EXPLORATION OF MARS much larger than the present STS, reliable long-life support BENTON C. CLARK (Martin Marietta Planetary Sciences systems, and either advanced propulsion or aerobraking Laboratory, Denver, CO) AIA4, Aerospace Sciences Meeting, technology. I.S. 26th, Reno, NV, Jan. 11-14, 1988. 6 p. refs (Contract NAS8-37126) A8845451 # (AIAA PAPER 88-0064) Copyright INTERNATIONAL MANNED MISSIONS TO MARS AND THE A systems study is underway of astronaut missions to Mars RESOURCES OF PHOBOS AND DEIMOS that could be accomplished over the next four decades. In addition BRIAN O'LEARY (Institute for Security and Cooperation in Outer to an emphasis on the transportation and facility infrastructure Space, Phoenix, AZ) IAF, International Astronautical Congress, required for such missions, other relevant technologies and mission 39th, Bangalore, India, Oct. 8-15, 1988. 14 p. refs constraints are also being considered. These induce on-orbit (IAF PAPER 88-591) Copyright assembly, trajectory type, launch opportunities, propellant storage, The potential for a joint manned mission to the moons of crew size, cabin pressure, artificial gravity, life-support systems, Mars with a possible sortie to the Martian surface is examined. radiation hazards, powerlenergy storage, thermal control, human The advantages of landing on the Martian moons include factors, communications, abort scenarios, landing techniques, accessibility, location. the potential for in-situ processing, and the I exploration strategies, and science activities. A major objective of minimization of mission propulsion requirements. The dangers of the study is to identify enabling and significantly enhancing dust storms on the Martian surface are obviated, and the application technologies for accomplishing the goal of the human exploration of the Space Shuttle external tank (ET) to such a mission is of Mars. Author addressed. The use of the ET for volatile processing at the moons of Mars is discussed. A four-mission program toward developing A8641289 the bases on the Martian moons is discussed, taking the TPANS?ORTAT:CN APPiiCAiiONS OF EiE2iRif igquiiemefits and economics inio account. C.D. PROPULSION GRAEME ASTON (Electric Propulsion Laboratory, Inc.. Tehachapi, A89- 19391 CA) IN: Visions of tomorrow: A focus on national space US AND SOVIET PLANETARY EXPLORATION - THE NEXT transportation issues; Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Goddard STEP IS MARS, TOGETHER Memorial Symposium, Greenbelt, MD, Mar. 18-20, 1987. San Diego, BURTON I. EDELSON and JOHN L. MCLUCAS Space Policy CA, Univelt, Inc., 1987, p. 223-228, 231-245; Discussion. p. (ISSN 0265-9646), VOl. 4, NOV.1988, p. 337-349. 228-230. Copy right (US PAPER 87-128) Copyright The history of U.S. and Soviet lunar and planetary exploration A comprehensive account is given of the nature and current efforts is recalled, and arguments in favor of a joint program to

1 12 ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL) explore Mars are presented. The competitive nature of the previous an early attempt to assess such followon applications. particularly and current space programs is discussed; the technological fields in manned space exploration initiatives such as a lunar base and/or in which the U.S. or USSR has an advantage are indicated; and manned Mars expedition. Author the need to follow up on the 1986 Soviet proposal of a joint mission is stressed. The first steps recommended to the U.S. A89-47067# administration are (1) establishing a bilateral or international Mars MANNED MARS MISSION OVERVIEW program concept, (2) setting robotic exploration in the late 1990s BRUCE M. CORDELL (General Dynamics Corp., Space Systems and manned exploration in the next century as goals, and (3) Div., San Diego, CA) AIAA, ASME, SAE, and ASEE, Joint convening an international group of engineers and scientists to Propulsion Conference, 25th, Monterey, CA, July 10-13, 1989. 32 make detailed plans. T.K. p. refs (AIAA PAPER 89-2766) Copyright A89-37799' Stanford Univ., CA. The mission strategies and concepts, technologies and Systems. USE OF MARTIAN RESOURCES IN A CONTROLLED and program stragegies and implications associated with manned ECOLOGICAL LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM (CELSS) Mars missions and with establishment of bases on Mars are DAVID T. SMERNOFF (Stanford University, CA) and ROBERT D. discussed. The results of an overview of the existing information MACELROY (NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA) and technologies indicate that the human exploration of Mars and British Interplanetary Society, Journal (ISSN 0007-084X), vol. 42, the establishment of settlements is technologically feasible. It is April 1989, p. 179-184. refs suggested that an initial manned base on Phobos may be the Copyright most efficient and inexpensive way to begin the human exploration Possibile crew life support systems for Mars are reviewed, of Mars. The propulsion issues and the mission concepts are focusing on ways to use Martian resources as life support materials. discussed with special consideration given to nuclear systems and A system for bioregenerative life support using photosynthetic extraterrestrial propellant production, as well as to space organisms, known as the Controlled Ecological Life Support System infrastructures, systems, and operations necessary for the support (CELSS), is examined. The possible use of higher plants or algae of manned Mars missions. Attention is also given to political and to produce oxygen on Mars is investigated. The specific social issues that will influence the decision and the starting time requirements for a CELSS on Mars are considered. The exploitation of the human exploration of Mars. I.S. of water, respiratory gases, and mineral nutrients on Mars is discussed. R.B. A8854248 TO MARS AND BEYOND A89-43365. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. BEN BOVA Air and Space (ISSN 0886-2257), vol. 4, 0ct.-Nov. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL. 1989, p. 4248. A MANNED MARS ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY VEHICLE Copyright DAVID N. SCHULTZ. CHARLES C. RUPP, GREGORY A. HAJOS, The development of propulsion systems with the ability to allow and JOHN M. BUTLER, JR. (NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, for human exploration of Mars and further into the solar systems Huntsville, AL) IN: Space tethers for science in the space station is discussed. Various types of rocket engines, such as chemical, era; Proceedings of the Second International Conference, Venice, nuclear, and electrical, are examined in terms of fuel efficiency Italy, Oct. 4-8, 1987. Bologna, Societa ltaliana di Fisica, 1988, p. and specific impulse. Consideration is also given to laser propulsion, 320-335. a solar sail, and fusion. I.F. Copyright Data are presented on an artificial-gravity vehicle that is being A90-13570'# Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., designed for a manned Mars mission, using a 'split-mission' Pasadena. concept, in which an unmanned cargo vehicle is sent earlier and AN INTERNATIONAL MARS EXPLORATION PROGRAM stored in a Mars orbit for a rendezvous with a manned vehicle DONALD G. REA, GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM (JPL, Pasadena, CA), about 1.5 years later. Special attention is given to the vehicle MARK K. CRAIG (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX), trajectory and configuration, the tether design, and the vehicle and HAROLD L. CONWAY (NASA, Washington, DC) IAF, weight and launch requirements. It is shown that an artificial-(; International Astronautical Congress, 40th, Malaga, Spain, Oct. vehicle for a manned Mars missions is feasible technically and 7-13, 1989. 7 p. programmatically. Using an artificial-G vehicle instead of a zero-G (IAF PAPER 89-493) Copyright vehicle for the piloted portion of a split mission provides The scientific reasons for a Mars exploration program are physiological and human-factor-relatedbenefits, does not eliminate reviewed, and the robotic phase of such a program is examined. requirements for zero-G countermeasures research (since zero-G The functions and requirements of the rovers, surface stations is an abort mode), and could possibly reduce some life science and penetrators are addressed, as are those of the imaging and activities. Diagrams are included. I.S. communications orbiters. The navigational functions which support the aerocapture and landing vehicles are examined. C.D. A89.45833 POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF SPACE STATION A90-16528 TECHNOLOGY IN LUNAR BASES AND MANNED MARS MARS IS OURS - STRATEGIES FOR A MANNED MISSION TO MISSIONS MARS J. M. GARVEY and M. M. MANKAMYER (McDonnell Douglas TllNA O'NEIL. DANIEL THURS, MICHAEL NARLOCK, and SHAWN Astronautics Co., Space Station Dw., Huntington Beach, CA) IN: MTSCH IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - Engineering, construction, and operations in space; Proceedings Technical. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 13-28. refs of the Space '88 Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Aug. 29-31, 1988. (AAS PAPER 87-228) Copyright New York, American Society of CMI Engineers, 1988, p. The societal, engineering, and scientific aspects of a manned 1308-1319. refs mission to Mars are investigated, as part of a NASAIUniversity of Copyright Wisconsin sponsored high school student contest. The societal To meet the goals of its Space Station program, NASA is concerns cover the economic perspective of a multinational venture developing a large set of improved space systems capabilities. In providing more resources, ideas, and personnel than a unilateral areas such as power generation and distribution, on-board data effort. Engineering issues consist of ship design, propulsion, and management, and lesupport, Station technology will represent a Support systems; propelled by liquid rockets, the Mars Transit major advance over current SySt~ms.Given the substantial Vehicle (MTV) is conceived as a modular craft composed of several investment required to create these capabilities, it is worthwhile pods; the space crew would inhabit the first two pods. The scientific to consider other potential uses for them. This paper constitutes aspect concerns the major questions, means, and requirements

2 12 ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL) to be answered for a manned Mars mission, with objectives that Plans for defining a Mars mission and developing the would include the determination of location and potability of Martian technologies needed for a Mars mission are discussed. The water deposits. C.E. information about Mars obtained from the Viking mission is reviewed. The estaSlishment of a lunar base and the role of such A90-16548 a base in a manned mission to Mars are examined. The problems MARS MISSION AND PROGRAM ANALYSIS of a long-term mission in microgravity, the possible development EDWARD E. MONTGOMERY and JAMES C. PEARSON. JR. of artificial gravity, the Mars Sample Return mission, and various (Spectra Research Systems, Inc., Huntsville, AL) IN: The case scenarios for a manned mission to Mars are considered. R.B. for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - Technical. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 293-309. refs A90-16653 (AAS PAPER 87-249) Copyright DECISIONS ON SPACE INITIATIVES The total initial mass required in the Space station orbit is RADFORD BYERLY, JR. (Colorado, University, Boulder) IN: The estimated for several difterent operational scenarios culminating case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and in the retrieval of Mars Space Vehicle stages to the space station overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 19-25. refs for refurbishment and reuse. Interplanetary and planetary VelOCtty (AAS PAPER 87-177) Copyright change requirements are calculated for a 2003 high thrust Issues related to the process of making decisions on major conjuction class direct stopover mission to Mars and subsequently space initiatives are discussed. The decision-making processes employed in mass fraction equations to estimate mass of the for the Apollo, Space Shuttle, and Space Station programs are Mars vehicle and OTVs. The implications on ET0 vehicle payload reviewed. Consideration is given to current political support for capacity and launch rate are also presented parametrically. the Space Station and the question of whether the moon or Mars Evaluations include the effects of aerobraking, propellant boiloff, should be the next goal of the space program. R.B. and recovery trajectory. Author A90-16664' National Aeronautics and Space Administration, A90-16560 Washington, DC. MANNED MARS MISSIONS AND EXTRATERRESTRIAL PLANETARY PROTECTION AND BACK CONTAMINATION RESOURCE ENGINEERING TEST AND EVALUATION CONTROL FOR A MARS ROVER SAMPLE RETURN MISSION STEWART W. JOHNSON (BDM Corp.. Albuquerque, NM) and JOHN D. RUMMEL (NASA, Lae Sciences Dv., Washington, DC) RAYMOND S. LEONARD (Ad Astra, Ltd., Santa Fe, NM) IN: IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - Technical. San interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989. p. Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 455468. Research supported 259-263. by BDM Corp. and Ad Astra, Ltd. refs (AAS PAPER 87-197) Copyright (AAS PAPER 87-261) Copyright A commitment to avoid the harmful contamination of outer This paper emphasizes the importance of early involvement of space and avoid adverse changes in the environment of the earth the test and evaluation perspective and approach in the engineering has been long reflected in NASA's Planetary Protection policy. analysis, design. and development of capabilities for a manned Working under guidelines developed by the Committee on Space Mars mission that incorporates extraterrestrial resource extraction Research (COSPAR), NASA has implemented the policy in an and use. The effectiveness and suitability of mission equipment interactive process that has included the recommendations of the and proposed resource extraction processes must be shown by U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Measures taken to prevent test and evaluation involving analysis, simulation, ground test, and the contamination of earth during the Apollo missions were perhaps flight test. Facilities and resources for test and evaluation must the most visible manifestations of this policy, and provided be acquired in a timely fashion, and time allowed for test and numerous lessons for future sample return opportunities. This paper evaluation. Author presents the current status of planetary protection policy within NASA, and a prospectus on how planetary protection issues might A90-16651 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. be addressed in relation to a Mars Rover Sample Return mission. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. Author THE CASE FOR MARS 111: STRATEGIES FOR EXPLORATION - GENERAL INTEREST AND OVERVIEW A90-16667' National Aeronautics and Space Administration, CAROL R. STOKER, ED. (NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Washington, DC. Field, CA) San Dego. CA, Univelt, Inc. (Science and Technology LIFE SCIENCES INTERESTS IN MARS MISSIONS Series. Volume 74). 1989, 743 p. For individual items see JOHN D. RUMMEL and LYNN D. GRlFFlTHS (NASA, Life Sciences A90-16652 to A90-16690. Div., Washington, DC) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for Copyright exploration - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Papers on the possibilities for manned Mars missions are Inc., 1989, p. 287-294. presented, covering topics such as space policy, space education (AAS PAPER 87-200) Copyright and Mars exploration. economic issues, international moperation, NASA's Space Life Sciences research permeates plans for life support, biomedical factors, human factors, the Mars Rover Mars missions and the rationale for the exploration of the planet. Sample Return Mission, and possible unmanned precursor missions The Space Life Sciences program has three major roles in Mars to Mars. Other topics include the scientific objectives for human mission studies: providing enabling technology for piloted missions, exploration of Mars, mission strategies, possible transportation conducting scientific exploration related to the origin and evolution systems for manned Mars flight, advanced propulsion techniques, of life, and protecting space crews from the adverse physiological and the ~ei!zetkr!e! Mars mixxurcas. Abditkmal s&jec;s include &:eciS of space iiighi. This paper presents a rationale for the construction and maintenance of a Martian base, possible exploration and some of the issues, tradeoffs, and visions being systems for mobility on the Martian surface, space power systems, addressed in the Space Life Sciences program in preparation for and the use of the Space Station for a Mars mission. R.B. Mars missions. Author

AQ0-18652' National Aeronautics and Space Administration, A90-16668' Martin Marietta Corp.. Denver, CO. Washington, DC. MANNED MARS SYSTEMS STUDY A STRATEGY FOR MARS THE CASE FOR MARS 111 - BENTON C. CLARK (Martin Marietta Planetary Sciences KEYNOTE ADDRESS Laboratory. Denver, CO) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies JAMES C. FLETCHER (NASA, Washington, DC) IN: The case for exploration - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and Univelt, Inc., 1989. p. 297-307. overview. San Diego. CA, Univelt, Inc.. 1989, p. 3-11. (Contract NAS8-37126) (AAS PAPER 87-175) Copyright (AAS PAPER 87-201) Copyright

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A study is underway to determine attractive system options, Mars mission include the Space Station, a variable gravity research perform trade studies, and provide comparative data for astronaut station, and an assembly dock, in addition to ground facilities. missions to Mars. Because of an emphasis in this work on deriving The types of research that would be conducted at each of these requirements and candidates for the transportation and facility facilities are examiied. R.B. infrastructure for such missions, all relevant technologies and mission constraints are also being considered. These include A90-16672' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. on-orbit assembly, trajectory type, launch opportunities. propellant Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX. storage, crew size, cabin pressure, artificial gravity, life-support TECHNOLOGY FOR MANNED MARS FLIGHT systems, radiation hazards, powerlenergy storage, thermal control, BARNEY 8. ROBERTS (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, human factors, communications, abort scenarios, landing TX) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General techniques, exploration strategies and science activities. It is interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Unive!!. Inc., 1989, p. planned to scope several example missions and to identify enabling 399-41 1. refs and significantly enhancing technologies for accomplishing the (AAS PAPER 87-206) Copyright goals of the human exploration of Mars. Author It is important for NASA to begin development of the technologies and strategies necessary to support a Mars mission. A90-16669 Most of the technologies required are long lead time items and PILOTED SPRINT MISSIONS TO MARS must be started now to preserve the option for Mars landings at JOHN C. NIEHOFF and STEPHEN J. HOFFMAN (Science the turn of the century. It is a common assumption that a piloted Applications International Corp., Schaumburg, IL) IN: The case mission to Mars could be accomplished with current technology. for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and Although this is probably true to some degree, the mass in low overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 309-324. earth orbit would be so large that the mission would be impractical (AAS PAPER 87-202) Copyright and maybe impossible. Technologies for advanced propulsion, This paper describes a piloted mission to Mars early in the advanced life support systems, aerobraking, and utilization of in 21st century, using near-term technology; results from a mission situ resources can greatly enhance the ability to execute this class study are presented. A trajectory option is identified that allows of mission. Author piloted round-trip missions to be completed within approximately one year. These flights are called sprint missions. Study results A90-16686' Utah State Univ., Logan. show that two vehicles would be required to complete the mission. BALLOON-BORNE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MARTIAN The first is an automated cargo vehicle, which has an initial mass SURFACE AND LOWER ATMOSPHERE of 600 metric tons (including injection stage) in LEO. The second F. J. REDD (Utah State University, Logan), R. J. LEVESQUE, and vehicle is the piloted spacecraft, which has an initial mass (including G. E. WILLIAMS IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for injection stages) of 750 metric tons LEO. Aerobraking is used by exploration - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, both the cargo and piloted vehicles at Mars and by the piloted Inc., 1989, p. 633-645. Research supported by NASA. refs vehicle upon earth return. Key milestones in support of the (AAS PAPER 87-221) Copyright proposed mission scenario are identified. Author A recent NASA-sponsored design course at Utah State University (USU) has focused upon a Mars Lander/Rover system AW-16670 designed to descend from a Martian orbit and deploy both surface MARS 1999 - A CONCEPT FOR LOW COST NEAR-TERM and balloon-borne instruments to examine the Martian surface and HUMAN EXPLORATION AND PROPELLANT PROCESSING ON lower atmosphere. The latter stages of the USU design effort PHOBOS AND DEMOS placed major emphasis on the design of the balloon rover. This BRIAN O'LEARY (Future Focus, Scottsdale, AZ) IN: The case paper presents the results of that emphasis by discussing the for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and payload requirements, identification of the design parameters, overview. San Diego, CA. Univelt. Inc., 1989, p. 353-372. refs surface vs. descent deployment, design tradeoff studies, (AAS PAPER 87-204) Copyright site-influenced departures from the baseline design, the final design This study shows that a mission to the moons of Mars with a concept, and the resulting balloon performance. A single hydrogen sortie option to the Martian surface during 1998-99 is technically superpressure balloon is selected for use in the design mission. feasible provided a political decision is made by 1990. A number The paper concludes that characterization of the Martian surface of reasons favor the 1999 opportunity, including small delta-V and lower atmosphere by a descentdeployed, balloon-borne rover values, low probability of planet-obscuring dust storms, and is a viable concept that should be actively pursued. Author near-zero solar flare activity. The space shuttle external tank can be adapted as a cryogenic propellant and cargo launcher to low AW-17806 earth orbit (LEO), as a Mars mission module transfer vehicle, and EMERQING VIEWS ON A JOINT SOVIET-US. MARS MISSION as a cryogenic storage facility onorbit and at Phobos/Deimos VADlM VLASOV (Moskovskii Aviatsionnyi Institut. Moscow, USSR) (PhD). A synergistic four mission program is proposed wherein and MICHAEL POTTER (Egan Group; Georgetown University, 1O.OOO metric tons of water extracted from PhD could be delivered Washington. DC) Space Policy (ISSN 0265-9646), vol. 5, Nov. to LEO and the surfaces of Mars and the moon by 2005. As a 1989, p. 269-272. result, Mars and lunar bases could be established, and a space Copyright industrial infrastructure cwld grow more rapidly than in other space Political and space policy developments in the U.S. and in the development scenarios. The scientific, political and economic USSR are evaluated, focusing on the way in which these incentives for PhD warrant increased attention in manned Mars developments might influence the possibility of a joint U.S./USSR mission, program, and system studies. Author mission to Mars. Consideration is given to economic issues and political support for space programs in the two countries. A strategy A@0-16671 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., for working towards a joint Mars mission is proposed. R.B. Pasadena. EARTH ORBITAL PREPARATlON FOR MARS EXPEDITIONS AOl-1W52# ROBERT L STAEHLE (JPL. Pasadena; World Space Foundation, PLANNING FOR HUMAN VOYAQES TO MARS South Pasadena, CA) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for ERNST STUHLINGER AIM, Space Programs and Technologies exploration - General interest and overview. Sen Diego, CA, Univelt, Conference, Huntsville, AL. apt. 25-27. 1990. 7 p. lnc., 1989, p. 373-396. refs (AIM PAPER 90-3615) Copyright (AAS PAPER 87-205) Copyright Proposals for manned voyages to Mars were made repeatedly Consideration is given to the facilities in earth orbit that would during the past hundred years, based on chemical, electric, and be required to prepare for a manned mission to Mars. It is suggested nuclear rocket systems. Some of the more recent studies offWed that the facilities required for the development of technology for a detailed design and engineering data for Mars missions. President

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Bush's Space Exploration Initiative in 1989 resulted in extended alternatives. It describes the process of deriving appropriate surface compilations of data concerning the Martian surface and architectures with consideration of mission objectives leading to environment; steps toward the establishment of a master plan for system concepts, designation of elements and element a manned Mars mission should now be taken. A concept for a placement. Author Mars mission with a nuclear-electric propulsion system is proposed in the present paper. Author A91-10220# TRANSPORTATION APPROACHES FOR MANNED MARS A91-10143'# Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., MISSIONS Pasadena. BRUCE M. CORDELL (General Dynamics Corp., Space Systems MARS EXPLORATION MISSIONS Div., San Diego, CA) AIAA, Space Programs and Technologies GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM (JPL, Pasadena, CA) AIAA, Space Conference, Huntsville, AL, Sept. 25-27, 1990. 10 p. refs Programs and Technologies Conference, Huntsville, AL, Sept. (AIAA PAPER 90-3892) Copyright 25-27, 1990. 7 p. refs This paper describes the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) (AIAA PAPER 90-3779) Copyright objectives, as well as some strategies and scenarios which Several robotic exploration missions to Mars that are proposed emphasize program viabili, crew safety, efficient transportation for inclusion in the Space Exploration Mission are reviewed. The systems, the use of space resources, and the human settlement missions discussed range from remote sensing orbital missions to of Mars. The space propulsion options which can be easily landed missions, such as simple surface stations and roving accommodated into the SEI program and a SEI strategy featuring vehicles. The discussion covers engineering and science the search for water on Mars are described. Special attention is objectivess of the missions, data acquisition strategy, mission given to an example (Exofuel) of possible commercial strategy sequence, types of missions, and a brief description of each of involving the Martian moons. In one of several possible Exofuel the missions. V.L. scenarios, a water extractor and an in situ propellant production plant on Deimos produce propellants that are retrieved to a high A91-10157'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration, elliptical earth orbit, from which they are transferred via a space Washington, DC. tanker vehicle to LEO where they are used to fuel lunar or planetary TECHNOLOGY AND MARS EXPLORATION spacecraft. A summary is presented of the performance and cost JOHN C. MANKINS (NASA, Washington, DC) and CORINNE M. data generated during the initial analysis of the potential of the BUONI (Science Applications International Corp., Washington, Martian moons for commercial development. I.S. DC) AIM, Space Programs and Technologies Conference, Huntsville, AL. Sept. 25-27, 1990. 10 p. (AIAA PAPER 90-3797) Copyright A91-13752'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration, The currently envisioned technology needs of the Space Washington, DC. Exploration Initiative are surveyed. Earth-toorbit transportation TECHNOLOGY NEEDS OF THE EXPLORATION INITIATIVE technology requirements are summarized. Space transportation ARNOLD ALDRICH, ROBERT ROSEN, MARK CRAIG, and JOHN needs regarding aerobraking, space-based engines, autonomous C. MANKINS (NASA, Office of Aeronautics, Exploration and landing, autonomous rendezvous and docking. vehicle structures Technology, Washington, DC) IAF. International Astronautical and cryogenic tankage, artificial gravty, nuclear propulsion, nuclear Congress, 41st, Dresden, Federal Republic of Germany, Oct. 6-12, thermal propulsion, and nuclear electric propulsion. For in-space 1990. 11 p. refs operations, cryogenic fluid systems, in-space assembly and (IAF PAPER 90-032) Copyright construction, and vehicle processing and servicing are addressed. An overview of the U.S. Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) is For surface operations on the moon and Mars, space nuclear presented. The two primary objectives of the initiative are a return power, resource utilization, planetary rovers, surface solar power, to the moon to create a permanent lunar base and a human and surface habitats and construction are discussed. Regenerative mission to Mars. Even though mission architectural concepts are life support, radiation protection, extravehicle activity, are not yet defined, previous studies indicate that the SEI will require considered along with factors pertaining to scientific activii in developments in numerous areas, including advanced engines for space and information systems and communications. C.D. space transportation, in-space assembly and construction to support permanent basing of exploration systems in space, and A91-10193'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. advanced surface operations capabilities including satisfactory Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX. levels of power and surface roving vehicles, and technologies to OVERVIEW OF THE SURFACE ARCHITECTURE AND safely support human space operations of long duration. The ELEMENTS COMMON TO A WIDE RANGE OF LUNAR AND process of mission definition has begun and it is shown that it is MARS MISSIONS possible to identify a family of fundamental functional building JOHN F. CONNOLLY (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, blocks from which all SEI mission architectures will be TX) and LARRY D. TOUPS (Lockheed Engineering and Sciences constructed. R.E.P. Co., Houston, TX) AIAA, Space Programs and Technologies Conference. Huntsville, AL, Sept. 25-27, 1990. 10 p. A91-13067# (AIAA PAPER 90-3847) Copyright CONCEPTS FOR SHORT DURATION MANNED MARS ROUND NASA has studied future missions to the moon and Mars TRIP since the 1960% and most recently during the studies for the C. L. DAILEY and J. L. HlEATl (TRW Space and Technology Space Exploration Initiative chartered by President Bush. With these Group, Redondo Beach, CA) IAF, International Astronautical most recent studies, the !mer a_nd Mars Explore!& Pqrm Cknprsss, 4ist, Dieden, Fderai Fiepubiic oi Germany, Oct. 6-12, Office is looking at a number of possible options for the human 1990. 5 p. exploration of the solar system. Objectives of these options include (IAF PAPER 90-198) Copyright science and exploration, testing and learning centers, local For the first missions to Mars a stay time of 30 to 60 days is planetary resowce development, and self sufficient bases. To meet desired. Nuclear electric propulsion offers this capability at a the objectives of any particular mission, efforts have focused significant reduction in total mass required in low earth orbit primarily in three areas: (1) space transportation vehicles, (2) the compared to either thermal nuclear or chemical propulsion assodated space infrastructure to support these vehicles, and (3) concepts. Further, nuclear electric propulsion vehicles can be the necessary infrastructure on the planet surface to carry out the designed for maintenance and reuse. This paper summarizes the mission objectives. This paper looks at work done by the Planet comparison of a single vehicle mission to Mars with the use of Surface Systems Office at JSC in the third area, and presents an two vehicles, a manned transport and a freighter. The results overview of the approach to determining appropriate equipment indicate that the use of two vehicles provides a significant and elements of the surface infrastructure needed for these mission advantage in terms of weight to low earth orbit, and that there is

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a distinct possibility of designing an efficient single vehicle which include early missions to the moon and Mars, achievement Of can be used to cany either man or cargo. Author frequent milestones to sustain public interest, and provisions for international cooperation in meeting objectives. Author A91-14015# THE MOON/MARS ADVENTURE - WHICH ROLE AND WHICH A91-14132# IMPACTS FOR EUROPE? MARS DIRECT - HUMANS TO THE RED PLANET BY 1999 FRANCIS THElLLlER and PATRICK EYMAR (Aerospatiale, Division ROBERT M. ZUBRIN and DAVID A. BAKER (Martin Marietta Systemes Strategiques et Spatiaux, Les Mureaux, France) IAF, Astronautics Group, Denver, CO) IAF, International Astronautical International Astronautical Congress, 41st, Dresden, Federal Congress, 41st, Dresden, Federal Republic of Germany, OCt. 6-12, Republic of Germany, Oct. 6-12, 1990. 10 p. 1990. 17 p. refs (IAF PAPER 90-411) Copyright (IAF PAPER 90-672) Copyright The major results of a study performed by Aerospatiale on the Both the initial and evolutionary phases of the Mars Direct potential role for Europe in an interplanetary manned mission are plan, including mission architecture, vehicle designs, and summarized. The scientific, utilitarian, political, and humanitarian exploratory strategy leading to the establishment of a 48-person objectives of such a mission are discussed, emphasizing the permanent Mars base are discussed. Mars Direct is an approach importance of those activities which would lead to better knowledge to the Space Exploration Initiative which would initiate a program of the solar system, would scientifically or industrially utilize the of manned Mars exploration as early as 1999. The initial phase advantage of vacuum, lack of electromagnetic noise, and planet would utilize only chemical propulsion, sending four persons on resources, and benefit outpost and space transportation node conjunction class Mars exploratory missions. Two heavy lift aspects. The dates, deadlines, and duration considered for such boosters launches are required to support each mission, with the missions, their degree of automation, and the degree of autonomy first launch delivering an unfueled earth return vehicle to the Martian provided surface bases are all discussed. A number of scenarios surface, where it would fill itself with methaneloxygen bipropellant concerning Europe's role in a space program are considered. A manufactured primarily out of indigenous resources. A second scenario is examined in which Europe would postpone for an launch would deliver the crew to the prepared site after propellant indefinite period the exploration and colonization of the moon and production is completed. The crew would then conduct a 1.5-year Mars should cooperative agreements fail to be reached. L.K.S. regional exploration and return directly to earth in the prepared vehicle. L.K.S. A91-14019'# Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena. A91-21463'# Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, CO. ROBOTIC MISSIONS TO MARS - PAVING THE WAY FOR MARS DIRECT - A SIMPLE, ROBUST, AND COST EFFECTIVE HUMANS ARCHITECTURE FOR THE SPACE EXPLORATION INITIATIVE D. S. PIVIROTTO, R. D. BOURKE, G. E. CUNNINGHAM, M. P. ROBERT M. ZUBRIN, DAVID A. BAKER (Martin Marietta Corp., GOLOMBEK, F. M. STURMS (JPL, Pasadena, CA), R. C. KAHL, Astronautics Group, Denver, CO), and OWEN GWYNNE (NASA, N. LANCE (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX), and J. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA) AIAA, Aerospace S. MARTIN (NASA, Washington, DC) IAF, International Sciences Meeting, 29th, Reno, NV. Jan. 7-10, 1991. 28 p. refs Astronautical Congress, 41st, Dresden, Federal Republic of (AIAA PAPER 91-0329) Copyright Germany, Oct. 612, 1990. 8 p. Both the Martian and lunar forms of implementation of the (IAF PAPER 90-416) Copyright Mars Direct architecture are discussed. Candidate vehicle designs NASA is in the planning stages of a program leading to the are presented and the means of performing the required in situ human exploration of Mars. A critical element in that program is a propellant production is explained. The in situ propellant process set of robotic missions that will acquire information on the Martian is also shown to present very high leverage for a Mars Rover environment and test critical fmctions (such as aerobraking) at Sample Return mission flown as a scaled down precursor version the planet. This paper presents some history of Mars missions, of the manned Mars Direct. Methods of coping with the radiation as well as results of recent studies of the Mars robotic missions and zero gram problems presented by a manned Mars mission that are under consideration as part of the exploration program. are discussed. Prime objectives for surface exploration are outlined These missions include: (1) global synoptic geochemical and and the need for substantial surface mobility is made clear. climatological characterization from orbit (Mars Observer). (2) global Combustion powered vehicles utilizing the in situ produced network of small meteorological and seismic stations, (3) sample methaneloxygen are proposed as a means for meeting the surface returns, (4) reconnaissance orbiters and (5) rovers. Author mobility requirement. Nuclear thermal rocket propulsion is SUggf3Sted as a means to improve mission capability. L.K.S. A91-14037# ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE INFRASTRUCTURES FOR A91-21464# LUNAR AND MARS EXPLORATION HUMAN PLANETARY EXPLORATION STRATEGY FEATURING MICHAEL C. SIMON and PAUL H. BIALLA (General Dynamics HIGHLY DECOUPLED ELEMENTS AND CONSERVATIVE Corp., Space Systems Dv., Sen Diego, CA) IAF, International PRACTICES Astronautical Congress, 41 st, Dresden, Federal Republic of BENTON C. CLARK (Martin Marietta Corp.. Astronautics Group, Germany. Oct. 6-12, 1990. 11 p. refs Denver, CO) AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 29th, Reno, (IAF PAPER 90-442) Copyright NV, Jan. 7-10, 1991. 13 p. This paper reports on an ongoing study to examine alternative (AIM PAPER 91-0328) Copyright infrastructures for lunar and Mars exploration. This study was Mission designs which are fundamentally in accordance with a initiated immediately after the July 20, 1989 announcement by lowest common denominator approach as well as more ambitious President Bush that the U.S. would undertake manned missions enhancements to the core design are discussed. This approach to the moon and Mars. The first step was to identify four alternative is based upon a modular vehicle design which is straightforwardly options: (1) lowest cost, (2) least risk, (3) greatest science and assembled by docking maneuvers and intra-vehicular outfiiing. An technology benefits, and (4) maximum human presence in space. overall strategy for parallel development of transportation vehicles For each option, lunar and Mars surface elements and space and associated capabilis for human travel to Mars and the moon transportation elements were identified which were consistent with is presented which accomodates the desired characteristics. It is the option's underlying philosophy. These four cases were then noted that this strategy builds upon and emulates the proven compared on the basis of such data as transportation element Success of the Apollo Program strategies including the division of flights rates, element mass and cost estimates, program schedules, the mission into discrete. self-contained elements with 'clean' and funding profiles. Finally, a recommended strategy was interfaces; the incorporation of conservative design using synthesized, based on the attributes found to be most desirable redundancy and independent fall-back modes; and the parallel within these four options. Features of this recommended scenario developments of hardware elements. L.K.S.

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A91-25832 gravity. This paper evaluates several different classes of research HUMANS TO MARS - CAN WE JUSTIFY THE COST? options - a centrifuge, a free-flying animal facility, and a rotating CARL SAGAN (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY) Planetary Report manned spacecraft. Relative comparisons are made based on the (ISSN 0736-3680), vol. 11, Jan.-Feb. 1991, p. 4-7. initial constraints imposed on the facility, the operational restrictions Copyright for maintaining a healthy crew, based on research to date, and The argument over the justification of human space exploration, the science research requirements. The science requirements focus with reference to the goals stated in SEI, is outlined. It is noted on the three primary physiological systems altered by microgravity that NASA currently estimates SEI to cost $500 billion over the - cardiovascular deconditioning, calcium loss, and muscle next 30 years and that this would essentially double NASA's present degradation. Significant design drivers, as well as high priority budget. A number of arguments commonly used to justify this research areas and a recommended design approach are expenditure are reviewed. These include increased knowledge of identified. Author planetary geology and environmental sciences, spin-off technology, and educational incentives. It is suggested that, while the value N89-29409# Joint Publications Research Service, Arlington, VA. of committing enormous anounts of funding to any of these projects JUSTIFICATION FOR MANNED MARS MISSION, TECHNICAL is currently under debate, a number of 'less-tangible' benefits OPTIONS FOR FLIGHT provide a persuasive argument for the pursuit of such programs V. GLUSHKO, YU. SEMENOV, and L. GORSHKOV ln its JPRS at a time of budgetary constraints and competing social needs. Report: Science and Technology. USSR: Space p 28-31 18 L.K.S. Jan. 1989 Transl. into ENGLISH from Pravda, (Moscow, USSR), 24 May 1988 p 3 A91-27566 Copyright Avail: NTlS HC A04/MF A01 CAN SPACE EXPLORATION SURVIVE THE END OF THE Justifications are presented for and against manned exploration COLD WAR? of Mars. Responses are given to a letter published in Pravda by BRUCE MURRAY (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena) a Soviet professor by the Soviet citizentry. The kinds of technical Space Policy (ISSN 0265-9646), vol. 7, Feb. 1991, p. 23-34. possibilities at USSR disposal are examined, along with the kind Copyright of spacecraft which could deliver man from planet to planet. The achievements in space exploration since 1986 are reviewed. E.R. It is argued that the first age of space exploration was driven by competition between the U.S. and the USSR. With the apparent N90-26026'# Maryland Univ., College Park. Dept. of Aerospace close of the Cold War, it is possible that a necessary shift of Engineering. attention to domestic issues in most nations will cause a hiatus in PROJECT EXODUS Final Report, 23 Jan. - 14 May 1990 space exploration. It is thus suggested that a future space RODNEY BRYANT, comp. and ed., JENNIFER DILLON, comp. exploration program of proper proportion will only be achieved if and ed., GEORGE GREWE, comp. and ed.. JIM MCMORROW, international cooperation is achieved on a large scale and backed comp. and ed., CRAIG MELTON, comp. and ed., GERALD RAINEY, by the necessary political will. It is also suggested that a Mars comp. and ed., JOHN RINKO, comp. and ed., DAVID SINGH, mission can provide a focus for space exploration well into the comp. and ed., and TZU-LIANG YEN, comp. and ed. May 1990 next century. L.K.S. 200 p (Contract NGT-21-002-800) A91-27578 (NASA-CR-186836; NAS 1.26~186836ENAE-412; ECONOMICAL SPACE EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UMAERO-90-28) Avail: NTlS HC AO9/MF A02 CSCL 22A ARCHITECTURES A design for a manned Mars mission, PROJECT EXODUS is GORDON R. WOODCOCK (Boeing Aerospace and Electronics, presented. PROJECT EXODUS incorporates the design of a Huntsville, AL) IN: Engineering, construction, and operations in hypersonic waverider, cargo ship and NlMF (nuclear rocket using space II; Proceedings of Space 90, the Second International indigenous Martian fuel) shuttle lander to safely carry out a three Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 22-26, 1990. Vol. 1. New York, to five month mission on the surface of Mars. The cargo ship American Society of Civil Engineers, 1990, p. 19-32. transports return fuel, return engine, surface life support, NlMF Copyright shuttle, and the Mars base to low Mars orbit (LMO). The cargo Economical initial architectures are derived by zero-basing and ship is powered by a nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) system the comprehensive application of hardware and software which allows the cargo ship to execute a spiral trajectory to Mars. commonality. It is noted that there is much inheritance from lunar The waverider transports ten astronauts to Mars and back. It is systems to Mars systems, as well as significant inheritance from launched from the Space Station with propulsion provided by a transpretation systems to surface systems. Of the advanced chemical engine and a delta velocity of 9 kmlsec. The waverider propulsion technologies applicable to Mars missions, electric performs an aero-gravity assist maneuver through the atmosphere propulsion seems to be more cost effective than high-thrust nuclear of Venus to obtain a deflection angle and increase in delta velocity. propulsion. Electric propulsion trip times are found to be competitive Once the waverider and cargo ship have docked the astronauts and to support a crew rotation and resupply operations mode for will detach the landing cargo capsules and nuclear electric power Mars which is supportable by high-thrust systems only in the plant and remotely pilot them to the surface. They will then descend opposition profile model. It is concluded that strategic provisions to the surface aboard the NlMF shuttle. A dome base will be for growth and evolution will yield sustainable architectures, making quickly constructed on the surface and the astronauts will conduct it possible to look forward to a sufficiently large human presence an exploratory mission for three to five months. They will return on other planets to accomplish thorough exploration and start to Earth and dock with the Space Station using the waverider. permanent settlements. B.J. Author

A91-27710 N90-26027'# Maryland Univ.. College Park. Dept. of Aerospace ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY RESEARCH FACILITY OPTIONS Engineering. SUSAN K. ROSE and TIMOTHY L. STROUP (Lockheed Missiles TERRAPIN TECHNOLOGIES MANNED MARS MISSION and Space Co.,Inc.. Sunnyvale, CA) IN: Engineering, construction, PROPOSAL Report, 23 Jan. - 14 May 1990 and operations in space II; Proceedings of Space 90, the Second MICHAEL AMATO. HEATHER BRYANT, RODNEY COLEMAN, International Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 22-26, 1990. Vol. CHRIS COMPY, PATRICK CROUSE. JOE CRUNKLETON, EDGAR 2. New York, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1990, p. HURTAW, ERIK IVERSON, MIKE KAMOSA, LAURl KRAFT, ed. 1354-1363. refs and comp. et al. May 1990 208 p Copyright (Contract NGT-21-002-800) On a long duration manned mission to Mars, the physiological (NASA-CR-186838; NAS 1.26:186838; ENAE-412; changes caused by microgravlty may be counteracted by artificial UM-AERO-90-27) Avail: NTlS HC AlOIMF A02 CSCL 22A

7 12 ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)

A Manned Mars Mission (M3) design study is proposed. The technology than the first technique, because of the precise control purpose of M3 is to transport 10 personnel and a habitat with all requirements involved. Details regarding the use of both techniques required support systems and supplies from low Earth orbit (LEO) in Mars missions are discussed. It is found that aerocapture has to the surface of Mars and, after an eight-man surface expedition a number of substential advantages. The mass delivered to low of 3 months, to return the personnel safely to LEO. The proposed circular orbit is increased substantially. It is concluded that the hardware design is based on systems and components of use of modern technology in aerodynamic braking offers great demonstrated high capability and reliability. The mission design potential in the reduction of launch mass requirements for Mars builds on past mission experience, but incorporates innovative missions. G.R. design approaches to achieve mission priorities. Those priorities, in decreasing order of importance, are safety, reliability, mi?'I imum AS11016*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. personnel transfer time, minimum weight, and minimum cost. The Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. design demonstrates the feasibility and flexibility of a Waverider ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT DURING MANEUVERING transfer module. Author DESCENT FROM MARTIAN ORBIT MICHAEL E. TAUBER, JEFFREY V. BOWLES (NASA. Ames N91-18138.# Maryland Univ.. College Park. Research Center, Moffett Field, CA), and LILY YANG (Sterling PROJECT EXODUS Software, Inc., Palo Alto, CA) Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets ln USRA, Proceedings of the 6th Annual Summer Conference: (ISSN 0022-4650), vol. 26, Sept.-Oct. 1989, p. 330-337. refs NASAIUSRA University Advanced Design Program p 105-110 Copyright Nov. 1990 This paper presents an analysis of the atmospheric maneuvering Avail: NTlS HC/MF A14 CSCL 22A capability of a vehicle designated to land on the Martian Surface, Project Exodus is an in-depth study to identify and address together with an analysis of the entry environment encountered the basic problems of a manned mission to Mars. The most by the vehicle. A maximum lift/drag ratio of 2.3 was used for all important problems concern propulsion, life support, structure, trajectory calculations. The maximum achievable lateral ranges trajectory, and finance. Exodus will employ a passenger ship, cargo varied from about 3400 km to 2500 km for entry velocities of 5 ship, and landing craft for the journey to Mars. These three major km/s (from a highly elliptical Martian orbit) and 3.5 km/s (from a components of the mission design are discussed separately. Within low-altitude lower-speed orbit), respectively. It is shown that the each component the design characteristics of structures, trajectory, peak decelerations are an order of magnitude higher for the 5-km/s and propulsion are addressed. The design characteristics of life entries than for the 3.5-kmIs entries. The vehicle entering at 3.5 support are mentioned only in those sections requiring it. Author km/s along a gliding trajectory encountered a much more benign atmospheric environment. In addition, the glider's peak deceleration N91-18139'# Maryland Univ., College Park. was found to be only about 0.7 earth g, making the shallow flight MANNED MARS MISSION path ideal for manned vehicles whose crews might be physically In USRA, Proceedings of the 6th Annual Summer Conference: weakened by the long voyage to Mars. I.S. NASA/USRA University Advanced Design Program p 111-1 16 Nov. 1990 Avail: NTlS HC/MF A14 CSCL 22A 14 Tenapin Technologies proposes a Manned Mars Mission design study. The purpose of the Manned Mars Mission is to transport ten people and a habitat with all required support systems and GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES supplies from low Earth orbit (LEO) to the surface of Mars and, (SPACE) after an expedition of three months to return the personnel safely to LEO. The proposed hardware design is based on systems and Includes launch complexes, research and production facilities; components of demonstrated high capability and reliability. The ground support equipment, e.g., mobile transporters; and mission design builds on past mission experience but incorporates simulators. innovative design approaches to achieve mission priorities. These priorities, in decreasing order of importance, are safety, reliability, minimum personnel transfer time, minimum weight, and minimum A8639239 cost. The design demonstrates the feasibility and flexibility of a SURFACE SAMPLING SYSTEMS waverider transfer module. Information is given on how the plan 0. S. CROUCH (Martin Marietta Aerospace, Denver, CO) IN: meets the mission requirements. Author The case for Mars; Proceedings of the Conference, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1984, p. 233-244. 13 (AAS PAPER 81-245) Copyright In the future, missions concerned with sampling operations of the Martian surface will include a search for resources necessary ASTRODYNAMICS to support the potential manned colonization of the planet. The present investigation has the objective to provide a summary of Includes powered and free-flight trajectories; and orbital and the capabilities of sampling systems which have been previously launching dynamics. used during lunar and Mars missions. Suggestions are also made regarding additional systems which could be employed for future missions, both manned and unmanned. The lunar surveyor AB630240 spacecraft is considered along with the Apollo lunar surface drill, AEROBRAKING AND AEROCAPTURE FOR MARS MISSIONS Apollo lunar surface drill components, a lunar sub-surface sample J. R. FRENCH IN: The case for Mars; Proceedings of the from a three-meter core hole, Luna 16 and 20 lunar surface Conference, Boulder, CO,April 29-May 2, 1981. San Diego, CA, samplers (Russian), mass Viking surface sampler subsystem Univelt, Inc., 1984, p. 245-250. refs components, and a Luna 24 lunar surface sampler (Russian). Copyright Surface samplers considered for future Mars missions are related The technique of 'aerobraking' uses drag during successive to a surface roving vehicle for the collection of samples in passes through the upper atmosphere to circularize a highly connection with sample return missions. G.R. elliptical orbit. A relatively low amount of energy is removed per pass. 'Aerocapture' transfers a vehicle into a closed stable orbit A8&16006# from a hyperbolic flyby trajectory. This technique eliminates all LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY FOR MANNED MARS MISSIONS the energy in one pass. It requires, however, a higher degree of THOMAS R. MEYER (Boulder Center for Science and Policy, CO)

8 14 GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES (SPACE)

IAF, International Astronautical Congress, 38th, Brighton, England, astronauts on Mars or while traveling to or from Mars. A design Oct. 10-17, 1987. 10 p. refs for a salvage concept for equipment landed on Mars is (IAF PAPER 87-437) presented. Author The paper discusses existing life science technology and ongoing R 8 D acties applicable to the support of manned A90-16605 Mars missions. Emphasis is placed on the technologies which AN OVERVIEW OF MARS SURFACE MOBILITY can utilize the resources (water, oxygen, and a buffer gas composed JUSTIFICATION AND OPTIONS of nitrogen and argon) that can be obtained from the Mars JAMES R. FRENCH (World Space Foundation, South Pasadena, environment. It is noted that the availabiltty of local resources CA) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General would provide inputs to closed life support systems, easing the interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. requirements and effects of total closure and compensating for 61 9-632. refs leakage due to crew egress and ingress. K.K. (AAS PAPER 87-220) Copyright A brief overview of various Mars mobility options is presented. A0945763 The vehicle concepts addressed include surface rovers, aircraft, CANDORCHASMACAMP and ballistic or boost-glide vehicles. Power sources for mobility ETHAN WILSON CLIFFTON IN: Engineering, construction. and are also considered. C.D. operations in space; Proceedings of the Space '88 Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Aug. 29-31, 1988. New York, American society A90-16607 of Civil Engineers, 1988, p. 457-464. refs MARS GLOBAL EXPLORATION VEHICLE Copyright J. MARK MCCANN, MARK J. SNAUFER, and ROBERT J. The paper proposes a camp on Mars, in the Coprates region SVENSON IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - of the Valles Marineris rift, just below the equator on Candor General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, Mensa, 6 deg 12 min S, 73 deg 30 min W. Options for survival p. 647-663. refs technology are discussed, with attention given to energy and (AAS PAPER 87-222) Copyright equipment requirements. Successful mission strategy requires the Any establishment of a permanent base on Mars will require a participation of civil engineers to create adaptive planning and transportation system to facilitate the logistical support of the base technology for an expanding network of camps among the plateaus and the scientific exploration of the planet. The design of such a and valleys of Mars. B.J. system of transportation wil require innovative approaches to powering the vehicles and providing lie support. Power, lie support, and vehicle components are analyzed and a possible vehicle A90-16601 configuration proposed. Emphasis is placed on design criteria and BUILDING MARS HABITATS USING LOCAL MATERIALS physical data needed to fulfill the global requirements of such a BRUCE A. MACKENZIE IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for system. Author exploration - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 575-586. refs (AAS PAPER 87-216) Copyright A90.30094 The basic problems that will be encountered in building and DEVELOPMENT OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS living on Mars are outlined, and various kinds of habitats that TAKE0 KANADE (Camegie-Mellon Universrty, Pittsburgh, PA) IN: may be utilized are described. Barrel vaults are examined as first Applications of artificial intelligence VII; Proceedings of the Meeting, habitats, and the brick, mortar, fill, scrap, imported materials, glass Orlando, FL, Mar. 28-30, 1989. Part 1. Bellingham, WA. Society blocks, and fiberglass used in their construction are discussed. of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1989, p. 569-573. The design of more advanced, multistory condominiums on Mars refs is addressed. C.D. Copyfight Two autonomous land vehicles are discussed: (1) the 'navigation laboratory', or Navlab commercial van-based vehicle for A90-16602' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. navigational artificial vision research, which carries an extensive Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX. sensor and instrumentation suite, together with human monitors; THE USE OF INFLATABLE HABITATION ON THE MOON AND and (2) the Autonomous Mobile Exploration Robot, or 'Ambler', MARS which is a walking robot for prospective Mars exploration that MICHAEL ROBERTS (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, employs six legs joined coaxially at the fulcrum of their shoulder TX) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General joints. Each leg of the Ambler consists of two shoulder and elbow interest and overview. Sen Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. joints that move in a horizontal plane to the position of the leg, 587-593. and a prismatic joint at the end of the elbow link which effects a (AAS PAPER 87-217) Copyright vertical telescoping motion for foot extention or retraction. O.C. A recurring element in futuristic lunar and Mars base scenarios, the inflatable dome has some clear advantages over rigid modules: A90-49300' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. low mass, high volume, and good packing efficiency at launch. Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. This paper explores some of the engineering issues involved in SPACE RADIATION SHIELDING FOR A MARTIAN HABITAT designing such a structure. Author LISA C. SIMONSEN, JOHN E. NEALY, LAWRENCE W. TOWNSEND, and JOHN W. WILSON (NASA, Langley Research A90-16684' Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, CO. Center, Hampton, VA) SAE, Intersociety Conference on TOOL AND EQUIPMENT REQU!I?EMEN?S FOR HUMAN tr.*LII.IrvVlllll~llal rr...r..* I Sys:aris, 2Sh, Wiiiam&urg, Vk, iuiy 9-12, 1990. HABITATION OF MARS 10 p. refs MICHAEL G. THORNTON (Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, CO) (SAE PAPER 901346) Copyright IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General Radiation shielding analyses are performed for a candidate interest and overview. Sen -0, CA, Univelt. lnc.. 1989, p. Mars base habitat. The Langley cosmic ray transport code and 607-616. the Langley nucleon transport code are used to quantity the (Contract NAS8-37126) transport and attenuation of galactic cosmic rays and solar flare (AAS PAPER 87-219) Copyright protons through both the Martian atmosphere and regolith shielding. This paper presents an examination of requirements and design Doses at the surface and at various altitudes were calculated in a considerations for tools and equipment to establish a continuous previous study using both a high-densty and a lowdensity Mars human presence on Mars. Specific problems addressed include; atmosphere model. This study extends the previous lowdensity manufacturing in zero gravity conditions, with or without an results to include the further transport of the ionizing radiation atmosphere, temperature considerations. and use of tools by that reaches the surface through additional shielding provided by

9 14 GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES (SPACE)

Martian regolith. A fourcompound regolith model, which includes D. P. MILLER, D. J. ATKINSON, E. H. WILCOX. and A. H. MlSHKlN Si02. Fe203, MgO, and CaO. was selected based on the chemistry (JPL, Pasadena, CA) IN: Automatic control in aerospace; IFAC of the Viking 1 Lander site. The spectral fluxes of heavy charged Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan, July 17-21, 1989, Selected Papers. particles and the corresponding dosimetric quantities are computed Oxford, England and New York, Pergamon Press, 1990. P. for a series of thicknesses in the shield media after traversing the 111-114. refs atmosphere. These data are then used as input to algorithms for Copyright a specific shield geometry. The results are presented as the A Mars rover will need to be able to navigate aUtOnOmOUSlY maximum dose received in the center of the habitat versus various kilometers at a time. This paper outlines the sensing, perception, shield thicknesses for a base at an altitude of 0 km and 8 km. planning, and execution monitoring systems that are Currently being Author designed for the rover. The sensing is based around stereo vision. The interpretation of the images use a registration of the depth A91-10147'# Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., map with a global height map provided by an orbiting Spacecraft. Pasadena. Safe, low energy paths are then planned through the map, and SITE CHARACTERIZATION ROVER MISSIONS expectations of what the rover's articulation sensors should sense DONNA SHIRLEY PlVlROTTO (JPL, Pasadena, CA) AIAA. Space are generated. These expectations are then used to ensure that Programs and Technologies Conference, Huntsville, AL, Sept. the planned path is correctly being executed. Author 25-27. 1990. 15 p. refs (AIAA PAPER 90-3785) Copyright AB1-27615 Concepts for site characterization rovers capable of efficient A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL operation on Mars with human supervision from eatth are BUILDING SYSTEMS discussed. In particular, attention is given to strategies for PHILIP J. RICHTER and RICHARD M. DRAKE (Fluor Daniel, InC., developing and evaluating the necessary technology for Irvine, CA) IN: Engineering, construction, and operations in space implementing the roving vehicles and process technologies required II; Proceedings of Space 90, the Second International Conference, for a systematic and integrated implementation of technologically Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 22-26, 1990. Vol. 1. New York, American advanced rovers. A vehicle testbed program is also described. Society of Civil Engineers, 1990, p. 409-418. refs V.L. Copyright The general purpose of this paper is to conduct a preliminary A91-20230 examination of the concepts for habitats to be used for lunar and DEVELOPMENT OF A MARTIAN SURFACE MODEL FOR Martian bases in the intermediate stage of base occupancy and SIMULATION OF VEHICLE DYNAMICS AND MOBILITY development. Four basic structural system types encompassing DONALD H. CRONQUIST, JR., LOUIS S. MCTAMANEY (FMC six concepts are examined and evaluated. The contribution of the Corporate Technology Center, Santa Clara, CA), and JOHN J. work discussed is to help develop evaluation methodology, to set NITAO IN: Mobile robots IV; Proceedings of the Meeting, up straw man concepts for purposes of identifying trade studies, Philadelphia, PA, Nov. 6, 7, 1989. Eellingham, WA, Society of and to set the stage for further evaluations, which it is suggested Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1990, p. 157-167. take place, at least partially, in a workshop format. Author Copyright A high resolution Mars surface model is being developed for AQl-27622 simulation of vehicle dynamics, mobility and navigation capabilities. A LUNAR OUTPOST SURFACE SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE The model provides a topological representationof surface features L. A. PlENlAZEK and L. TOUPS (Lockheed Engineering and and is suitable for interface with dynamic simulations of Mars Sciences Co., Houston, TX) IN: Engineering, construction, and Rover vehicles including models for wheel-soil interaction and vision operations in space II; Proceedings of Space 90, the Second systems. Portions of the surface model have been completed and International Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 22-26. 1990. Vol. can be interfaced with other portions of an overall vehicle 1. New York. American Society of Civil Engineers, 1990, p. performance assessment system also being developed for the 480489. Mars Rover program. Author Copyright A concept has been developed that defines mission objectives, A91-20231 system concepts, surface elements, and outpost layout using a COMPUTER MODELLING - A STRUCTURED LIGHT VISION systematic approach for a lunar outpost surface architecture. NASA SYSTEM FOR A MARS ROVER has been studying possible options for the human exploration of DONALD H. CRONQUIST, JR. (FMC Corporate Technology Center, the solar system that involve outposts for the moon and Mars. Santa Clara, CA) and JOHN J. NITAO IN: Mobile robots IV; These include elements that support mission objectives directly Proceedings of the Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, Nov. 6, 7, 1989. such as science equipment and elements that support of the base Bellingham, WA. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation itself such as habitation, communications, power, and space Engineers, 1990, p. 168-177. transportation. The development of appropriate architectures for Copyright planet surface systems is discussed, focusing on toplevel structure A computer model has been developed as a tool for evaluating and integration. The outpost facilities can also take care of the the use of structured light systems for local navigation of the collection, reduction and transmission of data from monitoring Mars Rover. The system modeled consists of two laser sources equipment. In addition, human factors and biomedical research emanating flat, widened beams with a single camera to detect can demonstrate the capability of humans to perform on stripes on the tenain. The tenain elevation extracted from the extraterrestrial surfaces prior to committing to risky endeavors. stripe information goes to updating a local tenain map which is R.E.P. processed to determine impassable regions. The system operates with the beams and cameras fixed except. now and then, the A91-27650 beams are vertically panned to completely refresh the local map. HUMAN OPERATIONS, RESOURCES AND BASES ON MARS An efficient surface removal algorithm determines the points on BRUCE M. CORDELL (General Dynamics Corp.. Space Systems the terrain surface hit by rays in the bundle. The power of each Div., Sen Diego, CA) IN: Engineering, construction, and operations reflected ray that falls on each pixel of the camera is computed in space II; Proceedings of Space 90, the Second International using well-known optical laws. Author Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 22-26, 1990. Vol. 1. New York, American Society of CMl Engineers, 1990, p. 759-768. refs A91-26619' Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Copyright Pasadena. This paper discusses various activities involving the AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION AND CONTROL OF A MARS establishment and operation of surface facilities on Mars to support ROVER habitation, surface explorations, laboratory science. and resource

10 15 LAUNCH VEHICLES AND SPACE VEHICLES

use. After a review of a number of relevant atmospheric and 15 surface environmental parameters, strategies for Mars exploration are presented. Several sites on Mars, based on known geology LAUNCH VEHICLES AND SPACE VEHICLES and topography are evaluated for potential use as human base sites. Water and other usable resources stored in the Mars atmosphere are described as well as their extraction processes Includes boosters; operating problems of launch/space vehicle and possible products. Magnesium and/or iron appear to be systems; and reusable vehicles. available as construction metals. The atmosphere and surface of Mars are discussed in the context of base construction operations. R.E.P. A90-16673 MARS LANDING AND LAUNCH REQUIREMENTS AND A POSSIBLE APPROACH JAMES R. FRENCH (World Space Foundation, South Pasadena, CA) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA. Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 413-420. refs (AAS PAPER 87-207) Copyright A design for a Mars aerocapture and landing vehicle is described A91-27692 and some of the rationale behind the concept is presented. The ANTARCTIC TESTBED FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL vehicle is a bent biconic shape which will deliver a lift over drag OPERATION AND TECHNOLOGY ratio between 0.6 and 1.5 depending upon trim angle of attack. LARRY BELL and DEBORAH J. NEUBEK (Houston, University, Given sufficiently accurate approach navigation, this vehicle can TX) IN: Engineering, construction, and operations in space II; reduce landing errors to the order of Mars map errors (say 5 km), Proceedings of Space 90, the Second International Conference, a substantial improvement over previous vehicles. Author Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 22-26, 1990. Vol. 2. New York, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1990, p. 1188-1197. Copyright It is proposed that the physical similarities between the Antarctic environment and the moon and Mars environments as well as parallels between the general nature of crew activities be used in the planning of moon and Mars missions. Emphasis is placed on operational and technological areas such as operations and A90-16674' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. logistics; facility planning; design and construction; utility systems; Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. AL. and the selection, design, and development of automatic and HEAW LIFT VEHICLES FOR TRANSPORTATION TO A LOW telerobotic systems. An international research and technology EARTH ORBIT SPACE STATION FOR ASSEMBLY OF A demonstration facility in Antarctica is planned by the Saskawa HUMAN TO MARS MISSION lnternatonal Center for Space Architecture. The Antarctic Planetary FRANK E. SWALLEY (NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Testbed (APT) program will provide a basis for new insights into Huntsville, AL) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration planning for moon and Mars missions. O.G. - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt. Inc., 1989, p. 421-431. refs (AAS PAPER 87-208) Copyright Heavy livehicle configurations are proposed which will meet the requirements for transporting the elements of a Human to Mars Mission to a low earth orbit Space Station for assembly. Both near term derivative type vehiles as well as advanced technology vehicles are considered. The capability of these vehicles to accommodate the precursor missions are also examined. The A91-27702' New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque. implications on launch vehicle payload accommodation design and PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE POWER orbital operations are discussed. Author REQUIREMENTS OF A MANNED ROVER FOR MARS MISSIONS MOHAMED S. EL-GENK, NICHOLAS J. MORLEY (New Mexico, University, Albuquerque), ROBERT CATALDO. and HARVEY BLOOMFIELD (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH) IN: Engineering, construction, and operations in space II; Proceedings Of Space 90, the Second International Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 22-26. 1990. Vol. 2. New York, American Society of A91-10034*# Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Civil Engineers, 1990. p. 1278-1287. refs Pasadena. (Contract NAG3-992) A NETWORK OF SMALL LANDERS ON MARS Copyright JAMES D. BURKE and ROBERT N. MOSTERT (JPL. Pasadena, A preliminary study to determine the total mass and power CA) AIAA, Space Programs and Technologies Conference, requirements of a manned Mars rover IS presentea. Estimates of Hunisviiie. Ai, %pi. 25-27,i9%. 7 p. reis the power requirements for the nuclear reactor power system are (AIAA PAPER 90-3577) Copyright determined as functions of the number of crew members, the This paper describes a class of small landers that could form emergency return trip scenario in case of a total malfunction of part of a global network of scientific instrumentation on Mars. the reactor system, the cruising speed and range of the vehicle, Two types of landers are considered: penetrators thst implant and the specific mass of the persystem. It is shown that the instruments a few meters beneath the surface, and rough landers cruising speed of the vehicle and the soil traction factor Significantly that may hit the surface at speeds up to tens of mlsec and affect the traversing power requirement and therefore the mass survive through the use of impact-limiting techniques. Because of the nuclear power system. The cruising speed of the vehicle some scientific objectives, such as seismic and meteorological must be limited to 14.5 and 24 km/hr for power system specific investigations, require durations of months and years lander designs masses of 150 kg/kWe and 50 kg/kWe, respectively, for the giving long lifetimes in the Martian environment are needed. This nuclear power system mass not to exceed 50 percent of the total paper describes both past and more recent work at JPL toward mass of the rover. R.E.P. this goal. Author

11 16 For this reason, these strategies do not appear efficient enough to support manned Mars exploration missions. An investigation is SPACE TRANSPORTATION conducted of the involved systems and their relation to other elements of the M2rs mission, taking into account possibilities for saving energy. Attention is given to the impact of sample size Includes passenger and cargo space transportation, e.g., shuttle on system design, landing and departure modes, an aerobraking operations; and space rescue techniques. concept sequence, drag polars, lifting vehicle concepts, a Mars airplane, and a Mars ascent vehicle. It appears that considerable advantages to manned exploration can be obtained from Orbiting N@O-26036'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. stations at both earth and Mars. Continued development of Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. aerocapture and aeromaneuvering vehicles offers the greatest THE EFFECT OF INTERPLANETARY TRAJECTORY OPTIONS potential in efficient energy usage for orbit insertion, circularization, ON A MANNED MARS AEROBRAKE CONFIGURATION and landing in planetary atmospheres. The manufacture Of ROBERT D. BRAUN, RICHARD W. POWELL, and LIN C. propellants on the surface of Mars would provide for large Wings HARTUNG Washington Aug. 1990 79 p in energy. G.R. (NASA-TP-3019; L-16661: NAS 1.60:3019) Avail: NTlS HC A05IMF A01 CSCL 228 A8439231 Manned Mars missions originating in low Earth orbit (LEO) in THE EXTERNAL TANK SCENARIO - UTILIZATION OF THE the time frame 2010 to 2025 were analyzed to identify preferred SHUTTLE EXTERNAL TANK FOR EARTH TO MARS TRANSIT mission opportunities and their associated vehicle and trajectory T. C. TAYLOR IN: The case for Mars; Proceedings of the characteristics. Interplanetary and Mars atmospheric trajectory Conference, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. San Diego, CA, options were examined under the constraints of an initial manned Univelt, Inc., 1984, p. 109-127. refs exploration scenario. Two chemically propelled vehicle options were (AAS PAPER 81-236) Copyright considered: (1) an all propulsive configuration, and (2) a The developments occurring in the case of the Prudhoe Bay configuration which employs aerobraking at Earth and Mars with field on the North Slope of Alaska are compared to a situation low IiftIdrag (LID) shapes. Both the interplanetary trajectory options which might arise if economically valuable resouces would be found as well as the Mars atmospheric passage are addressed to provide on Mars. The necessity to develop an oil field in the Arctic a coupled trajectory simulation. Direct and Venus swingby wasteland as economically as possible had led to the reuse of interplanetary transfers with a 60 day Mars stopover are considered. packing crates at the remote base. A similar situation might develop The range and variation in both Earth and Mars entry velocity are if, for instance, a valuable mineral urgently needed on earth should also defined. Two promising mission strategies emerged from the be found on Mars. Approaches are discussed by which the External study: (1) a 1.0 to 2.0 year Venus swingby mission, and (2) a 2.0 Tank (ET) of the Space Shuttle might provide an aid of particular to 2.5 year direct mission. Through careful trajectory selection. 11 cost-effectiveness in the processes required for large scale mission opportunities are identified in which the Mars entry velocity resource development of Mars. Attention is given to ET as a raw is between 6 and 10 kmlsec and Earth entry veloclty ranges material resource, the ET use in facility construction, and ET as a from 11.5 to 12.5 km/sec. Simulation of the Earth return component in interplanetary vehicles. G.R. aerobraking maneuver is not performed. It is shown that a low LID configuration is not feasible for Mars aerobraking without substantial improvements in the interplanetary navigation system. A91-27711 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. However, even with an advanced navigation system, entry corridor Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. and aerothermal requirements restrict the number of potential VARIABLE GRAVITY RESEARCH FACILITY - A CONCEPT mission opportunities. It is also shown that for a large blunt Mars PAUL F. WERCINSKI, MARCIE A. SMITH, ROBERT G. aerobrake configuration, the effects of radiative heating can be SYNNESTVEDT, and ROBERT G. KELLER (NASA, Ames Research significant at entry velocities as low as 6.2 kmIsec and will grow Center, Moffett Field, CA) IN: Engineering, construction, and to dominate the aerothermal environment at entry velocities above operations in space II; Proceedings of Space 90, the Second 8.5 km/sec. Despite the additional system complexity associated International Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 22-26, 1990. Vol. with an aerobraking vehicle, the use of aerobraking was shown to 2. New York, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1990, p. significantly lower the required initial LEO weight. In comparison 1364-1373. with an all propulsive mission, savings between 19 and 59 percent Copyright were obtained depending upon launch date. Author IS human exposure to artificial gravity necessary for Mars mission success, and if so, what is the optimum means of achieving artificial gravity7 Answering these questions prior to the design of a Mars vehicle would require construction and operation of a 18 dedicated spacecraft in low earth orbit. This paper summarizes the study results of a conceptual design and operations scenario for such a spacecraft, called the Variable Gravity Research Facility SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND WRF). Author PERFORMANCE N90.17667'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Includes satellites; space platforms; space stations; spacecraft Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. systems and components such as thermal and environmental PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF PARAMETER controls; and attitude controls. SENSITIVITIES FOR ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY AND AEROBRAKING AT MARS MARY C. LEE and WILLIAM T. SUIT Sep. 1989 30 p A84-99229 (NASA-TM-101607; NAS 1.15:101607) Avail: NTlS HC A03IMF MANNED MARS MISSION LANDING AND DEPARTURE A01 CSCL22B SYSTEMS The proposed manned Mars mission will need to be as weight D. 8. CROSS and A. J. Bulls (Martin Marietta Aerospace, Denver, efficient as possible. A way of lowering the weight of the vehicle CO) IN: The case for Mars: Proceedings of the Conference, by using aeroassist braking instead of retro-rockets to slow a Boulder, CO,April 29-May 2, 1982. Sen Diego, CA. Univelt, Inc., craft once it reaches its destination is discussed. The two vehicles 1984, p. 75-82. studied are a small vehicle similar in size to the Mars Rover (AAS PAPER 81-233) CoPYnght Sample Return (MRSR) vehicle and a larger vehicle similar in The implementationof the Mars landing and departure strategies size to a six-person Manned Mars Mission (MMM) vehicle. considered to date would require large amounts of propellants. Simulated entries were made using various coefficients of lift (C

12 20 SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER sub L). coefficients of drag (C sub D), and lift-to-drag ratios (LID). of various direct thrust fission and fusion propulsion concepts are A range of acceptable flight path angles with their corresponding examined. Next to chemical propulsion the solid core fission thermal bank angle profiles was found for each case studied. These ranges rocket (SCR) is the only other concept to be experimentally tested were then compared, and the results are reported here. The at the power (apprex 1.5 to 5.0 GW) and thrust levels (approx sensitivity of velocity and acceleration to changes in flight path 0.33 to 1.11 MN) required for manned Mars missions. With a angle and bank angle is also included to indicate potential problem specific impulse of approx 850 s, the SCR can perform various areas for guidance and navigation system design. Author near-earth, cislunar and interplanetary missions with lower mass and cost requirements than its chemical counterpart. The gas core fission thermal rocket, with a specific power and impulse of approx 50 kW/kg and 5000 s offers the potential for quick courier trips 20 to Mars (of about 80 days) or longer duration exploration cargo missions (lasting about 280 days) with starting masses of about SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER 1000 m tons. Convenient transportation to the outer Solar System will require the development of magnetic and inertial fusion rockets Includes main propulsion systems and components, e.g., rocket (IFRs). Possessing specific powers and impulses of approx 100 engines; and spacecraft auxiliary power sources. kW/kg and 200-300 kilosecs, IFRs will usher in the era of the true Solar System class spaceship. Even Pluto will be accessible with roundtrip times of less than 2 years and starting masses of A84-39230 about 1500 m tons. Author SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION STAGE AS A MARS EXPLORATION TOOL A90-16677 S. KENT (Delta Vee, Inc., San Jose, CA) IN: The case for Mars; APPLICATIONS OF IN-SITU CARBON MONOXIDE-OXYGEN Proceedings of the Conference, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. PROPELLENT PRODUCTION AT MARS San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1984, p. 83-89. W. MITCHELL CLAPP (USAF, Test Pilot School, Edwards AFB, (AAS PAPER 81-234) Copyright CA) and MICHAEL P. SCARDERA (USAF, Falcon AFB, CO) IN: It is pointed out that the Solar Electric Propulsion System (SEPS) The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest is an extremely flexible space transportation system capable of and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989. p. 513-537. performing high energy and/or extended operations missions. SEPS refs will utilize ion propulsion produced by the electrostatic expulsion (AAS PAPER 87-212) Copyright of mercury ions with exhaust velocities of over 30,000 meters per Liquid carbon monoxide and liquid oxygen can be manufactured second, compared to a maximum of 5,000 meters per second from the Martian atmosphere. Various energy conversion devices with chemical propulsion. The required power will be obtained using this fueVoxidizer resource are introduced and evaluated, from the SEPS solar array wings. Space missions utilizing SEPS including fuel cells, diesel cycle engines, gas turbines, and rocket could include the International Comet Mission, a Saturn Orbiter engines. The performance of these engines in a variety of different with dual probes, a close solar probe, an asteroid multiple vehicles suitable for travel at Mars is discussed. Finally, possible rendezvous mission, and earth orbital missions. Informal analyses missions are shown for vehicles which use in situ manufactured have been conducted regarding the employment of SEPS as a propellants. Author Mars exploration tool. Attention is given to trip times from six to nine months delivering 2.000-4,OOO kg into Mars parking orbit, or A90-16688' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. alternatively, a sample return with over 50 kg of Martian rock. Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. G.R. POWER CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN EARLY MANNED MARS MISSION UTILIZING THE SPACE STATION A90-16675 MARTIN E. VALGORA (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, PROPULSION SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS/APPROACH FOR OH) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General FAST TRANSFER TO MARS interest and overview. San Diego. CA, Univelt. Inc., 1989, p. PAUL A. HARRIS and FRANK J. PERRY (Rockwell International 667-679. Corp.. Rocketdyne Div., Canoga Park, CA) IN: The case for (AAS PAPER 87-223) Copyright Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and overview. Power requirements and candidate electrical power sources San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989. p. 433-448. refs were examined for the supporting space infrastructure for an early (AAS PAPER 87-209) Copyright (2004) manned Mars mission. This two-year mission (60-day stay The advantages of shorter transit times are discussed, including time) assumed a single six crew piloted vehicle with a Mars lander impact on vehicle design, and crew physiological and psychological for four of the crew. The transportation vehicle was assumed to effects. A hybrid propulsion system combining nuclear thermal and be a hydrogenloxygen propulsion design with or without large nuclear electric propulsion is proposed to achieve shorter transit aerobrakes and assembled and checked out on the LEO Space times and provide abundant electrical power at Mars. Preliminary Station. The long transit time necessitated artiiicial gravity of the comparisons of this hybrid propulsion option with other options crew by rotating the crew compartments. This rotation complicates indicate the existence of significant advantages of bimodal nuclear power source selection. Candidate power sources were examined propulsion/power. Propulsion system options for the Manned Mars for the Lander, Mars Orbiter, supporting Space Station, co-orbiting Mission are examined parametrically to provide an estimate of Propellant Storage Depot, and, alternatively, a co-orbiting Propellant earth departure (Low Earth Orbit, LEO) mass as a function of Generation (water electrolysis) Depot. Candidates considered were transit time to Mars. Author pnotovoiiaics wiin regeneraiive iuei ceiis or batteries, soiar dynamics, isotope dynamics, and nuclear power. Author A90-16676' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. A90-16689' Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., NUCLEAR PROPULSION - A VITAL TECHNOLOGY FOR THE Pasadena. EXPLORATION OF MARS AND THE PLANETS BEYOND THE SP-100 SPACE REACTOR AS A POWER SOURCE FOR STANLEY K. BOROWSKI (NASA, Lewis Research Center, MARS EXPLORATION MISSIONS Cleveland, OH) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration LON ISENBERG (JPL, Pasadena, CA) and JACK A. HELLER - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt. Inc., (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH) IN: The case 1989, p. 451-494. Previously announced in STAR as N89-10944. for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and refs overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 681-695. refs (AAS PAPER 87-210) Copyright (AAS PAPER 87-224) Copyright The physics and technology issues and performance potential This paper argues that many of the power requirements of

13 complex, relatively long-duration space missions such as the si1icon:hydrogen and alloys. The best experimental efficiency on exploration of Mars may best be met through the use of power thin-film solar cells to date is 12 percent AM0 for Culn Se2. This systems which use nuclear reactors as a thermal energy source. efficiency is likely to be increased in the next few years. The The development of such a power system, the SP-100, and its radiation tolerance cf thin-film materials is far greater than that of application in Mars mission scenarios is described. The missions single-crystal materials. Culn Se2 shows no degradation when addressed include a freighter mission and a mission involving exposed to 1 MeV electrons. Experimental evidence also suggests exploration of the Martian surface. C.D. that most of all of the radiation damage on thin-films Can be removed by a low temperature anneal. The possibility of thin-film A90-16890' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. multibandgap cascade solar cells is discussed, including the Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. tradeoffs between monolithic and mechanically stacked cells. The LASER POWER TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS FOR MARTIAN best current efficiency for a cascade is 12.5 percent AM0 for an APPLICATIONS amorphous silicon on CulnSe2 multibandgap combination. Higher R. J. DE YOUNG, E. J. CONWAY, W. E. MEADOR, and D. H. efficiencies are expected in the future. For several missions. HUMES (NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton. VA) IN: including solar-electric propulsion, a manned Mars mission, and The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest lunar exploration and manufacturing, thin-film photovolatic arrays and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt. Inc., 1989. p. 697-708. may be a mission-enablingtechnology. Author refs (AAS PAPER 87-225) Copyright N90-18480'# Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Long-term, highly reliable, flexible power will be required to Pasadena. support many diverse activities on Mars and for rapid development ELECTRIC PROPULSION FOR MANNED MARS EXPLORATION of the Mars environment. The potential of laser power transmission BRYAN PALASZEWSKI ln Johns Hopkins Univ., The 1989 for supporting science, materials processing, transportation. and JANNAF Propulsion Meeting. Volume 1 p 421-435 May 1989 human habitats is discussed. Some advantageous locations for Avail: NTIS HC A25/MF A04 CSCL 21H laser power stations in Mars orbit are developed. Author Advanced high-power electric propulsion systems can significantly enhance piloted Mars missions. An increase in the N8913492'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. science payload delivered to Mars and the reduction of the total Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. Earth-departuremass are the major system-level benefits of electric POWER CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN EARLY MANNED MARS propulsion. Other potential benefits are the return of the cargo MISSION UTILIZING THE SPACE STATION vehicle to Earth orbit and the availability of high power in Mars MARTIN E. VALGORA 1987 15 p Presented at Case for orbit for high-power science and communications. Parametric Mars 3. Boulder, Colo.. 18-22 Jul. 1987; sponsored by American analyses for sizing the cargo mission vehicle for Mars exploration Aeronautical Society, JPL, Los Alamos National Lab., Ames missions are presented. The nuclear-electric propulsion system Research Center, Lyndon E. Johnson Space Center, George C. thruster size, power level, mass, propellant type and payload mass Marshall Space Flight Center, Planetary Society capability are considered in these system-level trade studies. (NASA-TM-101436; E4472; NAS 1.15:101436) Avail: NTlS HC Descriptions of the propulsion system selection issues for both AO3lMF A01 CSCL 1OB ion and MPD thruster technologies are also discussed. On a Power requirements and candidate electrical power sources manned Mars mission, the total launch mass for an unmanned were examined for the supporting space infrastructure for an early cargo vehicle in low earth orbit (LEO) can be reduced by up to (2004) manned Mars mission. This two-year mission (60-day stay 50 percent over the baseline oxygenlhydrogen propulsion system. time) assumed a single six crew piloted vehicle with a Mars lander Because the cargo vehicle is sent to Mars prior to the manned for four of the crew. The transportation vehicle was assumed to mission. the trip time for the vehicle is not a critical factor. By be a hydrogenloxygen propulsion design with or without large taking advantage of the high specific impulse (I sub sp) of an ion aerobrakes and assembled and checked out on the LEO Space or a Magneto-Plasma-Dynamic (MPD) thruster system, the total Station. The long transit time necessitated artificial gravity of the LEO mass is reduced from 590,000 kg for the oxygenlhydrogen crew by rotating the crew compartments. This rotation complicates propulsion system to 309.000 kg for the MPD system and 295,000 power source selection. Candidate power sources were examined kg for the ion system. Many factors must be analyzed in the for the Lander, Mars Orbiter, supporting Space Station. co-orbiting design of a electric propulsion Mars cargo vehicle. The propellant Propellant Storage Depot, and alternatively. a co-orbiting Propellant selection, the number of thrusters, the power level and the specific Generation (water electrolysis) Depot. Candidates considered were impulse are among the most important of the parameters. To fully photovoltaics with regenerative fuel cells or batteries, solar address the electric propulsion system design, trade studies for dynamics, isotope dynamics, and nuclear power. Author the differing ion and MPD propulsion system configurations (thruster power levels, number of thrusters, propellants and power systems) N89-26041'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. must be conducted. Author Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. ADVANCES IN THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS FOR LIOHTWEIQHT SPACE PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GEOFFREY A. LANDIS, SHEllA G. BAILEY, and DENNIS J. 23 FLOOD 1989 29 p Presented at the International Conference on Space Power, Cleveland, OH, 5-7 Jun. 1989; sponsored by CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS (GENERAL) the International Astronautical Federation (NASA-TM-102017; E4734; NAS 1.1 5:102017) Avail: NTIS HC AO3lMF A01 CSCL 10A The present stature and current research directions of photovoltaic arrays as primary power systems for space are AS18678 reviewed. There have recently been great advances in the DURICRETE AND COMPOSITES CONSTRUCTION ON MARS technology of thin-film solar cells for terrestrial applications. In a ROBERT C. BOYD, PATRICK S. THOMPSON, and BENTON C. thin-film solar cell the thickness of the active element is only a CLARK (Martin Marietta Planetary Sciences Laboratory, Denver, few microns; transfer of this technology to space arrays could CO) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General result in ultralow-weight solar arrays with potentially large gains in interest and overview. Sen Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc.. 1989, p. specific power. Recent advances in thin-film solar cells are 539-550. refs reviewed, including polycrystalline copper-indium selenide (AAS PAPER 87-213) Copyright (CulnSe2) and related I-Ill-VI2 compounds, polycrystalline cadmium An experimental program to investigate manufacturing telluride and related 11-VI compounds, and amorphous processes and product qualities of duricretes, as Well as composites

14 37 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

formed by combining such material with high-strength fibers 33 (man-made and biogenic) has begun. Other source materials that may serve as components include various pigments, such as ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING powdered C (black), MgO (white), and ferric oxide (red); binders and sealers, such as elemental and polymeric S; and metallic coatings and fibers, such as Mg. Carbon can be produced by the Includes test equipment and maintainability; components, e.g., Bosch process for C02 reduction to 02 and C; water distilled tunnel diodes and transistors; microminiaturization; and integrated from indigenous ice; and the other products converted from MgS04 circuitry. in the soil salts. Applications of the construction materials include habitat enlargement, greenhouse fabrication, solar thermal absorption structures, storehouses/tanks, utensils, solar flare storm A91-27353' Duke Univ., Durham, NC. shelters, towers, and transportation construction. A Mars sample A DEPLOYABLE HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING return mission will provide a more detailed understanding of the COIL (DHTSC) - A NOVEL CONCEPT FOR PRODUCING chemical properties of Martian soil, allowing better preparation of MAGNETIC SHIELDS AGAINST BOTH SOLAR FLARE AND Pilot study experiments for the first astronaut mission. Author GALACTIC RADIATION DURING MANNED INTERPLANETARY MISSIONS F. HADLEY COCKS (Duke University, Durham, NC) British Interplanetary Society, Journal (ISSN 0007-084X), vol. 44, March 1991, p. 99-102. refs A90-16679 (Contract NASW-4453) THE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ECONOMY ON MARS Copyright BENTON C. CLARK (Martin Marietta Planetary Sciences The discovery of materials which are superconducting above Laboratory, Denver. CO) and DONALD R. PElTIT (Los Alamos 100 K makes possible the use of superconducting coils deployed National Laboratory. NM) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies beyond the hull of an interplanetary spacecraft to produce a for exploration - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, magnetic shield capable of giving protection not only against solar Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 551-557. refs flare radiation, but also even against Galactic radiation. Such (AAS PAPER 87-214) Copyright deployed coils can be of very large size and can thus achieve Hydrogen peroxide, H202, could serve as a multipurpose the great magnetic moments required using only relatively low chemical storehouse of breathing oxygen, water, and energy for a currents. Deployable high-temperature-superconducting coil Martian base. Made from indigenous water and electricity from a magnetic shields appear to offer very substantial reductions in central power facility, it could function also as an energetic fluid mass and energy compared to other concepts and could readily to power mobile operations away from the base. Hydrogen peroxide provide the radiation protection needed for a Mars mission or is a monopropellant (as well as a bipropellant oxidizer) for rocket space colonies. Author engines, a fuel for producing shaft work from turbines, and a high explosive that could find uses in construction, mining, and seismic N87-1?795'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. studies. At the ambient conditions on Mars,it can be handled and Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL. stored not much differently than many hydrocarbon fuels are on ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS FOR MARS earth. Hydrogen peroxide can serve many other useful functions ROBERT J. GlUDlCl ln its Manned Mars Mission. Working Group such as an antifreeze solution in heat exchangers, a disinfectant, Papers, V. 2, Sect. 5, App. p 873-887 May 1986 and a host of manufacturing applications in metallurgy, cements, Avail: NTlS HC A24/MF A04 CSCL 09C and ceramics. H202 could well be the single most valuable Electrical power system options for Mars Manned Modules and commodity made on Mars, giving rise to a hydrogen peroxide Mars Surface Bases were evaluated for both near-term and economy. Author advanced performance potential. The power system options investigated for the Mission Modules include photovoltaics, solar thermal, nuclear reactor, and isotope power systems. Options discussed for Mars Bases include the above options with the addition of a brief discussion of open loop energy conversion of Mars resources, including utilization of wind, subsurface thermal gradients, and super oxides. Electrical power requirements for Mission Modules were estimated for three basic approaches: as a function of crew size; as a function of electric propulsion; and as a function of transmission of power from an orbiter to the surface 31 of Mars via laser or radio frequency. Mars Base power requirements were assumed to be determined by production facilities that make ENGINEERING (GENERAL) resources available for follow-on missions leading to the establishment of a permanently manned Base. Requirements include the production of buffer gas and propellant production Includes vacuum technology; control engineering; display engineering; cryogenics; and fire prevention. plants. Author

A9946663 FIRE PROTECTION FOR A MARTIAN COLONY 37 ROBERT M. BEAlTIE. JR. (Boeing Military Airplanes, Wichita, KS) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General MECHANICAL ENGINEERING interest and overview. Sen Dego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 595-605. refs Includes auxiliary systems (nonpower); machine elements and (AAS PAPER 87-218) Copyright processes; and mechanical equipment. The fire prevention failures that occurred in Apollo 1 and Challenger accidents are reviewed and used to discuss fire protection measures that should be taken in a Martian COlOnY. N90-29069'# Texas Univ., Austin. Dept. of Computer Science. Fire detection systems, classes of fire, and suppression agents SATELLITE-MAP POSITION ESTIMATION FOR THE MARS are described. The organization of fire fighting personnel ROVER appropriate for Mars is addressed. C.D. AKlRA HAYASHI and THOMAS DEAN (Brown Univ., Providence,

15 44 ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION

RI.) ln JPL, California Inst. of Tech., Proceedings of the NASA 51 Conference on Space Telerobotics, Volume 2 p 275-282 31 Jan. 1989 Sponsored in part by ARPA (Contract F49620-88-C-0132; NSF lRl-86-12644) LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL) Avail: NTlS HC A17/MF A03 CSCL 131 A method for locating the Mars rover using an elevation map generated from satellite data is described. In exploring its environment, the rover is assumed to generate a local rover-centered elevation map that can be used to extract A8639233 information about the relative position and orientation of landmarks ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND EXTENDED LIFE SUPPORT corresponding to local maxima. These landmarks are integrated ON THE MARTIAN SURFACE into a stochastic map which is then matched with the satellite E. MAGUIRE, JR. (Texas, University, Austin, TX) IN: The case map to obtain an estimate of the robot's current location. The for Mars; Proceedingsof the Conference, Boulder, CO, April 29-May landmarks are not explicitly represented in the satellite map. The 2, 1981. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1984. p. 163-171. refs results of the matching algorithm correspond to a probabilistic (AAS PAPER 81-238) Copyright assessment of whether or not the robot is located within a given Questions regarding the expansion of life from its planet Of region of the satellite map. By assigning a probabilistic interpretation origin are considered. taking into account the colonization of Mars to the information stored in the satellite map, researchers are from earth. The advantages of Mars are related to the possession able to provide a precise characterization of the results computed of gravity, and (apparently) the relatively ready availability of all by the matching algorithm. Author the major and minor elements which take part in the functioning of biological ecosytstems. It is pointed out that in any human-supporting, extraterrestrial ecosystem, an essentially complete cycling of all of the important elements must occur unless supplies external to the community are (sufficiently) readily available. Attention is given to the results of laboratory work with some small but closed samples of agricultural ecosystems, the observed collapse of samples of ecosystems, the avoidance of the inclusion of plant disease organisms in a self-supporting closed ecosystem, and problems with respect to the microbial flora of self-sustaining extraterrestrial colonies. G.R.

A90-16532' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. SPACE STATION ACCOMMODATION OF LIFE SCIENCES IN SUPPORT OF A MANNED MARS MISSION 44 BARRY D. MEREDITH, KELLI F. WILLSHIRE, JANE A. HAGAMAN (NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA), and RHEA M. ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION SEDDON (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - Technical. San Diego, Includes specific energy conversion systems, e.g., fuel cells; global CA, Univelt, Inc.. 1989, p. 95-106. sources of energy; geophysical conversion; and windpower. (AAS PAPER 87-233) Copyright Results of a life science impact analysis for accommodation to the Space Station of a manned Mars mission are discussed. In N89-20545'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. addition to addressing such issues as on-orbit vehicle assembly Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. and checkout, the study also assessed the impact of a life science MARS MANNED TRANSPORTATION VEHICLE research program on the station. A better understanding of the MARLA E. PEREZ-DAVIS and KARL A. FAYMON Jul. 1987 effects on the crew of long duration exposure to the hostile space 12 p Presented at the Case for Mars 111, Boulder, CO, 18-22 environment and to develop controls for adverse effects was the Jul. 1987; sponsored in part by American Astronautical Society; objective. Elements and products of the life science Jet Propulsion Lab.; NASA, Ames Res. Ctr.; NASA, Johnson Space accommodation include: the identification of critical research areas; Ctr; NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr.; and The Planetary Society the outline of a research program consistent with the mission (NASA-TM-101487; E-4627; NAS 1.15:101487) Avail: NTlS HC timeframe; the quantification of resource requirements; the A03lMF A01 CSCL 13F allocation of functions to station facilities; and a determination of A viable power system technology for a surface transportation the impact on the Space Station program and of the baseline vehicle to explore the planet Mars is presented. A number of configuration. Results indicate the need at the Space Station for power traction systems were investigated, and it was found that a two dedicated life science lab modules; a pocket lab to support a regenerative hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell appears to be attractive 4-meter centrifuge; a quarantine module for the Mars Sample for a manned Mars rover application. Mission requirements were Return Mission; 3.9 man-years of average crew time; and 20 obtained from the Manned Mars Mission Working Group. Power kilowatts of electrical power. C.E. systems weights, power, and reactants requirements were determined as a function of vehicle weights for vehicles weighing ADO-16657. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. from 6,000 to 16,000 Ib (2,722 to 7,257 kg), (Earth weight). The Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. vehicle performance requirements were: velocity. 10 km/hr; range, AN OVERVIEW OF SELECTED BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS OF 100 km; slope climbing capability, 30 deg uphill for 50 km; mission MARS MISSIONS duration, 5 days; and crew, 5. Power requirements for the operation JOHN BILLINGHAM (NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, of scientific equipment and support system capabilities were also CA) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General specified and included in this study. The concept developed here interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989. p. would also be applicable to a Lunar based vehicle for Lunar 157-169. refs exploration. The reduced gravity on the Lunar surface, (over that (AAS PAPER 87-189) Copyright on the Martian surface), would result in an increased range or There are major unresolved questions about changes in capability over that of the Mars vehicle since many of the power physiology of the crews of future zero-gravity manned Mars mission and energy requirements for the vehicle are gravity dependent. vehicles. This paper summarizes the changes induced by long Author duration weightlessness in different body Systems, and emphasizes

16 53 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

the need for further research into these changes using animal prolonged manned space missions. The authors focus on the and human subjects in space and in ground-based simulations. If advantages of at least two years of intensive training in general the changes are shown not to be acceptable, it will be necessary medical practice and dentistry, with emphasis on space medicine to provide artificial gravity for the crew. Artificial gravity itself and remote practice skills for all astronauts assigned to the mission. produces some physiological problems, and these also require Existing, federally-funded training programs and facilities to extensive study. Both lines of research must be pursued with accomplish the task are cited. Author some urgency so that the major decision to have or not to have artificial gravtty can be made on the basis of adequate A90-16658' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. information. Author Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY FOR LONG DURATION SPACEFLIGHT MALCOLM M. COHEN (NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - 52 General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 171-178. AEROSPACE MEDICINE (AAS PAPER 87-190) Copyright This paper reviews the fundamental physical properties of Includes physiological factors; biological effects of radiation; and gravitational and centrifugal forces, describes the physiological effects of weightlessness on man and animals. changes that result from long-term exposure to the nearly gravity-free environment of space, and explores the nature of these changes. The paper then cites currently employed and advanced A04-39234 techniques that can be used to prevent some of these changes. THE MEDICAL ASPECTS OF A FLIGHT TO MARS Following this review, the paper examines the potential use of D. WOODARD and A. R. OBERG IN: The case for Mars; artificial gravity as the ultimate technique to maintain terrestrial Proceedings of the Conference, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. levels of physiological functioning in space, and indicates some San Diego. CA, Univelt, Inc., 1984. p. 173-180. of the critical studies that must be conducted and some of the (AAS PAPER 81-239) Copyright trade-offs that must be made before artificial gravity can intelligently Perhaps the greatest problem concerning a manned flight to be used for long duration spaceflight. Author Mars is related to uncertainties regarding the effect of a number of flight-related factors on the physical health and well-being of A91-14071# the crew. Of particular importance appears the long duration of RADIATION SHIELDING ESTIMATION FOR MANNED SPACE the flight, which is probably two and a half years. The flight would FLIGHT TO THE MARS involve a long exposure to various forms of radiation. Other V. E. DUDKIN, E. E. KOVALEV, A. V. KOLOMENSKII. V. A. questions are related to the prospect of having to survive the SAKOVICH (Institut Mediko-Biologicheskikh Problem, Moscow, debilitating effects of zero gravity, and the further complication of USSR), V. F. SEMENOV (AN SSSR, lnstitut Vysokikh Temperatur, having to survive the g-forces of landings both on Mars and later Moscow, USSR) et al. IAF, International Astronautical Congress, again on earth. The medical problems of such a flight are 41st, Dresden, Federal Republic of Germany, Oct. 6-12, 1990. considered, taking into account the overall response of the human 4 p. refs body to a zerogravity environment, health countermeasures to (IAF PAPER 90-544) Copyright reduce the worst side-effects of long-term space flight, design The problem of shielding the crew from radiation during Mars factors which can avoid health problems, and the medical supplies missions is studied. Radiation hazards caused by Galactic cosmic and facilities which might be needed to maintain health during the rays (GCR) and solar cosmic rays (SCR) are considered, and it is flight. G.R. noted that a radiation-proof shelter can reduce the hazards associated with SCR, while the shielding from multicharged GCR A04-39235 ions may be required for a habitation section of the spacecraft. MODIFICATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL MEDICAL-SURGICAL The pulse operation of a nuclear rocket engine may also require TECHNIQUES FOR USE IN NULL GRAVITY some additional shielding of the crew and liquid-hydrogen tanks R. M. BEATTIE, JR. IN: The case for Mars; Proceedings of the against reactor radiation. It is pointed out that any long-term Conference, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. San Dio, CA, residence within the earth radiation belt can be avoided by using Univelt, Inc., 1984, p. 181-184. refs certain combinations of space flight conditions, while Martian (AAS PAPER 81-240) Copyright mission conditions may be attained by solving the problem of The possibility is considered that during the mission at least optimal distribution of the mass components for shadow shielding one person of the crew will experience clinical death by of the reactor and for shielding of the radiation-proof shelter and cardio-pulmonary arrest. Microgravity-related physical conditions habitation section. The lowest estimate of the spacecraft mass will make all human resuscitative effors difficult. It is, therefore, including the radiation-shielding mass is found to be 500-550 recommended that the crew have well rehearsed standing orders tons. V.T. for methods of clinical resuscitation. A Ready Area is to be prepared with mechanical chest compression, intermittent positive pressure ventilatory, and appropriate emergency adjective resuscitative equipment. Attention is given to details concerning the standing 53 orders, and the equipment needed for the Ready Area. G.R.

NO-16537 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES ASTRONAUT INTERDISCIPLINARY AND MEDICAUDENTAL TRAINING FOR MANNED MARS MISSIONS Includes psychological factors; individual and group behavior; crew HAROLD E. FILBERT (Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, CO) and training and evaluation; and psychiatric research. DONALD J. KLEIER (Colorado, University. Denver) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - Technical. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989. p. 161-170. A90-16659' Anacapa Sciences, Inc.. Santa Barbara, CA. (WS PAPER 87-238) Copyright HABITABILITY DURING LONG-DURATION SPACE MISSIONS - This paper presents a general discussion of the medical and KEY ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH A MISSION TO MARS dental needs of astronauts on a manned Mars mission and a JACK STUSTER (Anacapa Sciences, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA) IN: study of tradeoffs in meeting those needs. The discussion is based The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest on the concept of interdisciplinary astronaut traininglskills for and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 181-191.

17 53 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

(Contract NAS2-11690) reduce their cost, they should be considered during the Conceptual (AAS PAPER 87-191) Copyright phase of the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) program. System Isolation and confinement conditions similar to those of a operations of Space Station Freedom, Lunar outpost, and Mars long-duration mission to Mars are examined, focusing on 14 Rover Sample Return are examined in order to develop a similar behavioral issues with design implications. Consideration is given concept for the manned Mars mission. Factors that have to be to sleep, clothing, exercise, medical support, personal hygiene, taken into account include: (1) psychological stresses caused by food preparation, group interaction, habitat aesthetics, outside long periods of isolation; (2) the effects of boredom; (3) the communications, recreational opportunities, privacy, waste disposal, necessity of onboard training to maintain a high level of crew onboard training, and the microgravity environment. The results skills; and (4) the 40-min time delays between issuing and receiving are used to develop operational requirements and habitability a command. which make real-time flight control inoperative and design guidelines for interplanetary spacecraft. R.B. require long-term decisions to be made by the ground Support. B.P. A90-16660 CREW SELECTION FOR A MARS EXPLORER MISSION BENTON C. CLARK (Martin Marietta Planetary Sciences 54 Laboratory, Denver, CO) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989. p. 193-203. MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE (AAS PAPER 87-192) Copyright SUPPORT Issues related to the selection of crew members for a manned mission to Mars are discussed. The crew skills and character Includes human engineering; biotechnology; and space suits and needed for a Mars mission are outlined and six basic types of protective clothing. crewmember skills needed for a mission are outlined. Consideration is given to the age and characteristics of crewmembers, safety, privacy, communication, and the issue of mission nomenclature. A84-39232' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. R.B. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. EXTENDED MISSION LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS A90-16661 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. P. D. QUATTRONE (NASA, Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. CA) IN: The case for Mars; Proceedings of the Conference, HUMAN ASPECTS OF MISSION SAFETY Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., MARY M. CONNORS (NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, 1984, p. 131-162. refs CA) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General (AAS PAPER 81-237) Copyright interest and overview. San Diego, CA. Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. The life support systems employed in manned space missions 205-213. refs have generally been based on the use of expendables, such as, (AAS PAPER 87-193) Copyright for instance, liquid oxygen. For the conducted space missions. Recent discussions of psychology's involvement in spaceflight such systems have advantages related to volume, weight, and have emphasized its role in enhancing space living conditions economy of power consumption. However, this situation will change and incresing crew productivity. While these goals are central to in connection with Shuttle Orbiter missions of extended duration, space missions, behavioral scientists should not lose sight of a permanent manned facilities in low-earth orbit, and ultimately more basic flight requirement - that of crew safety. This paper manned planetary vehicles. A description is given of suitable examines some of the processes employed in the American space regenerative life support systems for such extended manned space program in support of crew safety and suggests that behavioral missions. Attention is given to advanced life support systems scientists could contribute to flight safety, both through these formal technology, air revitalization, C02 reduction, oxygen generation, processes and through less formal methods. Various safety areas nitrogen generation, trace contaminant control, air revitalization of relevance to behavioral scientists are discussed. Author system integration, controllmonitor instrumentation, water reclamation, solid waste management, manned testing and life A9 1- 10023# support integration, an enhanced duration orbiter, a space ANTARCTIC ANALOGS OF HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES operations center, manned interplanetary life support systems, and DURING LONG-DURATION SPACE MISSIONS future development requirements. G.R. LARRY BELL (Houston, University, TX) AIAA, Space Programs and Technologies Conference, Huntsville, AL, Sept. 25-27, 1990. A84-39238' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 7 p. refs Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. (AIAA PAPER 90-3564) Copyright THE ATMOSPHERE OF MARS - RESOURCES FOR THE The Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF MARS (SICSA) has undertaken requirement definition and planning studies T. R. MEYER (Boulder Center for Science and Policy, Boulder, for an international research and technology testbed facility in CO) and C. P. MCKAY (NASA, Ames Research Center, Space Antarctica to support future space mission simulations. This paper Science Div., Moffett Field, CA) IN: The case for Mars; discusses the relevance of such an antarctic facility as an analog Proceedings of the Conference, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. for examining human factors issues and requirements for San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1984. p. 209-232. refs longduration space missions. It also highlights applications, (AAS PAPER 81-244) Copyright benefits and limitations of other analogs from which important This paper describes methods of processing the Mars human factors lessons may be learned. Author atmosphere to supply water, oxygen and buffer gas for a Mars base. Existing life support system technology is combined with AB1-10001'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. innovative methods of water extraction, and buffer gas processing. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston, TX. The design may also be extended to incorporate an integrated LONG DURATION MISSION SUPPORT OPERATIONS greenhouse to supply food, oxygen and water recycling. It is found CONCEPTS that the work required to supply one kilogram of an argonlnitrogen T. W. EGGLESTON (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX) buffer gas is 9.4 kW-hr. To extract water from the dry Martian AIAA. Space Programs and Technologies Conference, Huntsville, atmosphere can require up to 102.8 kW-hr per kilogram of water AL, Sept. 25-27, 1990. 8 p. refs depending on the relative humidity of the air. Author (AIAA PAPER 90-3682) Copytight It is suggested that the system operations will be one of the AW-16531' New York Univ., New York. most expensive parts of the Mars mission, and that, in order to THE CASE FOR CELLULOSE PRODUCTION ON MARS

18 54 MANBYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT

TYLER VOLK (New York University, NY) and JOHN D. RUMMEL chosen for both lunar and Martian habitats consists of a heat (NASA, Life Sciences Div., Washington, DC) IN: The case for pump integral with a nontoxic fluid acquisition and transport loop, Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - Technical. San Diego, CA. and vertically oriented modular reflux-boiler radiators. The heat Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 87-94. refs pump operates only during the lunar day. The lunar and Martian (Contract NCA2-101) transfer vehicles have an internal single-phase water-acquisition (AAS PAPER 87-232) Copyright loop and an external two-phase ammonia rejection system with From examining the consequences of not requiring that all rotating inflatable radiators. The lunar and Martian excursion wastes from life support be recycled back to the food plants, it is vehicles incorporate internal single-phase water acquisition, which concluded that cellulose production on Mars could be an important is connected via heat exchangers to external body-mounted input for many nonmetabolic material requirements on Mars. The single-phase radiators. A water evaporation system is used for fluxes of carbon in cellulose production would probably exceed the transfer vehicles during periods of high heating. Author those in food production, and therefore settlements on Mars could utilize cellulose farms in building a Mars infrastructure. Author A90-49430' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. A90-16534 A METHODOLOGY FOR CHOOSING CANDIDATE MATERIALS A ZERO4 CELSS/RECREATION FACILITY FOR AN FOR THE FABRICATION OF PLANETARY SPACE SUIT EARTHMARS CREW SHUITLE STRUCTURES ALICE EICHOLD (California, University. Berkeley) IN: The case GILDA JACOBS (NASA, Ames Research Center; Sterling Software. for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - Technical. San Diego, CA, Inc., Moffett Field, CA) SAE, Intersociety Conference on Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 129-138. refs Environmental Systems, 20th, Williamsburg, VA, July 9-12, 1990. (AAS PAPER 87-235) Copyright 9 p. refs This paper presents a zero-gravity architectural design for a (SAE PAPER 901429) Copyright module on an earth/Mars crew shuttle. Although in the early stages A study of space suit structures and materials is under way at of development and of uncertain immediate cost-effectiveness, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. The study was Controlled Ecological Life Support (CELSS) promises the most initiated by the need for a generation of lightweight space suits to synergetic long-term means for providing food. air and water as be used in future planetary Exploration Missions. This paper well as accommodating 'homesickness'. In this project, plant growth provides a brief description of the Lunar and Mars environments units have been combined with recreation facilities to ensure that and reviews what has been done in the past in the design and humans have daily opportunities to view their gardens. Furthermore, development of fabric, metal, and composite suit components in human exercise contributes toward powering the mechanical order to establish criteria for comparison of promising candidate systems for growing the plants. The solution was anived at by materials and space suit structures. Environmental factors and the traditional architectural design process with an empirical mission scenarios will present challenging material and structural emphasis. The solution consists of smaller volumes for exercise requirements; thus, a program is planned to outline the methodology facilities and plant growth units contained within a large geometrical used to idenMy materials and processes for producing candidate sphere. Moisture and heat-generating activities thus share facilities space suit structures which meet those requirements. Author and favorable gas exchanges are exploited. Author A9 1- 10 159# A90-16656 Life Systems, Inc., Cleveland, OH. ADVANCED EXTRAVEHICULAR ACtlVlM REQUIREMENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS AND SUPPORT OF THE MANNED MARS MISSION CHARACTERISTICS FOR A MANNED MARS MISSION WILLIAM R. POGUE. GERALD P. CARR (CAMUS, Inc., Huntsville, FEROLYN T. POWELL (Lae Systems, Inc.. Cleveland, OH) IN: AL), and NICHOLAS SHIELDS, JR. (RECCEN Corp., Huntsville, The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest AL) AIAA, Space Programs and Technologies Conference, and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc.. 1989, p. 135-155. Huntsville, AL, apt. 25-27, 1990. 8 p. refs Research supported by NASA and Life Systems, Inc. refs (AMPAPER 90-3801) Copyright (AAS PAPER 87-188) Copyright The support requirements for an extended human exploration Both the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Space Station and future of the Martian surface by a crew of eight are examined. Emphasis manned space missions require Environmental Control and Life is given to EVA activities at the base camp and to extended EVA Support Systems (ECLSS) that provide safe, comfortable and the environmental conditions impacting on the latter. The roles environments in which humans can lie and work. The ECLSS of hardware and machine system requirements in EVA are functions and requirements (performanceand design load) for these addresed. C.D. missions are defined. Options for closing the ECLSS cycle are discussed and the level of closure planned for the initial orbital A91-12594' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. capability (IOC) Space Station are quantified. The impacts of the Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. remaining ECLSS expendables on advanced missions are CREW SUPPORT FOR AN INITIAL MARS EXPEDITION discussed. Also discussed are the new ECLSS requirements related YVONNE A. CLEARWATER (NASA, Ames Research Center, to generation of food (via plants, animals and/or fish). The paper Moffett Field, CA) and ALBERT A. HARRISON (California, focuses on the ECLSS design drivers associated with a manned University, Davis) British Interplanetary Society, Journal (ISSN Mars mission. These drivers include environmental, operational 0007-084X), vol. 43, Nov. 1990, p. 513-518. refs and interface drivers. Characteristics of the IOC Space Station Copyright ECLSS are given to provide a quantitative feeling of the magnitude Mars crews will undergo prolonged periods of isolation and of the ECLSS for a Mars mission. Author confinemeni, iravei unprecedented distances frm aarth ai-id & subjected to formidable combinations of hardships and dangers. A90-49313' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Some of the biomedical, psychological and social challenges of Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX. the first manned Mars expedition are reviewed and means of ACTIVE THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR LUNAR AND aligning humans, technology and space habitats in the interests MARTIAN EXPLORATION of mission success are identified. Author MICHAEL K. EWERT, PATRICIA A. PETETE, and JOHN DZENlTlS (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX) SAE, Intersociety A91-14737' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Conference on Environmental Systems, 20th, Williamsburg, VA, Washington, DC. July 9-12, 1990. 13 p. refs CONTROLLED ECOLOGICAL LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM (SAE PAPER 901243) Copyright MAURICE M. AVERNER (NASA, Washington, DC) IN: Lunar Several ATCS options including heat pumps, radiator shading base agriculture: Soils for plant growth. Madison, WI, American devices, and single-phase flow loops were considered. The ATCS Society of Agronomy, Inc.. Crop Science Society of America, Inc.,

19 54 MANSYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT and Soil Science Society of America, InC., 1989, p. 145-153. A91-23462 refs REGENERATIVE LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Copyright PROBLEMS FOR THE MARS MISSION The NASA CELLS program is based upon the integration of V. N. KUBASOV, E. N. ZAITSEV. V. A. KORSAKOV, A. S. biological and physiochemical processes in order to produce a GUZENBERG, and A. A. LEPSKll (NPO Energiia, MOSCOW. system that will produce food, a breathable atmosphere, and USSR) (IAA, IAF, AN SSSR, et al., Symposium on Man in Space, potable water from metabolic and other wastes. The CELSS 8th, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Sept. 29-Oct. 3, 1990) Acta Astronautica concept is described and a schematic system diagram is provided. (ISSN 0094-5765), vOI. 23, 1991, p. 271-274. Central to the CELSS concept is the Plant Growth Chamber, where Copyright green plant photosynthesis produces food, and aids in the The advantages and disadvantages of physiochemical and production of oxygen and water. Progress to date at the Breadboard biotechnological complexes of life support systems are discussed. Facility at the Kennedy Space Center is summarized. The These systems are each analyzed on the basis of technological, Breadboard Facility will implement the basic techniques and economic, and biomedical parameters. The complex of processes required for a CELSS based on photosynthetic plant technological and economic parameters includes the mass, Power growth in a ground-based system of practical size and results will consumption, reliability. maintainability, and crew labor outlay both be extrapolated to predict the performance of a full-sized system. in the initial condition and under operating conditions. The most Current available technology and near-future forecasts for plant likely trends of manned cosmonautics development for the nearest growth techniques (focusing on maximum productivity), food decades are discussed. Analysis results show that the sources (to select optimal CELSS plants), and waste management physiochemical complex is more advantageous than the and contaminant control are discussed. L.K.S. biotechnological one for all cases considered. This conclusion is based on significant differences in energy utilization factors: 70-90 percent for the PhChLSS and 5-10 percent for the BLSS. System selection is also discussed. L.K.S. A91-14738' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. John F. Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach, FL. CELSS BREADBOARD PROJECT AT THE KENNEDY SPACE AN-23463 CENTER PROVIDING A SOUND HABITAT FOR MAN IN SPACE R. P. PRINCE and W. M. KNOTT. 111 (NASA, Kennedy Space MARIA STRANGER-JOHANNESSEN (Centre for Industrial Center, Cocoa Beach, FL) IN: Lunar base agriculture: Soils for Research, Oslo, Norway) (IAA. IAF, AN SSSR, et al.. Symposium plant growth. Madison, WI. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., on Man in Space, 8th. Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Sept. 29-Oct. 3. Crop Science Society of America, Inc., and Soil Science Society 1990) Acta Astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765), vol. 23, 1991. p. of America, Inc., 1989, p. 155-163. refs 275-277. refs Copyright Copyright The CELSS Breadboard Project is described, noting that it was The problem of microbial growth on materials in a closed initiated to study aspects of a CELSS for long-term space missions. environment is discussed, drawing inferences from analogous Topics for extensive investigation included air and water situations which occur in new buildings which are more tightly regeneration, engineering control, and food production. The many sealed and widely employ air conditioning. It is noted that the options available for growing food crops in commercial plant growth 'sick building syndrome' has contributed to serious problems such chambers were investigated and the best of this information was as legionnaire's disease and that the potential of such translated to the Biomass Production Chamber (BPC). The chamber microbiological hazards must be researched and guarded against contains 20 sq m of crop growing area under 96 400 W HPS in long-term space habitats. ESA has begun work on microbial lamps; sixteen 0.25 sq m plant growth trays used on each of four contamination control measures and requirements. Procedures are growing shelves for a total of 64 trays; and one 256-L nutrient being established as a basis for the microbiological cleanliness of solution reservoir with the appropriate continuous-flow, thin-film the manned space environment and for the avoidance of plumbing for each shelf. A heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning microbiological growth on materials and equipment. Several testing system maintains atmospheric conditions and serves to distribute techniques are being studied which will allow both a rapid screening oxygen and carbon dioxide and maintain pressure at 12 mm of of materials' resistance to microbiological growth and proper water. The control and monitoring subsystem, which uses a durability testing of materials and equipment to be used for up to programmable logic controller, manages the BPC subsystems. 30 years in space habitats. L.K.S. L.K.S. A91-23464 MANNED EXPEDITION TO MARS - CONCEPTS AND A91-23461 PROBLEMS BIOGENERATIVE LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM - FARMING ON LIUBOV' B. STROGONOVA (Institut Mediko-Biologicheskikh THE MOON Problem, Moscow, USSR) and LEONID GORSHKOV (NPO FRANK B. SALISBURY (Utah State University, Logan) (IAA, Energiia, Moscow, USSR) (IAA, IAF, AN SSSR, et al., symposium IAF, AN SSSR. et al., Symposium on Man in Space, 8th, Tashkent, on Man in Space, 8th, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Sept. 29-Oct. 3, Uzbek SSR, Sept. 29-Oct. 3, 1990) Acta Astronautica (ISSN 1990) Acta Astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765), vol. 23, 1991, p. 0094-5765), vol. 23, 1991, p. 263-270. refs 279-287. Copyright Copyright Plants can be used to recycle food, oxygen, and water in a The concept of long-term interplanetary flight is discussed, and closed habitat on the moon, on Mars, or in a spacecraft. A variety some main criteria for interplanetary spacecraft are presented. of crops might be grown, probably in underground growth units to The present state of space technology for interplanetary spacecraft avoid harmful radiation and micrometeorites. Artificial light will be is considered, and it is argued that the knowledge accumulated necessary. although some sunlight might be brought in via fiber at present by cosmonauts is sufficient to begin preparation for a optics. Transpired water will be condensed in coils exposed to manned flight to Mars. An eight-stage program for such a flight, space and shaded from sunlight. Oxygen and C02 levels will be which is projected to have a duration of two years, is presented. maintained by controlling photosynthesis and waste oxidation. The biomedical aspects of long-term interplanetary flight and the Plants will be grown hydroponically. Wheat has been produced at Complications arising due to lack of technical supply for the solution the rate of 60 g/sq m per day, which could feed a human Of such problems are considered. The questions of the biological continuously from a farm only of 13 sq m, but nearly continuous Security of the earth after the planetary flight and of international light equivalent to sunlight is required along with ideal temperatures, Cooperation in interplanetary expeditions are also addressed. enriched CO2. suitable cultivars, etc. Author L.K.S.

20 55 SPACE BIOLOGY

N90-%QQ'# Wisconsin Univ., Milwaukee. Space Architecture 159-165. refs Design Group. Copyright GENESIS LUNAR OUTPOST CRITERIA AND DESIGN The utiltty of measurements of C13/C-12 ratios in organic vs TIMOTHY HANSMANN, ed. & comp., GARY T. MOORE, ed. 8 inorganic deposits f3r searching for signs of life on early Mars is comp., DIN0 J. BASCHIERA, JOE PAUL FIEBER, and JANIS considered. It is suggested that three assumptions are necessary. HUEBNER MOTHS 11 Jun. 1990 119 p First, if there was life on Mars, it caused the fractionation of (Contract NASW-4435) carbon isotopes in analogy with past biological activity on earth. (NASA-CR-186831; NAS 1.26:186831; R90-1; Second, the fractionation would be detectable. Third, if a ISBN-0-938744-69-0) Avail: NTlS HC AO6/MF A01 CSCL 05H fractionation would be observed, there exist no abiotic explanations This design study--the third in the space architecture for the observed fractionation pattern. I.S. series--focused on the requirements of an early stage lunar outpost. The driving assumptions of the scenario was that the base would A8Q-51523' Florida State Univ., Tallahassee. Serve as a research facility and technology testbed for future Mars LIFE ON MARS - HOW IT DISAPPEARED (IF IT WAS EVER missions, a habitat supporting 12 persons for durations of up to THERE) 20 months, and would sustain the following five experimental E. IMRE FRIEDMANN and ALI M. KORIEM (Florida State University, facilities: Lunar surface mining and production analysis faciltty, Tallahassee) (COSPAR, Plenary Meeting, 27th, Topical Meeting construction technology and materials testbed, closed and Workshops on the Life Sciences and Space Research XXlll(2): environmental life support system (CELSS) test facility, lunar farside Planetary Biology and Origins of Life, 20th, 21st, and 23rd, Espoo, observatory, and human factors and environment-behavior research Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances in Space Research (ISSN facility. Based upon the criteria set forth in a previous programming 0273-1177), vol. 9, no. 6. 1989, p. 167-172. refs document, three preliminary lunar base designs were developed. (Contract NSG-7337; NSF DPP-83-14180) Each of the three schemes studied a different construction method Copyright and configuration. The designs were then evaluated in terms of Information available on Mars chemistry suggest that conditions environmental response, human habitability, transportability, on early Mars may have been suitable for life. This paper examines constructability, construction dependability and resilience, and their the possible events that led to the disappearance of life, assuming suitability in carrying out the desired scientific research. The positive it existed, from the surface of Mars. The sequence of events points of each scheme were then further developed by the entire leading to life extinction on early Mars assumes the following project team, resulting in one integrated lunar outpost design. steps: (1) a decrease of temperature and humidity levels, leading Author to a selection of microorganisms for tolerance of low temperatures and arid conditions; (2) further deterioration of environment leading N91-16570# Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm G.m.b.H., Bremen to withdrawal of cold-adapted organisms to protected niches under (Germany. F.R.). the surface; (3) further cooling producing heavy stresses in these COMMON APPROACH FOR PLANETARY HABITATION organisms; and (4) further deterioration of the environment resulting SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION in extinction. This sequence of events is considered parallel events FRANK STElNSlEK and UWE APEL 1990 11 p Presented at documented for the microbial community in the Ross Desert of the 20th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Antarctica, where TEM examinations of the material detected Williamsburg, VA, 9-12 Jul. 1990 Previously announced in IAA progressive stages of cell damage and death. I.S. as A9049425 Prepared in cooperation with Erno Raumfahrttechnik G.m.b.H. A8Q-51527' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (MBB-UO-0115-90-PUB; ETN-91-98549) Avail: NTlS HC/MF Arms Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. A03 PEROXIDES AND THE SURVIVABILITY OF Possible concepts for orbital. lunar and Martin habitations are MICROORGANISMS ON THE SURFACE OF MARS based on ESA-European Manned Space lnfrastucture (EMSI) ROCCO L. MANClNELLl (NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett program philosophy are presented. The key requirements for the Field, CA) (COSPAR. Plenary Meeting, 27th, Topical Meeting design of an orbital habitat were reviewed, such as atmospheric and Workshops on the Life Sciences and Space Research XXlll(2): pressure, temperature, radiation and gravity levels. The human Planetary Biology and Origins of Life, 20th, 21st. and 23rd. Espoo, factors such as life cycle, ergonomy and psychological needs were Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances in Space Research (ISSN examined. A common approach for these three cases may be to 0273-1177). vol. 9, no, 6, 1989. p. 191-195. refs use as much available hardware in each step of the scenario as copyright possible. The implementation of the habitation systems offers the This paper discusses the possibility that any terrestrial possibility to work in an evolutionary way, starting with the EMS1 microorganisms brought to Mars might survive the unhospitable Columbus based hardware. ESA environment of that planet, with special attention given to the effects of highly oxidizing material that is now known to cover the Martian surface. Data obtained by the gas exchange experiment on Viking indicate that, if all of the released oxygen is assumed to come from H202. the concentrations of H202 on Mars range 55 from 25 to 250 ppm. Laboratory data indicate that certain soil bacteria are able to survive and grow to stationary phase at H202 SPACE BIOLOGY concentrations as high as 30,000, indicating that, if there is H202 at the level of 250 ppm or even an order of magnitude greater on Includes exobiology; planetary biology; and extraterrestrial life. the Martian suriace, this iact aione wouia not make tire suriace of Mars self-sterilizing. IS.

A8Q-51522' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. AEQ-51528' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION IN THE PLANETARY PROTECTION ISSUES IN ADVANCE OF HUMAN SEARCH FOR LIFE ON EARLY MARS EXPLORATION OF MARS L. J. ROTHSCHILD and D. DESMARAIS (NASA, Ames Research CHRISTOPHER P. MCKAY (NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Center, Moffett Fild, CA) (COSPAR, Plenary Meeting, 27th, Field, CA) and WANDA L. DAVIS (Search for Extraterrestrial Topical Meeting and Workshops on the Life Sciences and Space Intelligence Institute, Los Altos, CA) (COSPAR, Plenary Meeting, Research XXlll(2): Planetary Biology and Origins of Life, 2Oth, 27th, Topical Meeting and Workshops on the Life Sciences and 21st. and 23rd. Espoo, Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances in Space Research XXlll(2): Planetary Biology and Origins of Life, Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177), vol. 9, no. 6, 1989, p. 2Oth, 21st, and 23rd, Espoo, Finland, July 18-29, 1988) Advances

21 80 SOCIAL SCIENCES (GENERAL)

in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177), vol. 9, no. 6, 1989, p. KAY MYERS (NASA, Johnson Space Center; Barrios Technology, 197-202. refs Inc., Houston, TX) Total Quality Management Conference, Palm Copyright Springs, CA, Feb. 7, 8, 1991, Paper. 7 p. The major planetary quarantine issues associated with human A review is presented of the tools and techniques required to exploration of Mars, which is viewed as being more likely to harbor meet the challenge of total quality in the goal of traveling to Mars indigenous life than is the moon, are discussed. Special attention and returning to the moon. One program used by NASA to ensure is given to the environmental impact of human missions to Mars the integrity of baselined requirements.documents is configuration due to contamination and mechanical disturbances of the local management (CM). CM is defined as an integrated management environment, the contamination issues associated with the return process that documents and identifies the functional and physical of humans, and the planetary quarantine strategy for a human characteristics of a facility’s systems, structures, computer software, base. It is emphasized that, in addition to the question of indigenous and components. It also ensures that changes to these life, there may be some concern of returning to earth the earth characteristics are properly assessed, developed, approved, microorganisms that have spent some time in the Martian implemented, verified, recorded. and incorporated into the facility’s environment. It is suggested that, due to the fact that a robot documentation. Three principal areas are discussed that will realize system can be subjected to more stringent controls and protective significant efficiencies and enhanced effectiveness, change treatments than a mission involving humans, a robotic sample assessment, change avoidance, and requirements management. return mission can help to eliminate many planetary-quarantine R.E.P. concerns about returning samples. IS. 83 80 ECONOMICS AND COST ANALYSIS SOCIAL SCIENCES (GENERAL) Includes cost effectiveness studies. Includes educational matters. A84-39243’ National Aeronautics and Space Administration. A90-13598# Lyndon 8. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX. TOGETHER TO MARS - AN INTERNATIONAL STUDENT THE COST OF LANDING MAN ON MARS CONTEST CULMINATING IN THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE H. C. MANDELL, JR. (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, YEAR TX) IN: The case for Mars; Proceedings of the Conference, LOUIS FRIEDMAN and TIMOTHY LYNCH (Planetary Society, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., Pasadena, CA) IAF, International Astronautical Congress, 40th, 1984, p. 281-292. Malaga, Spain, Oct. 7-13, 1989. 6 p. (AAS PAPER 81-251) Copyright (IAF PAPER 89-!543) Copyright In a period where the space program budget is generally static Plans are presented for an international student contest on at about 113 of the level reached during the Apollo program, the human exploration of Mars to be conducted in the International manned planetary flight is not considered by NASA planners to Space Year, 1992. The rules of the contest, plans for awards, be a realistic near term goal. Much of NASA’s current planning is and types of entries that may be submitted to the contest are based on the perception that manned planetary flight would be considered. Possible topics for the contest are presented, focusing more costly than the Apollo lunar landing. This paper demonstrates on the theme of life support for humans for flight to and from and that with current technological improvements in avionics, structure, exploring Mars. R.B. and space transportation, the landing of an American on Mars would cost only 113 to 213 of the lunar landing; on a per capita basis such a program would cost less than $200. compared to A90-16654’ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Apollo’s $325 (all dollars in 1981 base). Given the fact that a Washington, DC. manned Mars landing is the last such exploration feat left to this A MANDATE FOR SPACE EDUCATION generation, the cost should clearly not be a major deterrent. JESCO VON PUTTKAMER (NASA, Office of Space Flight, Author Washington, DC) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 57-72. A90-16655 (AAS PAPER 87-182) Copyright FINANCING A MARS PROGRAM Issues related to public education in preparation for a manned CHANDLER C. SMITH (Ball Corp., Ball Aerospace Systems Group, Boulder, CO) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration Mars program are discussed. Consideration is given to the near- and long-term goals of the space program, the benefits of human - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., expansion in space, and long-range planning for fundamental 1989, p. 83-106. refs problem areas in space education. Important concerns for space (AAS PAPER 87-184) Copyright educators are outlined. R.B. The prospects for financing a Mars program are evaluated, including estimates of the approximate amount of money required to implement a program. The financial issues related to other large-scale efforts, such as the Apollo program, the Manhattan 81 project, and the Tennessee Valley Authority are reviewed and compared with the financing of a Mars program. Consideration is given to economic base forecasts, government spending ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT predictions, the impact of an aging population, and the possibility of nontraditional sources of revenue for a Mars program. R.B. Includes management planning and research. A91-14089iqt WHAT IS THE COST OF SEI? AN APPROACH TO A91-24875‘# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ESTIMATING THE LIFE CYCLE COST OF THE SPACE Lyndon 8. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX. EXPLORATION INITIATIVE QUALITY ASSURANCE PLANNING FOR LUNAR MARS RICHARD L. WEBB (General Dynamics Cop., Space Systems EXPLORATION Div., Sen Diego. CA) IAF. International Astronautical Congress,

22 91 LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION

41st, Dresden, Federal Republic of Germany, Oct. 6-12, 1990. A89-12542 12 p. refs LET'S GO TO MARS TOGETHER (IAF PAPER 90-601) Copyright JOHN L. MCLUCAS and BURTON 1. EDELSON Issues in Science The paper presents an approach for estimating the Life Cycle and Technology (ISSN 0748-5492). vol. 5, Fall 1988, p. 52-55. Cost (LCC) of four alternative Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) refs program scenarios. SEI philosophy and goals are considered of Copyright primary importance in the cost estimation of the program. The Arguments for cooperative U.S.-Soviet missions to Mars are following primary issues have been identified: the cost of system presented. The history of space competition since the 1950s is unreliability, the cost and benefits of international participation, briefly recalled; the current status is surveyed; and Soviet plans methods for estimating 'new ways of doing business', quantification for Martian missions (including the Phobos probe launched in July of cost risk, cost as a measure of milestone achievement, and 1988, a heavy automated Mars lander with robotic rover for 1994, 'affordability.' It is pointed out that the possibilities for international a sample-return mission for 1996-1998, and eventual manned participation present a significant challenge in the cost estimating missions) are described and contrasted with NASA planning, where of SEI with respect to divisions of responsibility, management the Mars Observer (1992) is the only firm program, although Mars organization, integration activities, and variations in currencies. exploration has been established as a policy goal. Concrete steps B.P. toward joint or international Mars missions are proposed, building on the 1986 US.-Soviet cooperative agreement (which includes four Mars-related projects): (1) defining a general concept of N87-17800'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. cooperation, (2) setting robotic exploration in the 1990s and Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL. manned exploration in the next century as primary goals, and (3) MANNED MARS MISSION COST ESTIMATE convening a joint planning team to assign tasks and set schedules JOSEPH HAMAKER and KEITH SMITH ln its Manned Mars in detail. T.K. Mission. Working Group Papers, V. 2, Sect. 5, App. p 936-950 May 1986 Avail: NTIS HC A24/MF A04 CSCL 05C The potential costs of several options of a manned Mars mission are examined. A cost estimating methodology based primarily on existing Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) parametric cost SPACE SCIENCES (GENERAL) models is summarized. These models include the MSFC Space Station Cost Model and the MSFC Launch Vehicle Cost Model as well as other modes and techniques. The ground rules and assumptions of the cost estimating methodology are discussed and cost estimates presented for six potential mission options A91-25834 which were studied. The estimated manned Mars mission costs WIND, SAND, AND MARS - THE 1990 TESTS OF THE MARS are compared to the cost of the somewhat analogous Apollo BALLOON AND SNAKE Program cost after normalizing the Apollo cost to the environment CHARLENE M. ANDERSON (Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA) and ground rules of the manned Mars missions. It is concluded Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680), vol. 11, Jan.-Feb. 1991, p. that a manned Mars mission, as currently defined, could be 12-15. accomplished for under $30 billion in 1985 dollars excluding launch Copyright vehicle development and mission operations. Author The observations of one member of the internationat team of Planetary Society members responsible for testing the Mars balloon and SNAKE are presented. The tests were held in the fall of 1990 in Indio, California, and concluded successfully. The test team was made up of scientists and technicians from CNES 04 observers from the Babakin Center; scientists from the Space Research Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences; engineers LAW, POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SPACE POLICY from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; students from the University of Arizona, Utah State Universtty, UCLA, and Caltech; and Planetary Includes NASA appropriation hearings; aviation law; space law Society volunteers. The chosen sites of study in this desert area and policy; international law; international cooperation; and patent were selected to simulate as neary as possible Mars-like conditions policy. and included smooth ancient lake beds, jagged frozen lava flows and gently rolling sand dunes. L.K.S.

A8449241 LEGAL AND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF COLONIZING 91 MARS N. C. GOLDMAN (Texas, Universtty, Austin, TX) IN: The case for Mars; Proceedings of the Conference, Boulder, CO. April 29-May LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION 2, 1981. San Diego, CA. Univelt, Inc., 1984, p. 257-262. refs !US PAPER 81-248) Copyright Includes planetology; and manned and unmanned flights. The effects of international space law, including four treaties and the proposed 'Moon' treaty, on the future of Mars are discussed. The decision to go will be made by a government or A8449226 consortium of governments, since treaty law inhibits private THE CASE FOR MARS; PROCEEDINGS OF THE enterprise in space and a mission to Mars would be extremely CONFERENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, BOULDER, CO, expensive. Since the surface of Mars cannot be claimed by any APRIL 29-MAY 2, 1981 nation, any colony created there would have to be open to P. J. BOSTON, ED. (National Center for Atmospheric Research, inspection by representatives of other .nations after giving Boulder, CO) Conference sponsored by the University of Colorado, reasonable advance notice. Nations would, however, own the Boulder Center for Science and Policy, American Institute of structures that they erect on Mars. The treaty law governing the Aeronautics and Astronautics, et at. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., mining of ore on celestial bodies is ambiguous. Natural resources 1984, 347 p. existing on Mars would not be the properly of any state until Copyright mined under licence from some supranational authority. C.D. The subjects investigated are related to mission strategy,

23 91 LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION

spacecraft design, life support, surface activities and materials of Mars is examined, taking into account scientific objectives at processing, and social and political aspects. The humanation of Mars, the methods of investigation, requirements of surface Mars is discussed along with reasons for considering Mars as an mobility, the role of in situ science vs sample return, the need for object for human exploration, the Viking fund, ballistic opportunities precursor orbiter, and research needs. The case for a manned to Mars, a short guide to Mars, and the future of Mars. Attention presence on Mars is briefly considered. G.R. is given to new approaches to space exploration, a manned mission to Phobos and Deimos, manned Mars mission landing and departure systems, the solar electric propulsion stage as a Mars A84-39237 exploration tool, modifications of conventional medical-surgical CHEMISTRY OF THE MARTIAN SURFACE - RESOURCES FOR techniques for use in null gravity, surface sampling systems. a THE MANNED EXPLORATION OF MARS retrospective look at the Soviet Union's efforts to explore Mars, B. C. CLARK (Martin Marietta Planetary Sciences Laboratory, the cost of landing man on Mars, the atmosphere of Mars, and Denver, CO) IN: The case for Mars; Proceedings of the the utilization of the Shuttle external tank for earth to Mars Conference, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. San Diego, CA, transit. G.R. Univelt, Inc.. 1984, p. 197-208. refs (AAS PAPER 81-243) Copyright A84-39227 It is pointed out that Mars is a bonanza in useable natural THE HUMANATION OF MARS resources, while the moon is impoverished. For this reason, on L. W. DAVID (National Space Institute. Washington, DC) IN: The Mars, many materials and equipment will be more economically case for Mars; Proceedings of the Conference, Boulder, CO, April manufactured on site than transported from earth. A survey of 29-May 2, 1981. Sen Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1984, p. 3-17. natural resources is conducted, taking into account water, carbon refs atoms, oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms, phosphorus atoms, Sulfur (AAS PAPER 81-227) Copyright and chlorine atoms, mineral concentrates, and heavy elements. Early developments related to human excursions to Mars are Questions regarding the processing of raw materials are discussed. examined, taking into account plans considered by von Braun. Problems of purification are examined along with suitable and the 'ambitious goal of a manned flight to Mars by the end of approaches to manufacturing, and the employment of solar the century', proposed at the launch of Apollo 11. In response to irradiance, geothermal heat, nuclear fission reactors, and wind public reaction, plans for manned flights to Mars in the immediate power as energy sources. The utilization of the obtained products future were given up, and unmanned reconnaissance of Mars was is also considered, giving attention to construction, construction continued. An investigation is conducted concerning the materials, the need for blasting explosives, approaches for advantages of manned exploration of Mars in comparison to a producing rocket fuel and rover fuel, and the growing of food on study by unmanned space probes, and arguments regarding a Mars. G.R. justification for interplanetary flight to Mars are discussed. Attention is given to the possibility to consider Mars as a 'back-up' planet A84-39242 for preserving earth life, an international Mars expedition as a A RETROSPECTIVE LOOK AT THE SOVIET UNION'S world peace project, the role of Mars in connection with resource utilization considerations, and questions of exploration ethics. EFFORTS TO EXPLORE MARS S. 8. KRAMER (U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC) IN: G.R. The case for Mars; Proceedings of the Conference. Boulder, CO. April 29-May 2, 1981. San Diego, CA. Univelt, Inc., 1984. p. A84-39228' 269-279. refs THE PH-D PROPOSAL - A MANNED MISSION TO PHOBOS (AAS PAPER 81-250) Copyright AND DEMOS The history of USSR missions to Mars is reviewed on the S. F. SINGER IN: The case for Mars; Proceedings of the basis of published reports and analysis of Soviet press accounts. Conference, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. San Diego. CA. The fourteen launches of the period 1960-1973 which were Univelt. Inc.. 1984, p. 39-65. intended to reach Mars orbit, impact, or flyby are examined (Contract NASA ORDER H-27272-8; NASA ORDER H-343115-8) individually, and the basic parameters are listed in a table. Despite (AAS PAPER 81-231) Copyright some partial successes, the overall program is considered to have The rationale for a manned mission to the satellites of Mars is given very meager results for its costs, which are estimated at discussed. The view has been expressed that NASA must define over $4 billion. T.K. a major program to follow the Shuttle and to utilize it. However, such a program could not be initiated and proceed without public support, and to obtain this support, public interest would have to ABS37171 be excited. It is shown that, of a number of possible targets for MARS - PATHWAY TO THE STARS manned exploration in the solar system, Mars appears to be the J. A. ANGELO, JR. (Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, only possible candidate. Attention is given to a comparison of FL) and D. BUDEN (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, three Mars missions, a Mars 1984 mission, a manned landing on NM) IN: New opportunities in space; Proceedings of the Mars surface, a manned landing on Phobos and Deimos (Ph-D Twenty-first Space Congress. Cocoa Beach, FL, April 24-26. 1984. project), putting men in Mars orbit, the capabilities of the Ph-D Cape Canaveral, FL, Canaveral Council of Technical Societies, mission, a description of the spacecraft, a Ph-D project operations 1984, p. 7-89 to 7-106. refs plan, and aspects of timing, technology, and costs. G.R. Copyright Mars has and will continue to play a key role in our exploration A84-39236 and conquest of the Solar System. Within the context of the creation MANNED EXPLORATION OF MARS - THE ROLE OF SCIENCE of humanity's extraterrestrial civilization, the major technical J. A. CUTTS IN: The case for Mars; Proceedings of the features of the following Mars programs are reviewed: the Mars Conference, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2, 1981. Sen Diego, CA, Geoscience/Climatology Orbiier; the Mars Aeronomy Orbiter; the Univelt, Inc., 1984, p. 191-106. Mars airplane; the Mars Penetrator Network; Mars surface rovers (AAS PAPER 81-242) Copyright and mobility systems; human exploration of Mars; and permanent It is pointed out that the unmanned exploration of Mars Martian bases and settlements. Mars properly explored and utilized motivated purely by science is essentially over. However. the rebirth opens the way to the resources of the asteroid belt and the outer of a Mars program in a new form is expected to occur within a planets; supports the creation of smart machines for space few years. This paper is concerned with the history of the Mars exploration and exploitation; and encourages the creation of program, the benefits to be derived by science from the new autonomous niches of intelligent life within heliocentric space. All program, and the role of unmanned precursor vehicles in manned of these developments, in turn, establish the technological pathway exploration and settlement. The role of man in scientific exploration for the first interstellar missions. Author

24 91 LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION

A8920748 the Mars Aeronomy Observer and the EarthfMars Aeronomy THE WAY TO MARS Orbiter. R.B. V. GLUSHKO (AN SSSR, Moscow, USSR), L. GORSHKOV (AN SSSR, Sovet Interkosmos, Moscow, USSR), and Y. SEMENOV A90-16665 Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680). vol. 8. Nov.-Dec. 1988, p. SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES OF HUMAN EXPLORATION OF 4-8. MARS Copyright MICHAEL H. CARR (USGS, Menlo Park, CA) IN: The case for An article from the Soviet newspaper, Pravda, is presented, Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and overview. which discusses issues related to missions to Mars. The type of San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 267-275. refs vehicle needed for a Martian mission is examined, including the (AAS PAPER 87-198) Copyright propulsion system, construction of the vehicle in earth orbit, living The scientific problems that could be addressed by human quarters, safety considerations, and the landing vehicle. Options exploration of Mars are examined. Consideration is given to the for the mission route and ways of returning to earth are considered. origin and evolution of solid planets, the evolution of the Also, a proposal for a three phase program leading up to a manned atmosphere, and biological objectives such as searching for mission to Mars is outlined. R.B. evidence of indigenous life. The methods that could be used to study these problems are discussed. R.B. A90-12667 ENERGETIC IONS IN THE CLOSE ENVIRONMENT OF MARS A90-16666' Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., AND PARTICLE SHADOWING BY THE PLANET Pasadena. V. AFONIN, K. GRINGAUZ (AN SSSR, lnstitut Kosmicheskikh THE ROLE OF CLIMATE STUDIES IN THE FUTURE Issledovanii, Moscow, USSR), S. MCKENNA-LAWLOR (Saint EXPLORATION OF MARS Patrick's College, Maynooth, Republic of Ireland), K. KECSKEMETY RICHARD W. ZUREK and DANIEL J. MCCLEASE (JPL, Pasadena, (Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Kozponti Fizikai Kutato Intezet, CA) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General Budapest, Hungary), E. KEPPLER (Max-Planck-lnstitut fuer interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt. Inc., 1989, p. Aeronomie. Katlenburg-Lindau, Federal Republic of Germany) et 277-285. al. Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), vol. 341, Oct. 19, 1989, p. 616-618. (AAS PAPER 87-199) Copyright Research supported by the Irish National Board for Science and Three major reasons for the continued study of the weather Technology and BMFT. refs and climate of Mars are: (1) the engineering support of future Copyright unmanned and manned missions, including operations on the The twin-telescope particledetector system, SLED, aboard Martian surface, (2) the comparative study of the climates of earth Phobos 2 recorded flux enhancements in the range 30-350 keV and Mars, and (3) the perspective provided by understanding what in the same general location in the close environment of Mars, Mars is really like now and how it got that way. Together, the over eight days at about 900 km altitude in three successive suite of national and international missions to Mars currently in elliptical orbits. Here, possible interpretations of these observations progress and in the advanced planning stages could provide a are presented. Energy-related particle shadowing by the body of credible data base for addressing many outstanding climatic Mars was also detected, and the data indicate that this effect questions, as well as greatly improving current engineering models occurred in less than 20 percent of the 114 circular orbits around of the Mars atmosphere and surface. Author Mars because of the nutation of the spacecraft. The influence of magnetic fields in allowing particles to reach the detector under A90-16680' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. potentially screened conditions is discussed. Author Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. MARS SOIL - A STERILE REGOLITH OR A MEDIUM FOR A90-16662' Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., PLANT GROWTH? Pasadena. AMOS BANIN (NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field; San MARS ROVER SAMPLE RETURN MISSION STUDY Francisco State University, CA Jerusalem, Hebrew University, ROGER D. BOURKE (JPL, Pasadena, CA) IN: The case for Rehovot, Israel) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration Mars 111: Strategies for exploration - General interest and overview. - General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., San Diego. CA, Univelt, Inc., 1989. p. 231-244. 1989, p. 559-571. Research supported by the Hebrew University (US PAPER 87-195) Copyright of Jerusalem. refs The Mars Rover/Sample Return mission is examined as a (AAS PAPER 87-215) Copyright Precursor to a manned mission to Mars. The value of precursor The mineralogical composition and the physical, chemical and missions is noted, using the Apollo lunar program as an example. mechanical properties of the Mars soil have been the subject of The scientific objectives of the Mars Rover/Sample Return mission a number of studies. Though definitive mineralogical measurements are listed and the basic mission plans are described. Consideration are lacking, elemental-chemical analyses and simulation is given to the options for mission design, launch configurations, experiments have indicated that clays are major components of rover construction. and entry and lander design. Also, the potential the soil and that iron is present as adsorbed ion and as amorphous for international cooperation on the Mars Rover/Sample Return mineral coating the clay particles (Banin, 1986). Whether this soil mission is discussed. R.B. can support plant growth or food production, utilizing conventional or advanced cultivational technologies, is a question that has not A90-16663. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. been thoroughly analyzed, but may be of importance and usefulness !or !he !~!se expbrPticn o! Mars. Assuming !ha! !he proposed eodciarci Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. model of Mars soil components is valid, and drawing additional AN AERONOMY MISSION TO INVESTIGATE THE ENTRY AND ORBITER ENVIRONMENT OF MARS information from the analyses of the SNC meteorites believed to be ejected Mars rocks the present contribution analyzes and LARRY H. BRACE (NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, - evaluates the suitability of the Greenbelt, MD) IN: The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration soil as a medium for plant growth, attempting to identify the most critical limiting factors for such an General interest and overview. San Diego, CA, Univelt, InC., - undertaking and the possible remedies. Author 1989, p. 245-257. refs (AAS PAPER 87-196) Copyright The need for an aeronomy mission to Mars as a precursor to A90-47527' Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., a manned Mars mission is discussed. The upper atmosphere and Pasadena. radiation environment of Mars are reviewed, focusing on the A GOAL AND STRATEGY FOR HUMAN EXPLORATION OF implications of the Martian atmosphere for a manned mission. THE MOON AND MARS Plans for an aeronomy mission to Mars are described, including DONNA SHIRLEY PlVlROTTO (JPL, Pasadena, CA) Space Policy

25 (ISSN 0265-9646), vol. 6, Aug. 1990, p. 195-208. refs best supported reflectivity variations are out of equilibrium with Copyright the chemical megaenvironment. It is unclear whether such a brine, Eventual settlement of the solar system, beginning with the if emplaced in the Martian regolith at a depth shallow enough to moon and Mars, is proposed, and a strategy for the exploration affect the radar reflectivity, could survive even a single freeze-thaw of and initial settlement of the moon and Mars, based on the cycle. Some combination of unique scattering properties or some model of European settlement of the Americas, is discussed. as yet unidentified process other than melting is responsible for Strategies suggest an allocation of functions between humans and any genuine reflectivity variations. Author telerobots to conduct the exploration and initial settlement. L.K.S. A90-48785' Washington Univ., Seattle. OBSERVATIONS OF MARTIAN SURFACE WINDS AT THE A90-48738 VIKING LANDER 1 SITE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERES, OCEANS, AND FOSSILS JAMES R. MURPHY, CONWAY B. LEOVY, and JAMES E. H. L. HELFER (C.E. Kenneth Mees Observatory, Rochester, NY) TILLMAN (Washington, University, Seattle) Journal of Geophysical lcarus (ISSN 0019-1035), vol. 87, Sept. 1990, p. 228-235. refs Research (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. 95, Aug. 30, 1990, p. Copyright 14555-14576. refs A scenario is presently developed in which a substantial (Contract NSG-7085; NAGW-1341; NAG9-243) resemblance between Martian conditions up to 1.5 Gyr ago and Copyright those of the ancient earth led to the development of rudimentary Martian surface winds at the Viking Lander 1 have been life in Mars, in stages and on timescales that may be broadly reconstructed using signals from partially failed wind comparable to terrestrial ones. The warm Martian oceans would instrumentation. Winds during early summer were controlled by give rise to both aerobic and anaerobic photosynthesizing regional topography, and then underwent a transition to a regime prokaryotes, as well as such structures as stromatolites, which controlled by the Hadley circulation. Diurnal wind oscillations were could in due course have transformed the Martian atmosphere as controlled primarily by regional topography and boundary layer profoundly as those on earth. It is anticipated that the fossil remains forcing, although a global mode may have been influencing them of these rudimentary organisms can be found along the fringes of during two brief episodes. Semidiurnal wind oscillations were the ancient Martian oceans, which currently take the form of controlled by the westward-propagating semidiurnal tide from sol northern lowland plains. O.C. 210 onward. Comparison of the synoptic variations at the two sites suggests that the same eastward propagating wave trains A90-48751 were present at both sites. C.D. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MARS, 4TH, TUCSON, Az, JAN. 10-13, 1989, PROCEEDINGS A90-48789' Washington Univ., Seattle. BRUCE M. JAKOSKY. ED. (Colorado, University, Boulder) NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE DECAY OF MARTIAN Conference sponsored by the American Geophysical Union and GLOBAL DUST STORMS Geological Society of America. Journal of Geophysical Research JAMES R. MURPHY (Washington, University, Seattle), OWEN B. (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. 95, Aug. 30, 1990, 766 p. For individual TOON, ROBERT M. HABERLE, and JAMES B. POLIACK (NASA. items see A90-48752 to A90-48804. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA) Journal of Geophysical Copyright Research (ISSN 0148-0227). vol. 95. Aug. 30, 1990, p. Topics discussed included early history and solid-body 14629-14648. refs geophysics; bedrock geology; surficial geology and (Contract NGT-50231) surface-atmosphere interactions; climate, atmosphere, and volatile Copyright system; and the upper atmosphere, magnetosphere, and solar-wind The decay of Martian global (great) dust storms is investigated. interactions. Papers were presented on thermal history of Mars One-dimensional (vertical, static atmosphere) and two-dimensional and the sulfur content of its core; the rigid body obliquity history (latitude-height, steady state circulation) simulations carried out of Mars; constraints on early events in Martian history as derived with an aerosol transport-microphysical model indicate that from the cratering record; the nature of the mantling deposit in atmospheric motions play a significant role in the observed decay the heavily cratered terrain of northeastern Arabia, Mars; and the of global dust storms. Spacecraft observations (Mariner 9, Viking) flank tectonics of Martian volcanoes. Attention is also given to of the 1971 and the two 1977 planet-encircling dust storms have the origins of Marslike spectral and magnetic properties of a provided suggestions about some characteristics of storm decay. Hawaiian palagonitic soil, an assessment of the meteoritic Specifically, the dust particle size distribution is inferred to have contribution to the Martian soil, observations of Martian surface remained essentially unchanged for particles with radii between 1 winds at the Viking Lander 1 site, variations of Mars gravitational and 10 microns during decay of the 1971 storm, and surface field and rotation due to seasonal C02 exchange, and plasma visible opacity declined quasi-exponentially with time in northern observations of the solar wind interaction with Mars. I.S. midlatitudes during the decay of the two 1977 storms. The results from this investigation indicate that two- and three-dimensional A90-48783' Hawaii Univ.. Honolulu. dynamical processes play a significant role the observed decay POSSIBLE MARTIAN BRINES - RADAR OBSERVATIONS AND features of Martian global dust storms. The most important MODELS processes are the lofting of dust by vertical motions in the dust AARON P. ZENT, FRASER P. FANALE (Hawaii, University, source region of the Southern Hemisphere subtropics and a Honolulu), and LADISLAV E. ROTH (JPL, Pasadena, CA) Journal continuing advective resupply of atmospheric dust into the dust of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-02271, vol. 95, Aug. 30, 1990, sink regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This work has implications p. 14531-14542. refs for Viking data analyses and future Mars observer observations (Contract NGT-50104; NAGW-538) and requires that the particle size distribution be treated as a Copyright time and latitude dependent quantity. Author The 1971 and 1973 Goldstone 12.6-cm radar Observations of Mars are separate data sets which include reflectivity as a function A90-48791 of latitude, longitude, and season. It has been argued that secular METEOROLOGICAL SURVEY OF MARS, 1969 - 1984 reflecti variations of Mars' Surface are indicated by the data JEFFREY D. BElSH (U.S. Naval Observatory. Miami, FL) and and that shallow subsurface melting is the causal mechanism most DONALD C. PARKER (Association of Lunar and Planetary compatible with the observations; however, the melting hypothesis Observers; Institute for Planetary Research Observatories, Miami, conflicts with accepted notions of the state and distribution of F L) Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. water on Mars. The data are examined to identify temporal and 95, Aug. 30, 1990, p. 14657-14675. Research supported by the spatial domains within which statistically significant changes in Institute for Planetary Research Observatories. refs measured reflectivity are clustered. Brines which might satisfy the Copyright

26 91 LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION

Results of a survey of Martian blue, blue-white, white, and A91-10160'# Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., dust clouds contained in the observational archives of the Pasadena. Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers and in the personal GEOLOGIC EXPLORATION OF MARS files of the late C.F. Capen, Jr. are presented. A statistical analysis J. B. PLESCIA (JPL, Pasadena, CA) AIAA, Space Programs and of data extracted from the records of 9650 visual and photographic Technologies Conference, Huntsville, AL, Sept. 25-27, 1990. observations of Mars made from 1969 through 1984 has been 10 p. performed. Seasonal frequencies and trend analyses for each type (AIAA PAPER 90-3802) Copyright of observed Martian meteorology are presented. Author The scientific objectives and methods involved in a geologic exploration of Mars from a manned outpost are discussed. The A90-48792' Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., constraints on outpost activities imposed by the limited crew size, Pasadena. limited amount of time available for science, the limited diversity ICE HAZE, SNOW, AND THE MARS WATER CYCLE of scientific expertise, and the competition between scientific RALPH KAHN (JPL. Pasadena, CA) Journal of Geophysical disciplines are addressed. Three examples of possible outpost Research (ISSN 0146-0227). vol. 95, Aug. 30. 1990, p. locations are examined: the Olympus Mons aureole, Mangala 14677-14693. refs Valles/Daedalia Planum, and Candor Chasma. The geologic work (Contract NAGW-660) that could be done at each site is pointed out. C.D. Copyright Light curves and extinction profiles derived from Martian limb A91-10161'# Colorado Univ., Boulder. observations are used to constrain the atmospheric temperature WATER ON MARS - VOLATILE HISTORY AND RESOURCE structure in regions of the atmosphere with thin haze and to analyze AVAILABILITY the haze particle properties and atmospheric eddy mixing. BRUCE M. JAKOSKY (Colorado, University, Boulder) AIAA. Space Temperature between 170 and 190 K are obtained for three cases Programs and Technologies Conference, Huntsville, AL, Sept. at levels in the atmosphere ranging from 20 to 50 km. Eddy 25-27, 1990. 9 p. refs diffusion coefficients around 100,000 sq cm/s, typical of a (Contract NAGW-552) nonconvecting atmosphere, are derived in the haze regions at (AIM PAPER 90-3803) Copyright times when the atmosphere is relatively clear of dust. This An attempt is made to define the available deposits of water parameter apparently changes by more than three orders of in the near-surface region of Mars which will be available to human magnitude with season and local conditions. The derived particle exploration missions. The Martian seasonal water cycle is reviewed, size parameter varies systematically by more than an order of and geochemical and geological constraints on the availability of magnitude with condensation level, in such a way that the water are examined. It is concluded that the only sure source of characteristic fall time is always about one Martian day. Ice hazes water in amounts significant as a resource are in the polar ice provide a mechanism for scavenging water vapor in the thin Mars deposits. C.D. atmosphere and may play a key role in the seasonal cycle of water on Mars. C.D. A91-10162'# Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena. A90-48797'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. MARTIAN WEATHER AND CLIMATE IN THE 21ST CENTURY Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. RICHARD W. ZUREK (JPL, Pasadena, CA) AIAA, Space Programs VARIATIONS OF MARS GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND and Technologies Conference, Huntsville, AL, Sept. 25-27, 1990. ROTATION DUETOSEASONALC02EXCHANGE 9 p. refs B. FONG CHAO and DAVID PARRY RUBINCAM (NASA, Goddard (AIAA PAPER 90-3804) Copyright Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD) Journal of Geophysical The historical interest in the weather and climate of Mars and Research (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. 95, Aug. 30, 1990, p. 14755-14760. refs current understanding of aspects of the present climate are addressed. Scientific research into the weather and climate of About a quarter of the Martian atmospheric mass is exchanged Mars in the next century is examined. The impact of the Martian between the atmosphere and the polar caps in the course of a weather of the 21st century on humans that may then be inhabiting Martian year: C02 condenses to form (or add to) the polar caps in winter and sublimes into the atmosphere in summer. This paper the planet is considered. C.D. studies the effect of this C02 mass redistribution on Martian rotation and gravitational field. Two mechanisms are examined: (1) the A91-19130# waxing and waning of solid C02 in the polar caps and (2) the WNATELLO - A PROPOSED MARS EXPLORATION geographical distribution of gaseous C02 in the atmosphere. In INITIATIVE FOR THE YEAR 2050 particular, the net peak-to-peak changes in J2 and J3 over a JOHN G. VANDEGRIFT and BRIAN H. KENDALL (Texas A 8 M Martian year are both found to be as much as about 6 x 10 to University, College Station) AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting, the -9th. A simulation suggests that these changes may be detected 29th. Reno, NV, Jan. 7-10, 1991. 12 p. refs by the upcoming Mars Observer under favorable but realistic (AIAA PAPER 91-0089) Copyright conditions. Author This paper presents a conceptual design for a futuristic superfreighter which will transport large numbers of people and A90-48798' Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. supplies to Mars for the construction of a large-scale scientific A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CLIMATE CHANGES DURING and manufacturing complex. Code named Project Donatello, the THE OBLIQUITY CYCLE ON MARS freighter will be assembled at the first libration point (Ll) of the L. M. FRANCOIS, J. C. G. WALKER, and W. R. KUHN (Michigan, eafih-moon F{i's!Grn !:am mz!feris!s aupp!!ed !y !?na\y-!if! !IU!?Ch University, Ann Arbor) Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN vehicles from earth and from OTVs from the large-scale lunar 0148-0227). vol. 95, Aug. 30, 1990, p. 14761-14778. refs base. Donatello will utilize an antimatter propulsion system to (Contract NAGW-176) reduce Mars trip time and fuel mass requirements. On arrival at Copyright Mars, two smaller transfer ships will carry boxcar-sized payload A one-dimensional seasonal energy balance climate model of canisters into the Martian atmosphere and to the vicinity of the the Martian surface is developed. The model shows the importance existing Mars outpost. The vehicles will also have VTOL capabilities of using short-period diurnal and seasonal variations of solar when transporting fuselage canisters containing the Mars base irradiance instead of yearly-averaged quantities. The roles of personnel. Author meridional heat transport and greenhouse warming are shown to be important. The possible existence of hysteresis cycles in the A91-23308 formation and sublimation of permanent deposits during the course SOME UNCONVENTIONALAPPROACHESTOTHE of the obliquity cycle is demonstrated. C.D. EXPLORATION OF MARS

27 J. R. FRENCH Spaceflight (ISSN 0038-6340), vol. 33, Feb. 1991, of unusually insulating material has been detected in the uppermost p. 62-66. refs fraction of a millimeter of the Martian surface in places where the Copyright shadow of Phobos briefly eclipsed by the surface. L.K.S. The topics of space transport to Mars, and surface transport and surface operations on Mars are discussed in detail and new options for accomplishing these activities are presented. The question of maximizing the return on the investment in a Mars N90-15028'# Texas Univ., Austin. Dept. of Aerospace mission is addressed. One way to accomplish this is through Engineering and Engineering Mechanics. reduction of propellant requirements by increasing the performance M.I.N.G., MARS INVESTMENT FOR A NEW GENERATION: of the rocket engine, while another option is to make use of ROBOTIC CONSTRUCTION OF A PERMANENTLY MANNED nuclear fuel. A technique discussed in detail would provide a means MARS BASE Final Report to manufacture fuel from Martian resources for both the return JEFF AMOS, RANDY BEEMAN, SUSAN BROWN, JOHN trip and for Mars surface exploration. Options for Mars surface CALHOUN, JOHN HILL, LARK HOWORTH, CLAY MCFADEN. transport include battery and nuclear powered rovers, solar PAUL NGUYEN, PHILIP REID, STUART REXRODE et al. 1 May powered automobiles, and either battery, nuclear or 1989 124 p Mars-generated-propellant-powered aircraft specially designed to (Contract NASW-4435) explore the Martian surface. The advantages and disadvantages (NASA-CR-186224; NAS 1.26:186224) Avail: NTlS HC AO6/MF of each of these options are considered, and the usefulness of a A01 CSCLO3B manned aircraft for both exploration and surface operational A basic procedure for robotically constructing a manned Mars functions is discussed. L.K.S. base is outlined. The research procedure was divided into three areas: environment, robotics, and habitat. The base as designed will consist of these components: power plants, communication A91-27649' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. two facilities, a habitat complex, and a hanger, a garage, recreation Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. and manufacturingfacilities. The power plants will be self-contained IONIZING PROGRAM ENVIRONMENT AT THE MARS nuclear fission reactors placed approx. 1 km from the base for SURFACE safety considerations. The base communication system will use a LISA C. SIMONSEN. JOHN E. NEALY, LAWRENCE W. combination of orbiting satellites and surface relay stations. This TOWNSEND, and JOHN W. WILSON (NASA, Langley Research system is necessary for robotic contact with Phobos and any future Center, Hampton, VA) IN: Engineering, construction, and communication requirements. The habitat complex will consist of operations in space II; Proceedings of Space 90, the Second six self-contained modules: core, biosphere, science, living quarters, International Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 22-26, 1990. Vol. galleyktorage, and a sick bay which will be brought from Phobos. 1. New York, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1990, p. 748-758. refs The complex will be set into an excavated hole and covered with approximately 0.5 m of sandbags to provide radiation protection Copyright for the astronauts. The recreation, hangar, garage, and The Langley cosmic ray transport code and the Langley nucleon manufacturing facilities will each be transformed from the four transport code are used to quantify the transport and attenuation one-way landers. The complete complex will built by of galactic cosmic rays and solar proton flares through the Martian be autonomous, artificially intelligent robots. Robots incorporated into atmosphere. Surface doses are estimated using both a low-density the design are as follows: Large Modular Construction Robots and a high-density carbon dioxide model of the atmosphere which, with detachable arms capable of large scale construction activities; in the vertical direction, provide a total of 16 g/sq cm and 22 Small Maneuverable Robotic Servicers capable of performing g/sq cm of protection, respectively. At the Mars surface during the solar minimum cycle, a blood-forming organ (BFO) delicate tasks normally requiring a suited astronaut; and a trailer dose-equivalent of 10.5 to 12 remlyr due to galactic cosmic ray vehicle with modular type attachments to complete specific tasks; and finally, Mobile Autonomous RechargeableTransporters capable transport and attenuation is calculated. Estimates of the BFO Of transferring air and water from the manufacturing facility to the dose-equivalents which would have been incurred at the surface habitat complex. Author from three large solar flare events are also calculated. Doses are also estimated at altitudes up to 12 km above the Martian surface where the atmosphere will provide less total protection. Author N90-21709# Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA. Special A9l-29587 California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena. Studies Program. PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF TERMOSKAN MARS IN THIS CENTURY THE OLYMPIA PROJECT OBSERVATIONS OF MARS RODERICK A. HYDE, MURIEL Y. ISHIKAWA, and LOWELL L. B. MURRAY, B. H. BETTS, T. SVITEK (California Institute of WOOD 1988 17 p Presented at the 4th National Space Technology, Pasadena), M. K. NARAEVA, A. S. SELIVANOV Symposium, Colorado Springs, CO. 12-15 Apr. 1988 (Institute for Space Devices, Moscow, USSR), D. CRISP, T. 2. (Contract W-7405-ENG-48) MARTIN (JPL. Pasadena, CA) et 81. (Colloquium on Phobos-Mars (DE90-008356; UCRL-98567; CONF-8804105-2) Avail: NTlS HC Mission, Paris, France, Oct. 23-27, 1989, Proceedings. A91 -29558 A03/MF A01 11-91) Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633), vol. 39, Manned exploration of the inner solar system, typified by a Jan.-Feb. 1991, p. 237-265. refs manned expedition of Mars, this side of the indefinite future involves (Contract NAGW-1426) fitting a technical peg into the political hole. If Apollo-level resources Copyright are assumed unavailable for such exploratory programs, then The limited set of high-resolution observations of the 8-12 non-Apollo means and methods must be employed, involving micron thermal emission from Mars' equatorial regions by the greater technical and human risks, or else such exploration must Termoskan instrument onboard the Phobos '88 spacecraft in be deferred indefinitely. Sketched here is an example of such a February and March of 1880 is considered. Observations were relatively high risk alternative, one which could land men on Mars also simultaneously acquired In the 0.5 to 1.0 micron region. A in the next decade, and return them to earth. Two of its key combined U.S. and Soviet scientific team made a preliminary features are a teleoperated rocket fuel generating facility on the quantitative evaluation of about 25 percent of the entire data set. lunar surface and an interplanetary mission staging space station It is found that there is a close agreement with the Viking Infrared at L(sub 4), which would serve to enable a continuing solar system Thermal Mapper brightness temperatures, confirming the accuracy exploratory program, with annual mission commencements to of the Termoskan system and calibration. A novel pattern of points as distant as the Jovian moons. The estimated cost to emission from particles was observed in the morning and assumed execute this infrastructure building manned Mars mission is $3 to be water or ice. Thermal emission from surface features is billion, with follow on missions estimated to cost no more than $1 varied and distinct down to the limit of resolution. The presence billion each. DOE

28 91 LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION

N91-20615'# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. CHEMICAL APPROACHES TO CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION FOR MANNED MARS MISSIONS ALOYSIUS F. HEPP. GEOFFREY A. LANDIS, and CLIFFORD P. KUBIAK (Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.) 1991 22 p Presented at the 2nd Annual Symposium of the UAINASA Space Engineering Research Center, Tucson, AZ, 7-10 Jan. 1991 (Contract NAS3-25266) (NASA-TM-103728; E-5962; NAS 1.1 5:103728) Avail: NTlS HC/MF A03 CSCL 038 Use of resources available in situ is a critical enabling technology for a permanent human presence in space. A permanent presence on Mars, e.g., requires a large infrastructure to sustain life under hostile conditions. As a resource on Mars, atmospheric C02 is as follows: abundant; available at all points on the surface; of known presence; chemically simple; and can be obtained by simple compression. Many studies focus on obtaining 02 and the various uses for 02 including life support and fuel; discussion of CO, the coproduct from C02 fixation revolves around its uses as a fuel, being oxidized back to C02. Several new proposals are studied for C02 fixation through chemical, photochemical, and photoelectrochemical means. For example, the reduction of C02 to hydrocarbons such as acetylene (C2H2) can be accomplished with H2. C2H2 has a theoretical vacuum specific impulse of approx. 375 secs. Potential uses were also studied of C02, as obtained or further reduced to carbon, as a reducing agent in metal oxide processing to torrn metals or metal carbides for use as structural or power materials; the C02 can be recycled to generate 02 and co. Author

29 SUBJECT INDEX

INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION OF MARS /A Special Bibliography June 1991

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE Manned Mars missons and extraterrestrial resource ObSeWatiOnS of Martian surface winds at the Viking Typical Subject Index Listing engineering test and evaluation Lander 1 site p 26 A90-48785 [AAS PAPER 87-261 1 p3 A90-16560 Ice haze, snow. and the Mars water cycle AERONOMY p27 A9048792 An aeronomy miswnto investigate the entry and orbiter AUTOMATIC CONTROL environment of Mars Antarctic testbed for extraterrestrial operation and I SUBJECT HEADING I [AAS PAPER 87-1961 p 25 A90-16663 technology p 11 A91-27692 AEROSPACE MEDICINE AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION The medical aspects of a flight to Mars Development of autonomous systems [AAS PAPER 81-2391 p 17 A84739234 p 9 A90-38894 Modifications of conventional medical-surgical ORBITAL ASSEMBLY Autonomous navigation and control of a Mars rover techniques for use in null gravity Power considerationsfor an early manned Mars mission p 10 A91.26619 utilizing the space station [AAS PAPER 81-2401 p 17 A84-39235 [NASA-TM-101436] p 14 N89-13492 Space Station accommodation of life sciences in support of a manned Mars mission B r- [AAS PAPER 87-2331 p 16 A90-16532 Astronaut interdisciplinary and medicalldental training lor manned Mars missions BALLOON FLIGHT AAS PAPER 87-238 1 p 17 A90-16537 Wind. sand, and Mars - The 1990 tests of (he Mars An ovewmw of selected biomedical aspects of Mars balloon and SNAKE p 23 A91 -25834 missions BALLOON-BORNE INSTRUMENTS [AAS PAPER 87-1891 p16 A90-16657 Balloon-borne characterization of the Martian surface Manned expedition to Mars Concepts and problems and lower atmosphere The subject heading is a key to the subject content - -. for insunng crew health and salety [AAS PAPER 87-221 I p4 A90-16686 of the document The title is used lo provide a de- p 20 A91-23464 BIOASTRONAUTICS scription of the subject matter When the title is insuf- AEROSPACE SAFETY Ecological problems and exiended life support on the ficiently descriptive of document content, a title ex- Human aspects 01 misson safety Martian surface [AAS PAPER 87-1931 pl8 A90-16661 [AAS PAPER 81-2381 p 16 A84-39233 tension is added separated from the title by three Technology for manned Mars fhght The medical aspects 01 a flight to Mars hyphens The accession number and the page I AAS PAPER e7-ms1 p4 A90-16672 IAAS PAPER 81-2391 p 17 A8449234 number are included in each entry to assist the user Fire protection for a Marlnn colony Modifications of conventional medical-surgical [AAS PAPER 87-2181 p15 A90-16683 in locating the abstract in the abstract section If techniques for use in null gram ANTARCTIC REGIONS [AAS PAPER 81-2401 p 17 A84-39235 applicable. a report number is also included as an Antarctic analogs of human factors issues dunng Manned expedition to Mars - Concepts and problems aid in identifying the document Under any one sub- longduration space mms --lor insunng crew health and safety ject heading. the accession numbers are arranged [AIAA PAPER 90-35641 pl8 A91-10023 p20 A9123464 in sequence Antarctic testbed for extraterrestrial operation and technology p 11 A91-27692 BUDGETING ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY Financing a Mars program A manned Mars amfaal granty vehcle IAAS PAPER 87-1841 p22 A90-16655 p2 A8943365 A Artifcial gravity research faflllty opmns p 7 A91-27710 C ACCELERATION STRESSES (PHYSIOLOGY) Variable Granty Research Facility .A concept A manned Mars artificial gravity vehicle p 12 A91-27711 CARBON DIOXIDE Vanations of Mars gravitatonal field and rotation due p2 A8943365 ASTRONAUT PERFORMANCE to seasonal C02 exchange p 27 A90-48797 Artificial gravity lor long duration spaceflight Crew selection for a Mars Explorer miswn CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION [AAS PAPER 87-1901 p17 A90-16658 [AAS PAPER 87.1921 pl8 A90-166M) The case lor cellulose production on Mars ACTIVE CONTROL Human aspects of mission safety [AAS PAPER 87-2321 p 18 A90-16531 Active thermal control systems for lunar and Martian [AAS PAPER 87-1931 p 18 A90-16661 A numencal simulation of climate changes during the ex p Io r at ion ASTRONAUT TRAINING obliquity cycle on Mars p27 A9048798 [SAE PAPER 9012431 p19 A9049313 Astronaut interdisciplinary and medicalldental training Chemical approaches to carbon dioxide utilization for AEROASSIST for manned Mars missH)ns manned Mars missons Preliminary investigation of parameter sensitintms for ius PAPER 87-23el p 17 A90-16537 [NASA-TM-103728] p 29 N91-20015 atmosphenc entry and aerobraking at Mars ASTRONAUTS CARBON ISOTOPES [ NASA-TM-1016071 p12 N90-17667 Project Exodus Stable carbon isotope fractionaton in the search for AEROBRAKING [ NASA-CR-1868361 p7 N90-26026 hie on early Mars p 21 A89-51522 Aerobraking and aerocapture for Mars missK)ns ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION CARBON MONOXIDE p8 A84-39240 CheMcal appoaches to carbon dioxide ublaahon for Applcamns of in-situ carbon monoxide-oaygen Prelmnary investigabon of parameter senmnws for manned Mars rmsryons popeltent pcductmn at Mars atmosphenc entry and aerokabng at Mars [ NASA-TM-1037281 p29 N91-20015 IAAS PAPER 87-2121 p13 A90-16677 [ NASA-TM-1016071 p12 N90-17667 ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION Observatons 01 Martlan surface mnds at the Viking The ettect of interplanetary trajectory options on a be haze, snow. and the Mars water cycle Lander 1 ate p26 A9048785 manned Mars aerobrake conlgurakm 027 A90-48792 CARDIOLOGY [NASA-TP-30191 p 12 N90-26036 ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY Modificahs of conventma1 medical-surglcal AEROCAPTURE Atmosphenc ermronmenl dunng maneuvenng descent techniques lor use in null granty [AAS PAPER 81-2401 p 17 AM-39235 Aerobraking and aerocapme for Mars nmms from Martmn olat p8 A9011016 #..-e- p8 A8439240 """"" Mars landing and launch requirements and a possible Eleclnc propulwn lor manned Mars explorahon An aeronomy nmssmn to investgate the entry and 0rMer approach p 14 N90-18480 PAPER 87-207) p 11 A90-16673 enwrmment 01 Mars [AAS CARGO SHIPS [AAS PAPER 87-1961 p25 A90-16663 Prelimnary investigation 01 parameter senmIos for Prolect Exodus p8 N91-18138 Mars landmg and launch reqwmts and a posslbk atmosphanc entry and aerobraking at Mars CARGO SPACECRAFT approach [ NASA-TM-1016071 p12 N90-17667 Project Exodus [AAS PAPER 87-2071 pll A90-16673 ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY SIMULATION [ NASA-CR-1868361 p7 N90-26026 Prelimnary mestgabon of parameter sensmbes for The effect of interplanetary traleawy options on a CELLULOSE atmosphem entry and aerobraking at Mars manned Mars aerobrake conhguraton The case for cellulose producton on Mars [NASA-TM-101607] p12 N90-17667 [NASA-TP-30191 p 12 N90-26036 [AAS PAPER 87-2321 p 18 A90-16531 AERWANEUVERING ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE CENTRIPETAL FORCE Manned Mars misson landing and departure systems 01 Martlan atmospheres, oceans. and fowls Artificial gravity research facility options [MSPAPER 81-2331 p 12 A84-39229 p26 A9048738 p7 A9127710 CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION SUBJECT INDEX

CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION ExPEDrnms D Manned Mars mmn p8 N91-18139 Stable carbon motope hectlwbon in the search for llfe on early Mars p21 A89-51522 DEIMOS EXTERNAL TANKS The External Tank scenano - Ublmlum Of the Shuttle CLIMATE CHANQE The PH-D proposal ~ A manned mmto Phobos and The role of climate studtes in the Mure exploratwn Of External Tank tor earth to Mars transt D0lmOS p 12 AM-39231 Mars IAAS PAPER 81-2311 p24 A84-39228 [AAS PAPER 81-2361 [MSPAPER 87-1991 p25 A8016666 IntemabonnI manned mmns to Mars and the EXTINCTION A numerrsl stmulabon of dimate changes dunng Lile on Mars - How it disappeared (If It was ever the resources of Phobos and Dams there) p 21 A89-51523 MlqrptY Cyae on p27 A90-48798 [IAF PAPER 88-591 ] pl A88-55451 Mutun weather and climate in tlw 2151 century EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS Mars 1999 ~ A concept for low cost near-term human [AIM PAPER 90-38041 p 27 A91-10162 Antarcbc testbed for extraterrestrial operation and exploration and propellant processtng on PhObOS and IechnOrOg, p 11 A91 -27692 CLINICAL MEDICINE Detmos Astronaut nterdtsciplinary and medml/dental trcurnng [AAS PAPER 87-2041 p4 AW-16670 EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE for manned Mars mimnh S-e carbon gotope fractwnatlon in the saarch for DENTISTRY lite on eady Mars p2? A89 5?522 (MS PAPER 87-2381 p 17 AW-16537 Astronaut interdisctplinary and medmlldental training CLOSED ECOLOQICAL SYSTEMS Lile on Mars . How 11 disappeared (11 11 was ever tor manned Mars mims p 21 A89-51523 Ecologml problems and extended llfe support on the [AAS PAPER 87-2381 p17 AW-18537 Mere) PWX~~~Sand the surnvsbt~tlyot mlnootganisms on MarWn wrlace DEBCENT TRAJECTORIES [MS PAPER 81-2381 p 16 A84-39233 the surface of Man p 21 A89-51527 Atmosphenc emnronment dunng maneuvenng descent Sclenbfic obpciwes of human exploralum of Mars Use of Mamn resources in e Controlled Ecologml Me hom Marban orbit p8 AW-11016 [MSPAPER 87-1081 p25 A90-16665 Supporl System (CELSS) p2 A89-37799 DESIQN ANALYSIS The case lor cellulose producbon on Man The use ot inllaraMe haMatwn on the moon and Mers Cendor chasma camp - lor human exploration of [AAS PAPER 87-2171 p9 AW-16682 [MSPAPER 87-2321 p 18 AW-16531 Mars p9 A8945763 Tool and equipment requirements for human habttalion A zero-g CELSSlreueabon taulily lor an eerth/Mars DIQITAL SIMUUTION crow shuttle of Mars Numerical mmulabons of the dewy of Mamn global p9 A9O-16684 [AAS PAPER 87-2351 p 19 AW-18534 dust storms p26 A90-48789 Controlled Ecological Lile Support System [AAS01 MarbanPAPER atmospheres,87-2191 oceans. and fOSuls A numencal wmulaton of climate changes dunng the p26 A9048738 p 19 A91-14737 obltqutly cycle on Mars p27 A9048798 EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION CELSS Breadboard Project at the Kennedy Space DUST STORMS Center p20 A91-14738 The use of Inflatable habItabon on the moon and Mars Numencal wmulatons of the decay 01 Martlan global [AAS PAPER 87.2171 p9 A90-16682 hogeneralive life-support system . Farming on the dust storms p26 A9048789 moon p 20 Agl-23461 Space radiabon shwldig lor a Martlan habitat Regenerawe lifesupport system development [SAE PAPER 9013461 p9 A9049380 problems for the Mars mi8won p 20 A91-23462 E Ionizing program emronmenl at the Mars surface Provtding a sound habitat lor man in space p28 A9127649 p 20 A9123463 EARTH ENVIRONMENT EXTRATERRESTRIALRESOURCES Genests lunar outpost cntena and deugn Planetary proteciwn and back contaminatton conhol tor Chemislry 01 the Martlan surlace - Resources for the [NASA-CR-166831] p21 NW-26499 a Man rover sample return misston manned explorahon 01 Mars Common approach for planetary habttrlion systems [AAS PAPER 87.1971 p3 AW-16684 [MSPAPER 81-2431 p24 A84-39237 implementatton EARTH ORBITAL ENVIRONMENTS The atmosphere of Mars - Resources lor the exploraton [MBB-UOO115*90-PUE] p 21 Ngl-16570 Power conuderabons for an early manned Mars mon and settlement of Mars COMPOSITE MATERIALS utdrnng Me Space Stabon [MSPAPER 81-2441 p 18 AM-39238 Duncrete and composttes consbuctlon on Man [MSPAPER 87-2231 p13 A8016668 Marban settlement [MSPAPER 87-2131 p 14 AW-16678 EARTH-MARS TRAJECTORIES [MSPAPER 86.1171 p 1 A87-53091 Lile mmce technology for manned Marsmsslons COMPUTER PROQRAMS The External Tank scenano ~ utillubon of the Shutlle Development of a Msrban wrface model for umulatwn External Tank lor earth to Man tranut [ IAF PAPER 87437 1 p8 A8816086 of vehcle dyrumcs and fnotnlity p 10 A91-20230 [MS PAPER 81-2381 p12 A84-39231 Use of MaMn msOUrces in a Controlled EcOlOQIcalMe COMPUTERIZED SIMUUTION Asmbnlung and amcaplure for MU. msuons Suppwt System (CELSS) p2 A89-37788 Development 01 a Marban wrlace model tor umulabon P8 Mu-30240 Manned Man mons and eatrataresbul resource Of v&& 6yrumcc~and mobtltly P 10 A91-20230 EmaM.1 proparalum for Mus ercpedihons enpneenng test and waloabqn Computer mcdelling - A strudred llght wsmn system [MSPAPER 87-2051 p4 A8016671 [ AAS PAPER 87-2611 p3 A8018560 for a Mars rover p 10 A91-20231 Crew ruppWt lor M UllttSl MSra OXpdbOll Mars 1999. A cmcepl for low cost near-term human CONCRETES p 19 A91-12594 exploration and propellant procesrvng on Phobos and Duncrete and mposltes construcbor on Mars Raduw &ek!ing eabmatton for manned space fllght DetfllOS [AAS PAPER 87.213) p14 A8016678 tothEZMur [MS PAPER 87-2041 p4 AW-16670 CONFERENCES [IAF PAPER 805441 p 17 A91-14071 Duncrete and composites conshlcbon on Mars The case tor Mars. ROCeedmgs ot the contersnce. Mars Dnect - Humans to the Red Planet by 1999 [MSPAPER 87-2131 p14 A8016678 Urnveruty of Colorado. Boulder, CO. April 29-Msy 2, [IAF PAPER 906721 p6 A91-14132 The hydrogen peroxlde economy on Mm 1981 p23 AM-39226 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS [MSPAPER 87-2141 p15 A8016679 The caw lor ManIll Strategies tor exploratlon - General Emnomml apace exploratwn systems archnectuns Buildtng Mars h.bnats ustng local matwls intweet and weww p3 A8016651 p7 A9127578 [MSPAPER 87-2161 p9 AW-16881 IntemaborUI Conterencw on Mars. 4th. Tucson. AZ. Jan EDUCATION 10-13. 1989, PlOceedtngS p26 A90-48751 A mandate tor eduubon TnMpoh.bon approaches for manned Man miswns space p5 ASl-10220 CONFIQURATION MANAQEMENT [AAS PAPER 87-1821 p22 A80-16654 [AIM PAPER 8038921 Cualily assurance planning for lunar Man explorabon ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES Some unwnvenbonal approaches to the explorabon of p 22 A91-24875 Electrical power systems tor Mars p 15 N87-17795 Man, p 27 AM-23308 CONSTRUCTON ELECTRIC PRDPULIUON Humoperations, resources and bases on Mars M I N G , Mars Investment for a New Generalon TraruporUbon applicahons of elmpropolston p 10 A91-27850 Robot~cconstnictmn of a permanently manned Mars [MS PAPER 87-1281 p 1 A8841289 EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY baW Electnc prowlston tor manned Mam explorabon A methodology for choosing candidate matenals fw the INASACR-1082241 p28 N90-15028 p14 NW-18480 fabncaUon ot pknetary space sun struchrras CWTROL SYSlEMS DESIQN EMERQENCY LIFE SUSTAINING SYSTEMS [SAE PAPER 8014281 p 19 A9049430 Acbve thermal mow system lor lunar and Mutun Mod~faUoM ot wnvenbonal medml-wrglul Advanced extraveblar acbvity requirements in support expkuatlon techrugcm lor use in null gravity of the manned Mars miswn [SA€ PAPER 9012431 pl0 A90-49313 [ MSPAPER 81 -240) p 17 A8439235 [AIM PAPER 803801 I p 19 A91-10159 CORE SAUPLINQ ENVIROUMLNT PROTECTION %tl.Cr UmpllW SfltWlls Planetary protection tisues in advance of human [MSPAPER 81-2451 pa Mu-39230 uplonbon d Mur p21 A89-51528 F COgT ANALYSIS Planotwy pot.cbon and back contamnabon mc4 tor The cat lamhng man ot on Mm a MMrW.(mnpkr.twn msuon FABRICS [MSPAPER 81-2511 p22 Am-30243 [MSPAPER 87-1971 p3 A8016664 A rnahodolow Iw Choouw catldtdate matBM1S bf the Hunua to Mur .Can vmkawy th. Can ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 1.brtabon ot planetuy Wce wn atfucluresp 19 A9049430

p7 A91-25(132 ~ ch.mrtFI 01 the Mutun wr(acn R..arcll tor th. [SA€ PAPER 9014281 MadMua m)uta, cost athula madowlomuon 01 Man pn N87-17800 FEDERAL wwm [MS PAPER 81-2431 p24 A0430237 Humw to Can we IustW cost7p7 A91-25832 M.nInthhanhlryTh.~Pmiul LNVIIK)(UIENTAL COWTROL M.n. the rDE-581 pzB N0021708 ufe wppa( rvrC.m umudembons and chuacterirbcr COgT ESTIMATES (a.llUmwdMU.mulon FINANCIAL MANAQEYEM FIM~ICI~~a Mur program wtut lath. cost OI SEI? An appmlch to rtinuanp [AAS PAPER 87-1881 pl9 A8016656 the we efcle cat ot the sp.a Expbmbwl InlMbve EUROPEAN SPACE PROQRAMS [MSPAPER 87-1WI p22 A8016655 [IAF PAPER 90601 1 p22 A91-14089 The -/Man ahture . Which role and which FIRE mEvLIcTo( MadMU. mu~ncost nbnU(0 ~mp.crstor Europe? FNO protecbon lor a MarWn colony p23 N87-17800 [IAF PAPER 904111 p6 A91-14015 (MS PAPER 87-2181 p15 A8016683 CREW PROCEDURES (INFLIQHTI EXomOLoQY FWHT CREWS Mannd MU. 8ysl~study paoxdes and the unvlvrbillty 01 wtllglns on &ow suppul tor an -1 Mars eqmrbtmn [ MSPAPER 87-2011 p3 A8016668 therur(.caotu.rs pa ~~1527 pl9 A91-12594

A-2 SUBJECT INDEX LONG DURATION SPACE FLIGHT

R64abon shekhng eatmum for manned apace f@ht HYDROQEOLOQY INTERSTELLAR TRAVEL totheMars Water on Mars . VolaMe Mow and resource Mars - Pathway to the stars p24 A8537171 [IAF PAPER 90-5441 p 17 A9l-14071 availability ION PROPULslON Controlled Ecological Me support System [AIM PAPER 90-38031 p 27 A91-10161 Solar electnc proprlsw~lstage as a Mars explorabon p 19 A91-14737 tool FLUID MANAQEMENT I [AAS PAPER 81-2341 p 13 A84-39230 The hydrogen pefoxlde ~conomyon Mars IONIZING RADIATION [MS PAPER 87-2141 p15 A90-16679 lonmng program emronment at the Mars surface ICE p 28 A91-27649 FOOD PROWCTlON (IN SPACE) Ice haze, snow. and the Mars water cycle Controlled Ewlcg~calbfe support System p27 A9048792 p 19 A91-14737 IMAGE PROCESSING CELSS Breadboard Project at the Kennedy Space Autonomws navigation and control of a Mars rwer L Center p20 A91-14738 p10 A91-26619 FOSSILS INFLATABLE STRUCTURES LANDING MODULES Of MBIban atmospheres, oceans, and fwls The use of inflatable habitation on the moon and Mars The PH-D proposal - A manned miSSlOn to PhObOs and p26 A90-48738 [AAS PAPER 87-2171 p9 A90-16682 hm0S [AAS PAPER 81-2311 p24 A84-39228 FUEL PRODUCIWN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Applications of in-stu carbon monondeoxygen InternatioMl manned mtssions to Mars and the LANDING SITES propellent prodwon at Mars resources of Photos and Deimos Site charactemalwn rwer mis8H)ns [AAS PAPER 87-2121 p13 A90-16677 [IAF PAPER 88-5911 p 1 A88-55451 [AIAA PAPER 90-37851 p 10 A91-10147 Let's go to Mars together p23 A89-12542 LASER POWER BEAMING US and Soviet planetary exploration - The next step is Laser power trammisson concepts for Marban Mars, together p 1 A89-19391 appkabons G An intematioMl Mars exqloration program [MSPAPER 87-2251 p14 A90-16690 GALACTlC COSMIC RAYS [ IAF PAPER 894931 p 2 A90-13570 LIFE CYCLE COSTS Space radiatwn shJding for a Marban halnlat Tqther to Mars . An intemational student contest What IS the cost of SEI7 An approach to eshmabng [SAE PAPER 9013461 p9 A9049380 culminating in the International Space Year the llte cycle cost of the Space Exploration Inwtlve [ IAF PAPER 895431 p22 A90-13598 Ionizing program ennronment at the Mars dace [IAF PAPER Soaol] p22 A91-14089 Mars is ours Strategies for a manned muion to p28 A91-27849 - LIFE SCIENCES Mars GEOMETRICAL OPTICS Ue mente technology for manned Marsrmsslons [MSPAPER 87-2281 p2 AS16528 [IAF PAPER 874371 p8 Mu)-16096 Computer modelhng - A sbu*ured light V~KMsystem Emerging views on a joint Soviet-US. Mars muion Me 8c1onces interests in Mars misons for a Mars rwer p 10 A9l-20231 p4 A90-17806 GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS [AAS PAPER 87-2001 p3 A90-16867 Can space exploram survive the end of the Cold LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS Vanatlons of Mars grawlatmal field and rotam due War? p 7 A91-27566 to seasonal CO2 exchange p27 A904797 Extended misson ltfe support systems INTERPLANETARY FLIQHT [MSPAPER 81-2371 p 18 A8439232 GRAVITATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY The case for Man; Roceeangs of the conterence. Artltiaal grawly for long duram spacefhght The atmosphere of Mars - Resouces for the expkwam Univecsity of colorado. Boulder. CO. April 29-May 2. and settlement of Mars [AAS PAPER 87-1901 p17 A90-16658 1981 p23 A84-39226 Artltmal gram research faahty opbons [AAS PAPER 81-2441 p 18 A84-39238 The humamlion of Mars Me wnce technology for manned Marsmisslons p7 A9127710 [AAS PAPER 81-2271 p24 A8499227 Vanable Grawty Resclvm Faddy A concept [IAF PAPER 874371 p8 Mu)-16096 - ~ Manned exploration of Mars The role of science Use of Marban resources ma Controlled Ecolo(pcal Me p 12 A9127711 [MSPAPER 81-2421 p24 A84-39236 GROUND OPERATIONAL SUPPORT SYSTEM support System (CELSS) p2 A8837799 A retrospective look at the Soviet Unon's effortr to Me support system cowdembnns and chwnctensbcs Long durabon mswn uppat opsrabonsconcepts explore Mars [AIM PAPER 90-3682) p 18 A9l-10091 for a manned Mars rmuyon [AAS PAPER 81-2501 p24 A84-39242 [MSPAPER 87-1881 p19 A90-16656 A mandate for apace education Mars global expkrabon vehde H [MS PAPER 87-1821 p22 A90-16654 [AAS PAPER 87-2221 p9 A90-16687 Nuclear propulsion- Avital technology forthe exploraticm Human planetary explorabon strategy featuring hghly HABITABILITY of Msrs and the planeta beyond decwpled elements and mnwrvabve pracbces Genesn lunarouipootcntrvand desgn [AAS PAPER 87-2101 p13 A90-16676 [AIM PAPER 9143281 p6 A91-21464 Plaming for hunanvqggeslo [NASAGR-t86831] p21 N90-26499 MUS Biogenerative life-wpporl system - Farm~ngon the HABITATS [AIM PAPER 90-36151 p4 A91-1W52 moon p20 A91-23461 Tenapln techrmlogms manned Mars mnpl The moonlMars adventure ~ Which role and which Regenerawe Mesupport system davdopment impacts for Europe? [ NASA-CR-1868381 p7 N90-26027 problems for the Mars mim p20 A9123462 Genesn lunar outpost cntem and deslgn [IAF PAPER 904111 p6 A9l-14015 A lunar outpost dace systems arclutecture [NASA-CR-186831] p21 N90-26499 A deployable htgh temperature wperconducting mil p to A9t-27622 Manned Mars misston p8 N91-18139 (DHTSC) - Am1arnceptforprodmmg magnetic shields Fmject Exodus p8 N91-18138 HUE against bdh solar flare and Galactic radiation during LIQUID ROCKET PROPELLANTS Ice haze, snow,and the MUS water cycle manned interpranetaty missions p 15 A9147353 Applcabons of Mucarbon mndeoxygen Marsm thiscentuy:The p27 A90-48792 ohlmpa propellent prodmat Mars HEAVY LIFT LAUNCH VEHICLES [DE90MX1356] p28 N90-21709 [AAS PAPER 87-2121 p13 A90-16677 Heavy la vehcles for trmqxutabon to a low earth cubit INTERPLANETARY NAVIGATION LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY The effect of interplanetary trawory a Space Stabon for assembly of a Human to Mars M- options on Ecdog~calproblems and extended ltfe support on the [AAS PAPER 87-2081 p 11 A90-16674 manned Mars .erokake configuration Martian surface HMH TEMPERATURE SUPERcowwcToRS [NASA-TP-3019] p12 N90-26036 [MS PAPER 81-2381 p 16 -39233 INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFT A deployable high tempenbre wpmmrhang cot1 LONG DURAllON SPACE FLIGHT Manned MUS mission landing and departure -tams (DHTSC) ~ A novel conmpl for poduang magnebc srwe(ds Wended m*~slonMe support systems [MS PAPER 81-2331 p 12 A8439229 against both solar Hare and Galactic radiation dunng [MS PAPER 81-2371 p 18 A84-39232 manned interplanetary mswcr~ p 15 A9127353 Solar electric propulsion stage as a Mars exploration The medical aspects of a flght to Mars HUMAN FACTORS ENQINEERING tod [AAS PAPER 81-2391 p 17 A84-39234 A zer0-g CELSSlreaubon faahty for an earlhlMars [AAS PAPER El-2341 p 13 A84-39230 Human explorationof Mars -assesment of technology aewahuttle The External Tank scmario ~ Utililion of the shuttle reqm IMSPAPER 87-2351 pl9 A90-16534 External Tank tor earth to Mars tnnSit [AIM PAPER 88-00643 pt AeE22ou Humanaspectsofmmaon~fely [AAS PAPER 81-2361 p 12 AM-39231 An uvmvmv of selected taonwhcnl aspects of Mars [MSPAPER 87-1931 p18 A90-16661 The way to Mars p25 A89-20748 m-s Antarctic analogs of human factors issues dunng Mars mission and program anams [MS PAPER 87-1891 p16 A90-16657 -mrP.ce- rMs PAPER 87-2491 D3 A90-16548 Mmaal grawly for long durabon spaceflght .. [AIM PAPER 90-35641 pl8 A91-10023 Rehmmary investigation of parameter seMitivities for [MSPAPER 87-1901 p17 A90-18658 Alunarou%posturl.ce.ystimsucMecbre Habnaklity dunng bngdurabon mmmm Key armosphericermy and aembn)cmng at Mars space - p 10 A9l-27822 [NASA-TM-t01 6071 p12 N90-17667 nsues aasoaatedwlh a mgyon to Mars [MS PAPER 87-1911 p17 A90-16659 HYDROQEN OXYQEN ENQINES MannedMMmi.son p8 N9l-18139 POmnCOlI&W8~forM~mannedMWSmcUrn Technolooy tor manned Mars Rght INTERPLANETARY TAAJECTORlES Mmng Space Stabon [AAS PAPER 87-2061 p4 Am16672 the The end of interphnetary trajectory options on a [MS PAPER 87-2233 p13 A90-18888 Antarctic analogs of human factors issues during HYDROWN OXYaEN NEL manned Man aembmke cwmguration longduram apace nnsuons CELLS [NASA-TP-30191 p12 N90-28036 MlWSmuned~llSpUWlnJrde [AIM PAPER 90-35641 p 18 A91-10023 INTERPLANETARY TRANSFER ORBITS [NASA-TM-101487] p16 N89-20545 Long dlJratl0l-l rngyon support opsn-ancepts HYDROOEN PEROXIDE The PH-D poporal-A manned mission to phoboa and [AIAA PAPER 90-36821 p 18 A91-10091 The lwmgen peroade @cmonlyon Mars Deimoe Crew support for an inlbal Mars e%pedm [AAS PAPER 87-2141 p15 A90-16679 [MS PAPER 81-2311 p24 A8439228 p 19 A91-12594 HYDROOENAW Manned Mars mission landing and departwe system6 Conholled Edcgcal UeSupport System awnnral .pporches tOavb0n~ublasbontor [MS PAPER 81-2331 p 12 A8499229 p 19 A91-14737 mamedMartrInslom Aeduakhg and asmmpture for Mars marsionS CELSS Breadboard Project at the Kennedy Space INASA-TM-103728) p29 N91-20015 p8 A84-39240 center p20 A91-14738

A-3 LUNAR BASES SUBJECT INDEX

Manned expdhon to Mfm - Concepts and problems Human exploration of Mars - aase(lMnBnt of technology The SP-100 space reactor as a power source lor Mars - for lnsvlng crew health and safety requirements exploramn mwons p 20 A91-23464 (AIM PAPER 8800641 p1 m-22M4 [AAS PAPER 87-2241 p13 A90-16689 Artmaal grawly research faahty opbons Manned Mars Mission program concepts hser power transmaslon concepts lor Marban p7 A9127710 pl A88-52345 appllcclbonS p14 A90-16690 Manned Man MI)on Cost esbmate International manned missions to Mars and the [AAS PAPER 87-225) p23 N87-17800 resources of Phobos and Deimos Emerging news on a Wnt Sovcel-U S Mars mlDSlOn p 4 A90-17806 LUNAR BASES IlAF PAPER 88-5911 p 1 A88-55451 Potenal appllcamn of Space Stawn technology in lunar The way to Mars p25 A89-20748 Space radmtion shielding lor a Martian Wtat bases and manned Mars mmslons p 2 A8945833 [SAE PAPER 9013461 p9 A9049380 The use of inflatable habitawn on the mOOn and Mars A manned Man artifdl gravity vehicle Planning lor human voyages to Mars [AAS PAPER 87-2171 p9 ADO-16682 p2 A89-43365 [AlAA PAPER 90-3615 I p4 A91-10052 A goal and strategy lor human explorabon 01 the moon Candor Cham camp - lor human exploration of Technology and Mars exploration and Mars p25 A9047527 Man p9 A8945763 [AIAA PAPER 90-37971 p5 A91-10157 Technology needs of the Explorswn Inltlative Potential appltcationof Space Stationtechnology in lunar Advanced extravehicular actwv requirements in support (iAF PAPER 90-0321 p5 A91-13752 bases and manned Mars missions p 2 A8945833 01 the manned Mars misston CELSS Breadboard Project at the Kennedy Space Manned Mars mission wenrieW [AIM PAPER 90-3801 I p 19 A91-10159 Center p20 A91-14738 [AIM PAPER 89-27861 p2 A8947067 Geologic exploratlon of Mars Human planetary explorabon strategy laatunng hghly Planetary protection issues in advance of human [AIM PAPER 90-38021 p27 ASl-10160 decoupled elements and conmatwe pracllces exploramn of Mars p 21 ABS-51528 Overview of the surface archlteclure and demenls [AlAA PAPER 9143281 p6 A91-21464 To Mars and beyond p2 ASS-54248 common to a mde range of Lunar and Man misstons Biogeneralive Iile-suppor( system . Fanning on the (AIAA PAPER 90-38471 p5 A9l-10193 Together to Man ~ An international student contest moon P 20 A91-23461 culminating in the lnternalinal Space Year Transportation approaches lor manned Man missions [ AIM PAPER 90-38921 p5 A91-10220 A preliminary evaluation of extraterreatrial building [ IAF PAPER 89-5431 p 22 A8013598 systems p 10 A91-27615 Crew supporl for an in-l Mars expedlmn Mars is ours Strategies lor a manned mission to A lunar outpost surface systems architecture - p 19 A91-12594 p 10 AS(-27622 Mars Technology needs of the Explorabon InItIative Antarctic testbed lor axlraterrestnal opsrabon and [AAS PAPER 87-2281 p2 A90-16528 [IAF PAPER 90-032) p5 A91-13752 lechnology p 11 A91-27692 space Statin accommodation01 life aciences in supporl Concepts for shwt durabon manned Mars round trip Mars in this century The Otympia Project of a manned Mars mission (IAF PAPER 90-1981 p5 A9l-13867 [DEW-008356) p28 N90-21709 [AAS PAPER 87-2331 p16 A90-16532 The moonlMars adventure - Which role and which Gene- lunar outpost cntena and &qn A zer0-g CELSSlrecreation facility lor an aarlhlMars impacts lor Europe' [NASA-CR-1868311 p21 N90-26499 crew shuttle [IAF PAPER 90-41 11 p6 A91-14015 Common approach lor planetary Mation systems IAAS PAPER 87-2351 pl9 A90-16534 Analysls of alternative inIrastructures lor lunar and Mars Implementamn Astronaut interdisciplinary and medMlldental mining explwatwn IMBB-UO-OllB-Bo-PUBI p 21 N91-16570 for manned Man missions IlAF PAPER 804021 p6 AS(-14037 LUNAR ENVIRONMENT IAAS PAPER 87-2381 p 17 A90-16537 Radiabon shlelding eatimabon for manned epsce lllght ACtNe thermal control systems lor lunar and MatiJan Man mission and program ~MWS to the Man explontlon [AAS PAPER 87-2491 p 3 A90-18548 (IAF PAPER 90-5441 p 17 A91-14071 [SAE PAPER 9012431 p 19 A9049313 Manned Morn maaions and mxiraterreslnaI resource Mars hrect - Humans to the Red Planet by 1999 LUNAR EXPLORATION engineering test and evalunbn [IAF PAPER 906721 p6 A91-14132 Overview of the surlace arcinlecture snd elements [MSPAPER 87-261 ] p3 AW-16560 CELSS Breadboard Propct at the Kennedy Space common to a mde range 01 Lwur and Muam~aa~ons The use for Man 111: SDategies for exploration -General Center p20 A91-14738 (AIM PAPER 90.38471 p5 A91-10193 interest and wmiew p3 A90-16851 Donatello - A proposed Mars explorabon InWWe for Analysls of alternative Inhas(ruc1ures lor lunar snd Mars A strategy for Man: The case for Man 111 - Keynote the year 2050 explorabn addreas [AlAA PAPER 91-00891 p 27 A91-19130 (IAF PAPER Sou21 p6 A91-14037 [MSPAPER 87-1751 p3 A8016852 Mars direct - A simple. robust. and cost effective Econormcal mce expkabon systems uchltechnes Finandng a Man warn ardvtecture lor the Spece Explorabon lnbbve p7 A91-27578 [MSPAPER 87-1841 p22 A8016855 [AIM PAPER 9143291 p6 A91-21463 LUNAR FUQHT Lite support system considentions and characteristics Human planelmy explora(lon strategy featunng htghly The moonlMars adventure ~ Which role and which for a manned Mars mission dscwpled .lements and mmative practices impacts lor Europe? [AAS PAPER 87-1881 pl9 AW-16656 [AIAA PAPER 91-03281 p8 A91-21464 [ IAF PAPER 90-411 ] p6 A91-14015 An w(wviBw of selected biomedil aspects 01 Mus Some unwnvenbonnl approaches to the explorabon 01 LUNAR OBSERVATORIES IlllMiOfIS MlUS p 27 A91 -23308 Gemslunar cutpost cntena and dawn [AAS PAPER 87-1891 p16 AW-16857 ~egeneratlve ~deaupport system development [NASA-CR-186831) p21 NW-26499 HMlidunng longduntion space mims- Key problems lor the Man mission p20 A91-23462 LUNARREBOURCES mum associated wilh a muon to ~ars Manned expedlbon to Mars - concepts and problems Biogenerative life-supped system - Farming on the [AAS PAPER 87-1911 p17 A8016659 - lor inwnng crew health and aalety moon p20 A91-23481 Crew selacuon lor a Man Explorer mission p 20 A91-23464 LUNARSURFACE [AAS PAPER 87-1921 pl8 A90-16660 Quality assurance planning for lunar Man exploration Analyfus of allernatwe infrastructuresfor lunar and Man Scientific ObbCWea of human exploration 01 Mars p 22 A91-24875 explwabn [MSPAPER 87.1881 p25 A90-18885 Humans to Mars .Can we lustily the cost? [IAF PAPER Sou21 p6 A91-14037 Lite aduuw# lntanta in MUI mhsDns p 7 A91-25832 A lunar cutpost wrface systems architecture (MSPAPER 87-2001 p3 AQO-16667 Can space explorabon wrnre the end 01 the Cdd p 10 A91-27622 Manned MUI ~Imsstudy W8R p? A9147566 Gams lunar outpost cntm and desgn [MSPAPER 87-201I p3 AQO-16668 Ecmomlccll apace explorahon systems architectures [NASA-CR-186831] p21 N90-26499 mmnd lprint miuioni to MUI p7 A91-27578 [MS PAPER 87-2021 p4 AW-18889 A preliminary evalwlion 01 extraterrertrial building Man 1898 -A concept tor low cost mar-tum human systems p 10 A91-27615 M explormtion and propath1 parumg' arphobo.and RIY~WIIM~~aaaeasment 01 the power requremants of Decmos a nundrover tor Mur muvons p 11 A91-27702 MAQNETIC FIELD CONFIQURATIONS [MSPAPER 87-2041 p4 A8018670 Manned Mua mgwn mat wbmate Ermgebc msin the close mronment of Mus and Emih oiuulplwpuation la MunelrpaMionr p23 N87-17800 particle shdamng by the planet p 25 A8012667 [MSPAPER 87-205) p4 AM-16871 Power concuderabons for an early manned Man miaslon MAQNETIC (WIELDINQ Twhnology tor nunned MUI fliht ubliang the apace atallon A cWoy.Ms high tempomhre upsrconducting coil [MSPAPER 87-2081 p4 A#-18672 [ NASA-TM-101436) p 14 N89-13492 (DHTSC). A MI for pmduana Mgnebc HUWutt vahich tor hnspauciontoa earth m Ju~blibonlor murned Mars mm.techmcal optms againat both solar Ilan and Gala& Wbon dining StlaOn tor uumb)y of a Human to Mur Mi& fw lbght p7 N88-29409 mMdhlt8Wkrwlvy rnbmna p 15 A91-27353 IMSPAPER 87-2081 pll AW-16874 R.lirnnuy IwrlkJmllon of p.nmeter msibnbes for NAN YACWINE SVSTEYS Roplrrlon rYIt.m COmidarationslapproach for fast atrorph.nc enby and mobraking at Mus Crow wpport lw an InhI Mmmmn b.nsfr to Mua [ NASA-TM-1016071 p 12 N90-17667 p 19 A91-12594 IMSPAPER 87-2081 p13 A8018675 Man in this century The Olympca Project Y*Wamwr PLANNIMO The hYb0g.n perodd0 rconomy on Mvr IDE80-0083561 p28 N80-21708 Hum~arcplonbonoIMvr-uvrumtdndroloOy IMSPAPER 87-2141 pl5 AW-16679 pmi.a Exodus -w BLIWIQ Man hwtlta using loul nuta*le [ NASACR-10361 p7 NBO-28026 IMSPAPER 87-216] p9 A80101 [AIM PAPER 8840641 p1 A83-22044 T.mpin 1ochnologi.r manned Mus mkvon popoul Murmuvonandpropnmu*lyw Firm potocUon tor s Martian colony [ NASACR-18(1038] p7 N#-28027 [MS PAPER 87.2491 p3 A0016548 IMSPAPER 87-2181 pl5 A8016683 An omvlew of Mua unlace moMltty iurlhkation and The mnect of interplanetary mjeclc+y opmns on a MANNED MAR8 MISSIONS options madMan aerobrake conltguration

muywl ~~ [ NASA-TP-3019 P12 N90-26038 Mannd Mvr hndhrp and drpuhr. IMSPAPER 87-220] p9 AW-105 1 [MS PAPER 81-2331 p12 A8439229 M.n global expkstion vehide Common approach for phaw h.kcation systems Mub.n-1 IMSPAPER 87.2221 p9 ABO-107 1-m [MSPAPER 851171 pl A87-53081 Powar mnaidarationa for an early manned Mua mbrion (MBB-UO41 lS80PUB I p 21 NQ1-16570 Me samw tdmobgy for nunnod Murmm~~ons UMmnO the space Station Propa Exodus p8 N9l-18138 [ IAF PAPER 874371 D8 A8&18086 IMSPAPER 87.2231 p13 A8016688 Manned Man miwon p8 N91-18139 SUBJECT INDEX MARS SURFACE SAMPLES

MANNED SPACE FLlQHT A numencal slmulatlon of climate changes dunng the MARS PROBES The case for Mars; Pmcee#ings of the Conference. oblquty cycle on Mars p27 A9048798 US and Soviet planetary exploration .The next step is University of Colorado, Boulder. CO. Apnl 29-May 2. Space radmbon shmhlmg for a Marban halxlat Mars, toeether p 1 A89-19391 1981 p23 A84-39226 [SAE PAPER 9013461 p9 A9049380 An aeronomy missionto investigate the entry and orbiter The humanation of Mars Water on Mars . Volrrble hstory and resouce environment of Mars [AAS PAPER 81-2271 p24 A84-39227 availabtlity [AAS PAPER 87-1961 p25 A90-16663 The PH-D proposal. A manned mission lo PhoboS and [AIM PAPER 90-38031 p27 A91-10161 . Mars exploration missions Delmos Marlmn weather and climate in the 21st century [AIM PAPER 90-37791 p5 A91-10143 [MSPAPER 81-231 1 p 24 A84-39228 [AIM PAPER 90-38041 p 27 A91-10162 Robotic mimsto Mars ~ Panng the way for humans

Wind, sand, and ~ The 1990 tests 01 the Mars [IAF PAPER 904161 p6 A91-14019 Manned Mars misriar landing and deparlure systems Mars balloon and SNAKE p 23 A91-25834 [AAS PAPER 81-2331 p 12 A8439229 Preliminary assessment of Temmkan observations Of Chemil approaches to carbon dloxide uttlizalion for Mars p 28 A91-29587 The medii1 aspects of a fliihl to Mars manned Mars missmns MARS SAMPLE RETURN MISSIONS [AAS PAPER 81-2391 p 17 A84-39234 [ NASA-TM-1037281 p29 N91-2W15 Mars exploram missions Manned ewation of Mars - The role of science MARS CRATERS [AIM PAPER 9037791 p5 A91-10143 [MSPAPER 81-2421 p 24 A84-39236 Geolog~cexploralm of Mars Sile charactemation rover missions The cost of landing man on Mars [AIM PAPER 90-38021 p 27 A91-10160 [AIM PAPER 90-37851 p 10 A91-10147 IAAS PAPER 81-2511 p22 A84-39243 MARS ENVIRONMENT Robotic missions lo Mars ~ Paving the way for humans Human planetary explaation slralegy featunng hghly Ecobgml poMems and extended llfe support on the [IAF PAPER 904161 p6 A91-14019 decoopled elements and conservative practices Marlan surface Prelimnary investigation of parameter sensilivilies for [AIM PAPER 9103281 p6 A9l-21464 [AAS PAPER 81-2381 p 16 A84-39233 almorphenc' antry and aerohaking at Mars A dewable hgh temperature superconducting coil We saence technology for manned Marsmnwons [ NASA-TM-1016071 p12 N90-17667 (DHTSC) - A novel concept for producing magnetic shields [IAF PAPER 874371 p 8 A88-16096 MARS SURFACE

against both solar flare and Gala- redation during Use of Marban rescurces in a Controlled Ecological Llfe Chemistry of the Martian surface ~ Resources for the manned interplanetary missions p 15 A91 -27353 support System (CELSS) p2 A89-37799 manned exploration of Mars Elecbical power systems for Mars p 15 N87-17795 planetary protection isaues in advance of human [AAS PAPER 81-2431 p24 A84-39237 Manned Mars mssion cost estimate explorabon of Mars p 21 A89-51528 Manned Mars Miprogram COnCepts p23 N87-17800 Energetic mns in Me close emronmenl of Mars and pl A88-52345 MANNED SPACECRAFT particle shadovnng by the planet p 25 A90-12667 Candor Charma camp - for human exploration of Extended mssion life support systems The case for cellulose produmn on Mars Mars p9 A8945763 IAAS PAPER 81-2371 p 18 A84-39232 [AAS PAPER 87-2321 p 18 A90-16531 StaMe isotope fracbonalwn in the search for MARS (PLANET) An aeronomy mswn lo mvestgate the entry and mer life on ea* Mars p 21 A89-51522 The case for Mars; Proceedings of the Conference. enwonmen1of Mars Life on Mars - How it disappeared (if it was ever University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, April 29-May 2. [AAS PAPER 87-1961 p25 A90-16663 there) p 21 A89-51523 1981 p23 A84-39226 The role of climate studies in the Mure exploralwn of Peroxides and the wrvivability of mwmganims on The humanation of Mars Mars the surface of Mars p 21 A89-51527 IAAS PAPER 81-2271 p24 A84-39227 [AAS PAPER 87-1991 p25 A90-16666 Sdentifc obja&w of human exploration of Mars The PH-D proposal - A manned mission 10 phobos and The hydrm pemxlde BcoIlollly on Man [AAS PAPER 87-1981 p25 A90-16665 Deimos [AAS PAPER 87-2141 pl5 A90-16679 Nuclear propulson - Avital technology fortheexploration [AAS PAPER 81.2311 p24 A84-39228 Development of aulonomus systems of Mars and the planets beyond Solar elec(nc propukm stage as a Mars exploration p9 A90-38894 [AAS PAPER 87-2101 p13 Am16676 tool A goal and slrategy for human explorahon of the moon Duriaele and composites consbuction on Mars IAAS PAPER 81-2341 p 13 A84-39230 andm p25 A9047527 [MSPAPER 87-2131 p 14 A90-16678 The External Tank smruuio - Witicn of the ShW Of Marban atmspheres. oo8am. and f&s Mars soil - A sterile regolith or a medium for plant External Tank for earth to Mars transit p26 A9048738 growth? [MSPAPER 81-2361 p 12 A84-39231 Possible Martian brines - Radar obsewahons and [ AAS PAPER 87-2151 p25 A90-16680 Manned exploration of Mars - The role of science models p26 A9048783 An overhew of Mars surface mobility juslifiilwn and [AAS PAPER 81-2421 p24 Mu-39236 Acbve mermal control syslems for lunar and Mafban oP(i0ns Legal and polilmpliations of colonking Mars -ban [AAS PAPER 87-2201 p9 A90-16685 [AAS PAPER 81-2481 p23 -39241 [SAE PAPER 9012431 p 19 A9049313 Balloon-bome characteiizaticn of the Marlian surface A rehpspective bok at the soviet Union's efforts to A network of small landers on Mars and her atmosphere exphe Mars [AIAA PAPER 90-35771 pll A91-10034 [MSPAPER 87-2211 p4 A90-16686 [AAS PAPER 81-2501 p24 A84-39242 Marltan wealher and chmale M the 21st century Mars global eqloration wh& Mars - Pathway to the alars p24 A8537171 [AIM PAPER 90-38041 p 27 A91-10162 [AAS PAPER 87-2221 p9 A90-16687 Let's go to Man together p23 A89-12542 Wmd. 8and. and Mars - The 1990 tests of the Mars Possible Martian brines - Radar observations and An international Mars eqloration program balloon and SNAKE p 23 A91-25834 models p26 A9048783 [IAF PAPER 894931 p2 A90-13570 Prelimnary ulseswnent of Teooskan obwvatlons of A ne- of small landers on Mars Tool and equipment nq*ements for human habitation Mars p28 A91-29587 [AIAA PAPER 90-35771 pll A9l-10034 of Mars M ING , Mars Investment for s New Generation Advanced exIravehicular activilyrequirements m support [AAS PAPER 87-2191 p9 A90-16684 Robotic construction of a permanently manned Mars of the manned Mars mission Int~rnatmalConlucmce on Mars. 4th. Tucson. AZ. Jan. base [AIAA PAPER 90-38011 p 19 A91-10159 10-13.1989. Prowechgs p26 A9048751 [NASACR-188224] p28 N90-15028 Geologic exploration of Mars Elecbical power systems lor Mars p 15 N87-17795 MARS LANDING [AIM PAPER 90-38021 p27 A91-10160 . Manned Mars mration cos1 estimate Manned Mars nuwon landmg and dewrlwe systems Water on Mars - Volatile hstory and resouce p23 N87-17800 [MSPAPER 81-2331 p12 A84-39229 availability MARS ATMOSPnERE surf- sampkng systems [AIM PAPER 90-38031 p 27 A91-10161 The atmosphere ot Mus - Resources for the exploration [AAS PAPER 81-2451 p8 Mu-39239 Martian weather and climate in the 2151 century and settlement of Mars Aerobmlung and aemcapture for Mars ~881ons [AIM PAPER 90-38041 p 27 A91-10162 pa A8439240 [MS PAPER.. 81-2441 P 18 A84-39238 Anatys~sof allernative infrastructures for lunar and Mars Amrosphencennonment anngmaneweringdescenl The msl of landmg man on Mars exploration from Marlian orbit p8 A90-11016 [AAS PAPER 81-2511 p22 A8439243 [IAF PAPER 90-4421 p6 A91-14037 The case for celWae poducbon on Mars MamanaafUement yntof a Martian surface model for sirnutabon [AAS PAPER 87-2321 p 18 A90-16531 [MSPAPER 86-1171 p 1 A87-53091 of vetude dynamics and robility p 10 A91-20230

An aeronomy missiontoinveaIigatethe entry and orbiter Ab~mphemenwonmen1 dunng maneuvenng descent Computer modelli ~ A structured light vision system Wnimnmenl of Mars from Maman c&l p8 A90-11016 foraMarsrover P10 A9l-20231 IMSPAPER 87-1961 p25 A90-16663 Mars ~udtngard hunch requrernents and a possl~e Some unwnventional approaches to the e-ation of sdenwtc- of hunan exploration of Mus approach Mars p27 A91-23308 [MSPAPER 87-1981 p25 A90-16665 [MS PAPER 87-2071 pll A90-16673 Autonomous navigation and control of a Mars rover &%ka%a?S =! h*t. m*XygeT! The use of inflatsble Mlwnon the moon and Mars p10 A91-26619 propellent poductiar a1 Mat% [AAS PAPER 87-2171 p9 A90-16682 Ionizing program envimnment at lhe Mars surface [MSPAPER 87-2121 p13 A90-16677 A netwolk of amall landers on Mars p 28 A91-27649 [AIM PAPER 9035771 pll A9l-10034 -ch.nc(arrr ' (DnoftheMsrlianrurhrca Humancpecabons.rasarcesandbaseson Mus Mdbwerahnosphae Mars [)rect - Humans tothe Red Planet by 1999 p 10 A91-27650 [MSPAPER 87-2211 p4 A90-1W [ IAF PAPER 906721 p6 A91-14132 Electriul pomw syslems for Mars p 15 N87-17795 Of Martian atmmphem, oceans. and fossils Manned Mars nwmn p8 N9l-18139 Mars manned tramporlation vehicle p26 ABM8738 MARS OBSERVER [NASA-TM-101487] p16 N89-20545 Observations of Mulian wince winds at the VWng The role of cbmrle atudm rnthefuhmaxplorabon of Tanpin t=hndw-' mamedMarsmkionpropmal Lander1 rite p26 A904785 Mars [NASACR-188838] p7 N90-28027 Nunerical simulations of the decay of Mahn gbbal [MS PAPER 87-1991 p25 A90-16666 Satellitemap pOsi(i0n estimation for the Mars mver dust stm p26 A904789 Vanmom 01 Mars grawlabonal field and rotabon due p 15 N90-29069 seasonal CO2 exchange p27 ABM8797 Meteorologccal survey of Mars. 1969 ~ 1984 to Manned Mars mission p8 N91-18139 p26 A904791 Mars ewloram nwsamns MARS SURFACE SAMPLES ke hue. snow. Mdthe Mus walercyde [AIM PAPER 90-37791 p5 A91-10143 Surface aampring systems p27 A904792 MARS PHOTOQRAPHS [AAS PAPER 81-2451 p8 A84-39239 Vations of Mars gravitational field and rotation due Meteorologcal WrVey of Man. 1969 - 1984 Mars Rover Sample Return -n sludy to waaonalCO2 exchange p27 A9048797 p26 ABM8791 [MS PAPER 87-195) p25 A90-16662 A-5 MEDICAL SERVICES SUBJECT INDEX

Planetary potecbon and back conlammebon contml for PERsollllEL SEUECTION a Mars rover sample retum mnuvon N Crew selection for a Mars Explorer mi* [AAS PAPER 87-1971 p3 AW-16664 NASA PROGRAMS [MSPAPER 87-1921 p 18 AW-16660 MEDICAL SERVICES The cost of landing man on Mars PHoBoS Astronaut rnterdmphrmy and mebcalldental lrnintng IUSPAPER 81-2511 p22 A84-39243 he PH-D pp~sai.A manned mission to hobos and tor manned Mars rmssl~s NASA SPACE PROORAMS *Deimoa [AAS PAPER 87-2381 p 17 AW-16537 IMSPAPER 81-231 1 p24 A&(-39228 US and Sonet planetary explorabon ~ The next step IS MICROBIOLOOY Mars. together p 1 A89-19391 . Intemabonnl manned mims to Mars and the Prowdtng a sound habnat lor man in Wce resources of Phobos and Cletmos p A91723463 Manned Mars misswn overvtew p 1 A88-55451 20 [AIM PAPER 89-27661 p2 A8947067 [ IAF PAPER 88-5911 MICROORQANISMS Manned Mars MSSKM ov- Peroxides and the scmnrabtltty of mlaoarganisms on An intemabonal Mars expbabon Program [AIM PAPER 89-27661 p2 A8947067 the surface of Mars p 21 A89-51527 [IAF PAPER 89-4931 p 2 A90-13570 Mars 1999 . A concept lor low cost near-term human MICROWAVE SPECTRA Deuswns on space inibatives exploratron and propellant processlng on Phobos and Obwwabons of Marun surface mnds at the Viking [MS PAPER 87-1771 p3 AW-16653 D0tlTIOS bnder 1 Me p26 A80-48785 Fi~ncinga Mars program [ AAS PAPER 87-204 1 p4 A90-16670 MISSION PLANNING [MSPAPER 87-1841 p22 AW-16655 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLs Human exploratlon01 Mars - asseasmen101 technology Emerging news on a jotnt Sonet-U S Mars mswn Advances in thn-film solar dls lor hghtwnght space requirements p4 AW-17806 photovoltaic power [AIM PAPER 88.00641 p 1 A88-22044 Technology and Mars explorabon [NASA-TM-1020171 p 14 N89-26041 Internattonal manned misswns to Mars and the [AIM PAPER 90-37971 p5 A91-10157 PLANETARY BASES resource8 01 Phobos and hmos Mars - Pathway to the Stsrs p 24 A85-37171 What IS the cost 01 SEI? An rpproach to eatrmbng [ IAF PAPER 88-591 ] pl A88-55451 the life qcle cost of the Space Explorabm Inmatwe Candor Chasma camp - for human explorabon 01 Ma= p9 A8945763 The way to Mars p25 A89-20748 [IAF PAPER 906011 p 22 A91-14089 A manned Man artlfrial gravtty vehicle Ouality assurance planntng lor lunar Mars exploration Applicabons of in-situ carbon monoxldeoxygen p2 A8943365 p 22 A91-24875 propellent producbon at Mars Potentralapplrabon 01 Space Ststton technology in lunar [AAS PAPER 87-2121 p13 AW-16677 NAVIQATION AIDS bases and manned Mars mwons p 2 A8945833 Mars global explorabon vehrle Mars is ours . Strategies lor a manned miwn to Compner modelling . A slruclured llght wswn system [MSPAPER 87-2221 p9 AW-16687 Mars lor a Mars rover p10 A91-20231 Donatello - A proposed Mars explorabon initratwe lor [AAS PAPER 87-2281 p2 AW-16528 NUCLEAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION the year 2050 Space Ststion accommodation of Ide sc*nces in support Concepts lor short dwabon manned Mars round lnp [AIM PAPER 91-00891 p 27 A91-19130 of a manned Mars nuawn [IAF PAPER 901981 p5 A91-13867 Some uncomenboml approaches to Me exploration of [AAS PAPER 87-2331 p16 A90-16532 Electnc propul.wn for manned Mars explorabon Mars p27 A91-23308 Mars misaton and program analysts p14 NW-18480 Human operatms, resources and bases on Mars [MSPAPER 87.2491 p3 AW-18548 Profact Exodus p 10 A91-27650 Manned Man mimuons and exlrateneslnal resource [ NASACR-1868361 p7 NW-28026 PLANETARY COMPOSmON engmwnng teat and walwbon NUCLEAR ENalNE FOR ROCKET VEHICLES Po~lMeMarlian brines . Radar ObleNatiOnS and [MSPAPER 87-2611 p3 A90-16560 Nuckrpropulaton-AntrltechroloOyIorlheex~4orabon mOddS pZ6 A90-48783

A StratOQy for Mars The case for Mars 111 ~ Keynote of Man and the planets beyund PLANETARY EVOLUTION address [MSPAPER 87-2101 p13 AW-16676 Saenbhc oblec(lves of human explorabon 01 Mars [MSPAPER 87-1751 p3 AW-16652 NUCLEAR PROPULSION [MSPAPER 87-1981 p25 A90-18865 Deaatonr on apace inhtnes Tranworiabon applicabons of duarlc propuluon PLANETARY QEOLOGY [MSPAPER 87-1771 p3 AW-16653 [MSPAPER 87-1281 pl A8841289 Gdog~cexplorabon of Mars Mars Rover Sample Retum mmstudy Manned Man rnnson oy~vlby [AIM PAPER 90-38021 p27 A91-10160 [MSPAPER 87-1951 p25 A90-16862 [AIM PAPER 8027661 p2 A8947067 Humans to Mars - Can we lusbty the cosl? hfe ac~onceuintereats in Man rnwmns Nuclear popllswn-A ntrl technology lor the exploratlon p7 A91-25832 [MSPAPER 87-2001 p3 AW-I~~ of Man and the planets beyond PLANETARY MAaNETIC FIELDS Manned Mus [MS PAPER 87-210) p 13 A90-16676 Enq&c una in the cloee ennmnment of Mars and systems study NUCLEAR REACTORS [MSPAPER 87-201 ] p3 A90-1BBBB putldedudowtngbytheplanet p25 A8012867 R.llminuy aMeMnmnt 01 the pomn raqunments 01 PLANETARY MmOROLOaY Rloted spnnt masons to Mars a nun4rwer lor Man mswns p 11 A91-27702 [MS PAPER 87-2021 p4 Ago-16869 The role 01 chmte studma in the Mwe ercplwabon of Mars 1999 - A cmcwt lor low cost near-term human Mars exploration and prmllant pr-ng on Phobos and [AAS PAPER 87-1991 p25 AW-16666 0 Met-1 awvey Of 1884 DetlTIOS MSrs. le69 - [MSPAPER 87-2091 p4 AW-16670 OCEANS p26 AM8791 A numencel mmulabon of climate changes dunng the Earth orbhal peparabon lor Mars expedibons 01 Maman atmorph.ns. 0c1.m. and fosuls OMlqutty cycle on Mars p27 A90-48798 [AAS PAPER 87-2051 p4 AW-16671 pZ6 A80-48738 OPTICAL EQUIPMENT MarMn weather and climate in the 21st century Technology for manned Mars fltght [AIM PAPER 80-38041 p27 A9l-10162 [MSPAPER 87-2061 p4 A90-16672 Computer mod.llifW - A Sbuctund bht system tor a Man row p 10- A91-20231 PLANETARY QUARANTINE The SP-100 reactor as a power source lor Mars apace OREIT TRANSFER VEHICLES Planetary protection issues in advance of human ercplwabon mmom Emih p.p.nbon oxpedbons explorabon of Man p21 A8051528 [MSPAPER 87-2241 p13 A90-16869 tor Man [MSPAPER 87-2051 p4 AW-16671 PLANETARYSURFACES Planwng tor human voyages lo Mars ORBITAL ASSEMBLY A lor chooatng csnbrd.te mtenals for Me [AIM PAPER 90-38151 p4 AOl-10052 The WdT.nk .CWD Utilr~bonof the shunle f.bnutlon Of plSMhIY Wit StructueS - [SAE PAPER 9014291 p 19 A90-49430 Lono dunlbn nlmmfl wppor( ~~Sconwpts Exim~lTMk (or Wm, lo Man b’.W [AIM PAPER 80-38821 p 18 A91-10091 [MS PAPER 81-2381 p 12 Mu-39231 PLANEToLoaY The lor Mars. Procaedngs 01 Conlerence. Man explonbon rmsslons H~V mmmton lowmorkt use the un tor University Colorado, Boulder, Apnl 29-May 2. [AIM PAPER 90-37791 p 5 A91-10143 sP.W UWmMy a Human to Mus Mlm of CO. -tor ol 1081 p23 A84-39226 Tnruporlrbon approach for manned Mars mauons [MS PAPER 87-2081 pll AB016674 Inlamabwl confrena, 4lh. Tuaon. Jan [AIM PAPER 90-38921 p5 AO1-10220 Par con*d.RbwtorMwrty manned Mara mswn on Man. AZ. 10-13. 1889. p26 A90-48751 Cnw mwporl an Hcul Mala qmdtbon uarhho~ql8a~Ibn tor POUR caps p 19 A91-12594 [NASA-TM-101436] p 14 N89-13402 OAEITAL YANEUVERlWa VEHICLES A numlslmukbon of dimate changes dunng the CcmwPh b~rhor( duntlon manned Man roundbip obllqucty cyde on Mars p27 A90-48798 [IAF PAPER 00-1881 p5 A9l-13857 M~mdMM mlucon Mngand 4.puaue systems [MS PAPER 81-2331 p 12 A84-30229 PoLLmON CWROL Robotk mubm to Man - Paving the way tor humans PhmUy pol.cbo0 and bdlQmtMnIUbon Control for IlAF PAPER 80-4161 p8 A91-14019 Arobnkno.nd.roaptvetor Mvrmuriom, p8 A849S240 a Man mvwumvlentun IIyuK)n MmDmt. Humto M. Rdhl by 1099 EMorbnrl p.p.ntlon tor Man expeditions [MSPAPER 87-1971 p3 A90-16664 [IAF PAPER 906721 p6 A91-14132 [MS PAPER 87-205) p4 A90-16671 POSITION (LOCATION) Man dc.cl - A almph. robust, and cost efI*ctive Satallonup pealton ontimabon lor M. Mars rover um.auntor(h.sp.cr Explafam Inl(i.trve p 15 N90-290B9 [AIM PAPER 01-0329) p8 A91-21463 P POWER REACTOM R.uminuy assoummtol M. par nguhsments of H- H- Mmtuy etlonrmaW 1.r- hbhb docowkdoknentsandawmatwpmcllas PAYLOADS a manned rwer lor Mmmtuignr p 11 A91-27702 [AIM PAPER 0143281 p8 AOl-21484 Elocbic poprlrkn lor manned Man uplontbn ~OPELIANTSTORAaE Can apaca oxplontlon .uvhn th. and of the cold p14 NW-18480 Man 1998 - A cwIc.p1 lor low cost mar-term human WU7 p 7 A91-27568 PERIOOK: VARIATIONS explmbon and prop.lknt ProWuInQon Phobos and Jurtmubar~NM.dMalarmtyon.1.bnulopboM M.(.aobglul unny Of Man. 1069 - 1884 D.nwn [AAS PAPER 87-2041 P4 A90-16670 p7 N89-28409 pZ6 AM791 for tkoht PEROXIDES power mudenbone tor an ~rlymanned ~arsmaston Tsnrpn Wchdopa manned II*UYM proposal MM Pw~ud.. the UUIIZI~~Me Space Stabon [NASA~-1868381 p7 N90-213327 and ur~mbliityof mworgnnmrns on me wrlace Of Mala p21 A8051527 [AAS PAPER 87-2231 p13 A90-18688 prsect Exodur p8 N91-18138 PERSONNEL PROPULSION Mur*dMurm*on p8 N91-18139 MaM.dMurllwMkln p8 N91-18139 Ex- P8 N91-18138 Ab SUBJECT INDEX SPACE LOGISTICS

PROPULSION SYSTEY CONFIGURATIONS Robok mams to Mars - Pawng the way lor humans A goal and strategy for human exploration of the moon Solar eleclnc propulscon stage as a Mars exploraMn [IAF PAPER 904161 p6 A9l-14019 and Mars p25 A9047527 tool Satelltemap poslbon esbmabOn for the Mars rwer Biogenerative life-support system - Fanning on the IAAS PAPER 81-2341 p 13 A84-39230 p 15 N90-29069 moon p20 A91-23461 To Mars and beyond D 2 A8g-54248 ROVING VEHICLES Electrical power systems for Mars p 15 N87-17795 Propulsion system conederabonslapproach for fast Surface sampling systems SPACE EXPLORATION transfer to Mars [AAS PAPER 81-2451 p8 A84-39239 The case for Mars; Proceedings of the Conference, IAAS PAPER 87-2091 p13 A90-16675 Mars Rover Sample Return nnwon study University of Colorado, Boulder. CO. April *May 2. Eiectnc propulaum for manned Mars explorabon [AAS PAPER 87-1951 p25 A90-18662 1981 p23 A84-39226 ...” *)m.a*nn An ovewew of Mus surface moklRy psbkabon and Manned exploration of Mars - The role of snence I., ..--I-- options PROPULSION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE [AAS PAPER 81-2421 p24 A84-39236 [AAS PAPER 87-2201 p9 A90-16685 A retrospective look at the Soviet Union’s efforts to Manned Mars mSSlOn OVBM~W Development 01 aulmmous systems [AIM PAPER 89-27661 p2 A8947067 explore Mars p9 A90-38894 IAAS PAPER 81-2501 p24 A84-39242 Applicabons of in-sltu carbon momxldeoxygen Site characterization rwer missions The cost of landing man on Mars propellent producton at Mars [AIAA PAPER 90.37851 p 10 A91-10147 [AAS PAPER 81-2511 p22 A84-39243 [AAS PAPER 87-2121 p13 A90-16677 Development of a Maaan surface model for simulation Mars - Pathway to the stars p 24 A85-37171 Electnc propolson for manned Mars explorabon of vehicle dynamics and mobility p 10 A91-20230 Manned Mars Mission program concepts p14 N90-18480 Computer modelling - A structured light vislon system p 1 A88-52345 The effect interplanetary trapctory options on a of for a Mars rover p 10 A91-20231 US and Soviet planetary exploration The next step is manned Mars aerokake confgurabon - Autonomous nawtion and control of a Mars rwer Mars, together pl A89-19391 [NASA-TP-30191 pt2 N90-2S036 p10 A91-26619 Candor Chasma camp for human explorabon of PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS - Preliminary as8essment of the power requirements of Mars p9 A8945763 Antarctic analogs of human lactors issues dunng a manned rover for Mars missions p 11 A9127702 Planetary protection issues in advance of human longdurabon rmss~m space Mars manned transportation vehicle explorabon of Mars p 21 A89-51528 [AIM PAPER 90-35641 pl8 A9l-10023 [NASA-TM-1014871 p16 N89-20545 An international Mars exploration program Satellite-mnp posilbn estimation tor the Mars rover [ IAF PAPER 894931 p 2 A90-13570 p 15 N90-29069 The case for Mars 111: Strategies for exploration- General Q interest and overview p3 A90-16651 QUALITY CONTROL A mandate for space education Quality assurance planning for lunar Mars exploration S [AAS PAPER 87-1821 p22 A90-16654 Selection for a Mars Explorer mission p 22 A91-24875 SAMPLERS Crew [AAS PAPER 87-1921 pl8 A90-16660 Surface sampling systems The SP-100 reactor a power source for Mars [AAS PAPER 81-2451 p8 A84-39239 space as R explorabon missions SENSITIVITY IAAS PAPER 87-2241 p13 A90-18889 Preliminary investigation of parameter sensitivities for RADARMEASUREMENT A methodolopy for choosing candbdate matenals for the atmospheric and aerobraking at Mars Possible Martian brines - Radar observations and entry fabrication of planetary space sut structures models p26 A9048783 [NASA-TM-101607] p12 N90-17667 [SAE PAPER 9014291 p 19 A9049430 RADIATION DOSAGE SNOW Technology and Mars explorabon MOW. and Mars water cycle lonulng program enwmnment at the Mars surface Ice haze. the [AIAA PAPER 90-37971 p5 A91-10157 .. p27 A9048792 p28 A9127649 Geologic exploration of Mars RADIATION EFFECTS SOIL SCIENCE [AIAA PAPER 90-38021 p27 A91-10160 Mars soil A sterile regolith a medim for plant Advances in thin-film solar cells for Iightwmght space . or Technology needs of the Exploration lntlialive photwobc power gm? [IAF PAPER 904321 p5 A91-13752 [AAS PAPER 87-2151 p 25 A90-16680 INASA-TM-1020171 p14 N89-28041 Anehpls of ailernalive infrastructures for lunar and Mars RADIATION PROTECTION SOLAR ARRAYS exploration Advances in thin-film solar cells for lihlweight space A deployable htgh temperature supermnducbng coil [IAF PAPER 904421 p6 A91-14037 photovoltaic power (DmSC) - A novel concept for produclng magnets ahelds What is the cost of SEI? An approach to esbmaung [NASA-TM-102017] p14 N89-28041 agslMt both solar We and Galactlc radiation durina the lie cycle cost of the Space *ation Initiative ELECTRIC PROPUWON manned interplanetarv missions p 15 A91-27353 SOUR [IAF PAPER 90801 ] p22 Agl-14089 Solar elec8ic pmputwn stage as a Mars exploration RADIATION SHIELDING Donatello - A paposed Mars espbmtion initiative for Space rabsbar &mg for a Marban habhat tool [MS PAPER 81-2341 p 13 A84-39230 theyear- [SAE PAPER 9013461 p9 A9049380 [AIAA PAPER 9140891 p27 A9l-19130 Radtabon shakhng esbmabcm for manM apace Rght SOUR FLARES Mars direct - A simple, robust. and cost effectrue Space radiation nhdding for a Martian habitat to Me Mars architecture for Expbration Initiative [SAE PAPER 9013461 p9 A9049380 the Space [ IAF PAPER 90-5441 p 17 A91-14071 [AIAA PAPER 9143291 p6 A91-21463 SOLARGENERATORS RECONNAISSANCE SPACECRAFT Human planetary exploration strategy Iealunng hghly piloted mnt mi- to Mars Laser power trsnwnisoion concepts for Martian decoupled elements and mnservabve pracfices pl ns [AAS PAPER 87-2021 p4 A90-16669 ap ca tio [AIM PAPER 9143281 p6 A91-21464 RECREATION [AAS PAPER 87-2251 p14 A90-16690 Can exploratan wrvive the end of the Cold SOLAR POWER SATELLITES space A 2ero-g CELSSIreaeabon laality for an earthlMars War? p 7 A91-27566 crew shuttle Laser power .. concepts for Martian Justificationfor manned Mars mission, technical optians applitions [MS PAPER 87-2351 p19 A90-16534 - for tiiht p7 N89-29409 REGOLITH [AAS PAPER 87-2251 pl4 A90-16690 SPACE HAEITAR3 SOVIET SPACECRAIT Water on Mars - volable hstcq and resource Candor Chasma caw for human exploration of Preliinmy wsessnmt Tenoskan OtmewaIions of - avahbtlrty of Ma p9 A8945763 Mars p28 A91-29587 [AIM PAPER 90-38031 p 27 A91-10161 Habitabili dunng bng-duration space mirsions - Key RELIEF MAPS SPACE issues assodated with a miasion to Mars Satellite-map poslhon estmabon for the Mars rover The atmoQphere 01 Mars - Resourms for the exploration [AAS PAPER 87-1911 p17 A90-16659 p15 N90-29069 andsettlementofW Building Mars habitats using local materials [AAS PAPER 81-2441 p 18 A84-39238 REMOTE CONTROL [AAS PAPER 87-2161 p9 A90-18881 Duriaete and constructhn Mars Sne characternabon ~VBTrnmons composites on Tool and equipment requirements for human habitation [AIM PAPER 90-37851 p 10 A91-10147 [AAS PAPER 87-2131 p14 A90-16678 of Mars RE!XARCH FACILITIES The hydrogen peroxide economy on Mars [AAS PAPER 87-2191 p9 A90-16684 [AAS PAPER 87-2141 pt5 A90-16679 Oenssar luwoutpostcntena and dwgn A goal and Strategy lor human exploration of the mn A preliminary evaluation of extraterrestrial building [NASA-CR-166831] p21 N90-%499 and Mars p25 A9047527 p 10 A9l-27615 RETURN TO EARTH SPACE FucHlT systems Space rsdition shielding for a Martian habitat M.I.N.G.. Mars Investment lor a New Generation: MUI Rover Sunole Retun muuonsludy !ME PAPER W!W! po &+49?eo Robotic commcwn 01 a permanently manned Mars [MSPAPER 87-1951 p25 A90-18662 Providing a sound habitat for man in space base potectDn and badr COntur*Mm control fOr p20 A91-23463 aManrwer~retummgwm [NASACR-186224] p28 N90-15028 A prelimnary evaluation of extraterrestrial building [MS PAPER 87-1971 p3 A90-16664 SPACE COumlES Systems p 10 A9127615 MmDrect Hunu~stothERed planet by 1999 ThehumclMtionofMars M.I.N.G.. Mars Investment for a New Generation: - [AAS PAPER 81-2271 p24 A&(-39227 [IAF PAPER 908721 p6 A91-14132 Robotic constnntion of a permanently manned Mars ROBOTICS Eahgicalprobkmsand &ended Ye on the base Man Snechmctenzatmnrovernnsmona dice [NASACR-186224] p28 N90-15028 [AAS PAPER 81-2381 p 16 -9233 [AIM PAPER 90-37851 p 10 A91-10147 Common appronch lor planetary habitation systems Legal and pourical imphcations of coloniang Mars M I N G . Mars Investment for a New GenereKm implementation Robots construCbon of a permanently manned Mars [AAS PAPER 81-2481 p23 AM-39241 [MBB-UO-Ol 15-90-PUB] p 21 N9l-16570 base Martian aetUwnmt SPACE LAW [NASACR-186224] p28 N90-15028 [AAS PAPER 86-1171 p 1 A87-53091 Legal and Wilimplitions of colonizing Mars RoBots WngMars habitats using local maws [AAS PAPER 81-2481 pZ3 A8449241 ToolurdaquPmmreqrrementsfor hunvl tmbltam [AAS PAPER 87-2161 p9 A90-18881 SPACE LOGISTICS Of Man Fipo(ectmtoraMartian colony Marl~anaememcmt [MS PAPER 87-2191 p9 A90-16684 [AAS PAPER 87-2181 p15 A90-16683 [MSPAPER -1171 p 1 A87-53091

A-7 SPACE MANUFACTURING SUBJECT INDEX

SPACE MANUFACTURING Vuiable Gravity Research Facility - A ConCBpl SYNOPTIC METEOROLmY chemsby of the Marlmn Mace. Re%aroes for the D 12 A91-27711 A nehrork of small landen M Man pll A9l-10034 manned explocabon of Mars SPACECRAFT COYMUNlCATlON [AIM PAPER 90-35771 [MSPAPER 81-2431 p24 A84-39237 Technology lor manned Mars Rwht SYSTEMS ENQINEERING DunCrete and cwnposltes constlllCl(0n on Mars IAAS PAPER 87-2061 p4 AW-16672 Regenerawe Iie-support system d-lopmnt [AAS PAPER 87-2131 p14 A90-16678 SPACECRAFT CONTAMINATION problems for the Man miwon p 20 A91-23462 Burlding Mars hsbRats uslng IOCal maleMIS Prowling a sound habnat lor man in WCe [AAS PAPER 87-2161 p9 A90-16681 p 20 A91-23463 T TOd and equipment requirements for human habnabon SPACECRAFT MWN of Mars Human exploratton of Mars - assessment Of technology TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING [MS PAPER 87-2191 p9 A90-16684 requrements Donatello . A proposed Mars exploralmn initmtwe for [AIM PAPER 8800641 pl Dwtello. A proposed Mars explaatton inNBtnre for A8&22044 the year 2050 the year 2050 A manned Mars arbllaal gram vehlcle [AIM PAPER 91-00891 p 27 A91-19130 [AIM PAPER 91-00891 p 27 A91-19130 p2 A8943365 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMEW SPACE MISSIONS Mars is ours - Strategies lor a mannad mwnIO Human exploratmn 01 Mars assessment of 1echnOlwY Pathway 10 the Stan p24 A8537171 - Man - Mars requnements Let‘s go to Mars together p23 A89-12542 [MSPAPER 87-2281 p 2 A90-18528 [AIM PAPER 8800641 p 1 A88-22044 The use of inflatable habitalmn on the moon and Mars Technology lor manned Mars flight TELEOPERATORS [MS PAPER 87-2171 p9 A90-18682 p4 A90-16672 [MS PAPER 87-2061 M8rS in this century Tha Olympia Project SPACE POWER REACTORS The SP-100 space reactor as a power wwce for Man [DE904083561 p28 N90-21709 The SP-100 apace reactor as 8 power source for Man exploration misruons TELEROBOTICS [AAS PAPER 87-2241 p13 A90-18889 exploralmn miswns Antarctic testbed lor exlraterrestnal operation and [ MSPAPER 87-2241 p13 A90-18889 Concepts lor short duratton manned Man rwnd tnp technology p 11 A91 -27692 [IAF PAPER 80-1981 p5 AQ1-13867 SPACE PROCESSING TEMPERATURE CONTROL Chermstry of the Marlmn surlace . Resources lor the Mars drect - A simple. robust, 8nd cost ellactive Actwe lhennal control systems lor lumr and Marmn archtlectwe Space Explorslion manned explorabon 01 Mars lor the Inlbabve ercploration [MSPAPER 81-2431 p24 A&(-39237 [AIM PAPER 9103291 p6 A91-21463 [SAE PAPER 9012431 p 19 A9049313 The atmosphere 01 Mars ~ Resources lor the exploratton VaWe Gram Research Fanlity .A concept TEST FACILITIES and settlement of Mars p 12 A91-27711 Artmaal grawty research lanlty 0pbonS [AAS PAPER 81-2441 p 18 A84-39238 SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENTS p7 A91-27710 The case lor celluloae produclmn on Mars Extended mwon life support systems TETMERED BALLOONS (MS PAPER 87-2321 p 18 A90-16531 [AAS PAPER 81-2371 p 18 A84-39232 Wind. .and. and Mars . The 1990 16815 Of the MUS SPACE PSYCHOLOaY Lila support system conruderations and charactenshcs balloon and SNAKE p 23 A91-25834 Antarctic analogs 01 human factors issues during for a manned Mars miwon THERMAL RADIATION [MSPAPER 87-1881 pl9 A90-16656 longduratton apace missmns Preliminary assessment 01 Tennosken obsenrahons of [AIM PAPER 90-35641 p 18 A91-10023 Habtab~ltydunng longduralmn apace mims- Key Mus p 28 A91-29587 Long durahon miwon wpport operalmnsconcepb issues assoanted mth a nuwon lo Mars TMIN FILMS [AIM PAPER 90-36821 p 18 A91-10081 p17 AW-18659 [MS PAPER 87-191 1 Advances in thin-film solar cells lor lghtweight apace SPACE SMUlTLES SPACECRAFT QUIDANCE photwoltcuc power The External Tank .CBMIK) - UblRatmn of the SMle Atmmphenc envlronmeni dunng maneuvsnng descent [ NASA-TM-1020171 p 14 N89-26041 External Tank lor earth to Mars b8nSl trom Marlmn orb11 p8 ABO-11016 TRAJECTORY OPTlMlUTlON [MS PAPER 81-2361 p 12 A&(-39231 SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTS Preliminary iveatgatmn 01 parameter senrtnmms lor SPACE STATION POWER SUPPLIES Energebc tom in envlronment 01 Mars and the close 81InO8fhW WtF, and aWOhking 81 MUS Power conslderalmns lor an early manned Man miwon puUcle rhadomng by the planet p 25 A90-12867 [NASA-TM-101807] p 12 N90-17667 utilalng the space stabon SPACECRAFT MODULES The Wect 01 Interplanetary trajectory options on a [ AAS PAPER 87.2231 p13 A80-18888 A zerog CELSSlreuealmn Iadlity lor an aarth/Mars manned MOM aerobrake confguralmn SPACE STATIONS uaw 8hunle [ NASA-TP-30191 p 12 N90-28036 Potenhalapplicatmn of Space Strlmn lechnobgy m IuMr p 19 A90-18534 [MS PAPER 87-2351 TRAJECTORY PUNNING bases and manned Man misruons p 2 A8945833 VaWe Granty Research Fanlity - A concept Autonomous ~~kpbonand mntrOlo1a Man rwer Space Statton accommodation 01 lie ECCIOW in wpporl p 12 A9l-27711 p10 A91-26619 of a manned Mars misslon SPACECRAFT POWER SUPPLIES TRANSFER ORBITS [MS PAPER 87-2331 p 16 A90-18532 The SP-100 resclor 8s a power wme lor Mars apace Propulsion aystem mtxhmbOns/~&lor f8st Power comdembons lor an early manned Mus muIIK)n .xplonbonmgwns transfer to Mus uhlutng the space statlon [MSPAPER 87-2241 p13 A90-18889 [MS PAPER 87-2091 p13 A90-16675 [ NASA-TM-1014361 p 14 N89-13492 Laser power trwnc~~c~pts for Martian Prop3 Exodus mu- TRANSW TIME [NASA-CR-1868361 p7 N90-28026 [MS PAPER 87-2251 pl4 A90-16690 Ropllwn syMm conslderatmnslapproach for last Common approach for planetary haklatmn systems Power conslderabons for an early manned Mars rmasmn transfer to Man [MSPAPER 87-2091 p13 AW-16675 implementatton ublmng the apace stabon [ MBB-UW 11 590-PUB I p 21 N91-16570 [ NASA-TM-1014361 p 14 N89-13492 SPACE SUITS SPACECRAFT PROPULSION A meModology for choosing candidate mateMIS for the Tr8nsportabon .pplubOns Of eMcPropulsmn U Iabncalmn of planslary qmce wutt Structures [ MSPAPER 87-1281 p 1 A88-41289 [SAE PAPER 8014291 p 19 A9049430 ~conomvrlapace 0-tm 8ysterns ucMt.cMer USSR. SPACE PROGRAM SPACE TOOLS p 7 A91-27578 A retrospectwe look a1 the Sonet Union’s elfOrrs lo Tool and equipment requirements lor human haMatmn SPACECREWS explore Mus of Mars Cfew tW 8 Mur Explom muiOn [MSPAPER 81-2501 p24 A84-39242 [MS PAPER 87-2191 p9 A9016684 [MSPAPER 87-1921 pl8 A90-16680 US 8nd Sown1 planetary explorabon - The next step IS Robotic nnaSOn8 to Mus - P8wg the way lor humans STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Mus. towthnf pl A8919391 [IAF PAPER 90-4161 p6 AM-14019 ~aeaoloolulwmy 01 Mus. 1989 - 1984 The way to Mus p25 A8920748 p26 A80-48791 SPACE TRANSPORTATION Enmrg~ngym on a ptnt s0nel.U.S Mus miwon TrnrwporUbon appru8ches lor manned Mus nwawns (ITEREOQCOPICVm p 4 A90-17806 [AIMPAPER 0038921 p5 A91-102M Aut- MvlQ8bonand Control 01 0 MUS t0V.l Jdfic8bon lor manned Mus MUK)(~.techncal optms TochnOrOay meds of the Explonbon Irub.trve p10 A91-28619 lor lbght p7 N89-29409 [IAF PAPER 804321 p5 A91-13752 STUDENTS USER REWIREMENTS M8R MMCl- H~nSlO RdPIaMt 1999 Togethr M Mur An int.rrubolul student conlasl the by - Mus manned tranrpor(e1ion vehcle [IAF PAPER 9043721 p8 A91-14132 culmkuting in the Inlnnrborul Spa- Ve8r [ NASA-TM-1014871 p16 N89-20545 Dwtollo - A popoud Mur mmkwalbn lnlti.bM lor [IAF PAPER 895431 p 22 AW-13598 th.yur- SUPERW-E MILOONS [AIM PAPER 01-00891 p27 A91-19130 W- h.nctmzabon 01 the Mmmn unlace $PACE TMH(V0RTATK)N SYSTLM d-8- v nuyrmvdudoalorb.n~bonto 8 low urth orbn [MSPAPER 87-221] p4 AWlW Station for .rumbly of a Hunul to Mora MUon SUPPoaT amy8 VE0ETATK)EI QROW sp.a .oli A 8t01Ue regolith a rmdium for pl8nt [AASPAPER 87-2081 p 11 A90-16874 CWwlaw ot th. wrlaw vchlt.clure and oI8monl8 MM . or M.nglob.l~lboVOhkh CQmmQl b 8 wlde ring. 01 LUnU 8nd Mmmubns [ AAS PAPER 87-2221 p9 A00107 [AIM PAPER 90-38471 p5 A91-10193 gJAPER87-2151 p25 AW-l(IBB0 ovrv*w of ~h.wrlm ucfdtocturo 8nd olomonta T.mpln 1.mnOlOgm IlNIlned M8R ~TMulon -1 VlKlN0 UNDER SPACECRAFT #mmon M 8 wld. Mg. Of Luvr 8nd MMmkrionr [ NASA-CR-1888381 p7 NBO-28027 Pnljacl Exodus [AIM PAPER 80-38471 p5 A01*10193 M811rwd Man miwon p8 N91-18139 [ NASA-CR-1888381 p7 NBO-28026 SPACEBORNE ASTRowoYY SURFACE ROWHNESS EFFECTS Nunmul8iirmlatbo~01 th. hy01 Ma-n gWl OMlOplMnt 01 a M8rb.n owface model lor 81mulaboo dlml atamr p26 AW789 of VOW6ymmlca and rnob~lty p 10 A91-20230 W SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS SURFACE WATER sp.aS(.bon .axmmod.bonol me saenca in wppon W81N MI Mus - VO(.ble hatory vd MMw’ce WALKIN0 MACHINES Of8mUnedk- 8-W clwdqmml Of autonomous ryrtems PAPER 87-m) pt6 A0016532 [AIM PAPER 90-38031 p 27 A91-10161 p9 ABO-38894 SUBJECT INDEX WEIGHTLESSNESS

WATER Possible Martian brines - Radar observations and modefS p26 AM703 Ice haze, sw.and the Mars water cycle p27 A90-48792 WATER VAPOR

Water on Mars ~ Volatile history and resource availability [AIM PAPER 90-38031 p 27 A91-10161 WAVERIDERS Project Exodus [NASA-CR-1868361 p7 NW-26026 Terraptn technologies manned Mars misson popoaal [NASACR-186838] p7 N90-26027 Manned Mars misson p8 N91-18139 WEIQHT REDUCTION Advances in thin-hlm solar cells for IghWeght Space photovoltaic power [ NASA-TM-t02017] pt4 NB9-26041 WEIGHTLESSNESS Modd~cntions of umvenbonal nmdhxl-surglcal techruques for use in null gram [AAS PAPER 81-2401 p 17 A84-39235 A zerog CELSSlrecreatlon facilw for an earthmars Crew shuttle [AAS PAPER 87-2351 p19 A90-16534

A-9 PERSONAL AUTHOR INDEX

~ INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION OF MARS /ASpecial Bibliography June 1991

Typical Personal Author Index Listing Mars direct . A simple, robust. and cost elfective BRYANT, HEATHER architecture lor the Space Exploratin Initiative Terrapin technologies manned Mars mission proposal {AIMPAPER 91-03291 p6 A91-21463 INASA-CR-1868381 p7 N90-26027 BANIN, AMOS BRYANT, RODNEY Mars soil , A sterile regolith or a medium for plant Prolect Exodus PERSONAL AUTHOR growth? [ NASA-CR-1868361 p 7 N90-26026 [AAS PAPER 87-2151 p 25 A90-16680 BUMN. D. BASCHIERA, DIN0 J. Mars - Pathway to the stars p 24 A85-37171 YI Genesis lunar outpost criteria and design BUONI, CORINNE M. LANDIS. GEOFFREY A. [NASA-CR-1868311 p 21 N90-26499 Technology and Mars exploration - Advances in thin-film solar cells for lightweight space BEAlTIE. R. M., JR. [AIAA PAPER 90-37971 p5 A91-10157 photovoltaic power Modificatins of conventional medical-surgical BURKE, JAMES D. !NASA-TM-102017] p 14 N89-26041 techniques for use in null gravity A network of small landers on Mars (AAS PAPER 81-2401 p 17 A84-39235 [ AlAA PAPER 90-35771 p 11 A91-10034 \ BEAlTIE, ROBERT M., JR. Fire protection for a Martian COlOny BUTLER, JOHN M., JR. [AAS PAPER 87-2181 p15 A90-16683 A manned Mars artificial gravity vehicle p2 A89-43365 BEEMAN, RANDY M.I.N.G., Mars Investment lor a New Generation: BUTTS, A. J. Robotic construction of a permanently manned Mars Manned Mars mission landing and departure systems base [AAS PAPER 81-2331 p 12 A84-39229 [ NASA-CR-1862241 p28 N90-15028 BYERLY, RADFORD, JR. Listings this index arranged alphabetically in are BEISH, JEFFREY D. Decisions on space initiatives by personal author The title of the document pro- Meteorological survey of Mars, 1969 - 1984 [AAS PAPER 87-1771 p3 A90-16653 vides the user with a brief description of the subject p26 A9048791 matter The report number helps to indicate the BELL. LARRY Antarctic analogs of human factors issues during C type of document listed (e g , NASA report, trans- long-duratin space misions lation. NASA contractor report) The page and ac- [AIM PAPEA 90-35641 p 18 A91-10023 CALHOUN, JOHN cession numbers are located beneath and to the Antarcbc testbed for extraterrestrial operation and MIN G , Mars Investment for a New Generation technology p 11 A91-27692 right of the title Under any one author's name the Robotic construction of a permanently manned Mars BElTS, 8. H. base accession numbers are arranged in sequence Preliminary assessment of Termoskan observations of [ NASA-CR-1862241 p 28 N90-15028 Mars p28 A91-29587 CARR, GERALD P. BIALLA. PAUL H. Advanced extravehicular activity requirementsin support A Analysis 01 alternative infrastructures for lunar and Mars of the manned Mars mission exploration [ AlAA PAPER 90-3801 ] p 19 A91-10159 AFONIN. V. [IAF PAPER 90421 p6 A91-14037 CARR, MICHAEL H. Energetic ions in the close mronment of Mars and BILLINGHAM, JOHN Scientrfic ObpCtiveS of human exploration of Mars Particle shadowing by the planet p 25 A90-12667 An overview of selected biomedical aspects of Mars [AAS PAPER 87-1981 p25 A90-16665 ALDRICH, ARNOLD missions CATALDO, ROBERT Technology needs of the Exploration Initiative [AAS PAPER 87-1891 p16 A9016657 Preliminary assessment 01 the power requirements of [IAF PAPER 90-0321 p5 A91-13752 BLOOMFIELD, HARVEY a manned rover for Mars missions p 11 A9127702 AMATO, MICHAEL Preliminary assessment of the power requirements of CHAO. 8. FONG Terrapin technologies manned Mars mission proposal a manned rover for Mars missions p 11 A91-27702 Variations 01 Mars grantational field and rotation due f NASA-CR-186838I p7 N90-26027 BOROWSKI, STANLEY K. to seasonal C02 exchange p27 A9048797 AMOS, JEFF Nuclear propulsion-Avitaltechnologyforthee~loration CUPP, W. MITCHELL M I N G , Mars Investment for a New Generation of Mars and the planets beyond Applications of in-situ carbon monoxide-oxygen Robotic construction of a permanently manned Mars [AAS PAPER 87-2101 p 13 A90-16676 propellent production at Mars base BOSTON, P. J. (AAS PAPER 87-2121 p 13 A90-16677 [ NASA-CR-1862241 p 28 N90-15028 The case for Mars; Proceedings of the Conference. CLARK, B. C. ANDERSON, CHARLENE M, University of Colorado. Boulder. CO. April 29-May 2. Chemistry of the Martian surface . Resources for the

Wind. sand, and Mars ~ The 1990 tests of the Mars 1981 p23 A84-39226 manned exploration of Mars tMmn and SNAKE p 23 A9125834 BOURKE, R. D. [AAS PAPER 81-2431 p 24 A84-39237 ANGELO, J. A., JR. Robotic missions to Mars - Paving the way lor humans CLARK, BENTON C. Mars - Pathway to the stars p 24 A85-37171 [IAF PAPER 904161 p6 A91-14019 Human exploration of Mars APEL UWE BOURKE, ROGER D. [AIAA PAPER 88-00641 pl A8822044 Common approach for planemy hablabon systems Mars Rwer Sam Return missim stw Crew selecbon for a Mars Explorer nuswn implementation [AAS PAPER 87-1951 p25 AM-16662 [AAS PAPER 87-1921 pl8 A90-16660 [MBB-UO-Ol15-90-PUB] p 21 N91-16570 BOVA. BEN Manned Mars systems study [AAS PAPER 87-201I p3 A90-16668 ASTON, GRAEME To Mars and beyond p2 A89-54248 Duncrete and composites construction on Mars Transportabon applicamns of electnc propulsion BOWLES, JEFFREY V. [AAS PAPER 87-2131 p 14 A90-16678 Atmospheric environment during maneuvering descent [AAS PAPER 87-1281 p 1 A8841289 The hydrogen peroxide economy on Mars from Martian orbit p8 A90-11016 ATKINSON, D. J. [AAS PAPER 87-2141 p 15 A90-16679 Autonomous nawgamn and control of a Mars rwer BOYD, ROBERT C. Human planetary exploration strategy featunng highly p10 A91-26619 Durinete and composites construction on Mars decoupled elements and conservative practices AVERNER, MAURICE M. [AAS PAPER 87-2131 p 14 A90-16678 (AIAA PAPER 91-03281 p6 A9121464 Controlled Ecologcal Ufe Support System BRACE, LARRY H. CLEARWATER, YVONNE A. P _^.. .---a '^_ _._I .a^__ o 19 A91-14737 An seronomv mission to investigate the entw and orbiter VlW" 'Yp)N'L I", -- 1.1_1= WA~Y'L'"" - PSI II,Iumr environment of Mars p 19 A91-12594 [AAS PAPER 87-1961 p25 A9016663 CLIFFTON, ETHAN WILSON B BRAUN, ROBERT D. Candor Chasma camp p9 A8945763 The effect of interplanetary traMtory options on a COCKS, F. HADLEY BAILEY. SHEILA 0. manned Mars aerobrake configuration A deployable high temperature superconducting coil Advances in thin-film solar cells for lihtweght space [NASA-TP-30191 p 12 N90-26036 (DHTSC) - A novel concept for producing magnetic shtelds photovoltaic power BROWN. SUSAN against both solar flare and Galactic radiabon during [ NASA-TM-102017] p 14 N89-26041 M.I.N.G.. Mars Investment for a New Generation: manned interplanetary missions p 15 A9127353 BAKER. DAVID A. Robotic construction of a permanently manned Mars COHEN, MALCOLM m. Mars Drect - Humans to the Red Planet by 1999 base Artificial gravity lor long duration spaceflight [ IAF PAPER 90-6721 p6 A91-14132 [ NASA-CR-1862241 p 28 N90-15028 [AAS PAPER 87-1901 p17 A90-16658 B- 1 COLEMAN, RODNEY PERSONAL AUTHOR INDEX

COLEMAN. RODNEY DUDKIN, V. E. GOLWBEK, Y. P. Terrapin technologces manned Man mission proposal Radiation estimation for manned space Riht Robotic misstons to Mars - Pawng the way for humans [ NASA-CR-1868381 p7 N90-26027 to the Man GORSHKOV,[IAF PAPER L 90-4161 p6 A91-14019 COUPY. CHRIS [IAF PAPER 90-5441 p 17 A91-14071 Terrapin technologies manned Man mission proposal DENITIS, JOHN The way to Mars p 25 A8920748 [ NASA-CR-1868381 p7 N90-26027 Active thermal control systems lor lunar and MarIian Jusbfcatlon for manned Mars misscon. technical WQOns CONNOLLY. JOHN F. exploration lor fliht p7 N89-29409 Ovenriew 01 the surface architecture and elements [SAE PAPER 9012431 pl9 A90-49313 GORSHKOV. LEONID common to a wide range of Lunar and Mars misoions Manned expedNon to Mars - Concepts and problems [AIM PAPER 90-38471 p 5 A91-10193 p 20 A9123464 CONNORS, MARY Y. E GREWE,Project GEORGE Exodus Human aspects of mission safety [AAS PAPER 87-1931 pl8 A90-16661 EDELSON. BURTON 1. [ NASA-CR-1868361 p7 N90-26026 CONWAY, E. J. Let's go to Mars together p23 A89-12542 GRIFFITHS. LYNN D. Laser power transmission concepts for Martin US and Sowet planetary exploraton - The next step IS Lie scinces interests in Mars misstons applications Mars. together p 1 ABS-18391 [AAS PAPER 87-2001 p3 A90-16Wi [AAS PAPER 87-2251 p 14 ABO-16690 EQQLESTON, T. W. QRINQAUZ K. CONWAY, HAROLD L Long duraton misson suppOrt operations conc%ptS Energebc ions in the close ennronment of Mars and An international Mars exploration program [AIM PAPER 90-36821 pl8 A91-10091 particle shadomng by the planet p 25 A90-12667 [ IAF PAPER 894931 p2 A90-13570 EICHOLD. ALICE QUENBERG. A. S. CORDELL BRUCE Y. A zerog CELSSlrecreabon lacllfty for an eaTMIMars Regenerawe lie-support system development Manned Mars mission overview crew shuttle problems lor the Mars misston p 20 A9123462 [AIM PAPER 89-27661 p2 A8947067 [AAS PAPER 87-2351 p 19 4490-16534 QWYNNE. OWEN Tranqmrtatiin approaches for manned Mars missions ELQENK, YOHAYED S. Mars direct . A simple, robust. and cost effective [AIAA PAPER 90-38921 p5 A91-10220 Preliminary assessment of the power requirements of mchtecture for the Space Exploration Inillative a manned rover lor Mars mis81ons p 11 A91-27702 Human operations, reworcas and bases on Mars [AIAA PAPER 9103291 p6 A9121463 P 10 A9127650 EWERT. MICHAEL K. Active thermal control systems for lunar and Marlban CRAIG, MARK exploratton H Technology needs of the Exploration Initiative [SAE PAPER 9012431 p19 A9049313 [ IAF PAPER 90-0321 p 5 A91-13752 EYYAR, PATRICK HABERLE, ROBERT Y. CRAIG, MARK K. The moonlMars adventure - Which role and whch Numerical simulabons of the decay of Martian global An international Mars exploraton program impacts lor Europe? dust storms p26 A9048789 [IAF PAPER 894931 p2 A90-13570 [IAF PAPER 904111 p6 A91-14015 HAQAYAN. JANE A. CRISP, D. Space Station accommodation 01 lie sciences in support Preliminary assessment of Temoskan ObWNatiOnS 01 01 a manned Mars mission Mars p 26 A9129587 F [AAS PAPER 87-2331 p 16 A90-16532 CRONWIST. DONALD H., JR. FANALE, FRASER P. HMOs. QREQORY A. Development of a Martian surface model lor simulation A manned Man artificial gravity vehicle PoSslMe Martian brines ~ Radar observations and 01 vehicle dynamics and mobility p 10 A91-20230 p2 A8943365 models p26 A90-46783 Computer modelling ~ A structured liht vision system HAWKER. Jo8Epn for a Mars rover p 10 A91-20231 FAYYON, KARL A. Man manned transportatlon vehicle Manned Mars mission cost estimate CROSS, D. 8. [NASA-TM-1014871 p 16 N89-20545 p23 N87-17800 Manned Mars mission landing and departure systems FIEBER, JOE PAUL HAMILTON. E. C. [AAS PAPER 81-2331 p 12 A84-39229 Gems lunar outpost Mnena and mn Manned Man Mission program concepts CROUCH. D. 8. [NASA-CR-1868311 p21 N90-26499 p 1 Am-52345 Surface sampling systems FILBERT, HAROLD E. HANSMANN, TIMOTHY [MSPAPER 81-2451 p8 A8449239 Aatmruut interdisciplinary and medcalldental trurung Genesis lunar outpost Mneria and design CROUSE, PATRICK for manned Man rmsslons [NASA-CR-186831] p21 N90-26499 Tenlpin technologies manned Mars midon propo~l [MSPAPER 87-2381 p17 A90-16537 HARRIS. PAUL A. [ NASA-CR-1868381 p7 N90-26027 FLETCHER, JAMES C. prowlaion syatem consideralionslapproach lor fast CRUNKLETON, JOE A strategy lor Mars The caw for Man 111 . Keynote Iramler to Mars Tenapin technologies manned Man mission proposal addr-8 [AAS PAPER 87-209) p13 A90-16675 [ NASA-CR-1868381 p7 N90-26027 [MS PAPER 87-1751 p3 A90-16652 HARRISON. ALBERT A. CUNNIMHAY. 0. E. FLOOD. MNNIS J. Crew support for an initial Mars expedition Robotic misslons to Man - Paving the way lor humans Advances in thiwfilm solar cells lor hghhmght space p 19 Agl-12594 [IAF PAPER 904161 p6 A91-14019 photmltac power HARNNG, LIN C. CUNNINQWY, QLENN E. [NASA*TM-102017] p14 N89-28041 The effect of interplanetary trajectory optlons on a An intemational Mars exploration program FRANCOIS. L Y. manned Mars aerobrake configuration A numerical slmulabon of climate changes dunng [IAF PAPER 894931 p2 A90-13570 the [NASA-TP-30191 p 12 N90-26036 Man exploration missions oblqutly cycle on Man p27 A9048798 FRENCH, J. R. HAYASHI, AKIRA [AIM PAPER 90-3779) p5 A9l-10143 Satellie-map position estimation for the Man rover Aembraking and aerocqtura for Mars mwns CUll!S, J. A. p 15 N90-28069 p8 A84-39240 Manned exploration 01 Mars. The science mle of Some wCMIv0nbOna.I approaches to the explorauon 01 HELFER. H. L [MSPAPER et2421 p24 A84-39236 Man p 27 A91-23308 01 Mutien atmospheres. oceans. and foa8ils FRENCH, JAMES R. p26 A90-48738 Man landing and launch ruqutmsnts and a possible HELLER, JACK A. D approach The SP-100 epace ractcf as a power source for Mars [MS PAPER 87-2071 p 11 Am-16673 explontionmissions DAILEY, C. L An oveww 01 Mars wrface mobllily justifmuon and [MS PAPER 87-2241 p13 A90-16689 Concepts duratmn manned roundtnp for rhort Man OP-S HEPP. ALOYSIUS F. [IAF PAPER 90-1981 p5 A91-13867 [MSPAPER 87-2201 pS ABO-16885 Chemical rpproaches to urbon dioxide ulilition lor DAVID, L W. FRIEDMAN. LOUIS manned Mars missions The hWrUMbOn Of Man Together to Man - An lntenubonal student contest [NASA-TM-1037281 pZ9 N9l-20015 [MS PAPER 81-2271 p24 A84-39227 culm~Win VI. Intenubwl Space Year HlEAlT. J. L DAVIS, WANDA L [IAF PAPER 89-5431 P22 A90-13598 concspts for rhwt duration manned Mars round trip Planetary protection issues in advance 01 human FRILDYANN, E. IYRE [IAF PAPER 90-1981 p5 A9l-13867

Life Mars ~ How It disappeared (if it was ever axplonbon 01 Man p2t A89-51528 on HILL JOHN DE YOUMQ, R. J. -) P21 A89-51523 M.I.N.G.. Mars Investment lor a New Generation: L.m porn b.nunlukn omwfm for Mutirn Robotic conrtruction 01 a Pemwwntly manned Msrs *- baa0 [AAS PAPER 87-2251 p14 AOolMBO G [ NASA-CR-1882241 p 28 N90-15028 Duw.THoyAs QARVEY. J. Y. -AN, STEPHEN J. S~tdllIwNppaitbn &h'Mtb17 for th. M.R rOm Pot&li.l appliutbnof Stationtuchnology in lunar Pilotd @nt miuiona lo Man p 15 NBO-20089 b.... and nunnod Man midom p 2 ~8845833 [MS PAPER 87-2021 p4 A90-16669 mamwia D. aiumci, RODERT J. HOWORTli, URK SUM. urban boolape lmctiona~in the wueh tor M.I.N.G.. Mars Investment lor a New Generation: IIfeonurtyMUl p21 A89-51522 Robotic construction 01 a pemvnontty manned Mars DIW.JENNIFER baw w ~OdIJs [ NASACR-1862241 p 28 NBO-15028 [NASA-CR-186836] p7 N90.26026 Hums, D. n. DRAKE, RICHARD Y. Luer power lramminaion co(~cepts lor Martian A p.lmnuy waluntion 01 axtrabnastnal building .pplICationS .yl(mr P 10 A91-27815 [MS PAPER 87-2251 p14 AM-18690

B-2 PERSONAL AUTHOR INDEX NEALY, JOHN E.

HURTADO. EDGAR KRAFT, UURl MCCLEASE, DANIEL J. Terrapin technologes manned Mars mission proposal Terrapin technologies manned Mars mission proposal The role of climate studies in the Mure exploration of [NASA-CR-186838] p7 N90-26027 [NASA-CR-186838] p7 N90-26027 Mars HYDE, RODERICK A. KRAMER, S. 8. [AAS PAPER 87-1991 p25 A90-16666 Mars in this century: The Olympia Fmject A retrospedive look at the Soviet Union's efforts to MCFADEN, CUY IDE90-0083561 p28 N90-21709 explore Mars M.I.N.G.. Mars Investment for a New Generation: [AAS PAPER 81-2501 p24 A8449242 Robotic construction of a permanently manned Mars KUBASOV, V. N. base I Regenerative lie-support system development [ NASA-CR-1862241 p 28 N90-15028 problems for Me Mars mission p 20 A91-23462 MCKAY, C. P. KUBIAK, CLIFFORD P. ISENBERG, LON The atmosphere of Mars ~ Resources for the exploration The SP-to0 space reactor as a power source for Mars Chemical approaches to carbon dioxide utilition for and settlement of Mars exploratlon missions manned Mars missmns [AAS PAPER 61-24] p 18 A84-39238 [AAS PAPER 87.2241 p13 A90-16689 INASA-TM-1037281 p29 N91-20015 MCKAY. CHRISTOPHER P. KUHN, W. R. ISHIKAWA, MURIEL Y. Planetary protection issues in advance of human A numencal simulation of climate changes during the Mars in this century: The Olympa Project exploration of Mars p 21 A89-51528 obliquity cyde on Mars p27 A9048798 IDE90MH13561 p 28 N90-21709 MCKENNA-UWLOR, S. IVERSON, ElRlK Energetic ions in the close environment of Mars and Terrwn technologes manned Mars misson proposal L particle shadomng by the planet p 25 A90-12667 [NASA-CR-186838] p7 N90-26027 MCLUCAS, JOHN L IAATSCH, SHAWN Let's go to Mars together p23 A89-12542 Mars is ours - Strategies for a manned mission to US and Soviet planetary exploration - The next step is J Mars Mars, together p 1 A89-19391 [AAS PAPER 87-2281 p2 A90-16528 MCMORROW, JIM JACOBS, GILDA LANCE, N. Project Exodus A methodology for choowng camtematenals for the Robotic missions to Mars - Paving the way for humans [NASA-CR-t86836] p7 N90-26026 fatmcabon of planetary space sult structures [IAF PAPER 90-416) p6 A91-14019 MCTAMANEY. LOUIS S. [SAE PAPER 9014291 p 19 A9049430 UNDIS, GEOFFREY A. Development of a Martian surface model lor simulation JAKOSKY, BRUCE M. Advances in thin-film solar cells for lightweight space 01 vehicle dynamics and mobility p 10 A91 -2O230 lntematlonalConference on Mars, 4th. Tucson. AZ. Jan photwoltaic power MEADOR, W. E. 10-13. 1989. Proceedings p26 A9048751 [ NASA-TM-1020171 p 14 N89-26041 Laser power transmission concepts for Martian applications Water on Mars ~ Volatile kstocy and resource Chemical approaches to carbon dioxide utilition for availablity manned Man missions [AAS PAPER 87-2251 p14 A90-16690 MELTON. CRAIG [AIM PAPER 90-38031 p 27 A91-10161 [ NASA-TM-1037281 p29 N91-20015 Project Exodus JOHNSON, P. LEE, MARY C. [ NASA-CR-186836) p7 N90-26026 Manned Mars Miwon program wncepts Preliminary investgaton of parameter sensitivities for MEREDITH, BARRY D. p 1 A88-52345 atmospheric entry and aerobraking at Mars [ NASA-TM-101607 ] p12 N90-17667 %ace Station accommodation of life sciences in support JOHNSON, STEWART W. of a manned Mars mission LEONARD, RAYMOND S. Manned Mars missons and axtratenestnal resource [AAS PAPER 87-2331 p 16 A90-16532 Manned Mars missions and extraterrestrial resource engineenng test and evaluabon MEYER, T. R. engineering test and evaluabon [AAS PAPER 87-261] p3 A90-16560 The atmosphere of Mars Resowces for exploration [AAS PAPER 87-2611 p3 A90-16560 - the and settlement of Mars LEOW, CONWAY B. [AAS PAPER 81-24] p 18 A84-39238 K Obawations of Martian surface winds at the Viking MEYER. THOMAS R. Lander 1 site p26 A90-48785 Life science technology for manned Marsmissions KAHL, R. C. LEPSKII, A. A. [IAF PAPER 87-4371 p8 Am-16096 Robotic missions to Mars Paving the way for humans - Regenerative liesuppat system development MILLER, D. P. [IAF PAPER 90-4161 p6 A91-14019 problems fathe Mars misaion p20 A91-23462 KAHN. RALPH Autonomws navigation and control of a Mars rwer LEVESQUE, R. J. I& hare, snow. and Mars water cycle p10 A9t-26619 the Balloorrbome characterization of the Martian surface MISHKIN, A. H. p27 A90-48792 andlowerarmoaphere KAMOSA. MIKE Auto(1omous navigation end control of a Mars rover [AAS PAPER 87-221 ] p4 A90-16686 Te&n t&hnologles manned Mars misson p 10 A91-26619 LYNCH, TIMOTHY MONTGOMERY, EDWARD E. 1NASA-CR-1868381 p7 N90-26027 KANADE. TAKE0 Together to Mars - An international student contest Mars mission end program analysis [AAS PAPER 87-2491 p3 A90-16548 Deveiopmeni of autonomous systems culminating in the International Space Year [IAF PAPER 89-5431 p 22 A90-13598 MOORE, GARY T. p9 A90-36894 Genesis lunar outpost criteria and design KECSKEMETY. K. [NASA-CR-186031] p21 N90-26499 Energettc &ns in close enwronrnent of Mars and the MORLEY. NICHOLAS J. parhcle shadomng by planet p 25 A90-12667 M the Preliminary assessment of power requirements 01 KELLER, ROBERT G. the a manned rover for Mars missions p 11 A9127702 Vanable Grawty Research Faality - A concept MACELROY, ROBERT D. Use of Maman mources in a Controlled Ecological Ue MOSTERT, ROBERT N. p 12 A91 -27711 A network of small landers Mars KENDALI. BRIAN H. Suppal System (CELSS) p2 A69-37799 on [AIM PAPER 90-35773 pll A91-10034 Donatello A proposed Mars explorabon mmabve for MACKENUE, BRUCE A. - MOTHS, JANIS HUEBNER the year 2050 Butld~ngMars habitats uslng local matenals [AAS PAPER 87-2161 p9 A90-16681 Genews lunar outpost criteria and desgn [AIM PAPER 9140891 p 27 A91-19130 [NASA-CR-186831] p21 NW26499 KENT, S. MAGUIRE. E., JR. MURPHY, JAMES R. Solar propulswm atage as a Mars explorabon Ewlog~calpmMems and extended llfe support electnc on the ObSeNations of Martian dace winds at Viking tool Mahn surface the [AAS PAPER 81-2381 p 16 A84-39233 Lander 1 site p26 A90-48785 IAAS PAPER 81-2341 p 13 A8439230 Numerical simulations of the decay of Martian global KEPPLER, E. MANCINEU, ROCCO L msin environment of Mars and dust storms p26 A90-48789 Energebc the close Perondes and llw surmab~lltyof microorganisms on MURRAY, B. Wrbck shadanng bY lile planet p 25 A90-12667 Me surface of Mars p 21 A89-51527 Preliminary assessment of Termoskan observations of KLEIER, DONALD J. MANDELI. ti. C, JR. Mart p28 A91-29587 Astronaut mterdisapllnary and medlcal/dental trrurnng The cost of landing man on Mars MURRAY, BRUCE for manned Mars nnssms [AAS PAPER 81-2511 p22 A84-39243 Can space exploration survive the end of the Cold PAPER 87-2381 917 AQO-113537 yww.y;w, y. rMs '*. ..I-^lv(u < AOi-P7m KNO-, W. M., 111 PotenW appllcatmof Space Staton technology in lunar MYERS, KAY CELSS Breadboard Project at Kennedy the space base% and manned Mars mlssK)ns p 2 A8945833 Quahi assurance planning for lunar Mars exploration center p20 4491-14738 MANKINS, JOHN C. P 22 A91-24875 KOLOMENSKII. A. V. Tedwmbgy and Mars explorabon ~adtahkng sst~rntm f~ manned space fight totheMars [AIM PAPER 90-37971 p5 A91-10157 N [IAF PAPER 90-5441 p 17 A91-14071 T&nolosy needs of the Explorabon Inmbve [IAF PAPER 90.0321 p 5 A91-13752 KORIEM. AU M. NARAEVA, M. K. Lite -on Mars - How it disappeared (if it was ever MARTIN. J. S. Preliminary .sseasment of Termoskan oboervations of *e) p 21 A89-51523 Robobc mo(y0ns D Mars - Pawng the way for humans Mars p28 A91-29587 KORSAKOV, V. A. [IAF PAPER 90-4161 p6 A9l-14019 NARLOCK, MICHAEL Regmamtive life-support system dedopment MARTIN, T. Z Mars is ours - Strategies fa a manned mission to proMems for tha Mars mission p M A91-23462 Prelimnary asaesment of Tennoskan obaervams of Mars KOVALEV, E. E. Mars p 28 A91-29587 [AAS PAPER 87-2281 p 2 A90-16528 Radiation ahiMing estimation for manned space Riht MCCANN. J. MARK NEALY, JOHN E. to the Mars Mars global expkmbon vehlde space radiabon shielding for a Martian habitat [IAF PAPER 90-5441 p 17 A91-14071 [AAS PAPER 87-222) p9 A90-16687 [SAE PAPER 901346) p9 A9049380

8-3 NEUBEK, DEBORAH J. PERSONAL AUTHOR INDEX

lonmng program enwonment at the Mars surface WWEY RICMARD W. SCMULTZ. DAVID N. p28 A91-27649 The effect of interplanetary traiectory options on a A manned Mars arbfiaal gram veWe NEUBEK, DEBORAH J. manned Mars aerobrake conhguration p2 A8943365 Antarctic testbed for extraterrestrial operation and [NASA-TP-3019] p 12 N90-26036 SEDDON. RMEA M. technologl p 11 A91-27692 PRINCE, R. P. Space Stamaccommodation of life wenws in Support NQUVEN, PAUL CELSS Breadboard Project at the Kennedy Space of a manned Mars mi- M.1.N G.. Mars Investment for a New Generanon Center p 20 A91-14738 [AAS PAPER 87-2331 p16 A90-16532 Robo~cconstfucbon of a permanently manned Mars SELIVANOV, A. S. base Preliminary assessment 01 Tennoskan observations Of [NASA-CR-186224] p 28 N90-15028 Q Mars p 28 A91-29587 NIEMOFF, JOMN C. SEMENOV. V. F. P~Iotedspnnt missions to Mars QUATIRONE, P. D. Radiation shielding estimatton for manned space tlght [AAS PAPER 87-2021 p4 A90-16669 to the Mars Extended misslon life support systems p 17 A91-14071 NITAO, JOHN J. [AAS PP.PEF! a1-217j o 18 A84-39232 [IAF PAPER 90.5441 Development of a Marban surface model for simulation SEMENOV, Y. 01 vehcle dynamics and mob~lity p 10 A91-20230 The way to Mars p 25 A89-20748 Computer modelling . A structured hght wyOn system R SEMENOV, YU. for a Mars rwer p 10 A91-20231 Jusnfication for manned Mars missm. technlcal options for flight p7 N89-29409 RAINEY, QERALD SHIEWS. NICHOUS, JR. Project Exodus 0 Advanced extravehicular actwity requirements in Support [ NASA-CR-1868361 p7 N90-26026 of the mnned Mars mission OLEARY. BRIAN REA, DONALD 0. [AIM PAPER 90-38011 p 19 A91-10159 International manned missons to Mars and the An international Mars exploration program [IAF PAPER 894931 p2 A90-13570 SIMON, MICHAEL C. resources of Phobos and Deimos Analysts of allernatwe infrastructures for lunar end Mars [ IAF PAPER 88-591 I p 1 A88-55451 REDD, F. J. Balloon-bome charactemtion of the Marban surlace exploratmn Mars 1999 ~ A concept for low cost near-term human [IAF PAPER 90-4421 p6 A91-14037 exploration and propellant processtng on Phobos and and lower atmosphere SIMONSEN, LISA C. Deimos [AAS PAPER 87-221 1 p4 A90-16686 Space radiabn shlelding for a Marban habitat [AAS PAPER 87-2041 p4 A90-16670 REID, PMlLlP [SAE PAPER 9013461 p9 A90-49380 O'NEIL, TllNA M I N G , Mars Investment for a New Generation Ionizing program ennronment at the Mars surlace Mars is OUR - Strategies for a manned mission to Robotlc constructton of a permanently manned Mars Mars base p28 A9127649 [AAS PAPER 87-2281 p2 A90-16528 [NASA-CR-186224] p 28 N90-15028 SINQER. S. F. OBERQ. A. R. REXRODE. STUART The PH-D proposal. A manned mission to Phobos and The medlcal aspects of a fhght lo Mars M I N G , Mars Investment for a New Generanon Deimos [AAS PAPER 81-2391 p 17 A8449234 Robollc constructlon of a permanently manned Mars [AAS PAPER 81-2311 p24 A84-39228 base SINQM, DAVID [ NASA-CR-186224) p28 N90-15028 Wect Exodus P RICHTER, PHILIP J. [NASA-CR-188636] p7 N90-26026 A preliminary evaluation of extraterrestnal building SMERNOFF. DAVID T. PALASLEWSKI. BRVAN systems p 10 A9l-27615 Use of Martlan rewurces in a Controlled Ecologicalbfe Electnc propulston for manned Mars exploration RINKO. JOMN Support System (CELSS) p2 A89-37799 p 14 N90-18480 Project EXMUS SMITH. CHANDLER C. PARKER, DONALD C. [NASA-CR-1868361 p7 N9028026 FiMnMng a Mars program Meteorological wrvey of Mars. 1969 1984 ROBERTS. BARNEY 8. - lAAS PAPER 87-1841 p22 A90-16655 p26 A9048791 ~art*nsentement PEARSON, J. [MSPAPER 861171 p 1 A87-53091 SMITH. KEIW Manned Mars Misuon program concepts Technology for manned Mars fliht Manned Man mmncost esumate p 1 A88-52345 [AAS PAPER 87-2061 p4 A90-16672 p23 N87-17800 PEARSON. JAMES C.. JR. ROBERTS. MICMAEL SMITH. MARCIE A. Mars miwnand program analysis The use of inflatable habitation on the mwn and Mars Vanable Gram Research Fadllty - A concept [AAS PAPER 87-2491 p3 A9016548 [AAS PAPER 87-2i71 p9 A90-16882 p 12 A9127711 PERU-DAVIS. MARLA E. ROSE, SUSAN K. WAUFER. MARK J. Mars manned transportahon vehlcle Arlifiil gravity research facility options Mars global exploratlon vehicle [ NASA-TM-1014871 p 16 N89-20545 p7 A91-27710 [MS PAPER 87-2221 p9 A90-16687 PERRY. FRANK J. ROSEN. ROBERT STAEHLE. ROBERT L Propulsion system consrderalwnslapproach tor fast Technology needs of the Exploration Initiative Earth orb~talpreparallon for Mars expeditions transfer to Mars [IAF PAPER 900321 p5 A91-13752 [MS PAPER 87-2051 p4 A90-16671 [ AAS PAPER 87-2091 p 13 4490-16675 ROTH, UDISLAV E. STEINSIEK. FRANK PETETE, PATRICIA A. Possible Martian brines ~ Radar ObSeNatIOnS and Common approach for planetary habitation systems Actwe thermal control systems tor lunar and Marban models p26 ASO-48783 implementatlon explorahon ROTMSCMILD, L J. [MBB-UOO11590-PUB] p 21 N91-16570 [SAE PAPER 9012431 pt9 A9048313 Stable carbon isotope fractionation in the search for STOKER, CAROL R. PITITIT. DONALD R. leon early Mars p 21 A89-51522 The case for Mars 111 Strategies for exploratlon - General The hydrogen peroxlde economy on Mars RUBINCAM. DAVID PARRY interest and w(rmew p3 A90-16651 Variations of MU. gravitational Wd and rotation due [AAS PAPER 87-2141 p 15 A9016679 SlRANQERJOHANNE89LN. MARIA to a8aaoMI cO2 exchange p27 A9048797 PIENIUEK. L A. Prowding a sound h.bnal for man in space RUMMEL, JOHN D. A lunar outpost wrface ayslems mhrteclun, The case for cellulose production on Mars p 20 A9123463 p 10 A91-27622 [MS PAPER 87-2321 pt8 A90-16531 STROQONOVA, LlUBOV' 8. PlVIROlTO. 0. S. Plasury pmrection and back contamination control for Manned expedihon to Mars - Concepts and problems Robotic miaaIons to Mars ~ Pawng the way for humans a Mars rover sample return miWn p20 A91-23464 [IAF PAPER 90-4161 p6 A9t-14019 [MSPAPER 87-1971 p3 A90-16664 STRWP. TIMOTHV L PIVIROTTO. DONNA SHIRLEV Lile scinncea interests in Mars missions Arbhaal gmwly research faCMy options A goal and strategy for human axplomm of the moon [MSPAPER 87-2001 p3 A90-16667 p7 A91-27710 and MU. p25 A90-47527 RUPP, CHARLES C. STUMUNOER. ERNST Ste charactenuhon mer mlwns A manned Mars u(lflcial gravity vehicle Planmng tor human voyages to Mars [AIM PAPER 90-37851 p 10 A81-10147 p2 A8943365 [AIM PAPER 90-36151 p4 A9l-10052 PLESCIA. J. 1. STURMS, F. M. Gdoglc wqhaWm of Man RobohC miwns to MU. - Pawng the way for humans [AIM PAPER 90-38021 p27 A81-10160 S [IAF PAPER 80-4161 p6 A9l-14019 COOUE. WILLIAM R. SAWN. CUlL STUSTER. JACK Advancd ~xb.urhbculu.aMlv rmquiremontr In lupport Humans to Mars - Can wo lusW the co~n Hablt&hty durlng longdwaW apace mauons - Key of Hm manned Man MUKM MU.. au0cut.d wlth a mucon to Mars [AIM PAPER 90-9801 1 p 18 A91-10158 p 7 A9t-25832 PAPER 87-1911 pt7 A90-18859 UKOVICM. V. A. [MS WCnJAMES 1. Radlation studding ntimation for manned space niht SUIT. WILLIAM 1. Nunmtul almuhtions of tho d.uy ol MuUan gl0b.l t0M.M.R Relimi~ryinvasttgahon of pnrnfnalsr WIUI~IVI~IOSfor dust stornu p26 A90-48789 [IAF PAPER 90-5441 p 17 A91-14071 a~lorphericenby ud aerobralong at Mars #IRLR, MICNAEL [UUSSURV. FRANK 8. [ NASA-TM-t01607] p 12 ~m-17867 Enmrgmg vm on a ptnt Sodat-U.S Man rmwon Bioganerative lite-suW system - Fanning on the SVENSON, ROllERT J. p4 A8017806 moon P 20 A91-23461 Mars global explorahon vehlcle POWELL, PEROLYN 1. SCARMRA. MICMAEL P. [AAS PAPER 87-2221 p9 A9016687 Liie u~~~~I8yatemcutsdemthna and mMclanrbm App(wub~ns of inutu carbon mono-nlgen SVmK. T. toraNnnedMU.lIllUWl pmpdlent pmducmn at Mm Prelimnary uI)wMonl of Termoakan observabons of [MS PAPER 87-1861 pl9 A80-16656 [MSPAPER 87-2121 p13 A90-16677 Man P28 A91-29587 B-4 PERSONAL AUTHOR INDEX ZUREK, RICHARD W.

SWALLEY, FRANK E. WILLIAMS, 0. E. Heavy MI vehzles for transportabon to a low earth orbit Belloorrbcme marsctemahon d the Marban surface Space Staton for M.BmMy of a Humen to Man, Mnslon andlomnarmosphere [AAS PAPER 87-2081 pll AW-16674 IAAS PAPER 87-2211 p4 A90-16686 SYNNESNEDT, ROBERT 0. WIWIRE, KELLI F. Vanable Granty Reaearch Faallty. A concept Spree Stabon sccommodabon of Me saences in support p12 A91-27711 of a manned Mars mgyon [AAS PAPER 87-2331 p16 A90-16532 WILSON. JOHN W. T Space radmtm shelding for a Marban hatdat [SAE PAPER 9013461 p9 A90-49380 TAUBER, MICHAEL E. lonmng program BnnrOnment at the Mars surlace Atmospheric enwmnment dunng maneuvenng descent p28 A9127649 from Marban &t p8 AM-11016 wooo. WWEU L TAYLOR, T. C. Marsinllnscenhq TheOlympaPrqact [DES04083561 p28 N90-21709 The Extemal Tank scenano - Ubluabon of the shuttle Exlemal Tank for earth to Mars tram WOODARD, D. IMSPAPER 81-2361 p 12 A8449231 The mecbcal aspects of a flight to Mars [AAS PAPER 81-2391 p 17 A84-39234 THEILLIER, mAllcis WOODCOCK, R. The moonlMars adventwe Whlch role and whch aoRooN - Economical apace exploration systems archtectures impacts for Europe? p7 A9127578 [ IAF PAPER 90-411 ] p6 A91-14015 THOMPSON. PATRICK 8. Duncrete and compoeltes construcbon on Mars Y [AAS PAPER 87-2133 p 14 A90-16678 THORNTON, MICHAEL 0. YANG. LILY Tool and eqrnpment requwements for human hatdabon Aaospheric environment during maneuvering descant of Mars from Martian orbit p8 A90-11016 IAAS PAPER 87-2191 p9 A90-16684 YEN, lZWIANG THURS, DANIEL Row Exodus Mars IS ours - Strategms for a manned mission to [NASA-CR-186836] p7 NW-26026 Mars IAAS PAPER 87-2281 p 2 A90-16528 TILLMAN, JAMES E. Z Obsefvabons of Marban dace mnds a1 the Wkmg z*lTSEV. E. N. Lander 1 slte p26 ASO-48785 Aesenersm negupport Wm developnent TOON, OWEN 8. problems for me Mars maeDn p 20 A91-23462 Numencnl atmulallons of the decay of Marban global PNT, AARON P. dust storms p26 A9048789 Possible Martian bnnes - Radar observabms and TOUPS, L models p26 ASO-48783 A lunar outpost swlace systems architecture NBRIN. ROBERT M. p 10 A91-27622 Mars DKect - Humans Io the Red Planet by 1999 TOUPS, LARRY D. [IAF PAPER 90-6721 p6 A91-14132 OveMew of the Uma, atrhtecture and elements Mars dwect - A simple. robust, and cost eflectwe common to awde mnge of Lunarand Mmmae~ns architecture for the Space Expbrabon lnbatlve [AIM PAPER 90-38471 p5 A9l-lOlS3 [AIM PAPER 9143291 p6 4491-21463 TOWNSEND. LAWRENCE W. NREK, RICHARD W. Space rahbon ShJdne for a Marban hatdat The role of &mate studies m the future siptombon d [SAE PAPER 9013461 p9 AS04380 Man lmngpogram emmnnmm at the Mars surface [MS PAPER 87-1991 p25 A90-16666 p28 A9127649 Marban wealhm and dnnaIe M the 2lst century TUCKER. W. [AIM PAPER 90-38041 p27 ASl-10162 Manned Mars Mimion poonm concepts p1 Ae8-52345 V VALGoRA, MARTIN E. Power conadenbon, for an ev(y manned Mars mae~n ublmng the Space Stahon IAAS PAPER 87-2231 p13 A90-16688 - Power comderabom for M eady manned Mars -n ublmng the space stabon INASA-TM-1014361 p14 N89-13482 VANDEQRIFT. JOHN G. Donatello - A popomd Mus ~xpbmIbonv*babve for the year 2050 [AIM PAPER 914069] p27 AS1-19130 VLASOV, VAUW Emergmg HBWS on a plnt S0wet-U.S MM mguon p4 AW-17806 VOUC TYLER Thecase for cellulooe poducbon on Mars IAAS PAPER 87-2321 pl8 A90-16531 VON PUTTKAMER, JE8CO A mandate for apace cuhcabon "_ LMJ- - .^rnrcn-.--- OI-IOLI ."", p22 AW:a5: W WALKER, J. C. Q A lxmeriul aimulaiar of climate changes dwing the obliquihlcydeonw p27 ABM8708 WEBB. RICHARD L whet is the cost of SEI? An .pproach to osIimatjng the Me cyde cos1 ot me sp.ce Expkmbn Initinw IlAF PAPER 90601) p22 Am-14089 WERCIIISKI, PAUL F. VariaMe Granty Research Fadily- A- p12 AS1-27711 WILCOX. 8. H. Autonmars nwig.bon Mdcontml d a Man rover p10 AS1-26619

8-5 CORPORATE SOURCE INDEX

INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION OF MARS /A Special Bibliography June 1991

E Lockhod Engineering and Sciences Co.. Houston. TX. Typical Corporate Source Overvlew of the surlace architecture and elements Emo Raumfahrttochnlk G.m.b.H. Bremen (Germany, common to a wide range of Lunar and Mars missions Index Listing F.R.). [AlAA PAPER 90-38471 p5 A91-10193 Common approach for planetary habitation systems implementation [MBB-UO-O115-90-PLJB] p 21 N91-16570 M CORPORATE SOURCE Martln Marletto Corp., Denver, CO. Human exploration of Mars F [AIAA PAPER 88-00641 p 1 A88-22044 Y Manned Mars systems study Florlda Slate Unlv., Tallahassee. [AAS PAPER 87-201 ] p3 A90-16668 Life on Mars How it disappeared (if it was ever M I N G , Mars Investment for a New Generation . Tool and equipment requirements for human habitation of a permanently manned Mars there) p 21 A89-51523 of Mars [AAS PAPER 87-2191 p9 A90-16684 [NASA-CR-1862241 p 28 N90-15028 Mars direct - A simple. robust. and cost eifectwe \ H architecture for the Space Exploration Initntwe [AIM PAPER 91-03291 p6 A91-21463 Hawall Unlv., Honolulu. Maryland Univ.. College Park. Possible Martian brines - Radar observations and Project Exodus models p 26 A90-48783 [ NASA-CR-1868361 p7 N90-26026 Hebrew Unlv. of Jeruuiem. Rehovot (Israel). Terrapin technologies manned Mars mission proposal Mars soil - A sterile regolith or a medium for plant [ NASA-CR-1868381 p7 N90-26027 growth? Listings in this index are arranged alphabetically Project Exodus p8 N91-18138 [AAS PAPER 87-2151 p25 A90-16680 Manned Mars miwn p8 N91-18139 by corporate source The title of the document is Meumchmltt-Wkw-Blohm G.m.b.H., Brernen used to provide a brief description of the subject (Germany, F.R.). matter The page number and the accession J Common approach for planetary habitation systems implementation number are included in each entry to assist the Jet Propulslon Lab., Calllomla Inst. of Tech.. [MBB-UO-O115-9O-PUB] p 21 N91-16570 user in locating the abstract in the abstract section PaUdoM. Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. If applicable. a report number is also included as An internaboral Mars exploratmn program A numencal emulabon of climate changes dunng the an aid in identifying the document [ IAF PAPER 89-493 I p2 A90-13570 obliquity cycle on Mars p27 A9048798 Mars Rover Sample Return missmn study [AAS PAPER 87-1951 p 25 A90-16662 The role of climate sludles in the future exploration of N Mars Natlo~lAemutIca and Space AdmlnistmUon. [AAS PAPER 87-1991 p25 A90-16666 WDShlngton. DC. Earth peparabm lor Mars expeditmns An internaltonal Mars explorabon program A [AAS PAPER 87-2051 p4 A90-16671 IlAF PAPER 894931 p 2 A90-13570 The SP-100 space reactor as a power source for Mars The case for cellulose productmn on Mars explorallon mssons [AAS PAPER 87-2321 p18 A90-16531 AM~P~Sciences. Inc., Smla Barbara, CA. [AAS PAPER 87-2241 p13 A90-16689 A strategy for Mars The case for Mars Ill ~ Keynote Habitability dunng longdurason space missons - Key A goal and strategy for human explorason 01 tbmoon address issues associated Wh a mission to Mars and Mars p25 A9047527 [AAS PAPER 87-1751 p 3 A90-16652 IAAS PAPER 87-1911 p17 A90-16659 Posslble Martian brines ~ Radar observations and A mandate lor space education models p26 A9048783 [AAS PAPER 87-1821 p22 A90-16654 Ice haze, sm.and the Mars water cycle Planetary proteclmn and back conlaminatmn control for B p27 A9048792 a Mars rover sample return missmn A newof small landers on Mars [AAS PAPER 87-1971 p3 A90-16664 [AIM PAPER 90.35771 pll A91-10034 hfe scmnces interests in Mars missions Banloo Technology, Inc., Homton, Tx. Mars exploratmn miasms [USPAPER 87-2001 p3 A90-16667 Oualily assurance planning lor lunar Mars exploration [AIM PAPER 90-37791 p5 A91-10143 Technology and Mars exptoratton 22 A91-24875 D slte charactenzatmn mer missmns [AIM PAPER 90-37971 p5 A91-10157 [AIAA PAPER 90-37851 p 10 A91-10147 Technology needs of the Exploratton Inmalive Geobg~cexploration oi Mars [IAF PAPER 904321 p5 A91-13752 IAlAA PAPER 90-38021 p27 A91-10160 C Robot~c~ISSIOI'IS to Mars ~ Paving the way for humans Marlian weather and climate in the 2151 century [IAF PAPER 90-4161 p6 A91-14019 [AIM PAPER 90-38041 p 27 A91-10162 Controlled Ecologml We Support System CalfMnh Inat. Of Tech., Paudona. Robow miwns to Mars - Panng the way for humans Preliminary assessment of Tarnosken &mewations of IlAF PAPER 90-4161 p6 A91-14019 p 19 A91-14737 Mars p28 A91-29587 Autonomous nangabm and control of a Mars rover Natlonal Aeronautics and Space Administratton. Amor p10 A91-26619 R.w.reh Centor, Yoflett FkW. CA. Cmllfomla Unlv., Davtr Preliminary a58855mBnl 01 Termoskan observatmns of Eaended miwon Me wpport systems Crew upport for an 1-1 Mars expedmon Mars p28 A91-29587 [AAS PAPER 81-2371 p 18 A84-39232 p19 A91-12594 Electnc propulsion for manned Mars exploratmn The atmosphere of Mars ~ Resources lor the exploratmn colondo Unlv, Boulder. p 14 N90-18480 and settlement 01 Mars ,..e -.nr- ^. ,.... p 76 A&$.3523$ Water on Mars . Volable hstory and roaource dant hwtlons Rwarcn S.m. Afiingron,vv*. ,MJ rnrcn o,-e.W, awlability Justlticason for manned Mars misson, technical opbons Use of Marban resources in a Controlled Ecological Life [AIM PAPER 90-38031 p 27 A91-10161 for llght p7 N89-29409 Support System (CELSS) p2 A89-37799 Stable carbon *rotope Iractmatmn in the search for Iile on earty Mars p21 A89-51522 L Peroxides and the umabllty of microorgannuns on D L.mnce Uvwmo~National Ub, CA. the surface of Mars p21 A89-51527 Mars in lhrs century: The -pa Propel Planetary protection issues in advance of human WoUnlv.. Durh.m. NC. [DE90-0083561 p 28 N90-21709 explorason of Mars p 21 A89-51528 A deployable hgh temperature wperconductlng wl wo Sy.1.n~. Inc, Chvahnd, OH. Atmwphenc emtronment dunng maneuvenng descent

(DHTSC) ~ A novel concept for produang magnetic shtelds bfe support system consderabons and charactenst~~s from Marban octwt p8 A90-11016 agcunst both solar flare and Galactic radiation during for a manned Mars mssDn Thecase for Mars 111 Strateglesforexploram. General manrmdmterplanetuymgswnr p 15 A9127353 [AAS PAPER 87-1881 p19 A90-16656 interest and oveMew p3 A90-16651

c-1 NASA, Goddard Space Fllght Center CORPORATE SOURCE

An OV(WVIOW of .e(ected bmnm&al aspects of Mars Advances m thn-film dar dls for ~WWWspcl~e maalons Phot- pawer (MS PAPER 87-1891 p16 A9016657 [ NASA-TM-1020171 p14 N89-26041 Arbhaal gram for long duratlon spaceflwht Chenwal spproeches to urrbon &xde Nnatron for [MSPAPER 87-1901 p17 A90-16658 manned Mars miaslons Human aspects of mission safety INASA-TM-103728] p29 N91-20015 [MS PAPER 87-1931 p 18 A90-16681 Mona1 AwonmuUa mdSpaw Admlnlmlratlon. Mars 8011 - A stanle regollm or e medium for plant Nanh.ll Spaw Filght Contar. MunbvUh. AL grm’l A manned Mars artlflaal pawvehcle [MS PAPER 87-2151 p25 A90-16680 p2 A8943365 Numerical rmulatms of the decay of Maman global Heavy Iifl vehlcles for tranapntabon to a low earth ob11 dust storms p26 A9048789 Space Stabon lor assembly of a Human to Mars Mission A methodologyfor choosmg cenddate rnatenals lor the IMS PAPER 87-2081 p 11 A90-16674 fabncawn of planetar) Space sui1 LIlNC?Ur8t Electncal power systems for Mars o 15 N87-17795 [SAE PAPER 9014291 p 19 A80-49430 Manned Man miwon coat estimate Crew Support for M iruOsl MWS ~xpedItKKI p 23 N87-17800 p 19 A91-12594 Now Mxko Unlv, Aibuqmrqm. Mars diract . A simple robust and cost enectnre Preliminary asseasmen1 01 the power requremenls of (VcHecture for the !Space Exploralon Inmatwe a manned rwer for Mars miaslons p 11 A91 -27702 [AIM PAPER 91-03291 p8 A91-21463 Now York Unlv., Now York. Vanable Granty Research Faciliiy .A concept The caw lor cellulose production on Mars p 12 A01-27711 [ MSPAPER 87-2321 p 18 A90-16531 Natlorul A0.roruulh and 8p.w Admlnlmtntlon. 00dd.d Spmw Fllght C.nlor, Qmnb.kMD. An amonomy misson to inveswtethe enlry and Mbner S enwronment of Mars (MS PAPER 87.1961 p25 A90-16663 6.n Fnmt.co 81.10 Unlv, CA. Vanatlone of Mars grantationel lmld and rolawn due Mars soil ~ A sterile regolfih or a medium for plant growth? to wasonal CO2 exchange p27 A9048797 NaUo~lA-utka and 8p.a Adrnlnlstntlon. John IAAS PAPER 87-2151 p25 A90-18880 F. K.nmdy Swcm Cmnlar. Cocoa Beach. FL Schwa Appllutlona InlomtlwlCorp., Wmshlngtm. CELSS Breadboard Pfolect at the Kennedy Space Dc. Center p 20 A91-14738 Technology and Mars expforawn NatlorulA~utluandSpmwAdmlntmtmtlon. [AIM PAPER 90-37971 p5 A91-10157 Lyndon 8. Jotmaon Spmm Conler, Momton, TX. Spmctm Roaowch Syatans, Inc.. Munlavllh. AL The cost 01 landing man on Mars Manned Mars Misslon program concepts IMSPAPER 81-2511 p 22 A84-39243 p 1 A88-52345 Martun senlemenl Shntord Unlv., GI. [MSPAPER 86.1171 p 1 A87-53091 Use of Martun resources maControtled Ewiog~calUte An internawnal Mars exploratlon program Support System (CELSS) p2 A80-37799 IlAF PAPER 89-4931 p2 A9013570 Stullng Sollwm. Mofbll Fhld. CA. Space Stawn accommodabonof llfe .aences In supp01-1 A methodology for choostng cam3date matenats for the of a manned Man mission fabrhbon of planetary apace wfi sbuctures [MSPAPER 87-2331 p 16 A90-18532 ISAE PAPER 6014291 p 19 ABM9430 Technology lor manned Man flght s1.rHng &nw.n, Palo Ano, CA. IMSPAPER 87-2061 p4 A90-18672 Atmoaphenc enwronment dunng maneuvenng dencent The use of mflalable habllawn on the moon and Mars from Martun orb11 p8 A90-11016 [MSPAPER 87-2171 p9 A9016682 Aclrve thermal control syatems lor lunar and Mulun T ercplon- [SAE PAPER 601243) p 19 A80-49313 TawUnlv., Autln. Long durawn rmswn wppon operabonsmnompts M.I.N.G.. Mars Investment for a New Generation: [AIM PAPER 90-36821 p 18 ABl-10091 Robotic construction of a permanently manned Mars Overview ot the surface archttectur3 and elements base WmmOn to a mde range of Lunar and Man rmms [ NASA-CR-1862241 p 28 N90-15028 [AIM PAPER 90.38471 p5 A91-10193 Satellfie-map poMm esbmawn for the Mars rwer Roboltc m-s lo Mars .Panng the way for humans p15 N90-29069 [IAF PAPER 904161 P6 A81-14019 QualW awrance planning for lunar Mars expluswon p22 A9t-24875 U NaWonrl Amronwtla and Spaw Adrnlnhtmtbn. bnghy Roomarch Canttr. Marnpton, VA. Wh Slat0 Unlv, Logan. Space Stamaccommodation of lite .aellc8s in supp01-1 Balloon-borne characterization of the Martian surface of a manned Mars miscuon andloweralmowhwe [MSPAPER 87.2331 p 16 A9016532 [MS PAPER 87-221] p4 A9018686 Laaer power tranmulon concepts for Marban

[MSPAPER 87-225) p14 ABO-16660 Space radmwn shleld~ngfor a Marban ISAE PAPER 9013461 p9 AS048380 w8AhJngln unlv, snmm. lonumg program enwronment at the Man lurrace Obemabons of Marban Mace mnds at the Viking p 28 A9t-27649 Lnndar 1 mhe p26 AB048785 P~O~IWIIM~~iwntigabon of parameter seNitrvmes for Numrvrl umulsbons Of the decay of Marban global almmphmc entry and asrobnlunp at Mars dust storms p26 ABM8789 [NASA-TM-101807] p12 NBO-17667 Wbwndn W, Ylh.ukn. The altect of !ntuplane(.ry trewctory options on a Omw lunar anposl mltena and dasgn manned Mus mobnka wnhgunwn [NASACR-1868311 p21 NBO-28488 [NASA-TP-3019] p 12 NW-2(1036 War# (Ip.or FOcnb.tbn, P.ud.rU. CA. NktlorulAi.ronwtlc.andS#mmAdmlnlobawOn. Lnrb Earth 0rM.l preparabon for Mars expednlons n.uwch c.nhr. chvua OH. [MSPAPER 87-205) P4 A90-16671 Nudur proplluon- A ml technology for lhm a@oratlan Of Mu. ud lhm #Mala avond [AAS PAPER 87-2101 p13 AW-1078 Powmr clonrid.Rbs fa moutynunmd Mua mlulon vtwldng th. sp.cr Slab [AAS PAPER 87-2231 p13 A00-lMW TIN SP-100 apace ructor u apom.OWCI for Mu. orcplonlbn mi.uons [MSPAPER 87.2241 p13 AW-16680 R.(mwury ..uunml Of the pom requhnmtr Of NM.d rwa fa MUI mruynr p 11 A81-27702 Pam cowd.nbotlclfu.n outynmwmdMua muion utlluirq the space Slabon [NASA-TM-1014361 p14 N89-13492 Mua nunned mfmpnttabon ur)uck, [ NASA-TM-101487] p 16 N89-20545

C-2 FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY INDEX

INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION OF MARS /A Special Bibliography June 1991

UNITED KINGDOM Some unconventional approaches to the exploration of Typical Foreign Technology Mars p 27 A91-23308 Index Listing

COUNTRY OF INTELLECTUAL

Listings in this index are arranged alphabetically by country of intellectual origin The title of the document is used to provide a brief description of the subject matter The page number and the accession number are included in each entry to assist the user in locating the citation in the abstract section If applicable. a report number IS also included as an aid in identifying the document

F FRANCE The moon/Mars adventure. Which role and whtch impacts for Europe? IlAF PAPER 90-41 1 ] p6 A91-14015 G GERMANY,FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF hmon approach lor planetary haktation systems implementation [ MBB-UO-0115-9O-PUB] p 21 N91-16570 N

NORWAY Prowding a sound hatntat for man in space p 20 A91-23463 U

U.S.S.R. The way to Mars p25 A89-20748 Energenc nns in the close enwronment of Mars and -le shadomng by the planet p 25 A90-12667 Emergng nem on a pant Sonet-U.S Mars rmss~xl p 4 A9017806 Radlabon hddig esttrmrtlon for manned space flght to the Mars [IAF PAPER 90-5441 p 17 A91-14071 Regeneratwe l6e-supporr system development PrOMems for the Mars msamn p 20 A91-23462 Manned ewnto Mars. Concepts and problems p 20 A91-23464 Jushficabon for manned Mars mnslon. teChNcal opm for flght p7 N89-29409 D-1 CONTRACT NUMBER INDEX

~~ INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION OF MARS /A Special Bibliography June 1991

Typical Contract Number Index Listing "i" ,p28 N90-1(5028 I CONTRACT I 1 PAGE I 1 ACCESSION I ---NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER

Listings in this index are arranged alphanumeri- cally by contract number Under each contract number, the accession numbers denoting documents that have been produced as a result of research done under the contract are shown The accession number denotes the number by which the citation is identified in the abstract section Preceding the accession number is the page number on which the citation may be found

F49620-88-GO132 __._._...... _ N90-29069 A90-48785 A91-29587 A9048798 NAGW-538 ...._._._.______A9048783 A91-10161 NAGW-660 ...... p 27 A9048792 NAG3-992 ...... p 11 A91-27702 NAG9-243 ...... p26 A9048785 NASA ORDER H-27272-8 ___...... p 24 A84-39228 NASA ORDER H-3431 15-8 ...... p 24 AM-39228 NASW4435 ...... p 28 N90-15028 P 21 N90-26499 NASW4453 ...... p 15 A91-27353 P 17 AW-16659 NAS3-25266 ...... P 29 N91-20015 NAS8-37126 ...... p 1 A88-22044 P3 A90-16668 P9 A90-16684 NCA2-101 ...... p 18 A90-16531 NGT-21-002-800 ...... p 7 N90-26026 P7 N90-26027 NGT-50104 _._._.___.__._...._..___.______.__...p 26 A9048783 NGT-50231 ...... p 26 A9048789 NSF DPP-83-14180 ...... p 21 A89751523 N90-29069 A9048785 A89-51523 W-7405-ENG48 ...__.___.._...___ N90-21709 50640-61-01 ...... p 12 N90-26036 50641-11 ...... p 14 N89-26041 P 29 N91-2M)15 50646-21-01 ...... p 12 N90-17667 50649-21 ...... p 16 N89-20545 50649-3A ...... p 14 N89-13492

E- 1 REPORT NUMBER INDEX

~~ INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION OF MARS /ASpecial Bibliography June 1991

Typical Report Number Index Listing AAS PAPER 87-224 ...... A90-16689 * NASA-TP-3019 ...... p 12 N90-26036 * # AAS PAPER 87-225 ...... A90-16690 * AAS PAPER 87-228 ...... A90-16528 R90-1 ...... p21 N90-26499 * # AAS PAPER 87-232 ...... A90-16531 * IR:L;TI A;:E.FPN AAS PAPER 87-233 ...... A90-16532 * SAE PAPER 901243 ...... p 19 A90-49313 * I I I ,I AAS PAPER 87-235 p 19 A90-16534 SAE PAPER 901346 ...... p 9 A90-49380 * MICROFICHEp" ...... AAS PAPER 87-238 ...... p 17 A90-16537 SA€ PAPER 901429 ...... p 19 A90-49430 * AAS PAPER 87-249 ...... p 3 A90-16548 AAS PAPER 87-261 ...... p 3 A90-16560 UCRL-98567 ...... p 28 N90.21709 # NASA-CR-186224 D28 N90-15028 . # I AlAA PAPER 88-0064 ...... p 1 A88-22044 * # UM-AERO-90-27 ...... p 7 N90-26027 * # 7 AlAA PAPER 89-2766 ...... p 2 A89-47067 # UM-AERO-90-28 ...... p 7 N90-26026 * # AlAA PAPER 90-3564 ...... p 18 A91-10023 # NUMBER SPONSORED AIM PAPER 90-3577 ...... p 11 A91-10034 ' # AlAA PAPER 90-3615 ...... p 4 A91-10052 # AIM PAPER 90-3682 ...... p 18 A91-10091 * # AlAA PAPER 90-3779 ...... P 5 A91-10143 * # AlAA PAPER 90-3785 ...... p 10 A91-10147 * # Listings in this index are arranged alphanumeri- AlAA PAPER 90-3797 ...... p 5 A91-10157 * # cally by report number The page number indicates AlAA PAPER 90-3801 ...... p 19 A91-10159 # the page on which the citation is located The ac- A91-10160 * # A91-10161 * # cession number denotes the number by which the A91-10162 * # citation is identified An asterisk (*) indicates that AlAA PAPER 90-3847 A91-10193 * # the item is a NASA report A pound sign (#) indi- A91-10220 # cates that the item is available on microfiche AlAA PAPER 91-0089 ...... p 27 A91-19130 # A91-21464 # A91-21463 * # AAS PAPER 81-227 ...... p 24 A8449227 AAS PAPER 81-231 ...... p 24 A8449228 * N90-21709 # AAS PAPER 81-233 ...... p 12 AM-39229 AAS PAPER 81-234 ...... p 13 A8449230 DE90-008356 ...... p 28 N90-21709 # AAS PAPER 81-236 ...... p 12 A84-39231 E472 ...... p 14 N89-13492 * # AAS PAPER 81-237 ...... p 18 A84-39232 * E4627 ...... p 16 N89-20545 * # AAS PAPER 81-238 ...... p 16 A8449233 N89-26041 * # AAS PAPER 81-239 p 17 ...... A8439234 N91-20015 * # AAS PAPER 81-240 ...... p 17 A84-39235 AAS PAPER 81-242 p 24 ...... A84-39236 N90-26026 * # AAS PAPER 81-243 ...... p 24 A84-39237 N90-26027 * # AAS PAPER 81-244 ...... p 18 A84-39238 * A8449239 N91-16570 # AAS PAPER 81-248 ...... p 23 A84-39241 AAS PAPER 81-250 p 24 ...... A84-39242 A88-16096 # AAS PAPER 81-251 ...... p 22 A8439243 ' A88-55451 # AAS PAPER 86117 p 1 ...... A87-53091 * A90-13570 * # AAS PAPER 87-128 ...... p 1 A8841289 IAF PAPER 89-543 . A90-13598 # AAS PAPER 87-175 ...... p * 3 A90-!6652 IAF PAPER 90-032 . A91-13752 # AAS PAPER 87-177 p 3 ...... A90-16653 IAF PAPER 90-198 . A91-13867 # AAS PAPER 87-182 ...... p 22 A90-16654 * IAF PAPER godl 1 p 6 A91-14015 # AAS PAPER 87-184 ...... p 22 ...... A90-16655 A91-14019 * # AAS PAPER 87-188 p 19 ...... A90-16656 A91-14037 # AAS PAPER 87-189 ...... p 16 A90-16657 * IAF PAPER p 17 A91-14071 # AAS PAPER 87-190 p 17 90-544 ...... A90-16658 * IAF PAPER 90-601 p A91-14089 # AAS PAPER 87-191 p 17 ...... 22 ...... A90-16659 * IAF PAPER 90472 ...... p 6 A91-14132 # AAS PAPER 87-192 ...... p 18 A90-16660 AAS PAPER 87-193 ...... p 18 A90-16661 * N90-2W99. # AAS PAPER 87-195 ...... p 25 A90-16662 * lSBN-0-93874489-0 ...... P 21 AAS PAPER 87-196 ...... p 25 A90-16663 * N90-26036 * # AAS PAPER 87-197 ...... p 3 A90-16664 * AAS PAPER 87-198 ...... p 25 A90-16665 MBB-UW115-90-PUB ...... p 21 N91-16570 # AAS PAPER 87-199 ...... p 25 A90-16666 * AAS PAPER 87-200 p ...... 3 A90-16667 * N89-13492 * # AAS PAPER 87-201 ...... p 3 A90-16668 * NAS 1.15:101487 ...... p 16 N89-20545 * # A90-16669 NAS 1.15101607 ...... p 12 N90-17667 * # A90-16670 NAS 1.15102017 N89-26041 * # A90-16671 * NAS 1.15103728 N91-20015 * # A90-16672 * NAS 1.26:186224 ...... p 28 N90-15028 * # A90-16673 NAS 1.26: N90-26499 * # A90-16674 * NAS 1.26: ...... N90-26026 * # A90-16675 NAS 1.26: N90-26027 * # .-- 1 . AYW I WIO NAS 1.60: N30-c%3i5 * x A90-16677 A90-16678 NASACR-186224 ...... p 28 N90-15028 * # A90-16679 N90-26499 * # A90-16880 * N90-26026 * # A90-16881 NASACR-186638 ...... p 7 N90-26027 * # AAS PAPER 87-217 A90-16682 * A90-16683 NASA-TM-101436 ...... N89-13492 * # A90-16884 * NASA-TM-101487 ...... p 16 N89-20545 * # AAS PAPER 87-220 A90-16685 AAS PAPER 87-221 ...... p 4 A90-16886 * NASA-TM-101607 ...... p 12 N90-17667 * # AAS PAPER 87-222 ...... p 9 A90-16687 NASA-TM-102017 ...... p 14 N89-26041 * # AAS PAPER 87-223 ...... p 13 A90-16688 ' NASA-TM-103728 ...... p 29 N91-20015 * #

F- 1 I~ ACCESSION NUMBER INDEX

I I INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION OF MARS /A Special Bibliography June 1991

A91-10157 'R p 5 Typical Accession Number A91-10159 # p19 Index Listing A91-10160 * # p 27 A91-10161 * # p 27 A91-10162 '# p 27 A91-10193 '# p 5 N87-l,7ip plf A91-10220 # p5 , j , A91-12594 * p 19 A91-13752 * # p 5 A91-13867 # p5 A91-14015 # p6 A91-14019 '# P 6 [-lrTq--YlIIP4GEJNUMaER SPONSORED MICROFICHE NUMBER A91-14037 # p6 A91-14071 # p 17 A91-14069 # p22 A91-14132 # p6 A91-14737 * p 19 A91-14738 * p Listings in this index are arranged alphanumeri- 20 A91-19130 # p27 cally by accession number The page number listed A91-20230 p 10 to the right indicates the page on which the citation A91-20231 p 10 is located An asterisk (*) indicates that the item A9121463 * # p 6 A9121464 X p6 is a NASA report A pound sign (#) indicates that A91-23308 p 27 the item is available on microfiche A91-23461 p 20 A9123462 p 20 A9123463 p 20 A9123464 p 20 A84-39226 p23 A90-16657 * p 16 A9124875 * # p 22 A84-39227 p24 A90-16658 ' p 17 A9125832 p7 A84-39228 * p 24 A90-16659 ' p 17 A9125834 p 23 A84.39229 p 12 A90-16660 p 18 A91.26619 * p10 A90-16661 * p 18 A84-39230 p 13 A9127353 * p 15 A90-16662 * p 25 A9127566 p7 A84-39231 p 12 A90-16663 * p25 A9127578 p7 A84-39232 ' p 18 A90-16664 * p 3 A9127615 p 10 AM-39233 p 16 A90-16665 p 25 A91-27622 p 10 A8449234 p 17 A90-16666 * p 25 A91-27649 * p 28 A84-39235 p 17 A90-16667 * p 3 A9127650 p 10 A84-39236 p 24 A90-16668 * p 3 A9127692 p 11 AM-39237 p24 A90-16669 p4 A91-27702 * p 11 A84-39238 * p 18 A90-16670 p4 A91-27710 p7 A84-39239 p 8 A90-16671 * p4 A91-27711 * p 12 A84-39240 p8 A90-16672 * p 4 A9129587 p28 A84-39241 p 23 A90-16673 pll A84-39242 p 24 A90-16674 * PI1 N87-17795 'X p 15 A84-39243 * p 22 A90-16675 p 13 N87-17800 * # p 23 A85-37171 p 24 A90-16676 * p 13 N89-13492 '# p 14 A87-53091 * p 1 A90-16677 p13 N89.20545 * # p 16 A88-16096 W p8 A90-16678 p14 N89-26041 '# p 14 A8822044 '# p 1 A90-16679 p15 N89-29409 # p 7 A8841289 p 1 A90-16680 * p25 N90-15028 * # p 28 A88-52345 p 1 A90-16681 p9 N90-17667 '# p 12 A88-55451 X p 1 A90-16682 * p 9 N90-18480 '# p 14 A89-12542 p23 A90716683 p15 N90-21709 # p 28 A89-19391 p 1 A90-166fM * p 9 N90-26026'# p7 A8940748 p 25 A90-16685 p9 N90-26027'X p7 A89-37799 * p 2 A90-16686 * p 4 N90-26036'# p12 A8943365 * p2 A90-16687 p9 N90-26499'# p21 A8945763 p9 A90-16688 * p 13 N90-29069'# p15 A8945833 p2 A90-16689 * p 13 N91-16570 X p21 A8947067 .# p2 A90-16690 * p 14 N91-18138 '# p 8 A89-51522 p 21 A90-17806 p4 N91-18139 '# p 8 A89751523 ' p 21 A90-38894 p9 N91-20015 * X p 29 A89-51527 * p 21 A9047527 p25 A89-51528 * P 21 A90-48738 p26 A89-54248 p2 A90-48751 p26 A90-11016 '# p8 A90-48783' p26 A90-12867 p25 A90-48785 ' p26 A90-13570 '# p 2 A90-48789 * p26 A90-13598 # p22 A90-48791 p26 A90-16528 pZ A90-48792 ' p1i A90-16531 * p 18 A90-48797 :# p 27 A90-16532 * p 16 A90-48798 p27 A90-16534 p 19 A90-49313 * plB A90-16537 p 17 A90-49380' p9 A90-16548 p3 A9049430 * p 19 A90-16560. p3 A91-10023 # pl8 A90-16651 p3 A91-10034 * X p 11 A90-16652 * p 3 A90-16653 p3 A91-10052 # p4 A90-16654' p22 A91-10091 '# pl8 A90-16655 p22 A91-10143 '# p 5 A90-16656 p19 A91-10147 '# p 10 AVAILABILITY OF CITED PUBLICATIONS

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APP-5 ~ 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. NASA SP-7091 5. Report Date June 1991 6. Performing Organization Code NIT 8. Performing Organization Report No.

~~ 10. Work Unit No 9. Performing Organization Name and Address NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program I!. Ccn!:sct or Grant No.

13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Special Publication National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20546

15. Supplementary Notes

_____~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ 16. Abstract This bibliography lists 173 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database on the exploration of Mars. Historical references are cited for background. The bibliography was created for the 1991 session of the International Space University.

17. Key Words (Suggested by Author@)) 18. Distribution Statement Manned Mars Missions Mission Planning Unclassified - Unlimited Mars Atmosphere Space Bases Subject Category - 91 Mars Environment Space Colonies Mars Surface Space Habitats

19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price * Unclassified Unclassified 72 A04/HC