City Level Rainwater Harvesting Through Conservation of Lakes and Ponds In

Click to edit Master text styles Second level City level rainwater● Third harvestinglevel through ● Fourth level conservation of lakes● Fifthand level ponds in Bangladesh - current threat

Ishrat Islam (PhD) Professor Department of Urban and Regional Planning Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology September 04 , 2013 Click to edit Master text styles Second level ● Third level ● Fourth level ● Fifth level Acknowledgement LAND USE CHANGE OUTSIDE DMDP AREA: STUDY OF TREND, ASSOCIATED ISSUES AND PERMISSION PROCESS Syed Rezwanul Islam Bandhan Dutta Ayon Md. Tanvir Hossain Shubho Undergraduate Thesis, Dept. of URP, BUET

Click to edit Master text styles Click to edit Master textClick styles to edit Master text styles Second level Second level Second level ● ● ● Third level Third level Third level ● ● ● Fourth level Fourth level Fourth level ● ● ● Fifth level Fifth level Fifth level Click to edit Master text styles Second level ● Third level ● Fourth level ● Fifth level CONTENT

vBrief Introduction to Dhaka vThreats on Water Bodies of Dhaka vDhaka: Planning & Development Control vProspects and Constraints

ØHistory of Dhaka dates back to 7th century and it emerged as an important business center since 13th century along the river Buriganga.

Growth of Dhaka Bangladesh Ø 2011 : 14.5 million Ø Annual Growth rate: 4.34% Ø It accommodates 9% of national population and 32.1% of total urban population. (BBS 2011; BBS 2008; CIA, The World Fact Book 2011)

Dhaka Metro Area Population of Dhaka 1901-2011

16000000

14000000

12000000

10000000

l 8000000

P 6000000

4000000

2000000

0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1974 1981 1991 2001 2011 Year

5 Dhaka City across Buriganga River- a painting by Frederick William Alexander de Fabeck in 1861 Water in Design Philosophy of National Assembly Building by Architect Louis I Kahn

“The skillful use of water to portray the riverine beauty of Bangladesh adds to the aesthetic value of the site”. Importance of Waterbodies v Mr. James Rennell surveyed the rivers of Bengal in 1765 and he mentioned the importance of rivers as transport route which can connect entire country even any part of the world. v Sir Patrick Geddes in1917 plan specifically mentioned about the importance of the canals and water bodies of Dhaka and suggested to incorporate these in the cityscape for drainage, transportation and recreational purpose. Total Economic Value of Wetland

Use Value Non-use Value

Direct Use Indirect Option Bequest Value Use Value Value Value Non-renewable/ Irreversible Renewable/ Managed i.e. land filling Existence Reduce Flood Future Future Value Agriculture damage generation personal i.e Preserving Fishing Storm water to enjoy recreation biodiversity Natural retention nature Improve water Drainage Quality Transport Air quality Active Recreation Recreation /education Livelihood low income Total development benefit Total conservation benefit Flood in Dhaka Click to edit Master text styles Click to edit Master text styles Second level Second level Sufferings of ● Third level ● Third level ● Fourth level ● Fourth level residents of ● Fifth level ● Fifth levelDhaka

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l Ground Water: Dhaka vThe rate of depletion of the Surface water water table over the last 15 21% years in many parts of Dhaka City has been 3.0 m/yr . vRecharge to aquifer is very negligible, particularly as the Groundwater rechargeable area is 79% decreasing for more thanWater Supply Sources of Dhaka : DWASA three decades due to expanding urbanisation. Destruction of Wetland Dying rivers of Dhaka 1,000 acre land enchroached. 60% pollution by industries. 82% human excreta discharged to city directly. 1,000 brick kilns along river bank.

Dhaleshawari River Flowing Between Narayanganj and Munshiganj (Daily Star report, August 02, 2011) Dying rivers of Dhaka

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Bamboo fence for earth filling in Dhaleshari river near Dikrir Char of Narayanganj. (Daily Star report, August 02, 2011) Dying rivers of Dhaka Click to edit Master text styles Encroachment of Second level ● Third level Turag at Kamarpara of ● Fourth level ● Fifth level Tongi (Daily Star report, August 02, 2011)

Encroachment of Balu at Rupganj. (Daily Star report, August 02, 2011) Dying rivers of Dhaka

Unapproved housing project on flood plain which narrowed down Balu in Khilkhet. (Daily Star report, August 02, 2011) Eastern Fringe: Retention Area of DHAKA Trend of Wetland loss in DMDP Area and 10 km around DMDP (1989, 1999, 2010)

a. Wetland in 1989 b. Wetland in 1999 c. Wetland in 2010

18 Trend of Wetland loss in DMDP Area and 10 km around DMDP

Decrease per Area in acre Year (in acre) Land Use From From Classes 1989 1999 2010 1989 to 1999 to 1999 2010

Wetland 142,081 93,205 35,236 4,887 5,797 (in DMDP) Wetland (in 10 km 184,169 119,830 77,593 6,434 4,224 around DMDP) 19 Trend of Wetland loss in DMDP Area and 10 km around DMDP

Billboard Saying ‘Flood Free Housing Project on Agricultural Highland Project’ Built on a Low- Land and Wetland lying Area Source: Field Survey, 2012 Source: Field Survey, 2012 20 Approval Status of Housing Projects located within 10 km around DMDP

v Survey was conducted in one Municipality (Kanchan) and four Union (Duptara, Satgram, Bholaba and Amdia) v Out of identified 33 projects, only 2 projects were approved by the municipal authority and 8 projects were registered by NHA. v During approval wetland aspect was ignored. Land Development Projects in Flood Flow Zones of DMDP Area Number of residential land development Flood Zone projects Balu Flood Zone 6 Turag Flood Zone 2 Burriganga- Dhaleswri Flood Zone 31 Total 39 Major Findings Salient Characteristics of Wetland Conversion vAlarming loss of wetland during the period 1989-2010. Only 9.33% of DMDP area is wetland. vFlood Flow zones are under severe development pressure. vMost of the projects outside DMDP area, do not have approval.

Click to edit Master text styles Click to edit Master text styles Second level Second level ● Third level ● Third level ● Fourth level ● Fourth level ● Fifth level ● Fifth level Flood Action Plan

v Following the severe floods of 1987 and 1988, National Flood Action Plan (FAP) was formulated. v During 1988 flood, about 77 percent areas of Dhaka City (total area 260 sq. km) were submerged to depth ranging 0.3 to over 4.5 meter. v Objective of FAP to provide a relatively flood free living environment within the framework of a long term flood protection program for Dhaka.

Proposals include: v construction of embankment v improvement of khal (canal) v construction of pumping station v acquiring land for retention pond. Encroached Canals of West Dhaka Name of Canal Total Area Effective Encroached % of (ha) Area (ha) area (ha) Encroachment Abdullahpur Khal 9.99 5.28 4.71 47.14 Baunia Khal 8.10 6.35 1.74 21.51 Begunbari Khal 4.14 2.39 1.75 42.27 Dholai Khal 9.74 1.26 8.48 87.08 Diabari Khal 31.94 27.66 4.28 13.40 Digun Khal 21.93 17.65 4.28 13.40 Gulshan Lake 41.52 28.22 13.30 32.02 Kallayanpur Khal 6.71 3.56 3.15 46.87 Shegunbagicha Khal 1.22 0.00 1.22 100.00 Katasur Khal 6.89 2.56 4.34 62.97 Paribagh Khal 0.24 0.11 0.13 53.55 Mohakhali Khal 28.15 19.11 9.04 32.12 Ramchandrapur Khal 2.37 0.63 1.74 73.41 TOTAL 172.94 114.78 58.16 Industrial Pollution and Waterbody

In Dhaka Metropolitan Development (DMDP) Area Ø 2,934 structures used as red category industry out of 12,206 structures.

Ø About 1,150 red category structures within 250 meter from the River and Khals Ø 560 structures are within 100 meter proximity. (Dewan,2010) Industrial Pollution and Waterbody

A single dying factory along the river Shitalakkhya create this layer of deadly froth. Hundreds of such factories have turned the river into a lifeless water body. Source: Amran Hossain Pollution and Water Body

Source: Daily Star Solid Waste & Sewage Pollution of Waterbody

Municipal waste disposal into city water bodies Dhaka city population generate about 4,000 tons of solid waste, of which Solid waste Dolai Khal less than 50% is disposed in the landfill site and a significant part goes into the water bodies

Open Toilets on Waterbody Planning and Development Control Related with Wetland Water Related Policies and Acts of Bangladesh v National Water Management Plan, 2004 v Bangladesh Water Development Board Act 2000 v Urban Water Body Protection Law 2001. v Irrigation Water Rate Ordinance 1983 v National Water Policy, 1999 v Water Resources Planning Act 1992 Water Related Policies and Acts of Bangladesh v National Environment Policy v Water Supply and Sewerage 1992 Authority Act 1996 v Environment Conservation v National Forestry Policy 1994 Act 1995 v National Fisheries Policy 1998 v Environment Conservation v National Agriculture Policy Rules 1997 1999 v Environment Court Act 2000 v v Wetland Protection Act 2000 Industrial Policy 1999. v National Policy for Safe v EIA Guidelines for Industries Water Supply and Sanitation 1997 1998 v Dhaka Metropolitan v Groundwater Management Development Plan,1997 Ordinance 1985 v Municipal Ordinance, 1993 Planning & Development Control

Ø First Master Plan in 1959 covering an area of 829 sq. kms. Ø The strategy plan prepared in 1980 was not implemented. Ø In the year 1992, the DMDP project was undertaken. Plan was published in 1997. Components of Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan

Structure Plan: It provides a long term strategy for the 20 years (1995-2015) for the development of Metro Dhaka.

The Urban Area Plan (UAP): It presents an interim mid term strategy for 10 years (1995-2005) and covers for the development of urban areas within Metro Dhaka.

Detailed Area Plan (DAP): It provides detailed planning proposals for specific sub-areas of Dhaka Wetlands in Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan Click to edit Master text styles Second level ● Third level ● Fourth level ● Fifth level Laws and Policies to Conserve and Manage Flood Flow Zones in DhakaClick Metro to edit Master text styles Second level ● Third level ● Fourth level FLOOD ZONE POLICY RS/3- FLOOD- ● Fifth level FLOW ZONES Land development, within the designated flood plain areas of the DMDP Structure Plan, will be controlled in order to avoid obstructions to flood flow.

Main Flood Flow Zone Land Development for residential, commercial and industrial development including raising the level of land via land filling will strictly be prohibited. Laws and Policies to Conserve and Manage Flood Retention Ponds in Dhaka Metro Click to edit Master text styles Second level ● Third level ● Fourth level POLICY RS/5 – FLOOD ● Fifth level RETENTION PONDS Control will be maintained over the areas designated in the DMDP Structure Plan for flood retention ponds in order to ensure that they remain capable of fulfilling their primary function of water storage at times of flooding.

The use of the land within designated pond areas to be restricted to the following activities: Agriculture; (ii) Fish cultivation and (iii) Recreation. Efforts to Save Wetlands Detailed Area Plan (DAP)

DAP is finalized after long battle with private developers and other vested interest groups.

Following organizations played important role for gazette notification of DAP Ø BIP (Bangladesh Institute of Planners) Ø BAPA (Bangladesh Poribesh Andolon, Bangladesh Environemnt Movement ) Ø IAB (Institute of Architects Bangladesh) Ø Bangladesh Environemntal Lawyers Association (BELA) Ø Center of Urban Studies (CUS) are working together to study the proposed DAP and suggest necessary modification Detailed Area Plan: Flood Flow Zone and Retention Pond

% of Total Landuse Hectare Area

Flood Flow 30215.12 21% Zone

Water Retention 2241.97 2% Area

Water 8447.14 6% Body Legal Stands

– Metro Makers & Developers Ltd Vs RAJUK (WP no 5103/2003) Flood Flow Zone, Savar – Jamuna Group Vs RAJUK (WP 63/2001) Flood Flow Zone, Asulia – East West Vs RAJUK (Case No 24/2002 Badda Thana) – East West Vs RAJUK (Case No 41/2003 Badda Thana) – East West Vs RAJUK (WP no 1597/2007) RiverView Project, Keraniganj – Eastern Housing Vs RAJUK (Case No 87/2004 Savar Thana), Mayakanon Savar – Amin Mohammad Land Ltd Vs RAJUK (Case No 07/2003 Demra Thana) , Green View Model Town – Rupayan Real Estate Ltd Vs RAJUK (Case No 52/2004, Uttara Thana)

Click to edit Master text styles Human Rights and Peace for Second level Bangladesh (HRPB) filed the writ ● Third level petition on December 6, 2010. ● Fourth level ● Construction and earth filling Fifth level in Haikkar Khal at Mohammadpur in the capital. Legal Stand Modhumoti Model Town Metro Makers and Developers Ltd

vModhumoti Model Town was built by filling up a wetland and the Supreme Court on July 11, 2013 ordered the real-estate company Metro Makers and Developers Ltd to restore the wetland restore within six months and repay, in double, people who bought plots from it. vIn case of MMDL’s failure to comply with the order, the court asked the Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (Rajuk) to take up the work at the company’s expense.) Dhanmondi Lake

Source: Hossain, N; Zahir, I; Apurba, P, 2009 Life in Dhanmondi Lake

Photo source: Hossain, N; Zahir, I; Apurba, P, 2009 HatirjheelMASTER PLAN development is a noteworthy project of government started on October 8, 2007 and completed on January 02,2013.

Integrated Development of Hatirjheel Area Including Begunbari Khal VITTI-DPM-AIA JV Hatirjheel Project vThis water body of 302-acre was encroached by illegal structures and the canal was full of sludge. vWater retention, water treatment, underground water recharge, and improvement of microclimate. vEast-west express road, service roads, bridges. vAn integrated drainage management connecting Begunbari canal with the Gulshan-Banani lakes. Reclamation and Excavation of Canal

v 43 canals in Dhaka city. v Dhaka WASA started to remove unauthorized Click to edit Master text styles Second level structures in 26 canals of ● Third level Dhaka. ● Fourth level v Roads, box culverts, ● Fifth level structures obstruct water flow in 17 canals. WASA does not have control over remaining 8 canals. v Prepared detail report on the status of canals. Civic Society and Media 290 reports to save Buriganga River (May 2003 to December 2010) in Daily Star Socio-cultural Issues Possible Intervention

Conservation program must include local people. Formation of local wetland protection body.

Institutional & legal support for local people with grass root teams.

Prevention of land speculation through land management policy

Awareness generation among all Economic Issues Possible Intervention

Reform of taxation policy to Reduce financial gain from land holding

Banning of advertisement of unauthorized projects in media.

Publication of list of unauthorized land development projects

Introduce incentive for cultivator to conserve wetland Institutional & Planning Issues Possible Intervention

Formation of wetland protection cell & Networking Among actors

Autonomy and strengthening of planning agency with decentralized structure

Enforcement of existing rules and acts. Demarcation of wetland on Ground

Appropriate development strategy to accommodate Future growth Views of Officials and Experts

Ø Application of law should be ensured. Ø Immediate demarcation of wetland area is necessary. Ø Discourage investment on land. Ø Without acquisition and incentive program, it would be very difficult to control use of private property. Ø Political will is very important. “The ‘environment’ is where we live; and development is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode. The two are inseparable.”

• Our Common Future • The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) Reference § Bala, S. K., (2010) “Performance of Flood Control Works around Dhaka City during Major Floods in Bangladesh” Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM) Bangladesh University of Engineer and Technology (BUET) 18thMarch, 2010, IWM, Dhaka § Das, B. (2010) Effects of Land Use Change on Drainage and Retention Ponds in The Western Part Of Dhaka City, Unpublished master’s thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Department of Urban and Regional Planning. § Dewan, A. K., (2010) Spatial Development Trend of Industries within Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP) Area. Unpublished master’s thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Department of Urban and Regional Planning. § DMDP (1995-2015). Dhaka Metropolitan Area Development Plan (1995-2015) Structure Plan (1995-2015) Vol: I. Dhaka : RAJUK. § Financial Express, (2009) http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2009/02/10/58486.html (Accessed February 10, 2011) § Hossain, N; Zahir, I; Apurba, P 2009, Making an Urban Oasis: The Use of Space Syntex in Assessing Dhanmondi Lake Revitalization Project in Dhaka, Proceedings in the 7th International Space Syntex Symposium Stockholm, KTH. § Islam, I. (2009) Wetland of Dhaka City: A Study from Social Economic and Institutional Perspective, A H Development Publishing House: Dhaka § Islam, I.; Kanegae, H.; Takao, K. (2005). ‘Urbanization Process and Loss of Wetland of Dhaka’, paper presented and published in the proceeding of Pacific Regional Science Conference held in Tokyo July 25-27. § Islam, S. R., Ayon, B. D. and Shubho, M. T. H. “ Land Use Change Outside DMDP Area: Study of Trend, Associated Issues and Permission Process” Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, Department of Urban & Regional Planning, BUET, Dhaka Reference

§ JICA (1992) Master Plan for Greater Dhaka Protection Project, Flood Action Plan, FAP 8A, Main Report and Supporting Reports I and II, Flood Plan Coordination Agency (presently WARPO): Dhaka. § Khalid, M. & Arif, Q. M., (2010) Rain Water Harvesting: Needs, Possibilities and Potentials in the context of Urban Areas of Bangladesh, Workshop organized by Water Aid Bangladesh and Center of Science and Environment (CSE) India,Dhaka 27 oct 2010. § Rahman, S., (N.D) The Environment-friendly Hatirjheel Project http://www.probenewsmagazine.com/index.php?index=2&contentId=3268 (Accessed February 10, 2011) § Roy, S. (2007) A Study on Private Residential Land development Activities in Dhaka and Their Compatibility with DMDP Structure Plan 1995-2015.Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of Urban and Regional Planning. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka. § WASA (2008), Report, Aboidho Dakhal Hoa Khal o Nala Dakhalmuktokaran o Jalabadhata Durikaraner Lakhe Dhaka WASA, City Corporation o RAJUK Kartrik March 2007 hote 12th August 2008 Tarik Parjanta Greehito Karjokromer Upar Protibedoner Sharskankhep (In Bangla) § Zaman, M, 2006 Dying Lakes, Daily Star