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Bangladesh: Gender Equality Diagnostic of Selected Sectors

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Bangladesh: Gender Equality Diagnostic of Selected Sectors Bangladesh Gender Equality Diagnostic of Selected Sectors Over the last 2 decades, Bangladesh has made progress in women’s participation in the labor force, gender parity in primary education, and women’s political representation. Areas of concern include the high prevalence of violence against women, obstacles to women’s access to resources and assets, unequal terms of their labor engagement, and impact of their overwhelming responsibility for care work. The Government of Bangladesh has made policy commitments toward gender equality and established an institutional framework to fulfill these. This publication intends to support the government in its attempt to address persisting gender inequalities and gaps through a multisector approach across policies, programs, and projects. It provides insights into gender issues in urban; transport; energy; and skills, vocational, and tertiary education, and gives suggestions for strengthening gender mainstreaming in projects. About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to a large share of the world’s poor. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. BRAC University BANGLADESH GENDER EQUALITY DIagnOSTIC OF SELECTED SECTORS ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org BANGLADESH GENDER EQUALITY DIagnOSTIC OF SELECTED SECTORS ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2017 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2017. ISBN 978-92-9261-006-7 (Print), 978-92-9261-007-4 (electronic) Publication Stock No. TCS179121-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS179121-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. Photos courtesy of GED consultant-writers, Asma Huque, and Salma A. Shafi. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda Contents Tables, Figures, and Boxes iv Message—State Minister, Ministry of Women and Children Affairs vi Message— Director General, South Asia Department, Asian Development Bank vii Preface— Country Director, Bangladesh Resident Mission, Asian Development Bank viii Abbreviations ix Glossary xi Overview 1 Urban Sector 15 Transport Sector 35 Energy Sector 57 Skills, Vocational, and Tertiary Education Sector 83 iii Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 1 Bangladesh Progress on Millennium Development Goals 3 and 5 Targets 4 2 Distribution of Employed Women by Education Level, 2005, 2010, and 2013 5 3 Labor Force Participation Rates according to Selected Individual Characteristics, 1999, 2005, and 2010 6 4 Bangladesh Progress on Selected Millennium Development Goals Indicators, 2015 7 5 Employed Persons Aged 15 Years and over by Broad Economic Sector, 2013 8 6 Persons Aged 15 Years and over by Status in Employment 9 7 Urban, Rural, and Slum Values for Selected Indicators of the 2009 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 17 8 Number of Male and Female Students in Major Private Universities of Bangladesh 39 9 National Policies in the Transport Sector 41 10 Bangladesh Transport Projects by ADB Gender Category 47 11 Gender Action Plan: Sustainable Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project 48 12 Trends in Use of Cooking Fuel over Time 59 13 Female Participation in Some Fields of Technical Training (Excluding Health and Medical Technology) 64 14 Important Policies and Documents for the Energy Sector and Gender Considerations 68 15 Bangladesh Energy Projects by ADB Gender Category 72 16 Gross Enrollment, Completion, and Dropout Rates at Secondary Level 86 17 Secondary Cycle Completion Rate, Dropout Rate, and Coefficient of Efficiency by Sex in Secondary Schools, 2014 87 18 Number of Secondary School Teachers and Enrollment by Sex, 2011–2015 87 19 Female Enrollment in Technical and Vocational Education Institutions, 2012 88 20 Number of Teachers and Students by Type of Universities and Sex 89 21 Number of Teachers and Students in Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology by Sex 90 22 Number of Teachers and Students in the Medical Colleges by Sex 91 23 Bangladesh Education Projects by ADB Gender Category 99 Figures 1 Male and Female Students in Engineering and Technological Public Universities of Bangladesh 39 2 Bangladesh Transport Sector Agencies and Organizations 45 3 Electricity Connection Rate in Rural and Urban Areas, 2014 59 4 Types of Fuel Used for Cooking in Bangladesh, 2011 59 5 Organogram of the Power Division of the Ministry of Power, Energy, and Mineral Resources 65 Boxes 1 Administrative Structure and Gender-Related Targets and Quotas 13 2 Prevalence of Violence against Women in Urban Contexts 20 iv Tables, Figures, and Boxes 3 Institutionalizing Gender Mainstreaming in Local Government Engineering Department: Gender Equality Strategy and Forum 23 4 Community Mobilization in Urban Slums 24 5 ADB Gender Categorization of Projects 25 6 Gender Strategy in the Public Transport System 43 7 Draft Dhaka Structure Plan 2016–2035: Objective-UD 09 (Pedestrian Linkages): Ensuring Walkability in Urban Streets 44 8 Bus Rapid Transit Walkability Strategy: Moving Dangerously, Moving Pleasurably 45 9 Public–Private Partnership in Public Transportation Development 47 10 Gender and Energy Framework for the Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board 69 11 Feedback from Women Technicians Trained in Solar Home Systems 70 12 Women in Bangladesh Make Battery-Powered Lamps 70 13 Some Definitions for this Chapter 84 14 Women-Only Universities 92 15 Training of Women Entrepreneurs 93 16 Beijing Platform for Action on Vocational Education 93 17 National Skills Development Council 94 v Message The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been a valuable multilateral partner of the Government of Bangladesh since 1973. The government appreciates ADB’s role in knowledge generation and technical support that accompany its development interventions. It has demonstrated a consistent commitment to promoting gender equality and gender mainstreaming even in sectors where traditionally it has been difficult to do so. This publication entitled Bangladesh: Gender Equality Diagnostic of Selected Sectors is timely as it coincides with the start of the Seventh Five Year Plan and the ADB Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), 2016–2020. Discrimination against women and girls is a historical and social phenomenon that manifests itself in many ways. Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment is therefore a challenge for all of us. Legislation and policies are important but not sufficient to eliminate gender biases and discrimination. Reducing gender disparities requires the promotion of and support for gender equality in the various interventions and programs that the government undertakes, which also promote changes in attitudes and practices in the government and broader society. This requires long-term commitment and efforts of all development partners, including ADB. Under the visionary leadership of honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, Bangladesh has attained mentionable progress in women’s empowerment in spite of having few challenges. Now, Bangladesh is considered a role model country in the areas of women’s empowerment. Our aim is to achieve the target of Planet 50-50 by 2030. We cannot achieve our desired goal unless we emancipate half of the population at par with the other half. So, we are striving to ensure equal opportunity in order to integrate women in the mainstreaming of development. This publication is a welcome contribution to the government’s work by identifying opportunities for and constraints on promoting women’s empowerment in urban development, transportation, energy, and skills development. It provides an analysis of institutions, policies, and strategies to mainstream gender; insights into experiences of development initiatives in these sectors; and suggestions for further strengthening of gender equality.
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