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Flood Risk Management in Dhaka a Case for Eco-Engineering

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Flood Risk Management in Dhaka a Case for Eco-Engineering Public Disclosure Authorized Flood Risk Management in Dhaka A Case for Eco-Engineering Public Disclosure Authorized Approaches and Institutional Reform Public Disclosure Authorized People’s Republic of Bangladesh Public Disclosure Authorized • III contents Acknowledgements VII Acronyms and abbreviations IX Executive Summary X 1 · Introduction 2 Objective 6 Approach 8 Process 9 Organization of the report 9 2 · Understanding Flood Risk in Greater Dhaka 10 disclaimer Demographic changes 13 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for River systems 13 Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily Monsoonal rain and intense short-duration rainfall 17 reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the Major flood events and underlying factors 20 governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and Topography, soil, and land use 20 other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment Decline of groundwater levels in Dhaka on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the 27 endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Impact of climate vulnerability on flood hazards in Dhaka 28 copyright statement Flood vulnerability and poverty 29 The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting Summary 33 portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to 3 · Public Sector Responses to Flood Risk: A Historical Perspective 34 reproduce portions of the work promptly. Early efforts: Flood events in the 1950s and the national public sector response 37 For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a Major flood events of the 1980’s and ensuing public sector response 38 request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750- The current situation in major areas of the city 40 4470, http://www.copyright.com/. Investments in urban weather forecasting and early warning systems 44 All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be Summary 46 addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. • III contents Acknowledgements VII Acronyms and abbreviations IX Executive Summary X 1 · Introduction 2 Objective 6 Approach 8 Process 9 Organization of the report 9 2 · Understanding Flood Risk in Greater Dhaka 10 disclaimer Demographic changes 13 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for River systems 13 Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily Monsoonal rain and intense short-duration rainfall 17 reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the Major flood events and underlying factors 20 governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and Topography, soil, and land use 20 other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment Decline of groundwater levels in Dhaka on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the 27 endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Impact of climate vulnerability on flood hazards in Dhaka 28 copyright statement Flood vulnerability and poverty 29 The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting Summary 33 portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to 3 · Public Sector Responses to Flood Risk: A Historical Perspective 34 reproduce portions of the work promptly. Early efforts: Flood events in the 1950s and the national public sector response 37 For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a Major flood events of the 1980’s and ensuing public sector response 38 request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750- The current situation in major areas of the city 40 4470, http://www.copyright.com/. Investments in urban weather forecasting and early warning systems 44 All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be Summary 46 addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. IV • • V 4 · Planning, Political Economy, and the Case for Institutional Reform 48 Boxes The Town Improvement Act, 1953, and emergence of urban planning 51 box 2.1. The Dhaka Metropolitan Area and Greater Dhaka 15 Urban planning and the first Detailed Area Plan 51 box 4.1 Policies and legislation affecting flood management in Greater Dhaka 52 The Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) 54 box 4.2. Solid-waste management in Dhaka 66 Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) 59 box 4.3. Hatirjheel Lake: A case study in interinstitutional cooperation 68 Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) 60 box 5.1. Singapore’s urban reform 82 DNCC and DSCC: Dhaka’s main city corporations 64 Box a.1. Defining eco-engineering approaches to water management 106 The Union Parishads, the DND area, and cantonment boards 70 Other institutions and the private sector 71 Figures Summary 74 figure 2.1. Growth of the Dhaka Metropolitan Area and environs 14 figure 2.2. Urban expansion of Dhaka, 1600–2002 18 figure 2.3. Major river systems around Dhaka 18 5 · Conclusion and Recommendations 78 figure 2.4. Average monthly total rainfall in Dhaka, 1961–2013 19 Recommendations for institutional and organizational reform 83 figure 2.5. Temporal variation of rainfall during July–September 2004 in Dhaka 19 Recommendations for eco-engineering approaches to flood risk mitigation 87 figure 2.6. Areas vulnerable to flooding, as seen in 2004 21 figure 2.7. Elevation of Dhaka and surrounding areas 22 References 100 figure 2.8. Agro-ecological regions in Greater Dhaka 23 APPENDIX A Eco-Engineering for Flood Risk Management: Profile of Selected Case Studies 105 figure 2.9. Soil texture map of Greater Dhaka 24 · The eco-engineering approach to water management figure 2.10. Historical changes in land use from 1967 to 2010, derived in delta regionss 105 from Landsat5 TM 26 · Case Studies 105 figure 2.11. Forecasted changes in peak river levels around Dhaka due to climate change: Two scenarios 30 APPENDIX B Organogram of Key Agencies 118 figure 2.12. Changes in return periods of daily rainfall events at BWDB Dhaka station 30 APPENDIX C Excavation of Khals 119 figure 2.13. Slums and areas vulnerable to flooding 31 figure 2.14. Key assets vulnerable to flooding 32 figure 3.1. The Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra (DND) area 42 figure 3.2. Existing khals, pumping stations, and wetlands in Dhaka West 43 figure 3.3. Existing khals, pumping stations, and wetlands in Dhaka East 45 figure 4.1. Organization of RAJUK 54 figure 4.2. Map of RAJUK’s Detailed Area Plan, 2010–15 56 figure 4.3. Poorly maintained regulators in Dhaka West 60 figure 4.4. DWASA’s drainage network in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area 62 figure 4.5. Areas under the jurisdiction of the two city corporations since May 2016 63 IV • • V 4 · Planning, Political Economy, and the Case for Institutional Reform 48 Boxes The Town Improvement Act, 1953, and emergence of urban planning 51 box 2.1. The Dhaka Metropolitan Area and Greater Dhaka 15 Urban planning and the first Detailed Area Plan 51 box 4.1 Policies and legislation affecting flood management in Greater Dhaka 52 The Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) 54 box 4.2. Solid-waste management in Dhaka 66 Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) 59 box 4.3. Hatirjheel Lake: A case study in interinstitutional cooperation 68 Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) 60 box 5.1. Singapore’s urban reform 82 DNCC and DSCC: Dhaka’s main city corporations 64 Box a.1. Defining eco-engineering approaches to water management 106 The Union Parishads, the DND area, and cantonment boards 70 Other institutions and the private sector 71 Figures Summary 74 figure 2.1. Growth of the Dhaka Metropolitan Area and environs 14 figure 2.2. Urban expansion of Dhaka, 1600–2002 18 figure 2.3. Major river systems around Dhaka 18 5 · Conclusion and Recommendations 78 figure 2.4. Average monthly total rainfall in Dhaka, 1961–2013 19 Recommendations for institutional and organizational reform 83 figure 2.5. Temporal variation of rainfall during July–September 2004 in Dhaka 19 Recommendations for eco-engineering approaches to flood risk mitigation 87 figure 2.6. Areas vulnerable to flooding, as seen in 2004 21 figure 2.7. Elevation of Dhaka and surrounding areas 22 References 100 figure 2.8. Agro-ecological regions in Greater Dhaka 23 APPENDIX A Eco-Engineering for Flood Risk Management: Profile of Selected Case Studies 105 figure 2.9. Soil texture map of Greater Dhaka 24 · The eco-engineering approach to water management figure 2.10. Historical changes in land use from 1967 to 2010, derived in delta regionss 105 from Landsat5 TM 26 · Case Studies 105 figure 2.11. Forecasted changes in peak river levels around Dhaka due to climate change: Two scenarios 30 APPENDIX B Organogram of Key Agencies 118 figure 2.12.
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