ISSN: 1023-6325 MIRPUR PAPERS, Volume 22, Issue 23, November 2016 MIRPUR PAPERS Defence Services Command and Staff College Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka-1216 Bangladesh MIRPUR PAPERS Chief Patron Major General Md Saiful Abedin, BSP, ndc, psc Editorial Board Editor : Group Captain Md Asadul Karim, psc, GD(P) Associate Editors : Wing Commander M Neyamul Kabir, psc, GD(N) (Now Group Captain) : Commander Mahmudul Haque Majumder, (L), psc, BN : Lieutenant Colonel Sohel Hasan, SGP, psc Assistant Editor : Major Gazi Shamsher Ali, AEC Correspondence: The Editor Mirpur Papers Defence Services Command and Staff College Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka – 1216, Bangladesh Telephone: 88-02-8031111 Fax: 88-02-9011450 E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2006 DSCSC ISSN 1023 – 6325 Published by: Defence Services Command and Staff College Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka – 1216, Bangladesh Printed by: Army Printing Press 168 Zia Colony Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka-1206, Bangladesh i Message from the Chief Patron I feel extremely honoured to see the publication of ‘Mirpur Papers’ of Issue Number 23, Volume-I of Defence Services Command & Staff College, Mirpur. ‘Mirpur Papers’ bears the testimony of the intellectual outfit of the student officers of Armed Forces of different countries around the globe who all undergo the staff course in this prestigious institution. Besides the student officers, faculty members also share their knowledge and experience on national and international military activities through their writings in ‘Mirpur Papers’. DSCSC, Mirpur is the premium military institution which is designed to develop the professional knowledge and understanding of selected officers of the Armed Forces in order to prepare them for the assumption of increasing responsibility both on staff and command appointment. This course allows our future leaders at the tactical level to deepen and widen their knowledge and expertise in the areas related to their future appointments. Besides military matters, the students also undertake research work as part of their Masters Programme under Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP). Accumulating the student’s research works this institution is publishing ‘Mirpur Papers’ since 1978. Over the year ‘Mirpur Papers’ could draw acclamation from learned readers due to its potential essence of the college motto - ‘Knowledge is Power’. Journal with such intellectual contents reflects great deal of individual as well as collective wisdom, understanding and knowledge. From the outset, ‘Mirpur Papers’ was a yearly publication. However, the number of students, both from home and abroad has increased. To encourage them, the College has decided to publish two volumes of ‘Mirpur Papers’ in each staff course from DSCSC Course 2014-15. This is the first publication of DSCSC Course 2016-17 containing the research work of DSCSC Course 2015-16. DSCSC has always been emphasizing on conducting research in contemporary issues on national security and defence. This enables the mid-level officers to make an original contribution to a subject of national or international interest that has a bearing on the national security of any country. I believe the readers will find the articles useful and intellectually stimulating. Finally, I take this opportunity to congratulate and commend the editorial board, all contributors/authors, reviewers and all others involved in the process of the publication of this journal. Major General Md Saiful Abedin, BSP, ndc, psc Commandant Defence Services Commandant & Staff College ii EDITORIAL Every year the Defence Services Command and Staff College, Mirpur, Bangladesh publishes a professional journal namely “Mirpur Papers”. This journal is a fine blend of articles written by the student officers that present institutional, national, regional and international issues. The articles are basically the abridge versions of the original dissertation papers that the students submit as a part of the Masters Program under Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP). The contributions of the faculty members are also significant as they supervised the research work throughout the course. In addition to the articles of the students, the faculty members also share their valuable knowledge through their writings in this journal. The first article of this issue is on the evolution of Military Intelligence. Here the author has illustrated the topic in depth. For last 2500 years, the historians and military planners witnessed ever changing intelligence collection tools and data processing. Today’s intelligence processing and data analysis evolved through a time tested process of research and development in consonance with the ever changing battlefield scenario. The topic on ‘Evolution of Military Intelligence’ was developed through historical reference and content analysis. In the second article, the author discussed the scope of employing Bangladesh Armed Forces to combat non-traditional security threats with particular emphasis on counter terrorism. Since direct involvement of the Armed Forces in such duties tends to reinforce the terrorist organisations, degrades military organisation’s capability to perform its primary role and squeezes out space from the civil and political society, as such the author suggested its employment in such duties should be carefully weighed against possible ramifications. In the third article, the author envisaged economic development of South Asia through enhanced regional connectivity. He suggested that despite having political differences and growing security concerns, the countries of South Asian region should increase road, rail, maritime and air transport connectivity to allow for increased information sharing, technology transfer and people to people interactions that may facilitate economic growth. In fourth article, the author analyzed the changing dynamics of Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and the effects of Chinese presence on the maritime security of India. The author, through a critical analysis, has predicted that China might increase its presence in the critical areas of IOR to secure its economic activities which would eventually pose a considerable maritime threat for India. Taking the realities of USA factor, complimentary and conflicting interests of the regional countries, the author proposed few policy options for India. In the fifth article, author has discussed the nexus of security and development in sub- regional context for Bangladesh. The success of existing regional partnerships like SAARC, SASEC, BIMSTEC, etcetera is in question. Therefore, the concept of forming sub-regional partnerships with the countries like India, Bhutan, Nepal and Myanmar iii appears to be a viable option for Bangladesh. There are areas available in education, tourism, security, infrastructure development, etcetera where viable partnerships can be formed for mutual benefit. In the sixth article, the author aims to analyze the necessity of women empowerment and its direct and indirect relations with economy. She analyzed the issue basing on recent theoretical ideas, which focuses on three kinds of empowerment: primary, secondary and tertiary. Analyzing all these factors, the author provided significant policy implications on how to improve women empowerment to achieve a sustainable economic growth of Bangladesh. She asserted that higher female earnings and bargaining power can translate into greater investment in children’s education, health and nutrition, which in turn can lead to economic growth in the long term. In the seventh article, the author made an endeavour to find out the correct priority for selection of Bangladesh Army Personnel for UN Missions which would meet the requirement of UN. He revealed a number of underlying causes contributed to poor performance in robust peacekeeping. Among many, welfare-based selection procedure is one of the principle reasons for showing lack of robustness by Bangladesh peacekeepers while operating inrobust peacekeeping operations under UN chapter VII. As such, he recommended that selection of men and officers well before the deployment, pre- deployment training, incentives for good performance etcetera would help to improve the situation. In the eighth article, the author brought the critical issue of Bangladesh Air Force’s sustainability during war and peace. He suggested that the existing capability and arrangement needed to be upgraded if BAF was to enhance its sustainability. Taking the cases of Iran, India and Pakistan into account, the author suggested that Bangladesh- China collaboration in the aeronautical field could be mutually benefitting for both. In the same note, this could grow capability and sustainability of BAF as well. In ninth article, the author focused on the impact of maritime pollution on the coastal community of Bangladesh. The coastal areas of Bangladesh are continuously polluted by the toxic wastes from the ships, shipbreaking industries, textile mills, fertilizer and other industries. The author analyzed the impact of the pollution on coastal community and suggested ways to mitigate maritime pollution. The tenth article highlights the impact of higher education of soldiers of Bangladesh Army in their unit performance. Bangladesh Army has incorporated a new higher education criterion for soldiers in the manual of qualification which is in effect since July 2016. However, the units are facing numerous challenges to implement the system while maintaining the regular tasks. To anticipate the future and get best result of education, the