NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES • VOLUME 5 NUMBER 6 • DECEMBER 1984 Humanities AZTEC AND INCA: EMPIRES IN THE DUST The Spanish conquerors were a mixed lot, ranging from the semi-educated, hardbitten conquistadores to the gentle, learned, and idealistic Franciscan friars who came along to convert the natives to the true religion of Christ. Accordingly, the accounts of the Aztec and Inca civilizations that we have from their hands vary widely in quality. These and the stories of the native intelligentsia describing their peoples in indigenous tongues or in Spanish give us a richly documented, albeit uneven, picture of pre-Spanish cultures in Mexico and Peru. A continuing source of ambiguity in the study of these two civilizations, however, is that the Inca had no real writing; while the Aztec had written docu­ ments that were largely pictorial and focused on economic and ritual matters. The surviving Aztec histories, written after the conquest in Spanish or the Aztec tongue, Nahuatl, and using the Roman alphabet, are couched in a chronology of recurrent fifty-two-year cycles. Although one knows exactly on what day in a cycle an event occurred, it is often impossible to determine what particular cycle it was. Finally, every account has an axe to grind. The Amerindian elites were making every effort to hang onto the lands, tribute payments, and prerogatives that they had inherited from their ancestors; the Spanish conquistadores and land barons were doing their best to separate the nobility from these resources and virtually to enslave the peasant populations; and the friars were trying to root out what they considered idolatry, while attempting to alleviate the sufferings of the natives. Every docu­ ment we have must be evaluated in this light. This much is clear: Both civilizations were the last to flourish in their respective areas before the Spanish conquest, both were the creations of late upstarts, and both drew, on the rich heritage of much older civilizations. Civilized life in Mexico goes back to the ancient Olmec of the southern Gulf Coast of Veracruz and Tabasco, who by 1200 B.C. had established great ceremonial centers along the rivers that meander through this rich, tropical environment. The Olmec are famous for their production of gigantic basalt monuments, such as the Colossal Heads that por­ tray their rulers, and for their magnificent jade carv­ ings. The next great civilization was that of Teotihuacan, the New World's first and largest pre- Spanish city, located northeast of Mexico city in its own valley, a side pocket of the Basin of Mexico that was and still is the focal point of Mexican statehood. Teotihuacan, according to the great survey under­ taken by Rene Millon and his University of Rochester team, was founded about the time of Christ as a planned metropolis, and reached a population peak of 125,000 by A.D. 500-600—one of the largest cities of the world in its day. Machu Picchu, Peru The city of Teotihuacan seems to peregrination, the various descent opposites” : life vs. death, male vs. have prospered on its enormous groups that made up the tribe set­ female, etc., conceptualized as an Editor's Notes production of obsidian artifacts for tled down on the shores of the androgynous creator divinity The theme of this issue is “ Ancient export, on its advanced craft in­ Great Lake that once filled the known to them as Lord Duality. Civilizations of North and South dustry, and on the highly produc­ Valley, first becoming serfs of one The Aztec received a very bad America," but we cannot pretend tive agriculture carried out on of the powerful local kingdoms, press from their conquerors, who to offer anything more than a brief raised fields or chinampas (“ floating then forced to wander because of had every reason to falsify the glance at some of the peoples who gardens") under its control. But the their penchant for war and human record. They were probably no inhabited the western hemisphere raison d'etre of the metropolis prob­ sacrifice. Finally, in the early four­ more prone to sacrifice than any in pre-Columbian times. Michael ably took in much of southern Mex­ teenth century, the Aztec estab­ other Mexican or Central American Coe explains how various archaeo­ ico and Central America, for lished their capital on the island of people, including the supposedly logical finds have enabled us to Teotihuacan seems to have been Tenochtitlan in the midst of the peaceful Maya. The bittersweet, understand the complex societies of the nexus of a huge empire that in­ lake, fulfilling their tribal god's decidedly pessimistic Aztec mind­ the Aztec and Inca empires, while cluded even the advanced Maya. prophecy. Their destiny, he had set is reflected in their poetry, John Hyslop describes how the vast Certainly, all later cultures in the told them, was to rule the world much of which has survived. The network of Inca roads worked to Valley of Mexico, the Aztec among from that place. In the next century great poet-king Nezahualcoyotl, bind millions of Andean peoples to­ them, rested on the shoulders of and a half, with the exception of lord of Texcoco, wrote: gether. (There are still seven mil­ Teotihuacan. the Maya, force of arms had Even jade is shattered, lion South American Indians who Following the violent destruction brought much of Mexico under of Teotihuacan around A.D. 700, Aztec sway. Even gold is crushed, speak the Inca language of Que- Even quetzal plumes are torn . . . there was a political hiatus in cen­ Aztec society on the eve of the chua.) We also learn how an NEH- One does not live forever on this tral Mexico. This was soon to be Spanish conquest was no democ­ supported Corpus of Maya Hiero­ earth: glyphic Inscriptions may finally lead filled by the Toltec, a people of racy. At the top was the emperor, We endure only for an instant! to an unraveling of the mystery of generally barbarian heritage who Motecuhzoma II, a hereditary ruler the Maya. had intruded into central Mexico with absolute power, “elected" by Perhaps his pessimism prophesied Closer to home, Robert Coles from the northern deserts, around a council drawn from the royal the day in April 1521, when the laments the passing of an ancient A.D. 900. They founded their capi­ house. Under him were the nobili­ great capital of Tenochtitlan, was Eskimo civilization that had re­ tal of Tula in the modern state of ty, then the land-holding com­ ground to bits by the white-faced, mained almost unchanged until the Hidalgo, and soon established moners. At the bottom were serfs bearded conquerors. last decade. Jarold Ramsey shows hegemony at Chichen Itza. who worked the lands of the nobili­ Like the Aztec, the Inca who how the formal study of native Although much of their history is ty, and slaves, mostly war captives. were their contemporaries, were American oral/traditional literature shrouded in myth, excavations Vast quantities of tribute were re­ latecomers in the full historical as literature and the widespread have established that there really ceived semiannually from con­ sweep of New World civilizations. critical recognition of contemporary was a Toltec civilization, at least quered provinces, while a special The exact counterpart to the Olmec native American writing are inti­ until A.D. 1200. The Aztec con­ guild of merchants traveled to civilization of Mexico is the Chavin mately related. sidered the Toltec the most pol­ foreign markets for luxury goods. culture of Peru, which dates to the In this issue you will also find an ished and civilized of their prede­ Aztec politics and society can be period 1000-400 B.C.; of possible eight-page, pull-out Guide to NEH cessors, a great nation of artists and understood only by understanding Amazonian origin, it is presaged in Challenge Grants, as well as the artificers for whom nothing was im­ their religious life. Basically, the both the Andean highlands and annual NEH book list. We welcome possible. The Aztec emperor even Aztec believed in cyclical time, that dry, coastal valleys by a long devel­ your comments in the form of a let­ claimed descent from the Toltec the universe had undergone re­ opment of ceremonial architecture ter to the editor. kings. This is all somewhat of a peated creations and destructions, and religious art. Chavin art in —Judith Chayes Neiman mystery, because archaeology has each new world being called a sculpture, ceramics, textiles, and failed to reveal anything remarkable "S u n ." Our own Sun was to be other media centers on an awesome in Toltec art and architecture, destroyed by great earthquakes, a cult of jaguar, harpy eagle, serpent, which might almost be described as terrible fate that could be avoided and crocodile, a cult that unified shoddy. Perhaps to the barbaric only by the continual sacrifice of the highly diverse Andean ecologi­ Humanities Aztec in their early years, the war captives and the offering of cal zones for the first time. The sec­ Toltec seemed wonderful. their hearts and blood to the Sun. ond period of unity originated in The “people whose face nobody The taking of captives for this pur­ Bolivia on the north shore of A bimonthly review published by the knows" is what the horrified, civ­ pose was thus a major preoccupa­ Titicaca, where the Tiahuanaco National Endowment for the Humanities ilized denizens called the wild, un­ tion of Aztec tactics in battle, a fac­ civilization arose around the time of Chairman: William J. Bennett couth peoples who arrived in the tor that greatly aided the Spanish Christ; its stylized art was trans­ Director of Public Affairs: Susan H. Metts Valley of Mexico on the heels of conquistadores. The multiplicity of muted by the Wari kingdom of Assistant Director for Publications: Caroline Taylor the Toltec state's demise. Guided Aztec deities boggles the modern Peru, which seems to have consti­ Editor: Judith Chayes Neiman by four priests, and by their tribal mind, but we know the Aztec re­ tuted a veritable empire by about Managing Editor: Linda Blanken god Huitzilopochtli, the ancestors ligious philosophers had reduced A.D. 800. Editorial Board: Marjorie Berlincourt, of the Aztec had left their legen­ all of the surface phenomena of the Perhaps the most important de­ James Blessing, Harold Cannon, Richard dary home in northwest Mexico universe, both real and occult, to a velopment in the pre-Inca world Ekman, Donald Gibson, Thomas around A.D. 1168; after a long basic, almost Hegelian, “unity of was the Chimu kingdom on north Kingston, Armen Tashdinian Peru's desert coast. This is one of Production Manager: Robert Stock the most dessicated environments Designed by Maria ]osephy Schoolman in the world, and the only possibili­ ty of agriculture consists of the The opinions and conclusions expressed in Humanities are those of the authors and do not coastal valley plains which have necessarily reflect Endowment policy. Material been subject to intensive irrigation appearing in Humanities may be freely for over two thousand years. Settle­ reproduced although the editor would ap­ preciate notice and copies for the ment has always been confined to Endowment's reference. The chairman of the the bone dry, rocky deserts that •Endowment has determinad that the publica­ flank the bottomlands, where such tion of this periodical is necessary in the trans­ action of the public business required by law of usually perishable objects as human this agency. Use of funds for printing this peri­ mummies, textiles, feather capes odical has been approved by the director of the and head-dresses, wood, and so Office of Management and Budget through September 1988. Send address changes and re­ forth beckon to the archaeologist. quests for subscriptions to the Superintendent From about A.D. 1100 on, the of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of­ Chimu capital was Chan Chan, an fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. (USPS 521-090) Other communications should be addressed to enormously rich city of mud-brick Editor, Humanities, National Endowment for walls, which now lie in ruin. The the Humanities, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, Chimu were expert in statecraft and N.W., Washington, D C. 20506. Telephone 202/786-0435. ISSN 0018-7526 These Mamaconas, or quarters of the Sacred Virgins at Pachacamac, are the in craft production, including ad­ holiest shrine of the Inca Empire. vanced techniques of metallurgy, 2 long a Peruvian tradition. When they were absorbed by conquest in­ to the Inca state, the Chimu played a civilizing role similar to that of the Toltec vis-a-vis the Aztec. The story of the Inca ascendancy to sudden power over the rest of Andean South America centers on the Valley of Cuzco, lying at an al­ titude of over 11,000 feet in south- central Peru. The Inca began in this valley and its environs as a small, warlike tribe at constant odds with its neighbors, eventually subduing them in a series of battles, largely under the great ruler Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui who reigned from 1438- 71. The successor to a line of legen­ dary Inca chiefs, he established Cuzco as the capital and center of the future Inca empire. In only a few decades, the Inca expanded over much of the western part of the South American continent; at its height, the empire extended of their lack of a script that records brochures that "you can't slip a from northernmost Ecuador down linguistic information (the absence knife blade between two Inca to central Chile, a north-south of this throughout Andean prehis­ stones" is often literally true. The distance of about 2,500 miles. The tory continues to puzzle archaeolo­ polyhedral stones of immense size Inca had much less success extend­ gists), they had a highly developed erected in the Inca fortress of Sac- ing their power eastward into the system of knotted-cord records sahuaman, defending the high tropical forests of western Ama­ called quipus, under the control ground above Cuzco, represent an zonia and contented themselves of special officials trained in their incredible feat of engineering. In with establishing a network of de­ manufacture and use. Like our own fact, the entire Andean landscape fensible trading posts connected by system of writing Arabic numbers, was transformed by the Inca roads in the headwaters of the the cjuipus were based on decimal, through their stone-walled terracing rivers that drain into the Amazon. positional notation, with different to retain agricultural fields along The renowned site of Machu Pic- categories of things classified by a steep mountain slopes. The Andes chu, discovered by Yale Univer­ complex color code. This enabled have, in a sense, been transformed sity's Hiram Bingham in 1911, was the Inca bureaucrats to organize the into an Inca artifact. one such post. entire state by tens and multiples To the student of the New The secret of Inca imperial prow­ thereof, for taxation, communal World's indigenous cultures, there ess was excellent communications, labor, military service, and the are more differences than similari­ a network of roads, and a highly stockpiling of foodstuffs and other ties to be found among them. Hav­ developed political organization. items in storehouses. ing worked largely in the ancient Theirs was a far more secular out­ Unfortunately, we know very lit­ cultures of Mexico and Central photograph by Anna Benson-Giles, The Odyssey Project look than that of the Aztec. Unlike tle of Inca religion and ceremonies, America, I am struck by Andean (top to bottom) The jaguar was a prom­ the Aztec, Inca warfare was not because the Spanish missionaries, civilization, especially that of the inent cult object in the Aztec religion. waged for largely religious ends, in contrast to their counterparts in Inca, as the creation of technocrats Although the great cat depicted here is but for conquest. Subdued native Mexico, seem to have been little in­ and bureaucrats, where perfect reclining, its carefully delineated mus­ populations were quickly subordi­ terested in this subject. The Temple organization was the rule. The Inca culature and alert head effectively ex­ press its latent ferocity. The line in the nated to state ends. If insubordi­ of the Sun in Cuzco was at the ex­ empire was far more efficient than tourist guides that "you can't slip a nate, they were moved to un­ act center of the empire at the in­ the Aztec, but on the other hand knife blade between two Inca stones" familiar areas so that they would individual expression was totally tersection of the north-south and is illustrated by this great arch at learn Inca ways and the Inca east-west lines that divided the Inca submerged in the ethic of the Machu Picchu. An Aztec necklace, language of Quechua, still spoken realm into quarters. There was an general good. In contrast, Aztec modeled of snail shells. by 7 million Andean peasants. organized priesthood dedicated to culture was dynamic, even danger­ The Inca empire was one of the the elaborate monthly ceremonies; ous, but always exciting with the greatest and most tightly organized and a special group of virgin full flavor of a culture in which bureaucracies ever seen in world women, the mamaconas, who be­ religious fervor and a knowledge of history. At the very top was the came concubines of the Inca em­ the precariousness of all human ex­ emperor, who was considered a de­ peror or of his nobles, unless they istence was always evident. It is no scendant of the Sun. So holy was remained "Virgins of the Sun." accident that most Aztec sculpture he that his principal consort could The Inca had inherited from their is considered great, while Inca art only be his own full sister. Under predecessors, particularly the is thought barely worthy of the him were the noble bureaucrats Chimu, a highly developed tech­ name. who administered the needs of the nology. This was a Bronze Age civ­ Whatever one's preferences for state, which were paramount. The ilization with both copper and individual New World cultures, all Inca realm was a vast "welfare bronze tools, as well as the silver pales in light of the realization that state," as the late J. Alden Mason and gold that so dazzled the only about 10 percent of ten million noted. All land was public; the Inca Spaniards. Inca textiles are justly Incas and eleven million Aztecs motto might well have been the famous for their refined technique, survived. Both of these empires famous dictum, "to each according but it must be admitted that much were thrown into the dust for to his needs." Some products of Inca art is repetitious and boring; it motives that were base and cen­ the land were destined for the looks machine-made. Where the In­ tered on greed. Their fragmented state, some for the religious estab­ cas excelled was in architecture; cultures, societies, and religious lishment, and some for the needs there is not its equal anywhere in systems were doomed in the face of of the peasants, who lived in ayllus, the prehispanic New World. The the continuing Hispanic onslaught. or kin-based land-holding corpora­ renowned stone walls along the —Michael D. Coe tions. streets of Cuzco give an idea of Mr. Coe is a professor of anthropology As with all intricate bureaucra­ Inca mastery of the stonemason's at Yale University and curator of an­ cies, the Inca kept records. In spite craft. The old line in the tourist thropology at the Peabody Museum. 3 The Largest Inca Monument

The first Europeans to see and use were crucial to state administration reports of sightings of Inca roads. course over the landscape. We the Inca roads were so extraor­ and were in many ways responsible Two books, one by a Peruvian and observed at least twenty different dinarily impressed by them that for the strength of the empire. the other by an Argentine, have at­ types of road construction forms several accounts praised them as The emperor required local lords, tempted to reconstruct the Inca net­ ranging from simple paths to superior to the roads of Europe. or their sons or daughters (kinship work primarily on the basis of six­ broad, paved thoroughfares with What was the cause of their ad­ determined succession not only in teenth- and seventeenth-century retention walls and/or curbs. There miration? the central administration but in historical accounts that detail the is a tendency for Inca roads to The Inca roads were a vast net­ the satellite locales), to visit Cuzco locations of the roads and/or their become narrower when passing work binding the empire that ruled for a period of months annually to tampu. In the Andean republics to­ through valuable agricultural ter­ the Andes mountains for the entire make sure that Inca culture was day Inca roads are a subject of con­ rain, or over steep slopes. When century before the Spanish con­ known and practiced in all the dis­ siderable popular and scholarly in­ the same routes continued over flat quest in 1532. They were con­ tricts of the empire. The emperor terest as well as national pride, and grasslands or deserts, they were structed with features exotic to also traveled widely, establishing thus it was not difficult to organize often built with widths that must European eyes, such as great sets and defining boundaries and reaf­ a pan-Andean survey of segments have exceeded the needs of the of stairways. Moreover, the roads firming alliances. In this way, the of Inca roads with the cooperation traffic on them. A few desert roads spanned rugged landscapes that roads abetted expansion of the em­ and support of museums and uni­ approaching coastal valleys exceed awed Spaniards seeing for the first pire through peaceful assimilation; versities in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, seventy-eight feet in width. time deserts, mountains of the in other cases, through conquest. Argentina, and Chile. Because there were no wheeled magnitude of the Andes, and long The roads enabled the rapid move­ Working with Andean archaeolo­ vehicles in the Inca Empire, the stretches of high plateau. ment of armies and, together with gists, students, and other scholars, roads were built for foot and Because it was impossible to see the corps of messenger runners, I reconnoitered twelve segments of animal (llamas) traffic, which much of the complex of roads at made it possible for the central ad­ Inca roads, a project under the meant, among other things, that any one time, the earliest European ministration to know in a matter of general sponsorship of the Institute the road could pass over surpris­ witnesses could not realize that days about trouble in the outlying of Andean Research in New York ingly steep slopes. They are often they were seeing what might be districts. City with funding from NEH, Mr. remarkably direct, ascending moun­ pre-Columbian America's largest How were the roads built? Leon Pomerance and the Stella and tain slopes with thousands of stone prehistoric monument. We know The Inca tax system, mita, was Charles Guttman Foundation. Be­ steps, or steep sequences of zig­ from their accounts, however, that based on labor. The empire re­ cause our comprehension of the zags. Many other characteristics early conquerors, priests, and quired tribute from its subjects not Inca road system had been based typify certain types of Inca roads: bureaucrats traveled great distances in goods or in currency, but in the primarily on early historical sidewalls of stone or adobe, stone over the Inca highways. It was performance of labor service, often sources, the purpose of the surveys paving (primarily in wet areas), known in the sixteenth century that annually. Thus, the Inca road sys­ was to clarify and enlarge knowl­ bridges with stone or wood super­ one could traverse a major north- tem is not only an Inca but an An­ edge of the road system with ar­ structures, causeways over lakes south route for a distance of 1,100 dean phenomenon, because peoples chaeological tactics. The expeditions and bays, retention walls, curbing, leagues (about 3,400 miles). from many different subject ethnic over the roads, often undertaken and stone pile route markers. The Europeans must have known groups actually built and main­ on foot, recovered data on such Although the Inca Empire main­ then what we now know in part tained the roads, albeit under Inca matters as engineering techniques, tained more than 1,000 roadside from surveying and studying Inca supervision. Because peoples from bridges, tampu, chaski posts, local lodgings (tampu) at frequent inter­ roads: that the Incas were a civiliza­ throughout the Andes helped con­ influences on the system, and so vals along its routes, only a few of tion with a sophisticated and effi­ struct and keep up the roads, the forth. The results and analyses of these have ever been studied in cient organization of power, that existence of the massive system the surveys have been recently any detail. The survey project was they recognized the importance of a becomes more comprehensible. published in a book (John Hyslop, able to locate and map many new system of communication, and that The Spanish viceregal adminis­ The lnka Road System, Academic tampu. The new information about they had amassed an immense tration of the Andes attempted to Press, 1984). them indicates that they were labor force. maintain at least some of the major One of the more important obser­ highly varied. As a matter of fact, The extent of the Inca organiza­ Inca routes during the period from vations resulting from the surveys perhaps no two in the empire were tion is demonstrated by a com­ the conquest through to the early is that some of the segments of the identical. All of them appear to prehensive set of state-managed in­ nineteenth century. It was unable system were already established by have housed travelers and goods, stallations along the routes that are to make the system function on the pre-Inca civilizations, particularly in and often served other purposes, as impressive as the roads them­ scale, and with the efficiency, of the territory now governed by but each one reflects a special rela­ selves. At intervals of a day's walk the Inca empire, and many of the Peru, which has been for 3,000 tionship between the varying needs or less, waystations called tampu roads were abandoned, or at least years an area of complex civili­ of the state and the different local served as lodgings for travelers and not kept up as the high-priority zations. It is still impossible to cultural and environmental cir­ as storehouses for storage of sup­ public works they had been in Inca judge what percentage of the Inca cumstances where it was located. plies. At less frequent intervals, the times. The road system continued system predated the empire, a topic In come cases, non-Inca, local state maintained administrative to decay into the republican period rarely addressed in the early writ­ buildings or villages were incor­ centers, which served as links be­ of the nineteenth century, and now ten sources. Only much more care­ porated into the tampu system. In tween the Inca capital, Cuzco, and in the twentieth century has been ful survey of individual routes will isolated areas passed by the roads, the many ethnic groups governed partially replaced by new roads for clarify the question. The Inca road the Inca Empire built its own tam­ by the empire. On main routes the motorized vehicles. Nevertheless, system is so large that I was able to pu, and Inca architectural character­ state maintained small posts for throughout the Andes many Inca survey less than 5 percent of it. istics are found in these tampu, messenger runners, chaski, who, ac­ roads are still intact and still serve Another useful insight produced even those thousands of kilometers cording to a few early European local needs, even long-distance by the surveys is that Inca roads from the Inca capital. observers, could relay a message pedestrian travel. are not built in any standard way, The administrative centers on from Cuzco to Santiago in about Many interested travelers, ex­ but are constructed according to Inca roads are also highly varied. In eight days, a distance of almost plorers, archaeologists, and scholars dozens of varying criteria which af­ the densely populated Andes of 2,000 miles. Thus the Inca roads of Andean affairs have published fect their appearance, width, and Peru and Bolivia, these were often 4 (counterclockwise) A map showing the surveyed segments of the Inca Road System. Low stone sidewalls define this Inca road in a desert region of the north coast of Peru. Another Inca road in Peru's department of Huanuco passes along a mountain slope. The segment remains generally intact despite 450 years of neglect. Stone sidewalls define a road passing along the southwest shore of Lake Titicaca, near the Peruvian/Bolivian border. large urban settlements, loosely called cities. Sometimes they were built by the empire, and in other cases they were pre-existing settle­ ments incorporated into the Inca administrative network, often with Inca additions or modifications. The road surveys in the southern part of the Inca Empire found the ad­ ministrative centers to be smaller than in the north—evidence that the Incas were able to govern large territories without the large urban settlements traditionally regarded as characteristic of states and empires. Finally, it is interesting to note how roads in Inca culture assumed symbolic importance beyond that assumed by roads in our own culture. The roads became a symbol of the state, or "flag" of the em­ pire, as the ethnohistorian John V. Murra has put it. Roads were also used to conceive the cultural geog­ raphy of the empire. One early written source reports that the In­ cas located peoples by recalling their locations on sequences of place names on main roads. In many places roads were used to conceive and define spatial divi­ sions, large and small. Each of the four main routes leading out of the capital Cuzco, for example, was named for one of the four main divisions of the empire, and pro­ vided access to that division. Many questions remain to be clarified about the Inca road sys­ tem. There are many roads yet to be located, and the nature of the state installations on them requires further study. This is because only a small part of the system has been carefully studied by archaeologists and because new information about it will continue to emerge as addi­ tional early historical sources are discovered and published. Our understanding of the scope and sig­ nificance of this monumental net­ work will continue to develop, as in the past, because of the research of many different scholars working in diverse parts of the empire. —John Hyslop Mr. Hyslop is an archaeologist with the Institute of Andean Research and has been working as a research fellow at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.

"An Archaeological Investigation of the Inka Road Systems"/John Hyslop, In­ stitute of Andean Research, NYC/ $13,000/1981-82/$3,000/1982/Basic Research 5 in Chichen Itza before A.D. 750 re­ ble proof ever found of this craft is mains a mystery. After that time, in the fragments of cotton textiles, the burst of construction demon­ including delicate brocades and strates the prominence of religion. lace, recovered by Thompson. A The Great Cenote at Chichen Itza small, companion exhibit of modern was "one of the most important Maya textiles organized by Louis TREASURES religous sites in Mesoamerica," ac­ Casagrande, curator of ethnology at cording to Shane. "Cenote" is the the Science Museum demonstrates Spanish equivalent of the Yucatan a striking direct descent of design word ts'onot, a natural well eroded motifs from the ancient textiles. in the limestone shelf forming Mex­ Casts of sculpture from Chichen FROM ico's Yucatan peninsula. In addition Itza were specially made and to being a permanent source of placed in the exhibition to give water for the ancient Maya, these visitors a sense of the monumental cenotes were considered portals to character of Maya sculpture and ar­ the underworld where important chitecture. A model of the central A SACRED gods resided. Imbued with sacred portion of the religious center, significance, certain cenotes became which encompassed a dramatic places for religious rituals where of­ complex of immense open plazas, ferings were made to the gods. low palace-like structures, and Fortunately for archaeologists temples atop high pyramids, shows W E LL studying Maya civilization, the the cenote and the post-and-lintel religious rites included hurling architecture of the shrine. Visitors Submerged for centuries in the precious objects into the cenote as enter the exhibition between two water and silt of a sacred well and sacrifices. From the Great Cenote at twelve-foot, plumed-serpent col­ then hidden away for more than Chichen Itza, 30,000 sacrificial ob­ umns against a photo mural re­ seventy years in museum store­ jects have been recovered and creating the Temple of Warriors. rooms, Maya treasures from one of studied for information about the During Chichen Itza's era of the most dramatic archaeological people who placed them there. greatest power, the sacred cenote discoveries of the century are final­ Known to the Spaniards and was a kind of "state church where ly coming to light. popularized by nineteenth-century official offerings were made," says "Cenote of Sacrifice: Maya travelers, the cenote at Chichen Shane. There, the most powerful Treasures from the Sacred Well at Itza was first successfully excavated political and religious leaders in the Chichen Itza," a traveling, inter­ early in this century by Edward H. land offered precious gold and jade pretative exhibition of 300 artifacts Thompson. On March 5, 1904, objects to the deities, perhaps to from Harvard's Peabody Museum, Thompson lowered a steel bucket avert disaster or divine the future. will be on view through spring at into the sacred well. After more Eclipsed by the ascendency of the Science Museum of Minnesota, than a month of inconclusive Mayapan, Chichen Itza ceased to St. Paul, and will then travel to six results, Thompson dredged up a be a major political capital after other cities in the United States. wooden object, which he described A.D. 1250, but its cenote continued The exhibition presents the great as "beautifully carved into the as a pilgrimage shrine into the Maya-Toltec city of Chichen Itza figure of a personage richly dressed post-Spanish Conquest period, par­ and its sacred cenote as a case and ornamented," with a mask of ticularly for the common people study in Maya history and culture. beaten gold. Thompson continued who made humble offerings of From A.D. 750 to 1250, Chichen to dredge the cenote for seven wood and copper. Itza was the political, economic, years, amassing the collection of Artifacts in the exhibition are social, and religious capital of a 30,000 artifacts which he sent back divided into two phases of cenote powerful expansionist Mayan state to his sponsors—the Field Museum ritual reflecting the prominence and dominating the Yucatan. By this of Natural History in Chicago and abandonment of Chichen Itza. An time, technically known as the Ter­ the Peabody Museum at Harvard. exquisite gold figurine acquired minal Classic and Post Classic The exhibition of 300 artifacts from lower Central America as an periods, Maya civilization was a recovered from the cenote at offering by a powerful Maya lord or thousand years old. Chichen Itza, Chichen Itza is a sampling of the priest in the early phase is a vivid ruled by a political and religious most significant of Mesoamerican contrast to the simple wood idol elite supported by a vast peasantry archaeological collections. In the ex­ offered by a peasant in the late in the outlying areas, is represen­ hibit, artifacts from the Peabody phase. Many of the objects recov- tative of this fully developed Maya Museum are grouped by medium: culture and its hierarchical society. gold, copper, jade, wood, textiles, Beyond these general descrip­ stone, ceramics, copal, and rubber. tions, we know very little about the Graphic panels show the sources of people who lived at Chichen Itza. materials imported from outside the According to exhibition curator Or- Yucatan and explain methods of rin Shane III, the site is "the best- production, such as jade carving known and the least-known of the and Mesoamerican metallurgy. Maya cities." It has become a Unique conditions in the deep favorite site for tourists, but there water-filled cenote preserved a re­ has been little concentrated study markable assemblage of wood ob­ of its archaeology. jects and textile fragments, which We cannot be sure of its origins, have survived at no other Central says Shane, but there is evidence to American archaeological site suggest that a militarist populace because they normally succumbed there wrenched power from a rival to the accelerated process of decay city, probably Uxmal to the north. in the tropical jungle. Thus, Shane "W e don't know how many people points out that the Peabody lived there," says Shane, "or who Museum's comprehensive collection their leaders were, or very much reveals information about Maya about the origins of the city. Many culture that is not evident from of the great classic cities, such as other archaeological excavations. Tikal, grew from tiny farming com­ Although contemporary Maya texts Miniature gold masks, approxi­ munities, and we have been able to described an elaborate textile in­ Cast copper bells are among the treas­ mately A.D. 900-1100. trace that gradual growth." But life dustry, for example, the only tangi­ ures retrieved from the Sacred Cenote. 6 (top) Female figurine In the exhibition visitors will be in­ preted for the public as a process of made of pottery found in troduced to these complex systems "reconstruction and explanation of the Sacred Cenote at by a mechanical model of the Maya the past.” A series of ten inter­ Chichen ltzk. (bottom) A calendar and an interactive com­ pretative panels illustrate the story gold monkey bell is just puter enabling them to calculate of the individuals and institutions one of more than 300 with Maya numbers. who pieced together the history of Maya treasures from the Shane believes that "it is impor­ Chichen Itza and its sacred cenote. Sacred Well at Chichfen tant for the public to realize that "Cenote of Sacrifice" was ltzk. The exhibit, drawn the Maya were a literate people from the collections of organized as a cooperative project Harvard University's who recorded their history, politics, between the Science Museum of Peabody Museum, will and religion in books.” To em­ Minnesota and the Peabody Mu­ feature a representatve phasize this aspect of Maya culture, seum of Archaeology and Ethnol­ selection of the 30,000 the exhibit includes a facsimile copy ogy at Harvard, supported by gold, jade, wood and of the Dresden Codex, one of three grants from the National Endow­ other artifacts recovered Maya books Cortez sent to Charles ment for the Humanities. from the Yucatan well. V of Spain. It was a book of pro­ The idea for the exhibit grew out phecy and divination with a of the Peabody Museum's Collec­ religious almanac, based on astrol­ tions Sharing Program. Through ogy and probably consulted before this NEH-supported program, a offerings were made at the cenote. portion of the vast research collec­ Maya hieroglyphics and papermak- tions in storage at the Peabody is ing techniques are the subject of being made available to institutions demonstrations regularly scheduled for exhibits that can be seen by a at the museum during the exhibit. large audience for the first time. In An interpretative audiovisual pro­ preparation for exhibition, these ir­ gram gives visitors to the exhibit an replaceable artifacts receive sorely overview of Maya culture and in­ needed conservation treatment. troduces them to Chichen Itza. The "Cenote of Sacrifice" will be on Science Museum of Minnesota uses view at the Science Museum of its Anthropology Through Theatre Minnesota through the spring of program to interpret nonmaterial 1985. After closing in St. Paul, it aspects of the Maya culture. Based will travel to the Field Museum of on primary sources demonstrating Natural History in Chicago, the the clash between Christianity and Oakland Museum, the Houston the Maya religion, one drama Museum of Natural Science, the reenacts a confrontation between IBM Gallery in New York City, and Diego da Landa and Cocom, an two other cities not yet confirmed. aristocratic Maya priest who was —Suzanne B. Schell arrested, interrogated, and executed ered from the cenote appear to cenote (not exhibited). Human by the Inquisition. Another scenario "The City of Chichen Itza and Its have been damaged intentionally, sacrifice was a more common tradi­ depicts an ancient Maya legend, Sacred Well as a Study of Maya or ritually “killed” before thrown tion among the ancient Aztec and and two monologues based on History and Culture"/Orrin C. Shane into the sacred well. Gold sheet Toltec peoples of central Mexico autobiographical accounts portray III, Science Museum of Minnesota, St. was crumbled, jade was shattered, than the Maya and may have been Edward Thompson recounting his Paul/$15,000/1983/"Interpretation and wood was broken. Copal, a brought to the Yucatan by the excavation of the cenote and giving of the History of the Maya-Toltec City resin incense, was used extensively Toltecs ca. A.D. 800. his impressions of Chichen Itza. of Chichen Itza"/$350,000/1984-85/ in the cenote cult. Molded into Artifacts recovered from the Shane notes that the discipline of Humanities Projects in Museums and figurines, it was burned in blue- cenote tell us about the military archaeology is graphically inter­ Historical Organizations painted ceramic bowls to summon and political activities of the Maya. the chacs—rain deities that were For example, rituals related to war­ essential to the prosperity of Maya fare and conquest are suggested by society, which was based on a the complete weaponry of a typical slash-and-burn agricultural system warrior—spear thrower, darts, stone with corn as the staple crop. spear points, and clubs—assembled In his sixteenth-century account in the exhibit. Valuable objects like of Maya life in the Yucatan, the the carved jade head from Piedras Spanish Bishop Diego de Landa Negras may have been sent in described the sacrificial ritual that tribute to Chichen Itza by foreign he witnessed at the cenote of cities as depicted in murals. Chichen Itza. The vast Maya trading empire is Into this well they have had . . . evident from precious gold and the custom of throwing men alive as jade objects in the exhibition, such a sacrifice to the gods, in times of as a gold frog from th6 area we drought, and they believed that they know today as Panama. Great trade did not die though they never saw networks linked the Maya with the them again. They also threw into it a peoples of central Mexico and great many other things like precious southern Central America. stones and things which they prized. Even before Chichen Itza's ascendency, the Maya had invented When Thompson began dredging a complex system of calendrics that the cenote, he established the area integrated a ritual calendar of 260 to be searched by throwing logs of days with the cycles of the sun, approximately human weight into moon, and Venus, observed by the well from the shrine on the Mayan astronomers. They probably south side. devised their arithmetical system to Evidence of human sacrifice is in­ keep track of the days. By studying dicated by the embossed gold plate Maya calendrics and mathematics, depicting a scene of heart removal archaeologists have translated and a sacrificial knife included in recorded Maya dates into our the exhibition, as well as human equivalents, thereby establishing a skeletal remains found in the chronology for archaeological sites. 7 MESSAGES FROM THE MAYA

Certainly one of the most unusual work that uses a uniform system of temples. The hieroglyphic symbols worked with Morley on many ex­ expenses ever subsidized by NEH documentation and incorporates and drawings on a given stela seem peditions found a new way to read is the "mules for hire" item in the material from newly discovered to be related to each other in much the inscriptions. Proskouriakoff Peabody Museum's grant to pre­ sites. "Alfred P. Maudslay [the first the same way as a photograph and noticed that the dates on a single pare the Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic to document Maya ruins] was a caption in National Geographic. Un­ group of monuments fell within the Inscriptions. Why mules? They're giant of his time, one hundred fortunately, no one has unearthed a span of a human lifetime and that still the only way to reach many of years ago," explains Ian Graham, Maya Rosetta stone, offering a many of the same signs and scenes the ruins half-buried in the lux­ the project's principal researcher. parallel inscription in Greek. appeared on other sets of monu­ uriant jungles of the Yucatan "I'm a fanatical admirer of his, but Many of the inscriptions concern ments. For example, a carving that peninsula, the Peten region in let's face it—mistakes were made." the complex astronomical calendars showed a warrior holding a captive Guatemala, and parts of Belize and Adding piquancy to Graham's the Maya had worked out to by the hair often included a par­ Honduras, where the Maya civiliza­ task is the fact that just in the last govern their religious life and the ticular hieroglyphic on the captive's tion once flourished. twenty years have Mayanists begun closely related cycle for planting thigh, and one could find the same The Corpus is a massive effort to to decipher the meaning of most of and harvesting maize. Chiefly hieroglyphic in the text of the ac­ catalogue and publish photographs the inscriptions. The Maya were because numbers are easier then companying inscription. Her con­ and drawings of all the known the only culture in the New World words to translate—dates can be clusion: that hieroglyphic meant Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions to develop a system of hieroglyph­ checked for internal consistency— something like "captive of." Pros­ along with their accompanying art­ ics—a form of writing based on pic­ scholars managed to unravel the kouriakoff's view, which quickly work. Over the past century, many torial symbols. At twenty-year in­ calendrical parts of the inscriptions became the accepted one, was that different archaeologists have made tervals during their classic period first. "By 1960, we had a splendid the drawings and inscriptions on drawings at some of the several between A.D. 300 and 900 the skeleton of dates, but very little the stelae gave an account of a hundred Maya sites, but the Corpus Maya erected stelae, monumental idea of what happened on those ruler's life, a history of events. represents the first collected edi­ stone slabs carved with bas-reliefs, dates," Graham recalls. Stimulated by this discovery, tion, the comprehensive reference in the courtyards of their elaborate Part of the difficulty resulted scholars of the Maya have made a from the shadow cast by the series of breakthroughs. In recent theories of Sylvanus G. Morley years they have compiled a dynas­ (1883-1948), the predominant tic history of certain cities and Mayanist of his generation. Morley made linkages between their ruling saw the Maya as astronomers families; perhaps three-quarters of above all. Thus if a drawing the hieroglyphic signs can now be depicted what looked like five given some reading. Part of the aim soldiers, he was likely to interpret of the Corpus, then, is to supply these symbolically as five planets, this mini-hive of scholars—there are not as military men. In Morley's about forty serious Mayanists in the view the stelae contained no United States—with slightly refined historical or personal information. material for further studies. "There Then in the early 1960s, Tatiana is probably no such thing as an in­ Proskouriakoff, a scholar who dispensable project in Maya (or

Archaeologists Graham and Mathews map each site they visit and photograph any objects with inscriptions. They then draw the designs and texts under strong lights to bring out all the weathered features. Their drawing from the lintel in the photograph at right shows the wife of a Maya ruler engaged Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphics in ritual self-sacrifice. She is passing a rope studded with thorns through her tongue. Her sacrifice is a voluntary

offering to the gods. photographs from the 8 other) archaeology,” comments lights directed at various angles to the Corpus in 1968 sponsored by Mayanist Richard E. W. Adams, of bring out all their features. Certain Harvard's Peabody Museum, but the University of Texas at San An­ details of the weathered and some­ the project really picked up speed tonio, "but the Corpus comes times defaced bas-reliefs become in 1976, when NEH began major close.” visible only under this kind of funding. In essence, by publishing scrutiny. The 51-year-old Graham is some­ cleaned-up legible versions of this What makes the task one for ex­ thing of an oddity among the small material, Graham and his fellow in­ perts is the puzzle-like difficulty of fraternity of modern-day Mayanists. vestigator, Peter Mathews, are sav­ matching pieces from the many An Englishman who took his B.A. ing Mayanists the great expense sites that have been looted. .For in physics at Dublin University, and painstaking effort required to several reasons—stepped-up en­ he became fascinated with field gather it'in the field. forcement of laws to keep pre- research while working in the con­ A number of the archaeologists Columbian art within the country servation department at London's who visited Central America in the of its origin and the simple fact that National Gallery. Annual expedi­ early days wrote melodramatic ac­ most first-rate objects have been tions in single-minded pursuit of counts of their travels that read in taken already—little looting goes on Maya sites have left him no time places like scripts for the next In­ nowadays. In the 1960s, though, for such traditional academic ambi­ diana Jones movie. There was Ed­ when word got around among the tions as earning a Ph.D. and rising ward H. Thompson's encounter local people that collectors would along the tenure track in a univer­ with a rattlesnake at the bottom of pay well for pieces, many sites sity. His work schedule follows a stone cistern in the ruins at Lab- were carved up. a nearly unvarying cycle: four na and Morley's description of be­ A section of the Peabody months in the field followed by ing ambushed by government Museum's performance report to eight months of working up his troops during a revolution—an at­ the NEH for 1982 gives a good idea notes and drawings into publish­ tack that took the life of his expedi­ of the problems researchers face in able form. tion's doctor. the field: Three years ago Graham took a (top) The drawing and photograph Graham, who has been spending six-month sabbatical to work on a Then Graham returned to the impor­ show inscriptions on the risers of about four months in the field each biography of his great predecessor tant site El Peru (badly damaged by stairways leading to a palace or holy year since 1959, downplays the looters in the late 1960s), where he had Alfred P. Maudslay after the place. They are part of a series of boy's adventure side of his field begun systematic work in 1980. This MacArthur Foundation awarded calendrical calculations recording work. "It's true that you still can't year, again, part of his effort was spent him one of its no-strings-attached- the history of a ruling family, (bot­ get to most of the sites by Land in mapping the very numerous to-"genius" grants. The founda­ tom) The stela, showing a warrior, Rover, but the hacking-through-the- mounds, and part in recording the sur­ tion's $250,000 also enabled is from the same site. jungle aspect is overdramatized," viving pieces of sculpture. One task Graham to build a combination he says. "The jungle is not hostile, undertaken was to examine and try to house-base camp on a Guatemalan not terrible; it's really rather recover useful data from a scattered col­ lake and allowed him to bring on lection of about thirty blocks of stone, peaceful, and I feel at home there." board as his coresearcher the young all of them showing several faces cut The major difficulties are mun­ anthropologist Peter Mathews, who with saws, these being the remains of dane, centering on the weather. is working on his Yale Ph.D. two stelae that had been cut into chunks Field work is confined to the dry to facilitate a further slicing with saws dissertation. In October, Mathews season—the months of February to remove their carved front surfaces. too won a MacArthur prize. De­ through May, when a Land Rover As a first step, all surfaces of the blocks spite his MacArthur windfall, can get across the region's many were scrubbed clean of moss and a Graham remains reluctant to leave swamps and the logging trails are measured drawing made of each face. the jungles where "it's hard to tear at their most passable. Occasionally Then an attempt was made on the basis away from an enticing ruin you've Mathews or Graham will slog of these drawings to establish the just heard about." through a swamp to get to a site original place of each block within the So far six volumes of the Corpus stelae—a jigsaw puzzle in fact—the fit only to find all the waterholes in have been published by the Har­ sometimes being checked by dragging a the vicinity dried up. vard University Press. The volumes block into contact with its supposed Over the years Graham has are organized on a site-by-site mate. By this means not only were the managed to discover sixteen new original dimensions of the stelae and the basis, and the Peabody researchers sites, mainly through talking with pattern of saw-cuts established, but also have informally circulated photo­ local chicle gatherers and loggers. most of the inscription on the sides of copies of field drawings among "I can question them more effec­ one stelae was reconstituted. On return other scholars. Because of the tively in the local dialect now," he to Cambridge the project files quickly deteriorating condition of many says. "A woodsman will tell me yielded clear proof that the missing ruins, Graham has given priority to about a site, and I'll say, 'Let's go,' front surfaces of these stelae are now on the fieldwork over publishing his trying not to get too excited. Since exhibit, neatly restored, in art museums backlog of notes. He estimates that in Cleveland and Fort Worth. I plot the trail with my compass perhaps 75 percent of this work is every sixty seconds, I've accumu­ This particular piece of detective now complete, although one gets lated my own maps of trails and work had a larger consequence. the impression that for a true campsites. The chewing gum The name of the ruler recorded on Mayanist no site is ever completely gatherers use local names, not the one of the El Peru monuments is documented. The only Maya in­ ones you find on standard maps. the same as that on other monu­ scriptions the Corpus does not take Part of the reason I've spent most ments whose source was unknown. up are those on pottery, which deal of my time in Peten so far is to Epigraphers, those who make a with a different subject—life in the make full use of this detailed career of deciphering ancient in­ underworld. geography. scriptions, had referred to these as Each volume is published in an "Often, however, the sites turn coming from Site Q. It now ap­ edition of 1,500 for sale at $12 each; out to be uninteresting, or some­ pears that the mysterious Site Q surprisingly enough, two volumes body else has been there before, could well be El Peru. have sold out. Obviously, the work although there's always more infor­ Although Mayanists have been has implications beyond the hard­ mation to be gotten out of any site. aware of the need for a comprehen­ core Mayanist—for art historians, Part of the point of this project is sive reference source almost from anthropologists, and epigraphers to extract more detail from already the beginning, Proskouriakoff's studying the patterns by which published material." discoveries and the looting of the written language emerges. In addition to mapping each site sixties added impetus to the idea. Graham and Mathews have and photographing any objects With seed money from the family established readings for many of with inscriptions, Mathews and foundation of Washington lawyer the inscriptions they are document­ Graham make drawings of the and amateur archaeologist Charles ing, but have refrained from pub­ designs and texts under strong Guttmann, Ian Graham launched lishing their own interpretations for (continued on page 27) Stoic £ hope, would concentrate the energies of our ambition on secur­ ing a quick departure, and the sooner the better. In contrast, an old Eskimo told me this about her life, her continuing struggle—and dreams: "W e know what to expect, so it is not so bad to be here; visitors worry about us; our own people who have gone to the cities want to rescue us; but we are do­ ing all right here and maybe some of them need to be rescued! I won't say we can always sit and drink coffee and laugh and be sure there will be plenty to eat and no danger to us! We have to keep ourselves ready to go—there's always something that we must do if we expect to eat, and if we ex­ pect to be around here for another season. My children learn one big lesson: Your sleep has to earned! "But I'm not complaining! From what we hear about our people in other parts of this country [Alaska] there is no reason for us to com­ plain. Imagine—Eskimo people who can't find food for themselves, or even cook it themselves. Imagine— Eskimo people who wait for the airplanes and wait and wait. I wouldn't mind being able to fly, but I wouldn't want to sit around hoping a plane would bring my meal to me. I'd be ashamed!" She and her husband virtually Nina Manegak, from the village of Tununak, on the southern Bering Sea. envelop their children and grand­ went to Alaska for the first children in the colder months, and time in 1973, when it was both are wonderful storytellers. easier than it is now to They also have a wry ironic side; witness the old Eskimo they can smile at their own mis­ virtues—aspects of the every­ takes and notice them in others dayI life lived by a proud, stoic peo­ without becoming pompous or self- ple, at once amiable and fiercely important. self-reliant. In rural villages my son As I sat with them, walked with and I met elderly men and women them, over a decade ago, I began who were not at all interested in oil to realize that I was in the com­ wells and Coca-Cola and pizzas pany, alas, of a dying breed of and the arrival and departure Americans—as they well know schedule of cargo planes with their themselves. Soon enough snow­ load of liquor or rock music records mobiles and hi-fi technology and or video cassettes. They were men small planes and maybe some oil who hunted and fished. They were drilling equipment would herald, women who had a keen eye for for them, "civilization." Meanwhile changes in the sky's light, a ready they held fast to their old ways—a ear for the wind's shifting mes­ nearness to the rhythms of Arctic sages. They were, really, stoic sur­ life. I remember, with special fond­ vivors, anxious only to keep on be­ ness, those trips that enabled me to ing alive, to see their children or see breaks in the ice, the emerging grandchildren also stay alive. warmth begin to wear away the Not that they lacked hope and heavy grip of a tenaciously severe ambition. Anyone who has accom­ Arctic winter. I also remember the panied an Eskimo on his or her exuberant delight of summer— daily rounds, to find food, to flowers bursting forth, water strengthen a particular home's everywhere free of ice, birds and structure, even to have the fun of a insects as casual as if they would game, knows that these are people never be threatened by a first blast who stand up long and hard for of chill air, by the sudden silent fall themselves against considerable of the first snow. odds. Most of us, confronted with But it is the people I cannot their circumstances, would lose forget during these times: their Eskimo Catholic deacons in training to become priests. 10 Humanities GUIDE What is a NEH Challenge Grants: Questions Challenge and Answers

Grant? QMust an institution be de­ the extent that such payments little long-range impact on the This year the Endowment offered voted entirely to work within the bear upon expenses within the quality of its humanities activ­ $15.8 million in Challenge Grants humanities to be eligible for an humanities. ities, programs, or resources. The to 45 institutions, grants that will NEH challenge grant? Note that there is a distinction brochure of program guidelines, work to prime the pump of pri­ A between "eligible” expenditures available on request from the vate support for humanities orga­ No. An institution may and a competitive or compelling NEH Public Affairs Office, pro­ nizations. In a challenge grant, apply for a challenge grant to plan of expenditures. Does the vides additional information and each federal dollar is awarded for provide long-term enhancement application illustrate why this examples of the common pitfalls every $3 dollars that an institu­ of that portion of its activities in­ proposed plan is the best way in unsuccessful applications. tion has raised from private volving humanities program­ for this institution to use its sources, so that the $15.8 million ming. NEH challenge grant at this QHow does NEH determine is expected to generate more time? which proposals will receive than $47.4 million of private- QMay an institution request funding? sector support. a challenge grant for more than QWhat makes a proposal The Challenge Grant program one purpose? strong? A Applications are first re­ is the only NEH program that A viewed by staff to ensure does not support particular proj­ Yes, institutions frequently A strong proposal con­ technical eligibility. The staff ects in the humanities; rather, request funding for several pur­ tains specific demonstrations of verifies, for example, that the in­ the program offers a humanities poses. An institution may require the following criteria for funding: stitution or organization is itself institution the opportunity to money for both renovation and • a clear sense of the institu­ an eligible applicant and that the strengthen its financial base in a endowment to cover increased tion's mission and priorities; application package includes all number of ways. Challenge operating costs, for example, or • high quality for programs and the required materials, such as funds can be used to establish may need acquisition funds as activities in the humanities; the necessary number of copies endowments or cash reserves; to well as equipment for catalogu­ • long-term impact of the of the proposal. The applications renovate, repair, or add to ex­ ing or conservation. challenge grant on the quality of are then reviewed by outside isting facilities; defray continuing the applicant's programs, panels, according to the criteria or cumulative debts or mort­ resources, and services in the listed above, and the panels May the challenge grant gages; purchase equipment; or Q humanities; make recommendations to the and matching funds be used for augment acquisitions. In each • impact on the applicant's National Council on the Human­ general operating support? case, the expenditure must be financial stability and capability ities. The NEH chairman, taking used for the study or preserva­ to use resources more efficiently; into account the advice provided tion of the humanities. A No. Challenge grants are • demonstration of financial and by the council and the panels, awarded to help institutions Descriptions of how this year's programmatic need; makes the final award. grantees propose to use their build long-term capital resources • effective long-range planning funding appear on page 17. for activities in the humanities. about programs, finances, and General operating support does QWho serves on these management; panels? not fulfill this purpose. • probability that the fund-rais- ing plan will prove successful, A Panelists are people who QWhat are some examples will broaden the base of support, are familiar with the work of the of eligible expenditures? and will develop sources likely to various kinds of institutions sub­ continue contributing beyond the A mitting applications. Applications Endowments or cash re­ grant period. are organized for panel review serves restricted to the support according to institutional type, of programs, personnel, or ac­ such as four-year colleges, public tivities within the humanities; What are the major rea­ Q libraries, museums, etc. A panel renovation of existing facilities; sons that proposals are rejected? reviewing applications from four- purchase of equipment; library year colleges, therefore, might acquisitions or the purchase of A In a word, vagueness. include a college president, collections or other materials per­ Very often, an unsuccessful pro­ academic deans and/or provosts, tinent to the humanities; costs posal failed to describe the actual a humanities faculty member, a for cataloguing, restoring, or con­ nature or role of the humanities development officer or a senior serving humanities texts and within the organization or in­ financial administrator, and a materials, reduction or defray­ stitution. Next, and often related representative from a grant- ment of continuing or cumulative to the first reason, the proposed debts, notes, or mortgages, to expenditures appeared to have (continued on page 13) 11 In September 1982, Gettysburg sented a comprehensive, well- evaluation was highly valuable in pelling than a large request. Get­ College, a small liberal arts col­ developed fund-raising plan for causing us to articulate a much tysburg's second request was lege in Pennsylvania, submitted Gettysburg to develop a broader tighter case for how we would smaller for all the right reasons: an application to NEH for a base of support than that gen­ use the challenge grant to ad­ It was targeted much more care­ $750,000 challenge grant that erated by student fees, charges, vance work in the humanities." fully to the college's own convin­ would leverage $2,250,000 in and tuition. However, the appli­ Lowe says that the effort in­ cing assessment of its critical nonfederal matching funds. The cation failed to explain how an volved in preparing the resub­ needs in the humanities." college proposed weaving its NEH challenge grant would pro­ mission was considerably less The project description in the challenge grant campaign into mote work of recognizable merit than that of the first application. resubmitted application set forth the fabric of an advancement in the humanities. The "quick and definitive" feed­ a specific and compelling case for campaign for $14 million, in­ One panelist commented that back from NEH staff, he says, how the challenge grant would cluding renovation of two cam­ the proposal “appears to have helped the college focus more on strengthen Gettysburg's human­ pus buildings to provide a com­ been rather hastily prepared" the aspirations and potential of ities programs: plex for the study of art, music, and not conceptually developed. its humanities programs and on The $300,000 Challenge Grant and drama; endowment for There was little description of how a challenge grant from NEH sought in this application will enable faculty development and the the actual content of humanities would help bring about beneficial the College to raise at least humanities curriculum; and an programs and courses; therefore, results beyond the term of the $1,200,000 in endowment funds spe­ annual fund in support of the it was difficult for panelists to grant period. cifically devoted to the humanities humanities. assess the impact of the chal­ The resubmitted application (45% of the institution's courses and The application was not recom­ lenge grant on Gettysburg's also requested considerably less faculty). Of the total amount, mended for funding by the Na­ humanities program. Another money: $300,000 (instead of the $650,000 will help meet the growing need and demand for faculty and tional Council on the Humanities panelist did not find a sufficient­ original request of $750,000), curriculum development funds. A in February 1983. ly detailed and explicit descrip­ which would require the college sum of $450,000 for a Professorship After reviewing the reasons tion of how enrichment of the to raise $900,000 in nonfederal in Civil War Studies will subsidize why the project was not recom­ curriculum and faculty develop­ matching funds. institutional aspirations to gain mended for funding and con­ ment would occur. Others noted "The amount of money re­ prominence as a center of Civil War sulting with staff of the Office of that part of the proposed expen­ quested by Gettysburg in its first scholarship. And $100,000 will pro­ Challenge Grants, the college ditures for renovation included application was not one of the vide restricted humanities endow­ resubmitted a revised application refurbishing a building devoted reasons why the panel recom­ ments to undergird a distinguished in June 1983. That application almost entirely to the performing mended against funding," says Civil War Lecture Series and the received unanimous approval by arts—a purpose with merit but Edythe Manza, program officer Senior Scholar's Seminar or a suc­ panelists and was recommended with no direct relationship to the in the Office of Challenge cessor honors program. for full funding by the council humanities. Grants. "The Endowment has The resubmitted application and chairman in November 1983. Although the original request awarded a number of sizeable got rave reviews from all What differences between the was rejected, Gettysburg College challenge grants to small liberal panelists. One member explained first application and the resub­ was encouraged to resubmit an arts colleges. Rather, the first ap­ that the appeal of the application mission turned failure into suc­ application that specifically plication failed to make a con­ was its promise of building on cess? According to Gary Lowe, related its funding needs to vincing case for the relationship the historical humanities strength associate vice president for col­ strengthening humanities pro­ of the amount requested to the of the college: its program in lege relations at Gettysburg Col­ grams at the college. college's programs in the hu­ American Civil War history. The lege, “NEH saw our first ap­ According to Gary Lowe, "The manities and to the long-range proposal's clarity of focus, the plication as buckshot. The panelists' evaluation was very plans for strengthening the quali­ thoughtful long-term planning it reviews enabled our second ap­ just and painfully discerning of ty and financial stability of those described, and the qualifications plication to be rifle shot." our application's weaknesses as programs. A small request is not of the scholars merited a recom­ The original application pre­ well as its strengths. That necessarily better or more com­ mendation of full funding. 12 innrrinnnnnnninnnnrrinnni ae f upr ad eut in result and support of base f hs programs. these of will grant challenge a how and following the for colleges Challenge Grants Questions and Answers Answers and Questions Grants Challenge how the grant will broaden the the broaden will grant the showing how by sense financial a grant in challenge the of importance process. into ongoing fits an grant challenge the shows how and management col­ lege's the of part integral an planning as long-range college's of the comprehensiveness the strates maintain and enhance the quality quality the enhance and maintain College Gettysburg at programs humanities of quality the shows reasons: arts liberal small for model a as application resubmitted the uses rat ad et o expertise. of depth and breadth Office? applications? of review panels All foundation. making rt wl i avne f h ap­ the of advance in well write from the Challenge Grants Grants Challenge the from in recommendations council's reviews the Endowment the of man chair­ the and recommendations panel considers Humanities throughout applications review a ensure to members seven have n t Smls f ucsfl pro­ successful of Samples it. on ap­ draft a If deadline. plication oebr Dcsos are Decisions November. the on Council the National fall; early and summer the ie s h sm annually. same the is line deadline? tion library. lending of­ fice the from available are posals comment and review, will the staff deadline, a before six weeks least at submitted is plication or phone to applicants potential vial aot eebr 1. December about available l gfs ro t applying? to prior gifts all las he t one? to three always in the legislation governing the the program. governing legislation the in A A A . h apiain demon­ application The 2. The Office of Challenge Grants Grants Challenge of Office The 3. The application stresses the the stresses application The 3. 1. The application clearly clearly application The 1. Yes. The staff encourages encourages staff The Yes. aes r cnee to convened are Panels Ys Ti rqieet is requirement This Yes. . What is the timetable for for timetable the is What Q. available assistance Is Q. applica­ next the is When A. dead­ This 1985. 1, May Q. raise applicant an Must Q. match minimum the Is quirement for raising raising for quirement otnig upr fr human­ for support continuing hy ih bt hr i n re­ no is there but wish, if they application successful a of tion anticipa­ in raising fund advance olg' scholars. college's plication. Institutions receiving receiving Institutions ap­ an plication. of submission the to prior h ln run. long the over planning curriculum and the of qualifications impressive grant the after programs ities eid a ended. has period requirements on an annual basis basis annual an on requirements matching minimum meet certain to required be will awards including faculty development development faculty including program, humanities central the found to have merit but is not not is but merit have to found ap­ its but support of worthy itself is institution an because either er f h grant. the of each year during offered funds federal of amount the by indicated The grant. the of life the during resubmit on that basis. In fact, fact, In basis. that on resubmit to encouraged are applicants fund­ merit to strong sufficiently is application an because or first time) the College case Gettysburg the with was (as not is plication quirements for gifts or does any any does or gifts for quirements are required amounts matching h Ofc o Calne Grants Challenge of Office the of percent 25 Approximately ing. it qualify? gift represent new or increased increased or new represent eea rqieet ae ht (1) that are requirements General and (4) the gift be used for the the for used be gift the (4) grant; and challenge the to in given response is gift the (3) grantee; the for income gift nonfederal gift the (2) period; ap­ grant proved the within given be gift the securities; nonfederal grants; grants; nonfederal securities; f lgbe gifts? eligible of application. the in specified purposes e gfs ne cran condi­ certain under gifts defer­ red and bequests conditions; or special i.e. federal, than other appropriations, legislated special in; oe ye o i-id con­ in-kind of types some tions; certain under property of auctions; gifts sales, events, benefits, fund-raising special income from net governments; or state local from money increased rbtos mmesi contribu­ membership tributions; A . Not any gift qualifies. qualifies. gift any Not . A A 4. The application shows the the shows application The 4. 5. The application focuses on on focuses application The 5. Resubmission is encouraged encouraged is Resubmission A o Isiuin my do may Institutions No. Q. re­ eligibility there Are Cash; gifts of negotiable negotiable of gifts Cash; otne fo pg 11 page from continued Q. examples some are What any money money lgbe o al grants. all for eligible income. earned increased and group gifts; other or friends from dona­ tions alumni, from gifts tions, particular grant. Not all gifts are are gifts all Not grant. the of particular purposes the for propriate grant? a we isiuin. ahr al in­ all Rather, institutions. tween tend to make a stronger case for for case stronger a make to tend they because primarily of success, rate higher a have applications second-time these that reports a challenge grant on these programs. these on grant challenge of a impact long-term the show to and programs in humanities quality of level high a to achieve ability their for case a make to encouraged are stitutions be­ judgments comparative make humanities. the wre b te iiin of Division the by awarded grants from $2,000 to $1.5 million million $1.5 to $2,000 from grants humanities program are also also are program humanities o a hr pro (n t three to (one period short funding a for requires project the If ty. facul­ and curriculum the humanities improving to directly related projects for Programs Education average award has been about $300,000. about been has award the average years, recent In period. received 210 applications. Of Of applications. 210 received success? three-year a over funds federal in hs, 5 eevd awards. received 75 these, one challenge grant at the same same the at grant challenge one time? than more receive to institution has had one challenge grant grant challenge one had has . A Endowment the 1983 In . A grant? challenge second a for apply completed a first challenge grant. grant. challenge first a completed in o a eod hleg grant. challenge second a for tion NEH to been submitted have must grant first challenge the on report final able accept­ an that requires Eligibility o h sbiso o a applica­ an of submission the to had that institutions from tions applica­ accepting began ment A. eidr Gfs ut e ap­ be must Gifts Reminder: aeit ae ntutd o to not instructed are Panelists Grants to improve a college's college's a improve to Grants . Wa i te vrg sz of Q. size average the is What Applicants may request request may Applicants Q. of chances the are What Q. single a for possible it Is No. Q. that institution an May A. Endow­ the 1983, In Yes. w years two prior prior years), the proposal should be be should proposal the years), u, u poial, experience. profitable, but pain­ ful, a was resubmission to road run. long the base over financial institution's an of strengthening and the for development meant is hand, other the tion to the Division of Education Education of Division the to tion applica­ conjoined a as submitted full advantage of NEH's advice advice NEH's of Take advantage them: full tell would I " says Lowe, applicants," other to vice on grant, challenge A Programs. ia apiao deadline." applicaton the final before staff with consult and to application draft a submit to ad­ of sentence one but had I "If This criterion states: "W hat was was hat "W states: criterion This of review the in used is criterion ie awards. second­ time were ten offered, awards h porm ad h etn to extent the and program, the award, first the of success the awards. second for applications PA /$300,000/1983-8 7/Challenge College, /$300,000/1983-8 PA Gettysburg Lowe, L. Gary Last year, of the seventy-five seventy-five the of year, Last growth? Is there reasonable need need reasonable there Is growth? capital real develop institution or organization the helped it which and grant the of purposes fulfilled the it which to degree the Grants hs factors?" of these light in award second a for be discussed with the staff well well staff the with discussed be (Fostering Programs Education of A Grants. Challenge with rently Endow­ other from grants have grant? challenge a for NEH another from grant a has ly n dac o sbitn a for­ a submitting of advance in should this for Plans both programs. to application single a with proposals joint accepts stitution) In­ an Throughout Coherence Division the in program special concur­ run that programs ment apply to eligible it is program, a application. mal about the Challenge Grants Grants Challenge the about National Endowment for the the for Endowment National the from February in available be will guidelines 1985 lines. Program? vne NW, Washington, N.W., Avenue, Pennsylvania 1100 Humanities, 409, Room Office, Affairs Public C 256 202/786/0438. 20506; C. D A A For Gettysburg College, the the College, Gettysburg For A A An additional evaluation evaluation additional An Yes. Many institutions institutions Many Yes. rt o cl fr guide­ for call or Write Q. current­ institution an If Q. more out find I do How Crln Taylor —Caroline

13

RGAS PROPOSALS ■ PROGRAMS NEW CHALLENGES FOR CONNECTICUT'S OLDEST TOWN

In 1634 a group of ten men from field since 1634 along with tem­ such as a square, flat-roofed presents another highlight of the the Massachusetts colonies, porary exhibits constructed in belvedere that allows a com­ town's history, the Yorktown known only as the "adven­ cooperation with community manding view of the town Conference, held in Wethersfield turers,” spent the winter in rude organizations. The museum will through eight arched windows. between George Washington and huts along the banks of the Con­ also contain classrooms; a large The house is elegantly furnished the Comte de Rochambeau. It necticut River and so founded multi-purpose room for work­ and is planned to interpret upper was here that the campaign that the town of Wethersfield, Con­ shops, seminars, lectures, class nineteenth-century life. led to the end of the Revolu­ necticut. Within two years, the demonstrations, and special In addition to the money for tionary War at Yorktown was town was formally established, events; and a museum shop that renovations, the fund-raising ef­ planned. land was purchased from the In­ will help to fund increased socie­ fort will also enhance the socie­ The 350th anniversary of the dians, and lots were apportion­ ty activities. ty's ability to educate the com­ town has stirred even greater in­ ed. Today the town is a small Howard says, "The Welles munity and visitors about the terest in the town's history with suburb of Hartford with a Na­ Museum and Cultural Center history of Wethersfield. special activities such as a Family tional Register historic district will actually serve as the hub for Howard's efforts are sup­ Association meeting of Wethers­ containing 116 buildings that those visiting Old Wethersfield." plemented by the work of about field's descendants and the 350th predate 1820. The oldest perma­ For example, school children will thirty volunteers who orient Grand Parade sponsored by the nent settlement in Connecticut, be able to visit the center to see visitors, lead tours, assist re­ town. Wethersfield is celebrating its a slide show that explains the searchers and help with educa­ During the summer, hundreds 350th anniversary. plot of The Witch of Blackbird tional programs. Such volun­ of New Englanders participated One of the custodians of this Pond, a novel by former tarism is essential to the society in a Revolutionary War encamp­ 350-year historical heritage, Wethersfield resident Elizabeth because of its small staff and ment and battle reenactment that which includes America's first Speare. The slide show uses the Howard believes that this com­ commemorated the action of written constitution (the Fun­ story's setting to examine munity spirit "adds tremen­ Wethersfield militia in the war. damental Orders, signed in Wethersfield and Connecticut life dously to the appeal of historic In 1775, the Wethersfield militia 1639), is the Wethersfield during the 1600s. The children Wethersfield. It helps to make it led by Captain Chester played an Historical Society, which is can then take a walking tour of a living town." important role in the Battle of presently at work raising the town to see some of the sites For a small fee, the society Bunker Hill. One militiaman $375,000 in response to a recent from the novel, such as the gives visitors and school or civic described the day's fierce NEH challenge grant. Including Buttolph-Williams House (1692) groups thirty- to sixty-minute fighting in a letter to Wethers­ the federal grant, a total of and the town's Burying Ground, presentations that cover a broad field resident Silas Deane, $500,000 is targeted by the socie­ which is the oldest graveyard in range of subjects. America's first diplomat. He ty for renovation of two sites, continuous service in the United One example, Connecticut and wrote, "Four men were shot the Captain John Hurlbut House States, the first headstone having Wethersfield in the American dead within five feet of me but (1804) and the Welles Building been laid in 1684. Revolution, is a slide show that thank Heaven, I escaped with (1893), and for increased educa­ The Captain John Hurlburt follows the history of Wethers­ only the graze of a musket ball tional programs that will teach House was built in 1804 by field from the Stamp Act crisis of on my hat." the community and approximate­ Hurlbut, who served on the Nep­ 1765 through the signing of the The society will be host at the ly 4,000 visitors a year more tune, the first Connecticut ship to Treaty of Paris in 1784. During year's final event, a preview tour about the town's history. circumnavigate the globe. The the presentation, visitors are told of the unfinished Welles Build­ According to Nora Howard, house, now undergoing paint of the travails of Jared Ingersoll, ing, a symbol that the society's the society's director of educa­ analysis in an attempt to en­ Crown-appointed stamp agent efforts to preserve the history of tion and development, the hance its authenticity, will be for the Connecticut Colony, who Connecticut's most "auncient" Welles Building, which served as renovated and used by the socie­ was intercepted in Wethersfield town will continue as Wethers­ a public school until 1982, will be ty for social and cultural events on his way to Hartford and field enters its 351st year. renovated for use as a museum and opened to the public for forced to resign his office. The —Scott Sanborn and cultural center for Old tours. Refurbished as a Victorian mob then insisted that Ingersoll Wethersfield. The building will house in the 1860s, the historic shout "liberty and property!" Douglas Alves, The Wethersfield house a permanent exhibition structure still retains the three times before sending him Historical Society, CT/$125,000/ tracing the history of Wethers­ Italianate features added in 1852, on his way. The slide show also 1983-87/Challenge Grants 14 More Morale for the Money

The presence of the College of not consider admissions stan­ of Vinson Sutlive, professor of the administration created a William and Mary in the red­ dards or such intangibles as anthropology and chairperson of $700,000 permanent endowment, brick continuum of restored col­ educational goals and charac­ the Advisory Committee on Uni­ to be used at the discretion of onial Williamsburg is not the teristics of the intellectual versity Advancement, "recog­ the dean of the faculty of arts only feature that removes the community. nized that seeking funding from and sciences, for humanities college from the realm of the Caught in a combination of private sources is imperative and faculty development. Last spring modern. Sheltered in the these and other funding stric­ that faculty are in strategic posi­ the college used this fund to eighteenth-century landscape of tures, William and Mary found tions to interpret the educational honor sixteen faculty members an idyllic, shady campus, itself in 1977 paying salaries that mission of the college to donors.” with $1,500 awards in recogni­ William and Mary's undergrad­ were in the bottom twentieth With guidance from the faculty tion of their excellence in uates pursue the liberal arts with percentile of a ranking compiled advisory committees, the college teaching and in scholarship. a quiet disregard for the current by the American Association of has translated the $2.6 million The remainder of the fund was trend of vocationalism in higher University Professors (AAUP). result of the challenge campaign used in competitive grants for education. A recent study of "It was a dangerous situa­ into several strategies to keep summer preparation for teaching William and Mary and thirteen tion," remembers David Kran- and to attract talented faculty. in the college's honors program comparable southern universities buehl, the director of grants and Two endowed professorships or for curriculum and course conducted by the American research administraton. "The in the humanities have been development over the summer. Council on Education found that faculty we try to hire look also at created. This fall Scott Donald­ Government professor Alan William and Mary students take Dartmouth, say, or Brown. Our son, who has taught at the col­ Ward, for example, was awarded 20 percent more humanities mission, our student body, the lege since 1966, was named the a stipend to develop courses on credits in lower-division courses quality of our instructional pro­ first Louise G.T. Cooley Pro­ "world society," which might be than students in the other in­ gram were comparable, but not fessor of English. Best known for used as the focus of a multi­ stitutions and nearly 100 percent our salary levels." his 1983 biography Fool for Love: disciplinary concentration in in­ more in upper-division courses. Kranbuehl was the project F. Scott Fitzgerald, Donaldson has ternational studies at the college. In the early seventies, how­ director for an NEH challenge edited and written seven other Students majoring in interna­ ever, the College of William and grant awarded in 1979. The books in American literature, in­ tional relations can take courses Mary faced some very modern federal offer of $500,000 was in­ cluding biographies of poet Win­ in eleven departments and one problems tended to generate $1.5 million field Townley Scott and Ernest school. Ward, who teaches inter­ A state-supported institution, from private sources to be used Hemingway, and is now at work national relations and U.S. committed to its traditional em­ mainly for the support of the on a biography of John Cheever. foreign policy, spent the summer phasis on liberal education and humanities faculty. The college A second endowment, for the reading in sociology, political therefore resistant to pressures to by 1983 had raised $2.1 million Kenan Distinguished Professor­ geography, international eco­ increase enrollment, William and in response to the challenge. ship, brings to the college each nomics, and other resources in Mary fell victim to formula fund­ Kranbuehl attributes this over­ year a preeminent scholar in the order to begin to create courses ing. The state-mandated ratio achievement partly to the wide­ humanities for the primary pur­ to provide majors with more that funds faculty positions spread and energetic participa­ pose of encouraging excellence in coherence. based on the number of student tion of the faculty in the fund­ undergraduate teaching. The first Next summer the college will credit hours was changing to de­ raising effort. He also reports professor to visit the college in award eight more grants for this mand more credit hours per that in addition to the momen­ this capacity, William Fleming of kind of independent study and position. The effect on a college tum in fund raising that con­ Syracuse University, is the curriculum development, accord­ with ambitions for only modest tinues to enhance the college's author of Arts and Ideas, a text ing to Thomas Finn, dean of growth was a decrease in the capital campaigns, one of the now in its fifth edition used by undergraduate studies. He plans number of funded positions. most important benefits of the more than 600 American colleges to use the rest of the fund for an Furthermore, state guidelines challenge grant is the "spirit of and universities in humanities interdisciplinary faculty seminar also required that each faculty cooperation" among faculty and courses. During his stay in on the impact of technology on position be funded at no more development officers that re­ Williamsburg, Fleming taught contemporary American culture. than the average faculty salary of sulted from this first coordinated courses in the study of the visual This proposal reflects the col­ a group of designated peer in­ endeavor. From the initial ad hoc arts and music from the late lege's resolution to ensure that stitutions. In determining this group of faculty who worked to Renaissance to the present and all areas within the humanities, group, the legislature based com­ prepare the proposal and to de­ their relationship to contem­ and not only one or two depart­ parisons on such criteria as the termine the best long-range use porary ideas. ments, benefit from the perma­ number of degrees awarded or of the award money has grown a In addition to the endowed nent endowment for faculty the amount of federal research network of faculty advisory com­ professorships (two others were funding obtained. The state did mittees, who have, in the words established in the law school), (continued next page)

The Yard at the College of William and Mary 1733-47. 15 WILLIAM AND MARY continued development. It also reflects a commitment on the part of the college, and Finn's personal determination, to foster a community of scholars where departmental divisions recede behind the goal of a generally enriched intellectual life. Finn sees this summer's seminar, for example, as one way of recruiting faculty for the Case Studies in honors program, which places heavy demands on participating professors. Developed with an NEH Divi­ Fund Raising sion of Education Programs grant, which ran concurrently Organizations react to the from dancing, and my hand is established, former volunteers with the challenge grant, the stimulus of an NEH challenge always out. We couldn't have are now salaried, and a strong, multidisciplinary honors program grant each in its own way. Some done it if everyone hadn't systematic development program is based on the close study of things remain constant: motiva­ helped. Why, one man donated is now in place. "Fund raising texts in the humanities. Next tion, planning, and the ability of a truckload of turnips, and we has become a continuing fact of semester, in the eight or nine the grant to inspire the natural sold every one of them at the life." small seminars of selected constituency of the group seek­ Christmas bazaar." *** sophomores and freshmen, pro­ ing support. *** The University of San Diego fessors will guide students The Monroeville County Public The American School of Clas­ named its major fund drive the through an examination of the Library serves a rural population sical Studies in Athens is a Discovery Campaign. The uni­ broader notion of nature with of 23,000 in Alabama. A scenic, respected graduate center that versity, having doubled in size in such texts as Darwin and King underpopulated area with fresh has, for more than a century, the last ten years,-is not the Lear. air and clean water, many of its prepared scholars for work in place it used to be. Discover us, Alan Fuchs, chairman of the residents show some cultural, classical studies and in the ex­ said the fund raisers, and then philosophy department and one educational, and financial disad­ cavation of major sites in Greece. help us provide the new library of the sixteen recipients of last vantage. In the next five years, Application to NEH for a chal­ and the other major improve­ spring's awards for excellence, is because of industrial expansion, lenge grant came at a time of ments our new institution badly one of the chief architects of the the population is expected to crisis for the school. Inflation needs. honors program. Citing the re­ double. was eroding the endowment, tui­ The university was successful quirements of weekly faculty Monroeville is Harper Lee tions were small and unlikely to in attracting large foundation seminars for the discussion of country, and at the time the increase. The school's board of grants. William Pickett, vice- texts and of study in unfamiliar grant application was made, the trustees and the managing com­ president for university relations, disciplines, Fuchs maintains that library was housed in a ja il- mittee provided effective leader­ discussed why. the program is focused as much known to the world as the jail ship, but they were scattered The first step, said Pickett, is on faculty development as on a that held Tom Robinson in To around the United States. This to have a clear sense of institu­ challenge for the brightest Kill a Mockingbird. As a library it lack of a centralized office made tional direction, which has the students. He believes that the was inadequate. fund raising an ad hoc affair. The full support of those close to the community created by the pro­ A committee was formed to school had been very successful organization. For a Catholic gram, now in its third year, is raise the funds to liberate the in attracting gifts, particularly for university, this was not difficult. another reason, along with the library. The first step was to be its excavation projects, but the Next, one must have the active success of the challenge grant the purchase of its future home, lack of continuity made con­ support of the board of directors and some indication of increased the La Salle Hotel. certed ongoing efforts difficult. who will use their business, pro­ support from the state legis­ By April 1982, the campaign The original modest goal of the fessional, and social relationships lature, that there has been a kickoff, some major donations Alumnae Centennial Fund was to explain the organization to change in attitude among the were in hand. Since then, the $100,000. The success of the those outside it. This proved to faculty at William and Mary. It tenacious enthusiasm of the NEH challenge was such that it be the key for the university of has become clear to them that library's board and friends, was over-subscribed a year ahead San Diego whose board, by the college intends to protect the fueled by the $100,000 challenge of time and resulted in an addi­ itself, provided one half of the humanities, one of its traditional grant, has provided continuing tional matching grant from the $15 million goal and whose con­ strengths. momentum for what has been Andrew W. Mellon foundation. tacts provided most of the rest. "W e have more concentrators essentially a grass-roots, small The current goal is $6 million; Indeed, the entire $15 million in philosophy here than there events community effort. more than $3 million has already came from only eighty-two are at the University of Wiscon­ Support came from industry been raised. donors. This capital campaign sin,'' says Fuchs. "W e simply and foundations, but it also came "The grant gave us the neces­ was directed only at major gifts. wanted the resources to keep our from a luncheon and fashion sary encouragement," said Lud­ Donors were sought who would programs strong." show ("all sizes, shapes and milla Schwarzenberg in the New give no less than $100,000 over a At William and Mary the past ages") and a "Spring Fling," a York office. "W e prepared five-year period. is palpable. Even the stone stairs local talent show featuring Anita special mailings to our alumnae The personal contact, rein­ of restored classroom buildings, Bryant. It came from a Christmas and friends of the school. Three forced by the challenge grant, concave from centuries of tour of homes including a stock­ of four foundations gave us makes a formidable package. For students going to and from class, ing contest. Books and pledges grants solely because they knew one thing, says Pickett, a grant invite speculation about what were received on Library Sun­ they were going to be matched. usually has a dollar value that at­ came before. But the faculty, days in the churches. Services When the Painted Stoa was tracts attention. "It has a dra­ development officers, and a now- such as painting, paperhanging discovered in 1981, Time did a matic effect, drawing attention to increased number of the college's and carpentry were donated. On story on the school. Reprints of the institution; it enables you to friends, concerned about the "Coke Day, " students donated the article mailed to corporations go to new funding sources." Of strength of the humanities, are their soda pop allowance, netting in this country and Greece paid course, while the large money looking ahead. $859.49. off handsomely, producing cor­ was being raised, annual giving, —Linda Musser Blanken There was a young folks' porations as a new revenue planned giving such as trusts dance, and later, there was an source. We have been able to lift and estates, and prospects David Kranbuehl, College of William "Old Timers" dance. Says the level of support and maintain research went on as usual and Mary, Williamsburg, VA/ Library Director Ann Pridgen it at the higher level." creating a synergistic effect. $500,000/1979-83/Challenge Grants cheerfully, "My feet are tired A fund-raising office has been —Edith Schafer 16 Some of the items in this list are offers, not final awards.

ARIZONA MISSOURI the university.

Middle Hast Studies Association, Tucson, AZ, Bethel College, Kauffman Museum, North Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, PENNSYLVANIA Michael E. Bonine. NEH: $84,375/Total: Newton, KS; Harold Shultz. NEH: $100,000/ Peter Raven. NEH:$85,000/Total:$340,000. $337,500. To attain a financially stable and Total:$400,000. To provide support for per­ To expand and renovate space for the The Athenaeum of Philadelphia, Philadel­ self-supporting status. manent professional staffing; to enhance the research library's rare book collection, ar­ phia, PA; George Vaux. NEH: $300,000 Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, AZ; museum's educational program within and chives and bindery. Total: $1,200,000 To stimulate the 175th An­ Philip Thompson. NEH: $415,000/Total: beyond the college; and to enhance its col­ niversary Endowment Drive that will help $1,660,000. To support the museum's pro­ lection management capabilities. NEBRASKA underwrite three professional staff positions. grams in the humanities. Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA: Samuel LOUISIANA University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE; Henrv Banks. NEH: $1,000,000/Total: $4,000,000. To CALIFORNIA Holtzclaw. NEH:$125,000/Total:$500,000. To establish an endowment for a regular series Hermann—Grima Historic House, New enlarge the endowment of the Center for of visiting professorships, a stronger Judaic KTEH-TV, San Jose, CA; Maynard Orme. Orleans, LA, Lynne Farwell. NEH: Great Plains Studies, an interdiscipinary unit studies program, and an increased library ac­ NEH: $340,000/Total: $1,360,000. To support $50,000/Total: $200,000. To augment the of the university. quisition budget. the establishment of a General Endowment; museum's endowment to expand program­ the development of a Humanities Production ming in the humanities. NEW JERSEY SOUTH CAROLINA Fund; the expansion of the "54 Fund" for local production; and the expansion of the MARYLAND Community College Humanities Associa­ Spartanburg County Public Library, Spar­ station's Capital Reserve Fund tion, Cranford, NJ. Anne Rassweiler. NEH: tanburg, SC; Dennis L. Bruce NEH: Pomona College, Claremont, CA; David Alex­ Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore, MD; |ames $25,000/TotaI: $100,000 To establish an en­ $17,500/Total: $70,000. To build an addition ander. NEH: $500,000/Total: $2,000,000. To Gary III. NEH: $1,000,000/Total: $4,000,000. dowment to support annual meetings of the to the library to provide space for library pro­ increase the college's endowment for sabbatical To be used for renovation, restoration , and regional divisions, publication of the associa­ grams and community use. scholarship, summer research ventures, and an increased endowment fund. tion's journal, work of three standing com­ general research assistance. mittees, and program development for im­ University of California Press, Berkeley, CA; MASSACHUSETTS proved humanities teaching. James Clark, NEH: $250,000/Total: $1,000,000. KLRU-TV, Austin, TX; James H. Lewis. To support publication of scholarly books in Goodnow Library, Sudbury, MA; Charlotte NEW YORK NEH: $250,000/Total: $1,000,000. To replace the humanities, especially in the fields of classics, MacLeod. NEH: $25,000/Total: $100,000. To obsolete and nonfunctioning production and music, literary editions, comparative literature, join the Minuteman Library Network, a group Architectural History Foundation, New York engineering equipment at the station, which history and related cultural studies. of fourteen libraries in the local area that have City; Victoria Newhouse. NEH: $25,000/ has a long history of involvement in national joined to provide a shared computer system Total: $100,000. To set up a revolving fund and local programming in the humanities. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA to automate library functions and to facilitate to reduce present subsidies and to meet the Texas Lutheran College, Seguin, TX; Philip resource sharing. challenge of timely special projects. N. Gilbertson. NEH: $75,000/Total $300,000. African American Museums Association, New England Historic Genealogical Socie­ Bronx Museum of the Arts, Bronx, NY; Luis To strengthen the quality of library holdings Washington, D.C.; Byron Rushing. NEH: ty, Boston, MA; Lowell Warren. NEH: Cancel. NEH: $125,000/Total: $500,000, To in the humanities. $60,000/Total: $240,000. To cover development $500,000/Total: $2,000,000. To support a book renovate a recently acquired building that is costs, build a small endowment, and offset fund to allow purchase of material to keep to become the museum's new site VERMONT administrative and maintenance expenses in the collections current with new resources; The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York order to stabilize the association's role as a to initiate a revolving fund for the publica­ City; Francis Mason. NEH: $1,000,000/ Vermont ETV, Winooski, VT; Lee Ann Lee service organization for black museums. tion of sponsored works; and to endow four Total: $4,000,000 To augment the endow­ McLean. NEH: $180,000/Total $720,000. To education programs. ment to achieve a base of financial support purchase equipment; to dehay cost of in­ GEORGIA Springfield Library and Museums Associa­ which is secure and reliable. creased local humanities productions; and to tion, Springfield, MA; John Mann. NEH: acquire and produce increased numbers of National Humanities Faculty, Atlanta, GA; $962,000/Total: $3,848,000. To restore and NORTH CAROLINA humanities programs. Benjamin Ladner. NEH: $175,000/Total: renovate buildings, and reinstall exhibits to $700,000. To retire its accumulated deficit; to meet increased public demand for the serv­ Duke University Press, Durham, NC; Terry VIRGINIA fund its nascent development program; and ices of this major humanities resource. Sanford. NEH: $150,000/Total: $600,000. to build sufficient cash reserves to insure future To establish a Duke Press endowment for Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, VA; John organizational stability. humanities publishing designed to subsidize W. Cooper. NEH: $500,000/Total: $2,000,000. ten new publications annually. To build a sufficient endowment to support ILLINOIS Victoria Society of Maine, Portland, ME; a chair in comparative religion, a chair in in­ Doris Stockly. NEH: $95,000/Total:$380,000. ternational studies, two annual symposia, WTTW-TV, Chicago: 1L; William McCarter. To restore the exterior and stabilize the in­ faculty development, and improvements in NEH: $400,000/Total: $1,600,000. To expand terior of the Victoria Mansion, one of the Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH; Stephen humanities resources in the library. the program production schedule in the country's outstanding examples of High Vic­ Starr. NEH: $970,000/Total: $3,880,000. To University of Virginia Law Library, Char­ humanities and to continue augmenting its torian architecture, decorative arts and endow two senior humanities faculty lottesville, VA; Larry B. Wenger. NEH: acquisition of humanities-related program­ history; and to increase the society's fellowships, two junior humanities fellow­ $150,000/Total: $600,000. To establish an en­ ming from the Public Broadcasting Service endowment. ships, a humanities research fund, and a dowment to support the acquisition, proc­ and independent producers. fund for library acquisitions in the essing, and maintenance of rare book and MICHIGAN humanities. manuscript collections of legal materials and INDIANA The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, to develop related reference and research The Edison Institute, Dearborn, Ml; Harold OH; Gary Ness. NEH: $500,000/Total: services. Allen County Public Library Foundation, Fort Skramstad, Jr. NEH: $1,000,000/Total: $2,000,000. To establish an endowment fund Wayne, IN; Rick Ashton. NEH: $300,000' $4,000,000. To make major capital im­ for acquisition of additional collection items, WASHINGTON Total: $1,200,000. To build an endowment provements and to restore historic structures conservation work on current holdings, and for the support of library acquisitions in the and replenish the institute's endowment. an on-going visiting scholars program. Suquamish Tribal Cultural Center, Su- humanities, especially American history and Ella Sharp Museum, Jackson, Ml; Robert Otterbein College, Westerville, OH; Thomas quamish, WA; Carey T. Caldwell. NEH: literature of religions. Condon. NEH: $250,000/Total: $1,000,000. Kerr [V. NEH: $250,000/Total: $1,000,000. $100,000/Total. $400,000. To increase the Lake County Public Library, Merrillville, IN; To enable the museum to renovate and add To establish an alumni humanities endow­ financial stability of the Suquamish Museum Neil Flynn. NEH: $75,000/Total: $300,000. To to its exhibition gallery and to its ment for a rotating chair in humanities by underwriting development expenses, ac­ provide a continuing source of financial support endowment. disciplines, library acquisitions and learning celerating repayment of loans for museum for purchase of materials in the humanities. resource materials, and faculty development construction, creating a fund for the acquisi­ Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, IN, John MINNESOTA programs. tion of cultural materials, and forming an en­ Duggan. NEH: $375,000/Total: $1,500,000. To dowment for the museum. endow a chair in the Humanistic Studies Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, St. OKLAHOMA Department and thereby expand both the facul­ John's University Collegeville, MN; Fr. WEST VIRGINIA ty and courses offered in this department and Hilary Thimmesh. NEH: $400,000/Total: The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, Thomas to increase endowment funds available for $1,600,000. To enlarge the base of ongoing Staley. NEH: $162,500/Total: $650,000. To Huntington Galleries, Inc., Huntington, faculty development in the humanities support for this humanities research center. build an endowment that will strengthen WV; Roberta S. Emerson. NEH: $500,000/ Ramsey County Historical Society, St. Paul, and enlarge the library collections in the Total: $2,000,000. To establish an endow­ MN; Gregory Page. NEH' $137,000/Total: humanities, and fund an annual comparative ment to develop a reference library, to sup­ $548,000, To hire new staff members; to build literature symposium. port interpretative museum tours serving Vesterheim, the Norwegian-American new programs; and to make the society's col­ schools in thirty-four counties in three states, Museum, Decorah, IA, Manon Nelson. NEH: lections more accessible through new OREGON and to support interpretative programs for $100,144/Total:$400,576. To increase endowment exhibits. adults. income, allow for greater outreach through Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; traveling exhibitions and media presentations, Robert MacVicar NEH: $700,000/$2,800,000. and strengthen the development program. To establish a center for the humanities at Please note: Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. Deadline in For projects boldface beginning after

DIVISION OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS-R/chard Ekman, Director 786-0373

Central Disciplines in Undergraduate Education—Richard Ekman 786-0373 Improving Introductory Courses—Donald Schmeltekopf 786-0380 April 1, 1985 October 1985 Promoting Excellence in a Field—John Walters 786-0380 April 1, 1985 October 1985 Fostering Coherence Throughout an Institution—Richard Ekman 786-0373 April 1, 1985 October 1985

Humanities Instruction in Elementary and Secondary Schools—Carolynn Reid-Wallace 786-0377 January 7, 1985 July 1985 Exemplary Projects in Undergraduate and Graduate Education—William McGill 786-0384 May 15, 1985 January 1986 Humanities Programs for Nontraditional Learners—William McGill 786-0384 April 1, 1985 October 1985

DIVISION OF FELLOWSHIPS AND SEMINARS-Thomas Kingston, Director 786-0458

FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMS Fellowships for Independent Study and Research—Maben Herring 786-0466 June 1, 1985 January 1, 1986 Fellowships for College Teachers—Karen Fuglie 786-0466 June 1, 1985 January 1, 1986 Constitutional Fellowships—Maben Herring and Karen Fuglie 786-0466 June 1, 1985 January 1, 1986 Faculty Graduate Study Grants for Historically Black Colleges and Universities— Eric Anderson 786-0463 March 15, 1985 January 1, 1986 Summer Stipends for 1986—Joseph Neville 786-0466 October 1, 1985 Summer 1986 SEMINAR PROGRAMS Summer Seminars for College Teachers—Richard Emmerson 786-0463 Participants: 1985 Seminars April 1, 1985 Summer 1985 Directors: 1986 Seminars March 1, 1985 Summer 1986 Summer Seminars for Secondary School Teachers—Ronald Herzman 786-0463 Participants: 1985 Seminars March 1, 1985 Summer 1985 Directors: 1986 Seminars April 1, 1985 Summer 1986

Undergraduate Fellows in the Humanities—Ronald Herzman 786-0463 Participants: 1985 Seminars February 15, 1985 Summer 1985 Directors: 1986 Seminars May 1, 1985 Summer 1986 Centers for Advanced Study—David Coder 786-0466 November 1, 1985 Fall 1987

DIVISION OF GENERAL PROGRAMS— Donald Gibson, Director 786-0267

Humanities Projects in: Media—James Dougherty 786-0278 Children's Media January 30, 1985 October 1, 1985 Regular Media Projects January 30, 1985 October 1, 1985 Museums and Historical Organizations—Gabriel Weisberg 786-0284 April 29, 1985 January 1, 1986

Special Projects—Leon Bramson 786-0271 Humanities Programs for Adults February 6, 1985 October 1, 1985 Humanities Programs for Libraries March 8, 1985 October 1, 1985 Humanites Programs for Youth Youth Projects June 15, 1985 January 1, 1986 Younger Scholars Program October 15, 1985 June 1, 1986

DIVISION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS-Haro/d Cannon, Director 786-0200

Intercultural Research—Blanche Premo 786-0200 February 15, 1985 July 1, 1985 Basic Research Program —John Williams 786-0207 Project Research—Gary Messinger and David Wise 786-0207 March 1, 1985 January 1, 1986 Archaeological Projects—Eugene Sterud 786-0207 March 1, 1985 January 1, 1986 Research Conferences—Eugene Sterud 786-0207 February 15, 1985 October 1, 1985 Travel to Collections—Gary Messinger 786-0207 January 15, 1985 June 15, 1985 Humanities, Science and Technology—David Wright 786-0207 NEH HST Projects March 1, 1985 January 1, 1986 NEH-NSF EVIST Projects February 1, 1985 October 1, 1985 Research Resources—Jeffrey Field 786-0204 Access—Marcella Grendler 786-0204 June 1, 1985 April 1, 1986 Preservation—Jeffrey Field 786-0204 June 1, 1985 April 1, 1986 Publications—Margot Backas 786-0204 May 1, 1985 October 1, 1985 U.S. Newspaper Projects—Jeffrey Field 786-0204 January 15, 1985 July 1, 1985

Reference Works—Dorothy Wartenberg 786-0210 Tools—Cra/e Hopkins 786-0210 October 1, 1985 July 1, 1986 Editions—Helen Aguera 786-0210 October 1, 1985 July 1, 1986 Translations—Susan Man go 786-0210 July 1, 1985 April 1, 1986

DIVISION OF STATE PROGRAMS -M arjorie Berlincourt, Director 786-0254 Each state establishes its own grant guidelines and application deadlines; therefore, interestedI applicants should contact the office in their state. A list of those state programs may be obtained from the Division of State Programs.

OFFICE OF CHALLENGE GRANTS—/ames Blessing, Director 786-0361 May 1, 1985 December 1984 photographs by Hillel Burger, Peabody Museum urvivors Text by Robert Coles Photographs by Alex Harris

Andrew Tommy, one of the last great Eskimo storytellers, entertains his family. Posters from the 1930s and 1940s adorn this sod house on the arctic circle.

Jack Angaiak hunts seal in his kayak during the April thaw in Tununak Bay. moments of abandon as they, too, break free of winter; their smiling tolerance of the weather's unpre­ dictable ways; their sweetness to their children—but also their deter­ mination to teach them how to work, meaning to work with others and on behalf of a particular com­ munity; and not least, their self- effacing decency, one to the other. Once my son wondered what will happen when these sturdy, hard­ working people, so intimately con­ nected to the natural world, ended up owning television sets. I pro­ fessed at the time not to know, and though in truth I do have a hunch or two, I'd sooner let my mind stay with the images it has seen of these truly honorable people—the images Alex Harris has enabled so many others, also, to see.

Robert Coles is the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning five-volume series, Children of Crisis and the reci­ pient of a MacArthur Fellowship. In addition to teaching at Harvard, Dr. Coles continues his work with children in South Africa, Central America and other troubled parts of the world. Alex Harris is the director of the Center for Documentary Photography at Duke University and the winner of the Lyndhorst Prize, 1984-87, which is given for individual work in the South that has been creative and signficant for a number of years.

"The Last and First Eskimos"/Exhibi­ tion and Symposium/International Center for Photography, NYC/$83,242 OR; $17,180 FM/1981-84/Museums REDISCOVERING NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE

The formal study of native Amer­ primitive man of America, that Wooden finger masks ican oral/traditional literatures as night, as any of its discoverers ever from the Eskimo Indians literature and the recent appearance did")—but clearly he was not will­ of Alaska. and widespread critical recognition ing or able to consider the native of native American writing are in­ stories he heard on literary terms. timately related, in that most of to­ Nineteenth-century American day's native American poets and writing is of course full of images writers are aiming at a rediscovery of Indian life—some accurate, most and adaptation of their tribal tradi­ distorted according to the writer's tions for modern purposes. Add to degree of ignorance and bias: We this the active interest in the native obsessively studied the Indians traditions on the part of some of then as never before or since, but our most important non-Indian almost never tried to understand Smithsonian Institution writers and it begins to look as them in terms of their own im­ Vain I Tried to Tell You": Essays in Bible stories, for example), and so though the time has come for aginative heritage. Native American Ethnopoetics, 1982.) on. What Bronislaw Malinowski American literature to embrace But with the beginning of sys­ But what—thus philologically re­ said about myths among the Trobri- what is at once its oldest and its tematic ethnographic and linguistic claimed and maybe revived—does anders, that they were not idle newest lineage. fieldwork after the Indian Wars of native American traditional litera­ tales but a hard-working active For Americans to discover a line the 1870s came evidence, tribe by ture look like, what claims does it force, is certainly true of native of imaginative continuity among us tribe, of richly expressive native have on us, and how shall we American mythologies in relation to that extends from the first human repertories of story and song. Arm­ approach it? Browsing through their tribal cultures. The interpreta­ occupation of the Americas to the ed with hindsight, we might wish a general anthology like Smith tive task of placing the stories in an present could be good news in­ that the early transcribers and Thompson's classic Tales of the adequate cultural context is there­ deed; and in dwelling on the old translators—most of them affiliated American Indians, or Larry Evers's fore formidable, but not forlorn, and traditional elements of that one way or another with Franz The South Corner of Time, or my given the wealth of ethnographic continuity in this brief survey, I do Boas and the U.S. Bureau of Amer­ Coyote Was Going There will suggest information now on record. not want to give the impression ican Ethnology—had been more that, contrary to popular bias, the In a Chinookan story from the that the new field of native Amer­ sensitive to literary questions regar­ material is not quaintly childish or Columbia River, for example, a ican writing is any the less note­ ding native American texts. Such "primitive," and does not consist young man is visited by a spirit- worthy. Each field promises to questions were generally passed mainly in "just-so" myths about guide, an elk, who promises him energize the other. over in the headlong effort to the origins of rivers and mountains great success as a hunter if he will As early as Roger Williams, ex­ record and understand native and the features of animals. In fact honor the spirit and never kill more plorers and settlers in colonial languages and cultures—even as the explanatory element in Indian than he needs to. The hunter ac­ America noticed that the natives both seemed to be vanishing. myth-narratives is much less central cepts—but his status-hungry father possessed oral traditions; but for a Despite the heroic efforts of to them than are motifs that we ex­ urges him to kill more and more variety'of reasons—ignorance of the fieldworkers between the 1880s and pect to find in any literary tradi­ wastefully, telling the young man languages (more than 200 across the 1920s, much vanished. What tion-dramatic presentation of of­ (falsely) that in his youth he was a the land!), lack of critical concepts now survives in print of the tradi­ ficial moral values under conditions far greater hunter. At length the wherein native traditions could tional native literatures is both of conflict, imaginative probings of young hunter is driven to slaughter even be considered as literary art, glorious and shameful for us to human nature, recovery of the a whole herd of elk—whereupon he general indifference on the part of consider—glorious because so much past, speculation about how the is denounced and rejected by his American poets and writers—the was recorded, on the whole careful­ earthly and the sacred intersect, spirit-guide, who also exposes his repertories were largely ignored un­ ly and responsibly; shameful be­ and, of course, all the complex father's lie. The hunter goes home til well after the Civil War. Excep­ cause even now, fifty years and motives of entertainment, including and dies, but not before he publicly tions like Longfellow and Thoreau more after the end of the "golden the pleasures of language. reveals his father to be a liar. Note tend to prove this rule of neglect era" of Boasian fieldwork, records In place of the simple fables of that this bleak little narrative (only and nonassimilation. Longfellow of entire native American oral popular misconception, one finds in about twenty-five sentences!) is did incorporate elements of Henry repertories lie neglected in govern­ native American repertories cycles neither an origin-myth nor a beast- Schoolcraft's pioneering translation ment archives and in the pages of of Trickster tales, rather like fable, nor is it at all childlike. It of Ojibway myth in his Hiawatha— academic journals, their full human picaresque novels; pedagogical nar­ centers on two issues that were, we but cheerfully mixed the Ojibway significance waiting to be examin­ ratives aimed at "chartering" tribal know from ethnographic studies, of material in with Iroquoian, and ed. But a diverse scholarly effort to customs and rituals; problem grave importance to the Chinook- wrote the poem in a style derived do so is beginning in the best tradi­ stories that dramatize conflicts be­ ans—the possibility of conflict be­ from the Finnish Kalevala! tion of humanistic philology. As tween social norms and the pur­ tween obedience to human and to Thoreau's life-long sympathy Dell Hymes, a leader in this new pose and impulses of individuals; spiritual authority, and the uncer­ with the Indians led him to project work, has written, "With texts, as hero stories, like fragments of tainties of trying to subsist in har­ a major work on their history and sometimes the myths themselves, epics; songs (often integral to nar­ mony with nature. culture at the end of his life, and what is dead can be revived. We ratives, like the dramatic songs and Reading such stories in a well- The Maine Woods is full of his excite­ cannot bring texts to life by step­ lyrics in Shakespeare's plays); edited text, one discovers that they ment at hearing the aboriginal ping over them five times, but we prophecies; ceremonial texts; are genuinely artistic in literary Abenaki language ("I felt that I can by scholarship. There is much mythopoetic syntheses of native terms—but the terms of their verbal stood, or rather lay, as near to the to be done and few to do it." ("In and Anglo materials (Indianized art are mostly alien to our scheme 20 of things. First of all, they come to centered, print-based, innovative, Toelken, and others who combine seem to have been generated in in­ us at two removes: (1) having been subjectified literature can be a literary and anthropological in­ numerable versions and analogues, translated from a native American .mind-stretching experience, notably terests with a working knowledge both within and between tribal language into English, and (2) hav­ for readers who have come to of native languages. Tedlock's work groups. And the knotty theoretical ing been transcribed from their assume that the conventions gov­ with contemporary performances of questions about how to accom­ native mode, oral performance, into erning Western literature are the Zuni narratives has convinced modate oral/traditional material to solid print. Native stories testify only ones capable of producing many that most native narrative the canons of Western literature eloquently to their long passage literary art of a high order. In case literature is in fact poetry and without utterly misrepresenting the through the lips, ears, and mem­ anyone is growing worried here should be translated and presented former and misinterpreting the lat­ ories of their possessors. That is, about literary priorities, I have not as such, with an aim to render per­ ter are being addressed systemat­ they consist largely of vivid scenes, found it necessary to give up my formance features—pauses, pitch, ically by theorists like Arnold with terse dialogue and very little devotion to Yeats and Shakespeare volume, and the like—faithfully. Krupat and Karl Kroeber. exposition and description. In the in order to study the aboriginal Hymes's monumental study of As Dell Hymes says, there is Chinookan elk-hunter story, for ex­ literatures of the Senecas, the Nez Chinookan-language texts has led much to do—but in articles, critical ample, when the poor hunter Perce, and the Wasco Chinookans: to the discovery of intricate three- books, anthologies, periodicals, returns home from his shattering on the contrary. In my experience, and five-part grammatical and syn­ conferences, university courses, the encounter with his spirit-guide, he looking back at Hamlet, say, from tactical "measures" embedded in long overdue recognition of native meets his father, who, all unknow­ the native convention of the Trick­ the texts, and an organization of American traditional literature as ing, is described as "talking, feel­ ster (Coyote, Raccoon, Crow), is them from the level of individual part of an expanded and enriched ing well." This detail may seem guaranteed to challenge and extend lines to the level of whole episodes. American literature does seem to be odd to us for being so laconic—but one's ideas about the Prince of In all its rigor and diversity, the under way. Again, it is paralleled, the effect it creates of dramatic Denmark. work of ethnopoetics promises, I and reinforced, by the growing irony is very powerful in context, Like their cousins throughout believe, to enrich not just the way recognition of modern native and the narrative art it exhibits is world folklore, native American we understand native literature, but American writers. Taken together, surely more than "primitive." Tricksters are wily, aggressive, the way we attend to all literature. the traditional and the modern Here, of course, we come up outrageously self-centered creatures Other scholars are studying the achievements of the native against another puzzle: how to who always seem to be in the mid­ formal narrative strategies of native American imagination promise to claim a high degree of artfulness dle of predicaments, caught be­ storytelling—the often subtle use of give us an intellectual purchase on for such stories when, in fact, they tween all sorts of existential foreshadowing, for example, and the American land that we have are authorless and do not allow us polarities: nature and culture, the the elaborate doubling of events surely needed, a truly native nam­ our familiar recourse to an author's way of the tribe and the way of and characters in some traditions. ing and storying of the places life and writings. The puzzle in fact unfettered individualism, impulse Still others, following the structural where we live. —Jarold Ramsey reflects more on our aesthetics than and appetite as opposed to rational analysis of Claude Levi-Strauss, are Mr. Ramsey is a professor in the on the stories themselves. They are intelligence, sacred and profane, delving into the genealogy of the department of English at the Universi­ works of verbal artistry that in the and so on. Philosophically speak­ story-texts, the complex ways they ty of Rochester. fullest sense belonged to the tribal ing, they are mediative figures, group, cherished and kept alive in defining vividly the relations be­ performances by skilled raconteurs tween polar opposites, much like whose audiences already knew the the terms of Hamlet's famous com­ individual stories in a repertory, plaint: "What should such fellows and prized not authorial invention as I do crawling between earth and but rather the teller's ability to Heaven? We are arrant knaves all; dramatize the material and to believe none of us." As compelling weave stories into sequences and imaginative figures, philosophically cycles. As in any folk literature, akin for all their literary differences, they show a high incidence of con­ Hamlet and Coyote deserve to ventional and formulaic elements— know each other. stock characters and standardized An especially fruitful line of inter­ episodes appearing and reap­ pretative work on the native pearing. literatures is being followed in the Taking these formal features name of "ethnopoetics" by Dell point by point against the equiva­ Hymes, Dennis Tedlock, Joel lent features of our own author- Sherzer, William Bright, J. Barre

A SHORT READING LIST

Anthologies and collections of Kroeber, ed. Traditional Literatures of traditional works: Stith Thompson, the American Indian. Studies in ed. Tales of the North American In­ American Indian Literatures (journal). dians. Larry Evers ed. The South Comer of Time. Jarold Ramsey, ed. Native American writing: N. Scott Coyote Was Going There. John Momaday, The Way to Rainy Moun­ Bierhorst, ed. Four Masterworks of tain (memoir), House Made of Dawn American Indian Literature. Dennis (novel). Leslie Silko, Ceremony Tedlock, Finding the Center (Zuni). (novel), Storyteller (memoir). James Welch, Winter in the Blood: The Critical studies: Melville Jacobs, Death of ]im Loney (novels). Simon The Content and Form of an Oral Ortiz, Going for the Rain; A Good Literature (Clackamas Chinook). Dell Journey (poetry). Duane Niatum, Hymes, "In Vain I Tried to Tell Ascending Red Cedar Moon; Songs for You": Essays in Native American the Harvester of Dreams (poetry); Ethnopoetics. Jarold Ramsey, Reading Carriers of the Dream Wheel (an­ the Fire: Essays in the Traditional In­ thology of native poets). D'Arcy dian Literature of the Far West. Karl McNickle, The Surrounded (novel). (left) Between A.D. 1000-1400, native Americans in Mississippi made decorative pots called "effigies." Almost sixty feet tall, Alabama's temple mound is one of the largest man-made earthworks in North America.

"It is not the easiest thing in the ecutive director of the CHA. rewrite it." Scenes of early Alabamans (por­ world to find a buffalo," says Although Alabama has one of Vogel counters, "Bruce and trayed by students from Auburn Maryanne Culpepper of Auburn North America's richest archaeo­ Maryanne and myself submerged University) hunting buffalo and Television, at Alabama's Auburn logical records (state borders our egos. We would buck ideas crafting spear points are followed University. enclose a region that has been oc­ around without anyone saying, by a visit to an archaeological ex­ Nor is it a simple matter to come cupied by humans for at least 'I'm going to the wall on this.' " cavation. Joseph Vogel links past up with Paleo Indian hunters or 11,000 years), Henley knew there The collaboration paid off in such and present by explaining, on Spanish conquistadors. But Culpep­ was a dearth of materials that dealt honors as the Golden Eagle award camera, some of the analytical per and her colleagues found them with the subject. of the Council on Nontheatrical techniques scholars use to "make all—including a buffalo—to create Henley, who also represents the Events, a CINDY from the Interna­ suggestions" about the life of an­ the cast for Lost in Time, an hour- Linn-Henley Trust, approached the tional Film Producers Association, cient Americans. long, award-winning documentary state's public television network and an INTERCOM certificate of Lost in Time tells viewers how a that traces the story of Alabama's about producing a film on Alabama merit from the Chicago Interna­ warming climate led to the devel­ first inhabitants, from their crossing prehistory. Not long afterward, tional Film Festival. opment of new hunting and food- of the Bering Straits land bridge to Auburn Television producer/direc­ "In terms of thematic content," processing methods that character­ the arrival of Hernando de Soto. tors Maryanne Culpepper, Bruce adds Vogel, "I felt we were suc­ ize the 7,000-year period of the Ar­ Developed by Auburn Television, Kuerten, and Joseph O. Vogel, an cessful in depicting what I call the chaic tradition. A demonstration of with funds from the Committee for associate professor in anthropology long flow of prehistory. We tried to pottery making ushers in the suc­ the Humanities in Alabama (CHA) at the University of Alabama and show the continuity of Indian ceeding Woodland tradition, when and the private Linn-Henley Trust, former director of the state museum cultures and how they worked." Alabama's natives—equipped with Lost in Time and its companion of natural history, began work on Lost in Time roams across three lightweight and durable cooking study and viewer guides show not the eighteen-month project. prehistorical eras: the migration of and storage containers—turned just the history of Alabama's ear­ Vogel, who has studied the for­ Paleo Indians from Asia to North from hunting and gathering to sim­ liest Indians but also the methods tifications that once enclosed America (10,000-8000 B.C.); the ple farming and settled in small modern scholars use to interpret Moundville, Alabama's famous development of Archaic culture villages. An anthropologist dis­ the past. From first draft to finished prehistoric site near Tuscaloosa, (8000-1000 B.C.); and the rise and cusses burial sites and explains film, the project represents a near helped Culpepper and Kuerten fall of Mississippian society (A.D. how scientists, by studying human total collaboration between prepare the funding proposal for 800-1500). The story begins when bones, form conclusions about per­ humanities scholars and media Lost in Time, served as the film­ mammoths, saber-toothed cats, and sons long dead. producers. makers' emissary to the state camels trod what is now Alabama The final segment of Lost in Time The idea for the film came from archaeological community, and soil. But one of Lost in Time's first presents details about the sophis­ Birmingham publisher John Henley consulted on the film script. images is of a modern camper los­ ticated Mississipian culture that III. "He was really concerned about "W e worked with Joe daily," ing his pocket knife in the Alabama developed 1,000 years ago along the way Alabama history is taught says Culpepper. "He would review woods— a clue to how some arti­ Alabama's Black Warrior River. in public schools, particularly pre­ the script and it would be just red. facts have come into the hands of Through aerial photography, history," says Walter Cox, ex­ He'd bled all over it. And we'd archaeologists. Moundville, the largest preserved

PALEO Redstone

Clovis

Dalton Cumberland

ARCHAIC Big Sandy

Mulberry Creek

WOODLAND Jack’s Reef Pentagonal

Jack’s Reef Corner Notched photographs courtesy of Auburn Television MISSISSIPPI AN (left) Prehistoric spearpoints of Alabama show that native American culture con­ tinually changed over thousands of years. The spearpoints are placed in the time period in which they seemed most prevalent, (right) An actor portrays a native Guntersville Lanceolate Madison American of the Archaic period, using a spearthrower oi atlatl. 22 Mississipian site in North America, is shown. The 300-acre site is named for the large earthen mounds that were constructed as burial places and building plat­ forms. Today an Alabama state park, fourteenth-century Mound­ ville was home to 3,000 Indians, the administrative center for villages housing another 7,000 in­ habitants of the lower Black War­ rior Valley. In the film Vogel ex­ Hello, Columbus! plains the kin-based social structure and three-tiered chieftain system In fourteen hundred ninety-two project ideas which, after percola­ that enabled Moundville to domi­ Columbus sailed the ocean blue. tion through the appropriate net­ nate politics, trade, and ceremonial —old nursery rhyme works of scholarly interchange and affairs over a 240-square-mile association, will return to the En­ stretch of Alabama. And in 1992 the United States, dowment in the form of mature Present day Alabamans have along with most other countries of project proposals to existing NEH Christopher Columbus as shown in responded enthusiastically to the the western hemisphere and also programs during the next several The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus by Washington Irving. story of their state's earliest in­ Italy and Spain, will observe the years. habitants. More than 50,000 people 500th anniversary of this momen­ Some projects relating to the watched the film's two broadcasts tous event. In August 1984 Con­ quincentenary have already been itial period of contact with Euro­ over the Alabama public television gress established a national com­ supported by NEH. New Iberian peans. A related emphasis stresses network. Prints of Lost in Time have mission to coordinate planning for World (Times Books, 1984), a five- the importance of the early African been purchased by universities, and the quincentenary, as the anniver­ volume documentary history of the presence in the New World, espe­ the film has been incorporated into sary is coming to be called. In discovery and settlement of Latin cially in the Caribbean Basin, and public-school curricula. Spain a similar royal commission America, was translated with NEH of the African contribution to the A viewer guide, providing further has been operating for several support. And one of the segments cultural amalgams that emerged information on archaeology and years, as have committees in a in the acclaimed television series there and in North and South native American history, has been number of Latin American nations Odyssey surveyed the current status America after 1492. sent to more than 2,000 libraries, and in the Organization of of archaeological research on the Finally, there is the figure of museums, and study clubs through­ American States. Private organiza­ Inca civilization. Christopher Columbus himself. out the state. tions have also been established, The ideas put forward during the Scholars today tend to be more in­ The sixty-minute film itself has including Hispanic and Italian- conferences range widely across the terested in studying the process of been worked into a variety of for­ American citizens' groups. Chicago full range of humanities disciplines change rather than specific men or mats. Three twenty-minute video­ will observe the occasion with a and embody ideas for research events. Some Spanish spokespeople cassette programs were developed major World's Fair. The original projects, reference works, scholarly see Columbus as a foreign mer­ for classroom use. A slide-tape ver­ Columbian Exposition, held in editions, bibliographies, microfilm­ cenary no more, or less, deserving sion was produced to make Lost in Chicago in 1892, celebrated "prog­ ing projects, .public lectures, films, of credit for Spain's achievements Time accessible to groups without ress," the watchword of turn-of- television series, conferences and than is Werner von Braun for the film projectors or video recorders. the-century America. It seems likely exhibitions. Within this diversity, American space program. Cana­ Moundville State Park has incor­ then that the Columbian quincen­ three integrating—but not wholly dians and Brazilians insist that Col­ porated the slide-tape program into tenary will be a significant public complementary—themes emerged umbus share credit with Cabot and its permanent display, and Lost in occasion in 1992. But its signifi­ that seem likely to persist in schol­ Cabral, whose explorations along Time is being seen by more than cance for American scholarship is arly discourse on the quincentenary their coasts occured in 1497 and 20,000 park visitors each year. not immediately apparent. over the next few years. 1500, respectively. “We really wanted to do it well,” Samuel Eliot Morison once wrote One theme concerns the contribu­ Nevertheless, for most Ameri­ Culpepper says. Producing a first- that no subject has been so produc­ tions of the Spanish crown, church cans, Columbus will remain the class film on Alabama Indians re­ tive of spurious scholarship and and people to the development of hero of 1492—and of 1992. Colum­ quired more than scholarly col­ doubtful claims as the subject of new civilizations in the New bus was the first American hero, a laboration. There was also physical Columbus and the European World. The Spanish government's symbol of national identity during labor. Video equipment, lashed to discovery of America. Consequent­ focus on the processes of discovery, the early years of the United States. medical stretchers, was hauled ly, the NEH divisions of Research exploration, and settlement in its His later years, full of difficult rela­ through forests and up mountain­ Programs and General Programs preparations for the quincentenary tions with the Spanish crown, sides. "The crew looked like a decided to take steps at this was echoed by many specialists in made him also a symbol of anti­ M.A.S.H. unit,'' says Culpepper. relatively early stage to talk to our Latin American studies. Many monarchist sentiment among the One portion of Lost in Time was colleagues in the academic world— scholars, along with Hispanic citi­ American patriots who first filmed during a snowstorm, says in scholarly associations and zens groups in the United States, celebrated Columbus Day in 1792. director Bruce Kuerten, to avoid the research libraries, in public broad­ see 1992 as an opportunity to coun­ From other standpoints, Columbus appearance "that all 12,000 years of casting and museums and historical teract the "Black Legend" of Span­ was a visionary celebrated for his Indian prehistory occurred from 12 societies, and in other interested ish cruelty to the indigenous people scientific learning, navigational to 2 on a sunny afternoon." organizations—to explore with them of the Americas, which they see as skill, Catholic piety, and personal Finally, that buffalo Culpepper the potential significance of the oc­ a distortion of historical truth grow­ courage and perseverance. Italian- located for a Lost in Time hunting casion for the practice and dissemi­ ing out of English, Dutch, and Americans revere him as the sym­ sequence misread the script, and nation of historical and cultural American patriotic and religious bol of Italian national identity, charged after the film's crew chief. studies relating to the Age of propaganda of the sixteenth something that their immigrant "He almost vaulted an eight-foot Discovery, broadly construed. The through nineteenth centuries. ancestors, who left Italy during the fence," Culpepper says. consultation took the form of a Not surprisingly, native American formative years of the modern Culpepper and Auburn Television series of five regional conferences scholars evince little enthusiasm for Italian nation, were otherwise will be embarking on another col­ which met in Chicago, Santa Fe, the notions that Columbus "discov­ unable to provide. The name of the laboration with Alabama humanities Gainesville and St. Augustine ered" America or that the demo­ new commission created by scholars. Lost in Time leaves Ala­ (Florida), Berkeley (California), and graphic catastrophes which befells Congress—the Christopher Colum­ bama's mound-builders in the Washington between September its inhabitants should be de-empha- bus Quincentennial Jubilee 1540s, when Hernando de Soto ex­ 1983 and June 1984. sized in favor of more cheerful Commission—is likely to keep the plored the Southeast. The success The idea behind the conferences themes. They nevertheless see the great navigator's memory in the of the film has led to plans for a se­ was that NEH's appropriate role in quincentenary as a chance to focus forefront of 1992 observances in the quel, which will examine the im­ the quincentenary is catalytic rather more attention on historical issues United States. pact of European arrival on the than directive. No special NEH of importance to Indian people, —John Williams earliest Alabamans. grant-making category is envi­ especially upon the archaeological Mr. Williams is a member of the En­ —Michael Lipske sioned. Rather, we hoped to elicit and ethnohistorical record of the in- dowment staff. 23 by Donald Ramos. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1983. AWARD WINNERS ARTS—HISTORY AND CRITICISM AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF HUNGARIAN HISTORY AWARD Alvey, R. Gerald. Dulcimer Maker: The Craft Lee Congdon, The Young Lukacs. The Univer­ o f Homer Ledford. The University Press of Ken­ sity of North Carolina Press, 1983. tucky, Lexington, 1984. Bailey, Joyce Waddell, gen. ed. Handbook of AMERICAN BOOK AWARD Latin American Art: A Bibliographic Compila­ Judith Thurman, Isak Dinesen. New York: St. tion, Vol. 1: General References and Art of the Martin's Press, 1982. Nineteenth & Twentieth Centuries. (In 2 vols. Part 1: North America. Part 2: South America) ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN ABC-Clio Information Services, Santa Barbara, PUBLISHERS' PROFESSIONAL AND Denver and Oxford, 1984. SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING DIVISION Bethea, David M. Khodasevich: His Life and AWARD Art. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1983. Karl Pribram, A History of Economic Reason­ Binion, Alice, comp. I. Disegni di Giambat­ ing. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University tista P ittoni. La Nuova Italia Editrice, Firenze, Press, 1984. 1983. Binion, Alice. "Anton Kern in Venice." AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE Muncher Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst, 3rd ASSOCIATION RALPH J. BUNCHE AWARD series, Vol. 32 (1091), pp. 183-206. John Armstrong, Nations Before Nationalism. Kallman, Herbert, ed. Census-Catalogue of The University of North Carolina Press, 1982 Manuscript Sources of Polyphonic Music, 1400-1550: Vol. 3, P-U. Compiled by the Univer­ BERKSHIRE CONFERENCE OF WOMEN sity of Illinois Musicological Archives for HISTORIANS AWARD Renaissance Manuscript Studies. (Renaissance Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in Manuscript Studies, 1; Charles Hamm, gen. ed.) America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940. American Institute of Musicology, Hassler- Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Verlag, Neuhausen-Stuttgart, 1984. 1984. Collier, James L. Louis Armstrong. An American Genius. Oxford University Press, New CHOICE AWARDS York, 1983. Paul Debreczeny, The Other Pushkin: Study Demus, Otto. The Mosaics of San Marco in of Alexander Pushkin's Prose Fiction. Califor­ Venice, 1: The Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, nia: Stanford University Press, 1984. Vol. 1; Text, Vol. 2: Plates; 2: The Thirteenth Gordon K. Lewis. Main Currents in Caribbean Century, Vol. 1: Text, Vol. 2: Plates. (4 Vol. Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean boxed set) The University of Chicago Press, Society in its Ideological Aspects, 1492-1900. Chicago and London, 1984. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Gaines, James F. Social Structures in 1984. Moliere's Theater. Ohio State University Press, Leonard Neufeldt, The House of Emerson. The 1984. University of Nebraska Press, 1984. Highfill, Philip H., Jr., Kalman A. Burnim and Maximillian E. Novak, Realism, Myth, and Edward A. Langhans. A Biographical Dic­ History in Defoe's Fiction. The University of tionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Nebraska Press, 1984. Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in Karl Pribram, A H istory o f Economic R eason­ London, 1660-1800: Vol. 9: Kickill to Machin; ing. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Vol. 10: M’Intosh to Nash. Southern Illinois Press, 1984. University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, A lexander 1984. Pushkin, Complete Prose Fiction, translated by Jordan, Terry G. "Moravian, Schwenkfelder, Paul Debreczeny, verse passages translated by and American Log Construction." Pennsylvania Walter Arndt. California: Stanford University Folklife, Vol. 33, No. 3. pp. 98-124, Spring, 1984. Press, 1984. Keller, John E. and Richard P. Kinkade. Anthony Trollope, The Letters of Anthony Iconography in Medieval Spanish Literature. Trollope, ed. by N. John Hall, with Nina Burgis. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, California: Stanford University Press, 1984. 1984. Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Sub­ 'Books are not absolutely dead things, but do contain a potency of Kelley, Philip and Betty A. Coley, comps. The sistence, Environment, and Social Change ife in them to be as active as that soul was whose progeny they are.” Browning Collections: A Reconstruction with Among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos. Other Memorabilia. Armstrong Browning The University of Nebraska Press, 1984. —Milton, Areopagitica Library of Baylor University, The Browning In­ Virginia Woolf, M elym brosia: An Early Ver­ stitute, Mansell Publishing Ltd., Wedgestone sion of "The Voyage Out.” ed. by Louise A. The booklist that Humanities publishes every year at this time Press, 1984. DeSalvo. New York Public Library, 1984. might be regarded as our progeny—as well as that of the many NEH Kivy, Peter. Sound and Semblance: Reflections on Musical Representation. Princeton Univer­ CHRISTOPHER BOOK AWARDS grantees who have worked to produce these scholarly works. sity Press, Princeton, 1984. Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The There are 197 in all, each one containing a "potency of life” that Lee, Douglas A. Franz Benda (1700-1986): A Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Thematic Catalogue of His Works. (Thematic Harper and Row Publishers, 1982. will be useful to other scholars or general readers in advancing Catalogues, No. 10) Pendragon Press, New knowledge of the humanities. The author's research or time off for York, 1984. DUTCH TRANSLATION AWARD writing began either with a grant from Fellowships for Independent Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae The Poison Tree: Selected Writings of Rum- Classicae, Vols. II, 1 and II, 2 (Aphrodisias- phius on the Natural History of the Indies, Study and Research, the Basic Research Program, or the Translations Athena). Artemis Verlage, Zurich and Munich, translated by E. M. Beekman. University of Program. Some of the books were published with the aid of a grant 1984. Massachusetts Press, 1984. from the NEH Publications Program. Liehm, Mira. Passion and Defiance: Film in We hope you will enjoy scanning the list of books and their Italy from 1942 to the Present. University of FRIENDS OF THE DALLAS PUBLIC California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Lon­ LIBRARY AWARDS authors, as well as the twenty-five award-winners who have been don, 1984. David Weber, The Mexican Frontier: honored during the year for their books published in 1983. —JCN Martin, John W. The Golden Age of French 1821-1846: The American Southwest Under Mex­ Cinema, 1929-1939. Twayne Publishers, Boston, ico. University of Mexico, 1982. 1983. Moore, Charles W., Kathryn Smith, and Peter JOHN BEN SNOW FOUNDATION AWARD SARAH H. KUSHNER MEMORIAL AWARD Becker, eds. American Domestic Vernacular Ar­ Lois G. Schwoerer, The Declaration of Rights, FOR SCHOLARSHIP ARCHAEOLOGY AND chitecture: Home Sweet Home. Craft and Folk Jeremy Cohen, Friars and Jews. Ithaca, NY: 1689. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Universi­ Art Museum, Los Angeles; Rizzoli, New York, ty Press, 1981. Cornell University Press, 1982. ANTHROPOLOGY 1983. Norton, Richard. Tonality in W estem Culture. THOMAS WILSON PRIZE DeMallie, Raymond J., ed. The Sixth Grand­ JULES F. LANDRY AWARD Pennsylvania State University Press, Universi­ Robert N. Watson, Shakespeare and the father: Black Elk's Teachings Given to John G. Fred O. Hobson, Jr., Tell About the Southern ty Park and London, 1984. Hazards of Ambition. Cambridge: Harvard Neihardt. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln Rage to Explain. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Beveridge, Charles E. and David Schuyler, and London, 1984. University Press, 1983. University Press, 1984. eds. The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, Vol. Miller, Henry A. A Search for the "City of 3: Creating Central Park, 1857-1861. (Charles OHIOANA BOOK AWARD FOR WESTERN BOOKS EXHIBITION FOR Saint M aries": R eport on the 1981 Excavations Capen McLaughlin, ed.-in-chief) The Johns in St. Mary's City, Maryland. (St. Mary's City BIOGRAPHY EXCELLENCE IN BOOK DESIGN Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and Lon­ AND PRODUCTION Archaeology Series #1) St. Mary's City Commis­ R. David Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet. don, 1983. sion, 1983. The University of Nebraska Press, 1984. Alexander Pushkin: Complete Prose Fiction, Owen, William A. Tell Me a Story, Sing Me White, Donald. The Extramural Sanctuary of translated by Paul Debreczeny, verse passages a Song. University of Texas Press, 1983. Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya, Final OHIOANA BOOK AWARDS FOR HISTORY translated by Walter Arndt. California: Stanford Miller, Lillian B., ed. The Selected Papers of Reports, Vol. 1: Background and Introduction Lawrence J. Friedman, Gregarious Saints. University Press, 1984. Charles Willson Peale and His Family, Vol 1: to the Excavations. (University Museum Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Charles Willson Peale: Artist in Revolutionary WESTERN HERITAGE BOOK AWARD Monograph, 52) The University Museum, America, 1935-1791. Yale University Press, New University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1984. PFIZER PRIZE FOR NONFICTION Haven and London, 1983. Atlas of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Wiese, Carl. Expedition in East-Central Richard S. Westfall, Never at Rest: A Peterson, John David. Bach: Orgelbuchlein. edited by Gary Moulton. The University of Africa, 1977-1981: A Report. Edited by Harry Biography of Isaac Newton. Cambridge: Cam­ Concordia Publishing House, St. Louis, 1984. bridge University Press, 1983. Nebraska Press, 1984. N. Langworthy. Translated from the Portuguese 24 Petersen, Glenn. One Man Cannot Rule a Richard Dilworth Rust, gen. ed.) Twayne Thousand: Fission in a Ponapean Chiefdom. The Publishers, Boston, 1984. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1982. Jahoda, Gloria. Florida: A H istory. (Includes Wade, Rex A. Red Guards and Workers' Historical Guide prepared by AASLH, the States Militias in the Russian Revolution. Stanford and the Nation Series) W. W. Norton & Co., University Press, Stanford, 1984. New York and London; American Association Weisser, Henry. A pril 10. Challenge and for State and Local History, Nashville, 1984. Response in England in 1848. University Press Jennings, Francis. The Ambiguous Iroquois of America, Lanham, 1983. Empire. W. W. Norton, New York, 1984. Larson, T. A., Wyoming: A History. (Includes AASLH Historical Guide, the States and the Na­ HISTORY—U.S. tion Series) W. W. Norton & Co., New York and London; American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, 1984. Ashmore, Harry S. A rkansas: A H istory, (in­ McCoy, Donald R. The Presidency of Harry cludes AASLH Historical Guide, the States and S. Truman. University of Kansas Press, the Nation Series) W. W. Norton & Co. New Lawrence, 1984. York and London; American Association of McMurry, Richard M. John Bell Hood and the State and Local History, Nashville, 1984. War for Southern Independence. The Universi­ Becker, Marshall J. "The Boundary between ty of Kentucky Press, Lexington, 1982. the Lenape and Munsee: The Forks of Delaware Morgan, H. Wayne and Anne Hodges as a Buffer Z one." Man in the Northeast, No. Morgan. Oklahoma: A History. Includes 26, pp. 1-20, Fall 1983. AASLH Historical Guide, the States and the Na­ Conzen, Michael E., ed. Chicago Mapmakers: tion series) W. W. Norton & Co., New York and Essays on the Rise of the City's Map Trade. London; American Association for State and Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, 1984. Local History, Nashville, 1984. Davis, Kenneth S. Kansas: A History. (In­ Morris, Robert. The Papers of Robert Morris, cludes AASLH Historical Guide, the States and 1981-1984, Vol. 6: July 22-October 31, 1782. the Nation Series) W. W. Norton & Co., New Edited by John Catanzariti and E. James York, and London; American Association for Ferguson. University of Pittsburgh, 1984. State and Local History, Nashville, 1984. Ohman, Marian M. A History of Missouri's Frantz, Joe B. Texas: A History. (Includes Counties, County Seats, and Courthouse Webster, Daniel. The Papers o f Daniel Webster: AASLH Historical Guide, the State and the Na­ Squares. University of Missouri-Columbia, Ex­ Correspondence, Vol. 6, 1844-1849. Edited by Shemerdine, Cynthia W. and Thomas G. tion Series) W. W. Norton & Co., New York and tension Division, 1983. Charles M. Wiltse. University Press of New Palaima, eds. Pylos Comes Alive: Industry and London; American Association for State and Otto, John Solomon. "Florida's Cattle- England, Hanover and London, 1984. Administration in a Mycenaean Palace. (Papers Local History, Nashville, 1984. Ranching Frontier: Hillsborough County Wyman, Mark. Immigrants in the Valley: Irish, of a Symposium of the New York Society of the Friedman, Lawrence J. Gregarious Saints: Self (I860)." The Florida Historical Quarterly, July, Germans, and Americans in the Upper Mississippi Archaeological Institute of America and Ford- and Community in American Abolitionism, 1984, pp. 71-83. Country, 1830-1860. Nelson-Hall, Chicago, 1984. ham University) Fordham University, New 1830-1970. Cambridge University Press, Cam­ Otto, John Solomon. "Traditional Cattle- York, 1984. bridge, 1982. Herding Practices in Southern Florida." Jour­ Reps, John W. Views and Viewmakers of Ur­ Greene, Jack P. and J. R. Pole, eds. C olonial nal of American Folklore, Vol. 97, No. 385,1984, JURISPRUDENCE ban America: Lithographs of Towns and Cities British America: Essays in the New History of pp. 291-309. in the United States and Canada, Notes on the the Early Modern Era. The Johns Hopkins Pierce, Richard A., trans. The Russian-American Artists and Publishers, and a Union Catalog of University Press, Baltimore and London, 1984. Company: Correspondence of the Governors Com­ Barber, Sotirios A. On W hat the Constitution Their Work, 1825-1925. University of Missouri Hale, Frederick, ed. Danes in N orth America. munications Sent: 1818. (Alaska History, No. 25) M eans. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Press, Columbia, 1984. University of Washington Press, Seattle and The Limestone Press, Kingston, Ontario, 1984. Baltimore and London, 1984. Scott, William C. M usical D esign in London, 1984. Silverman, Jane L. "To Marry Again." Hawaiian Bodenhamer, David J. and James W. Ely, Jr. Aeschylean Theater. University Press of New Hamilton, Virginia van der Veer. A labam a: Journal of History, 1983, pp. 64-75. Ambivalent Legacy: A Legal History of the South. England, Hanover and London, 1984. A H istory. (Includes AASLH Historical Guide, Soderlund, Jean R. William Penn and the Found­ University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, 1984. Wallace, Robert K. Jane Austen and Mozart: the States and the Nation Series) W. W. Nor­ ing of Pennsylvania, 1640-1684: A Documentary Crosby, John F. "A Brief Biography of Reinach"; Classical Equilibrium in Fiction and Music. The ton & Co., New York and London; American History. Richard S. Dunn and Mary Maples Dunn, translator of "The Apriori Foundations of the University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1983. Association for State and Local History, gen. eds. University of Pennsylvania Press, Civil Law," by Adolf Reinach; "Adolf Reinach's Nashville, 1984. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Discovery of the Social Acts." A letheia, Vol. 3, Hoffecker, Carol E. Corporate Capital: Wilm­ 1983. 1983, pp. ix-x, xxxiii-142, 143-194. HISTORY—NON-U. S ington in the Twentieth Century. Temple Swinfen, David B. Ruggles’ Regiment: The 122nd Gallagher, Arlene F. Living Together Under University Press, Philadelphia, 1983. New York Volunteers in the American Civil War. the Law. (An Elementary Education Law Guide) Holley, Robert P., ed. Utah’s Newspapers— University Press of New England, Hanover and New York State Bar Association and the New Abrahamson, Samuel. "The Holocaust in Traces of Her Past. (Papers presented at the London, 1982. York State Education Department, New York, 1982. N orw ay." Contemporary Views on the Utah Newspaper Project Conference, Nov. 18, Taylor, Joe Gray. Louisiana: A History. (In­ Hodson, John D. The Ethics o f Legal Coercion. H olocaust, (Chap. 5, pp. 109-142). Edited by 1983; with Checklist of Utah Newspapers, com­ clude AASLH Historical Guide, the States and D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1983. Randolph L. Braham. (Holocaust Studies Series) piled by Dennis McCargar, edited by Yvonne the Nation Series) W. W. Norton & Co., New Kluwer Nijhoff Publishing, Boston, The Hague, Stroup) Marriott Library, University of Utah, York and London; American Association for State LANGUAGE AND Dordrecht and Lancaster, 1983. Salt Lake City, 1984. and Local History, Nashville, 1984. Allen, Joseph, White Wall of Spain: The Irving, Washington. A History of New York. Tygiel, Jules. Baseball's Great Experiment: Jackie LINGUISTICS Mysteries of Andalusian Culture. Iowa State Edited by Black, Michael L. and Nancy B. Black. Robinson and His Legacy. Oxford University Press, University Press, 1983. (The Complete Works of Washington Irving; 1983. Chatham, James R. and Sara M. Scale. Westem Cohen, Paul A. Discovering History in China. European Dissertations on the Hispanic and Ltiso- American Historical Writing on the Recent Brazilian Languages and Literatures: A Retrospec­ Chinese Past. Columbia University Press, New tive Index. Department of Foreign Languages, York, 1984. Mississippi State University, 1984. Conrad, Robert Edgar. Children of God's Fire: Donawerth, Jane. Shakespeare and the Sixteen A Documentary History of Black Slavery in Century Study o f Language. University of Illinois Brazil. Princeton University Press, Princeton, Press, Urbana, 1984. 1983. Lane, Harlan, ed. The Deaf Experience: Classics Davis, Richard. The English Rothschilds. in Language and Education. Translated by Franklin University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1983. Philip. Harvard University Press, Cambridge and Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Revolu­ London, 1984. tion in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge Maclin, Alice. Reference Guide to English: A University Press, Cambridge, 1983. Handbook of English as a Second Language. Holt, Garthwaite, Gene R. Khans and Shahs: A Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1981. Documentary Analysis of the Bakhtiyari in Mueller, Janel M. The Native Tongue and the Iran. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Word: Developments in English Prose Style, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, 1380-1580. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and Sydney, 1983. and London, 1984. Lo Sara de Mundo. Index to Spanish Yamamoto, Akira. Hmlapai Reference Grammar. American Collective Biography: Vol. 3-The Cen­ University of California at Los Angeles, 1982. tral American and Caribbean Countries. (Reference Publications in Latin American Studies) G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, 1984. LITERATURE Martinez, Oscar J. Fragments of the Mexican Revolution: Personal Accounts from the Border. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, Adams, Percy G. Travel Literature and the Evolu­ 1983. tion of the Novel. The University Press of Ken­ Morony, Michael G. Iraq After the Muslim tucky, Lexington, 1983. Conquest. (Princeton Studies on the Near East) Anderson, Judith H. Biographical Truth: The Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984. Representation of Historical Persons in Tudor- Mousnier, Roland E. The Institutions of Stuart Writing. Yale University Press, New Haven, France under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-1789, 1984. Vol. 2: The Organs of State and Society. Barthold, Bonnie Jo. Black Time: Fiction of Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. The Univer­ Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States. sity of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1981. 1984. Benson, Jackson J. The True Adventures o f John Perron, E. du. Country o f Origin. Translated Steinbeck. The Viking Press, New York, 1984. by Francis Bulhof and Elizabeth Daverman. Brazeau, Peter. Parts of a World: Wallace (Library of the Indies; E. M. Beekman, gen. ed.) Stevens Remembered: An Oral Biography. Random The University of Massachusetts Press, House, New York, 1983. Amherst, 1984. Browning, Robert and Elizabeth Barret Browning. 25 The Browning Correspondence: Vol. 1, September Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1984. 1809-December 1826; Vol. 2, January 1827-December Ibn Sina. Remarks and Admonitions, Part One: 1831. Edited by Philip Kelley and Ronald Hud­ Logic. Translated by Shams C. Inati. (Mediaeval son. Wedgestone Press, Winfield, 1984. Sources in Translation, 28) Pontifical Institute Coats, George W. Genesis: With an Introduction of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto, 1984. to Narrative Literature. Vol. 1. William B. Eerd- Kitcher, Philip. The Nature of Mathematical mans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, 1983. Knowledge. Oxford University Press, New York, Cooke, Thomas D., ed. The Present State of 1983. Scholarship in Fourteenth-Century Literature. Patey, Douglas Lane. Probability and Literary University of Missouri Press, Columbia and Lon­ Form. Philosophic Theory and Literary Practice don, 1982. in the Augustan Age. Cambridge University Press, Cooper, James Fenimore. Lionel Lincoln; or, Cambridge, 1984. the Leaguer of Boston. Edited by Donald A. and Paul, Diana Y. Philosophy of Mind in Sixth- Lucy B. Ringe. (The Writings of James Fenimore Century China: Paramartha's “Evolution of Con­ Cooper; James F. Beard, ed.-in-chief) State Univer­ sciousness”. Stanford University Press, Stan- sity of New York Press, Albany, 1984. i ford, 1984. Damico, Helen. Beowulf's Wealhtheow and Sanchez, Hailey D. Platon: La Apologia de the Valkyrie Tradition. University of Wiscon­ Socrates. Antillian College Press, Mayaguez, 1983. sin Press, Madison and London, 1984. Thoreau, Henry D. The Writings of Henry D. Ellison, David R. The Reading of Proust. Johns Thoreau: Journal, Vol. 2: 1842-1848. Edited by Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1984. Robert Sattelmeyer. John D. Broderick, gen. ed. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The Collected Works , Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984. of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Vol. 3, Essays; Sec­ ond Series. Historical Intro and Notes by Joseph Slater. Text established by Alfred R. Ferguson REFERENCE and Jean Ferguson Carr. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 1983. Eisenhower, Dwight D. The Papers of Dwight Evans, Card D., William W. Hallo, John D. David Eisenhower, Columbia University: Vols. White, eds. Scripture in Context: Essays on the 10 and 11. Edited by Louis Galambos. The Johns Comparative Methods. The Pickwick Press, Pitts­ Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and Lon­ burgh, 1984. don, 1984. Feinstein, Howard M. Becoming William James. English-Tibetan Dictionary of Modem Tibetan. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1984. Compiled by Melvyn C. Goldstein, with Ferguson, Margaret W. Trials of Desire: Ngawangthondup Narkyid. University of California Renaissance Defense of Poetry. Yale Universi­ Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1984. ty Press, 1983. Gregory, Robert G. and Richard E. Lewis. A Fitch, Noel Riley. Sylvia Beach and the Lost Guide to Daily Correspondence of the Coast, Rift Generation: A History of Literary Paris in the Valley, Central, and Northeastern Provinces: Kenya Twenties and Thirties. W. W. Nprton & Co., New National Archives Microfilm (Eastern Africa Oc­ York, 1983. casional Bibliograph, No. 28) Foreign and Com­ Hallo, William W., James C. Moyer, Leo G. parative Studies, Maxwell School of Citizenship Perdue, eds. Scripture in Context II: More Essays and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 1984. on the Comparative Methods. Eisenbrauns, Winona International Biographical Dictionary of Central Lake, 1983. European Emigres 1933-1945, Vol. 2/Part 1: A- Hardy, Thomas. The Complete Poetical Works K, the Arts, Sciences, and Literature; Vol. 2/Part of Thomas Hardy, Vol. 2. Edited by Samuel Hynes. 2: L-Z; Vol. 3: Index. Herbert A. Stauss and Werner Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1984. Roder, gen. eds. K. G. Saur, Munich, New York, Hill, Errol. Shakespeare in Sable. University London and Paris, 1983. of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1984. Seniff, Dennis. Literature and Law in the Middle Hudson, Barton, ed. Jacob Obrecht: Collected Ages: A Bibliography of Scholarship (co-authored Works: Vol. 1: Missa Adieux Mes Amours, Missa with John Alford) Garland, 1984. Ave Regina Celorum. Verenigjng Voor Nederlandse Shailor, Barbara A. Catalogue of Medieval and Muziekgeschiedenis, Utrecht, 1983. Renaissance Manuscripts in the Beinecke Rare Jan Mohamed, Abdul R. Manichean Aesthetics: Book and Manuscript Library, Yale Universi­ The Politics of Literature in Colonial Africa. The ty, Vol. 1. (Medieval and Renaissance Texts and University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1983. L'Homme, Paris, 1984. Shaver, Anne. Tristan and the Round Table. Studies, Vol. 34) Center for Medieval and Early Jones, Judith Paterson. Philip Roth. Frederick Kolve, V. A. Chaucer and the Imagery of Nar­ Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, Renaissance Studies, State University of New Ungar Publishing Company, New York, 1981. rative: The First Five Canterbury Tales. Stan­ State University of New York, Binghamton, 1983. York, Binghamton, 1984. Johnson, Lynn Staley. The Voice of the Gawain- ford University Press, Stanford, 1984. Shawcross, John T., comp., Milton: A Smith, Ron. Mythologies of the World: A Guide Poet. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison La Guardia, David M. Advance on Chaos: The Bibliography for the Years 1624-1700. (Medieval to Sources. National Council of Teachers of English, and London, 1984. Sanctifying Imagination of Wallace Stevens. & Renaissance Texts and Studies, Vol. 30) Center Urbana, 1981. Johnston, Kenneth R. Wordsworth and the Published for Brown University Press by University for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State United States Documents in the Propaganda Recluse. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1984. Press of New England, Hanover and London, 1983. University of New York, Binghamton, 1984. Fide Archives: A Calendar, Vol, 10. Compiled Kaplan, Fred. Thomas Carlyle. A Biography. Lehnert, Herbert. Geschicte Der Deutschen Shurr, William H. The Marriage of Emily Dickin­ by Anton Debevec. Edited by Mathias C. Kieman, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1983. Literatur. Ban V, Vom Jugendstil Zum Expres- son: A Study of the Fascicles. The University O. F. M. Academy of American Franciscan History, Kazhdan, Alexander Studies on Byzantine sionismus. Universal-Bibliothek, Germany, 1978. Press of Kentucky, Lexington, 1983. Potomac, 1983. Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Martorell, Joanot and Marti Joan de Galba. Tirant Sicherman, Barbara. Alice Hamilton: A Life Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. Encyclopedia Iranica, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Lon­ Lo Blanc. Translated by David H. Rosenthal. in Letters. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Vol. 1, Fasc. 6. Routledge & Kegan Paul, Lon­ don, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne and Schocken Books, New York, 1984. 1984. don, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, 1984. Sydney; Editions de la Maison des Sciences de McCarthy, Mary Susan. Balzac and His Reader: Sousa, Ronald W. The Rediscoverers: Major A Study of the Creation of Meaning in La Co- Writers in the Portuguese Literature of National medie Humaine. University of Missouri Press, Regeneration. Pennsylvania State University Press, Columbia and London, 1982. University Park, 1981. Morris, William. The Collected Letters of William Stafford, Barbara Maria. Voyage into SubstatKe: Morris, Vol. 1: 1848-1880. Princeton Universi­ Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel ty Press, Princeton and Guildford, 1984. Account, 1760-1840. The MIT Press, Cambridge Murphy, John. Critical Essays on Willa Cather. and London, 1984. G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, 1984. Vendler, Helen. The Odes of John Keats. Belknap Ortiz, Theresa. Antologia de la Poesia de la Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1983. Mujer Puertorricjuena. Peninsula Publishing Com­ pany, New York, 1981. Paley, Morton D. The Continuing City: William PHILOSOPHY Blake’s Jerusalem. Oxford University Press, New York, 1983. Peirce, Charles S. Writings of Charles S. Peirce, Allison, Henry E. Kant’s Transcendental A Chronological Edition: Vol. 2, 1867-1871. Edited Idealism. An Interpretation and Defense. Yale by Edward C. Moore. Indiana University Press, University Press, New Haven, 1983. Bloomington, 1984. Carson, Thomas. The Status of Morality. D. Perry, Margaret. The Harlem Renaissance: An Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1984. Annotated Bibliography and Commentary. Garland Dewey, John. John Dewey: The Later Works, Publishing, New York, 1982. 1922-1953: Vol. 2:1925-1927; Vol. 3:1927-1928. Proust, Marcel. Correspondence, Tome XI, 1912. Edited by Jo Ann Boydston. Southern Illinois Edited by Philip Kolb. Plon, Paris, 1984. University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, Rivers, Elias L. Quixotic Scriptures: Essays on 1984. the Textuality of Hispanic Literature. Indiana Gueroult, Martial. Descartes' Philosophy In­ University Press, Bloomington, 1983. terpreted According to the Order of Reasons, Vol. Robinson, David. Apostle of Culture: Emer­ 1: The Soul and God. Translated by Roger Ariew. son as Preacher and Lecturer. University of Penn­ University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1984. sylvania Press, 1982. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, Lectures on Schor, Naomi and Henry F. Majewski, eds. the Philosophy of Religion, Vol. 1: Introduction Flaubert and Postmodernism. University of and the Concept of Religion. Edited by Peter C. Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 1984. Hodgson. Translated by R. F. Brown, P. C. Schultz, James A. The Shape of the Round Table: Hodgson, and J. M. Stewart. University of Califor­ Structures of Middle High German Arthurian nia Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1984. Romance. University of Toronto Press, Toron­ Heidegger, Martin. The Metaphysical Foun­ to, Buffalo, London, 1983. dations of Logic. Translated by Michael Heim. 26 (Minnesota Publications in the Humanities, Vol. 1880-1914. Oxford University Press, 1982. 2). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Bums, Richard Dean. Guide to American Foreign 1983. Relations Since 1700. ABC-CLIO, Inc., Santa Bar­ Marrone, Steven P. "Matthew of Aquaspar- bara and Oxford, 1983. ta, Henry of Ghent and Augustinian Epistemology Capeci, Dominic. Race Relations in Wartime after Bonaventure." Franziskanische Studien, pp. Detroit. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 252-290. 1984. Mendelssohn, Moses. Jerusalem , or, On Davis, David Brion. Slavery and Human Prog­ Religious Power and Judaism. Translated by Allan ress. Oxford University Press, New York and Arkush. University Press of New England, Hanover Oxford, 1984. and London, 1983. Documentary Relations of the Southwest, 1974. More, St. Thomas. The Yale Edition o f the Com­ (4 vols. of microfiche, including "Master plete Works of St. Thomas More, Vol. 3, Part Bibliography" and "Biofile Master List." II: Latin Poems. Yale University Press, 1984. Esteve, Himilce. Exilio Cubano en Puerto Rico: Payne, John B. Collected Works of Erasmus. Su impacto politico-social (1959-1983). San Juan, Vol. 42 Paraphrases on Roman and Galatians. Puerto Rico, 1984. Edited by Robert D. Sider. Translated and an­ Huang, Liu-hung. A Complete Book Concern­ notated by John B. Payne, Albert Rabil, Jr., and ing Happiness and Benevolence: A Manual for Warren S. Smith, Jr. Local Magistrates in Seventeenth-Century China. Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Emergence o f the Catholic Translated and edited by Djang Chu. The Univer­ Tradition (100-600). The University of Chicago sity of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1984. Press, Chicago, 1971. Huff, Toby E. Max Weber and the Methodology Van Buren, Paul M. A Christian Theology of o f the S ocial Sciences. Transaction Books, New PEGGY the People Israel: A Theology of the Jewish-Chris- Brunswick, 1984. tian Reality. The Seabury Press, New York, 1983. Hyde, Charles K. "From 'Subterranean Lot­ BANNERMAN Yang, Hsiian-chih. A Record of Buddhist teries' to Orderly Investment; Michigan Copper Monasteries in Lo-Yang. Translated by Yi-t'ung and Eastern Dollars, 1841-1865." Mid-America, Bodily Ills in Egypt." Translated by Michael W. Wang. (Princeton Library of Asian Translations) Vol. 66, No. 1, January 1984. Dols. Arabic text edited by Adil S. Gamal. Univer­ RELIGION Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984. Leiser, Burton M. Liberty, Justice, and Morals: sity of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles Contemporary Value Conflicts. Second Edition, and London, 1984. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979. Rubin, Jay. Injurious to Public Morals: Writers Bodrogligeti, A. J. E. "Sheykh Sharaf's "M u- SOCIAL SCIENCES Marks, Stuart A. The Imperial Lion: Human and the M eiji State. University of Washington qaddimatu's-Sadat' in Eastern Turkic: An Early Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Press, Seattle, 1984. Central Asian Popular Manual on Islam.'' Ural- A frica. Westview Press, Inc., Boulder, 1984. Sbrega, John J. Anglo-American Relations and Altaic Yearbook, No. 55 (1983) pp. 92-142. Blacker, Coit D. International Arms Control: Miller, Jake C. The Plight of Haitian Refugees. Colonialism in East Asia 1941-1945. Garland Brandewie, Ernest. Wilhelm Schmidt and the Issues and Agreements. Stanford University Press, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1984. Publishing Inc., New York. Origin of the Idea of God. University Press of Stanford, 1984. Mitchell, Richard H. Censorship in Imperial Takaki, Ronald, Pau Hana: Plantation Life and America, Inc., Lanham, 1983. Bluhm, William. The Paradox in Modem Political Japan. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1983. Labor in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Hoffman, Philip T. Church and Community in Thought. Yale University Press, 1984. Mrozek, David. Sport and American Mentality, Honolulu, 1983. the Diocese of Lyon, 1500-1789. Yale Universi­ Boguslaw, Robert. Systems Analysis and Social 1880-1910. University of Tennessee Press, 1983. van der Wee, Herman. Degebroken welvaart- ty Press, New Haven, 1984. Planning: Human Problems of Post-Industrial Nugent, Walter. Structures of American Social scirkel: De Wereldeconomie, 1945-1980. Martinus Malandra, William W., trans. and ed. An In­ Society. Irvington Publishers, Inc., New York, 1982. H istory. Indiana University Press, 1981. Nijhoff, Leiden, 1983. troduction to Ancient Iranian Religion: Readings Bristow, Edward. Prostitution and Prejudice: Ridwan, Ali Ibn. Medieval Islamic Medicine: Weinberg, Gerhard L. World in the Balance. from the Avesta and Achaemenid Inscriptions. The Problem of White-Slavery in Jewish Life, Ibn Ridwan's Treatise, "On the Prevention of University Press of New England, Hanover, 1981.

MESSAGES FROM THE MAYA continued from page 9 NON-TRIVIAL PURSUITS several reasons. At the beginning scholar—"any undeciphered sign is What has happened in of the project, it seemed that any a puzzle to solve." But there is a the various disciplines interpretative commentaries would particular aura of mystery about the of the humanities in quickly become obsolete in a Maya. On the remaining evidence the last twenty-five reference work intended to serve we know that they developed a years? for many years. More recently, the high form of culture, the greatest Peabody researchers have heard civilization in the New World. The that other scholars are working on beauty of their art, the precision of When is a museum a sort of primer of Maya decipher­ their astronomical calculations, the ment. Mathews and Graham plan intricacy of their architecture, and like a university or a library? to publish commentaries presenting the sophistication of their written the logic for certain readings in the language all testify to that. Yet the Corpus, but to avoid needless repe­ contemporary descendants of the tition, they are waiting until the Maya, tribes still living in village How can a scholar primer appears. clearings and practicing a religion bring the humanities Just the same, Graham does not that blends elements of Christianity to a large general audi­ expect that all Maya inscriptions with ancient ritual, are astounded ence? will be understood in his lifetime. to hear that their ancestors built the For one thing, scholars have iden­ i.igh stone pyramids that poke tified 850 distinct hieroglyphic through the vast jungle. Mayanists, signs. "This is a problem you have of course, have theories on what What are the most re­ to chip away at,” Graham says. brought down this powerful socie­ cent NEH grants? "You'll never read in the New York ty. The prevailing view holds that Times a headline that says, 'Maya the peasants revolted against the code cracked.' A great many of the theocracy of their ruler-priests and signs don't have much of a pho­ abandoned the great ceremonial Answers to these and netic element in them; each is a centers. By turning dim centuries of other urgent questions discrete problem of interpretation. prehistory into history itself, Maya are regularly discussed For a number of signs, we've found hieroglyphics promise to contribute in Humanities. Yet this award-winning only one or two examples. Other to the ever-meaningful tale of how bimonthly costs only signs refer to arcane ceremonies or civilizations rise and fall. $14 for a whole year. concepts that are beyond our com­ —George Clack prehension today." Why is it important that scholars "Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscrip­ come to a better understanding of tions Program’'/Gordon E. Willey, Join the growing list of Maya hieroglyphics? In one sense, Harvard University, Cambridge, MAI H um anities subscribers. it's hard to improve on Graham's $85,000 OR; $49,950 FM/1982-85/ Mail this order form comment—the answer of a pure Basic Research today. 27 Featured in this Issue of Humanities 1 6 10 Aztec and Inca: Empires in the Treasures from a Sacred Well Stoic Survivors Dust by Michael D. Coe For archaeologists studying Maya by Robert Coles & Alex Harris An eminent archaeologist describes civilization, it is fortunate that The Pulitzer Prize-winning author the two civilizations that were the Maya religious rites included hurl­ describes what may very well be last to flourish in Mexico and South ing precious objects into a sacred the last remnant of pre-pipeline America before the coming of the well. From this Great Cenote at Eskimo civilization. The photo­ Spaniards. Although the Aztec and Chich&n Itza, 30,000 sacrificial ob­ graphs that accompany his essay Lost in Time Inca were contemporaries, the jects have been recovered and underscore the virtues of this How an anthropologist, a publisher, author finds great differences be­ studied for clues to understanding proud, stoic and self-reliant people. and two television producers from tween the two cultures. The Incas the history and culture of a power­ Auburn University collaborated on were a society of bureaucrats, effi­ ful people who dominated the Yuc­ Humanities a film about Alabama's prehistory. cient and highly organized. The atan from A.D. 750 to 1250. Hun­ In the process we learn about the Aztec culture was dynamic, even dreds of these artifacts will be on GUIDE migration of Paleo Indians from dangerous, propelled by a deeply view through spring at the Science 11 Asia to North America; the devel­ religious fervor. Museum of Minnesota in St. Paul, 11 What's a Challenge Grant? opment of Archaic culture; and the before traveling to six other cities. 11 Q & A rise and fall of Mississippian socie­ 12 Resubmission ty, including the sophisticated 14 Results: Wethersfield & William culture that developed along the and Mary Black Warrior River in Moundville. 16 Fund Raising 8 17 The 1984 NEH Challenge Grants Messages from the Maya 18 Deadlines A massive effort to catalogue and publish photographs and drawings 23 of all the known Maya hieroglyphic Hello, Columbus! inscriptions "will save much of the by John Williams cultural heritage of Mesoamerica 20 What the NEH and others are do­ from sure obliteration," according Rediscovering Native American ing to prepare for the 500th anni­ to American Antiquity. The Corpus of Literature versary of the discovery of America Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions is be­ 4 by Jarold Ramsey by Columbus, and a reminder that The Largest Inca Monument ing documented chiefly by two Pea­ The simultaneous awareness of the 1992 is closer than you think. by John Hyslop body Museum archaeologists. Both value of native American traditional The Inca roads were a vast net­ are MacArthur "genius" award literature and the growing recogni­ work binding the empire that ruled winners who shun the image of tion of modern native American the Andes mountains of South "archaeologist as hero." writers are generating an excite­ America for the entire century be­ ment about America's "oldest and 24 fore the Spanish conquest in 1532. newest" literary heritage. They could traverse a major north/ Ex Libris NEH The annual NEH booklist, a cata­ south route for a distance of 3,400 logue of 197 books published in miles. These monumental roads 1984 whose authors were assisted demonstrate the sophistication and by NEH grants. Twenty-five authors efficiency of Inca civilization and who have won honors for their show how this vast communication books published in 1983 are also system helped to maintain the em­ included. pire's supremacy.

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