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Heritage: Chain, Hierarchies and Conflicts

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Camilo Montoya-Guevara HERITAGE: CHAIN, HIERARCHIES AND CONFLICTS AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE TIERRADENTRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK AND NASA INDIGENOUS TERRITORY, COLOMBIA. MA Thesis in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Central European University Budapest CEU eTD Collection May 2017 HERITAGE: CHAIN, HIERARCHIES AND CONFLICTS AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE TIERRADENTRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK AND NASA INDIGENOUS TERRITORY, COLOMBIA. by Camilo Montoya-Guevara (Colombia, Canada) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee Alexandra Kowalski Thesis Supervisor CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest Month YYYY HERITAGE: CHAIN, HIERARCHIES AND CONFLICTS AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE TIERRADENTRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK AND NASA INDIGENOUS TERRITORY, COLOMBIA. by Camilo Montoya-Guevara (Colombia, Canada) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest Month YYYY HERITAGE: CHAIN, HIERARCHIES AND CONFLICTS AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE TIERRADENTRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK AND NASA INDIGENOUS TERRITORY, COLOMBIA. by Camilo Montoya-Guevara (Colombia, Canada) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Supervisor CEU eTD Collection Budapest Month YYYY I, the undersigned, Camilo Montoya-Guevara, candidate for the MA degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 29 May 2017 __________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection Abstract The World Heritage Chain is the series of relations and events that are created through the communication between UNESCO's international heritage framework, its interpretation and legislation at the State level, and the implementation and management of its activities at the local level. This three-tiered chain and its actors are to be discussed through its ethnography at the Tierradentro World Heritage and Archaeological Park in Colombia. The Tierradentro Archaeological Park in Colombia is located within the Nasa indigenous reservation administered by its local governance at San Andrés de Pisimbalá. The pre-Columbian tombs and statues were declared World Heritage in 1995 and since then they form part of the UNESCO pantheon of shared World Heritage. However, this heritage structure has been a contributing factor to the intercultural conflict present at the site since 2006. The conflict escalated when the Colombian heritage management body, the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History, did not consult the Nasa on the Management Plan document of the Park. This study maps these actors and follows their discourses to link the main sites and points of dispute at an indigenous territory and multicultural region turned World Heritage site. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgements This research project about a site in Colombia carried out in Hungary would not be possible without the parallel feedback, thoughtful guidance, and support of my supervisor Alexandra Kowalski at the Central European University, Budapest and Cristóbal Gnecco at the Universidad del Cauca, Popayan. For this I thank them both. A special thanks to Cristóbal for connecting me to the Tierradentro Archaeological Park, introducing me to the people in the area, for his hospitality in Popayan, and the long list of resources that further connected my research to its context in Colombia. Lastly, I would not be able to wear my thinking cap so dedicatedly if not for the encouragement and patience of my parents, Lida and Rafael. They have moved me places and watch me move alone to others while always remaining there with me through the miracles of Skype and WhatsApp. For all those others who I owe thanks to, I hope I got the chance to deliver them in person. CEU eTD Collection ii Table of contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Clash to Conflict- Management of Heritage at Tierradentro ...................................... 11 Chapter 2: Concepts of Heritage in Colombia .............................................................................. 16 2.1 UNESCO Heritage in Colombia ......................................................................................... 17 2.2 Archaeological Heritage in Colombia ................................................................................ 19 2.3 Nasa Territory, History, and Ancestry ................................................................................ 23 2.4 Closing remarks .................................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 3: Controversies of the World Heritage Chain ................................................................ 29 3.1 Controversy of World Heritage as a Shared Value ............................................................. 30 3.2 Controversy of the Nasa and the Colombian ...................................................................... 32 3.3 Controversy of Multiculturalism in Colombia .................................................................... 34 3.4 Closing Remarks ................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter 4: The Nasa at the Museums ........................................................................................... 40 4.1 The Nasa and the Archaeological Museum of Tierradentro ............................................... 45 CEU eTD Collection 4.2 The Nasa and the Ethnographic Museum of Tierradentro .................................................. 48 4.3 Closing Remarks ................................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 5: Sacred, Heritage, and Tourism at the Hypogea ........................................................... 54 iii 5.1 The Sacred and the Archaeological Value of the Hypogea ................................................ 58 5.2 The Sacred and its role in Heritage Management ............................................................... 61 5.3 Closing Remarks ................................................................................................................. 67 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 69 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 73 A. Indigenous History and Political History in the Tierradentro Region ................................. 73 B. Manuel Quintin Lame .......................................................................................................... 74 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 77 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 80 CEU eTD Collection iv Introduction The primary aim of this investigation is to describe and follow the controversies that emerge when international heritage norms and national heritage governance structures interact with local indigenous self-governance. This research is carried out by focusing on the case study of the Tierradentro Archaeological Park in Colombia, a site that further nuances the previous concern by being the site of numerous conflicts. Tierradentro’s location, actors and surrounding conflicts demonstrate the unequal balance of priorities and expected roles of the actors in the management of the World Heritage site. This is due to the gaps of communication and actions that emerge from the top-down heritage construction in place at the Tierradentro Archaeological Park and many other sites recognized as World Heritage within indigenous territories. As an ethnographic study, the presented research maps the conflicts and controversies emergent from the agency of actors and objects at the site to present and contrast their different points
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