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Home , Choquequirao, Choquetacarpo, Climate of Peru, Huayna Picchu, Inca road system, Padreyoc (Cusco)

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Linga A/907331

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REDISCOVERING THE

ONE STEP AT A TIME

MARK ADAMS

DUTTON

It- • Index

Abancay, , 37, 39 Amazonas Explorer, 42, 43, 232 Abril, Emilio, 262 American Board of Commissioners for Abril, Roxana, 262-63, 290 Foreign Missions, 15 Across (Bingham), The American Mercury, 249 33-34, 49 American Museum of Natural Adams, Alex, 9, 24, 36 History, 204 Adams, Aurita, 19, 20, 24, 47 Amundsen, Roald, 78-79, 80,113, 215 Adams, Lucas, 24 Andean spectacled bears, 171-72 Adams, Magnus, 24, 289 Andenes (terraces), 120 Adventure, 25, 54 Angkor Wat, 188 , 67 Angrand, Leonce, 57 agriculture* animal sacrifice, 61,121 Bingham on, 132 anthropology, 205, 219 and celestial orientation of Inca sites, Antis, 116, 126 221-22 Antisuyo, 61, 116, 117 and theories, 186n Antisuyo (Savoy), 157 and the hacienda system, 113-14 Aobama River, 171, 220 and land reforms, 114 Aobama Valley, 277 and Machu Picchu, 187 apachetas, 92, 93 and terrace structures, 58, 61, Apurimac River, 37, 38, 52, 93, 128 177-78, 192 apus Aguas Calientes, 7, 169, 172, 174-75, at , 58-59 182, 192, 197, 240 at Pass, 92-93 Ales Hrdlicka, 205 and the Ice Maiden, 219 Almaro, Diego de, 130 and the Inca Trail, 272-73, 274 , 61 and location of Inca sites, 62 altitude sickness, 46, 82, 90, 92, 153 at Machu Picchu, 193 Alvistur, Tomas, 206, 236 and Machu Picchu theories, 279 320 Index opus (cont.) and antiquities dealing, 245 most revered peaks, 220 and artifacts controversy, 3—4 at Phuyupatamarca, 282 birth of, 15 and religious syncretism, 275-76 and book revisions, 250-51 at , 117 childhood, 16-17 archaeoastronomy, 219-22, 258, 279 and Choquequirao, 52, 55-56, archaeology, 57, 201, 203-8 57-58, 62 , 41, 152 and , 41, 124 Arteaga, Melchior and coca, 83 and Bingham, 100-101, 113,172 and Concevidayoc, 146 and Giesecke, 97, 198, 253 Connecticut home, 78 guiding to Machu Picchu, 176-77,178 discoveries in Peru, 3, 5 and Lost City of the Incas, 240 dissertation topic, 22-23 , 68-70, 158, 204, 243 education, 16-17, 22-23 Ausangate, 220 and Espiritu Pampa, 149-51,154-55 Ayacucho, 36 expedition notes, 291 Aymaras, 34 family life of, 28 , 67 first expedition in Peru, 33-38 first trips to Machu Picchu, 279-80 Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, 67 and food in Peru, 76 Bandelier, Adolph, 80 health problems, 248 Bell, Alexander Graham, 201 and the Inca Trail, 272, 274, 277 Berns, Augusto, 240-41, 244, 246 journey to Espiritu Pampa, 142 Besley, J. Campbell, 224, 246 Leivers on, 4-5 Betanzos, Juan de, 242 and Machu Picchu, 25-26, 171, Billinghurst, Guillermo, 208, 224 176-81, 183-90, 243, 253, 278, Bingham, Alfred, 152-53, 248 285-86 Bingham, Ajfreda and Markham, 79 childbirth, 29 marriage, 22 correspondence to, 30, 98, 151-52, and media coverage, 199-200 208, 234 and Mount climb, 151-53 family fortune, 32, 78, 81 and Mount Machu Picchu, 194-95 father's death, 95 and , 161 marriage, 22 organizational skills, 13-14, 95-96 Bingham, Clara, 15 and the Pan-American Scientific Bingham, Hiram, 14-15, 15n, 16, 29, 29n Congress, 33, 34 Bingham, Hiram, II, 15-16, 29n and "Peruvian Time," 42 Bingham, Hiram, III and Phuyupatamarca, 278 and academic life, 23, 28-29, 32 and politics, 247-50 at Aguas Caliente, 172 and Puquiura, 126-27 ambition of, 14, 16 religious beliefs, 21-22 and Andean culture, 107-9,110 research on Inca sites, 66, 95-97, on animal sacrifices, 121 98-99, 226, 235 Index 321

returns from expeditions, 199-200, astronomical observations, 194 214-16 and Bingham's theories, 26 at Rosaspata, 117 and Choquequirao, 59-60 and Savoy, 157 and the Inca Trail, 222, 277 second expedition in Peru, 223-28, and Intihuatana shrines, 189 233-37, 236tt and Llactapata, 7, 170 and self-promotion, 17, 58 and Machu Picchu, 185-86, 218, 260, and Tincochaca, 112 285-88 expedition, 30-32 and , 269-71 and Vilcabamba, 127, 140 and Sacred Center theory, 119, 279 and Vitos, 108, 115, 116-22 and sundials, 174, 181, 193 Bingham, Woodbridge, 29n andVitcos, 119 Boehm, Sydney, 257 Central African Republic, 144 Bolivar, Simon, 27, 29, 30, 33, 36 Cerro San Gabriel, 286-87 bones. See huaqueros (grave robbers); , 47, 68 skeletal remains Chepstow-Lusty, Alex, 186n Boorstein, Daniel, 203 chicha, 56, 70, 184, 268 Boston Globe, 17 Chichen Itza, 57 Boston Post, 151 Choquequirao Bothrops pit viper, 169 and Bingham's expeditions, 37-38, 66 Bowman, Isaiah, 98 camp at, 63-65 Buenos Aires, 33, 34 compared to Llactapata, 170 Burger, Richard, 210, 213, 255 hike to, 51-56 Burton, Richard, 29 and Inca roads, 90 and Leivers's preservation ethic, 145 Cachora, 47 Machu Picchu compared to, 184 , 68-69, 130, 243 and orientation of Inca sites, 119 Calancha, Antonio de la and proximity to rivers, 117-18 and Bingham's research, 96, 98-99, and route planning, 5, 6 131,226,235 site described, 57-62 and Machu Picchu, 188 and treasure hunting, 57 and mummies of Inca rulers, 244 viewed from Phuyupatamarca, 282 and Vilcabamba, 126 Choquetacarpo Pass, 90-94, 142, 282 andVitcos, 119-20 Christian missionaries, 14-15, 120. Campa Indians, 149, 150-51, 157-58, 160 See also Catholicism Canari Indians, 125 Cieza de Le6n, Pedro de, 123-24 Capac Nan, 46-47, 186, 289 City of Z, 32, 34n Capra, Frank, 251 climate of Peru Carrasco (sergeant), 100, 101, 176, 181 Bingham on, 41, 124 Catholicism, 20, 35, 275-76 and , 128, 137, 176-77 cejadeselva, 176-77 garua (cloud cover), 238 celestial orientation of Inca sites. See also and mountain passes, 91, 93 solstice lines and rain forests, 124, 140-42 322 Index climate of Peru (cont.) Cock of the Rock (tunfet ), 140-41 variety of zones, 41, 124 Colombia, 29-31, 33 and Vilcabamba site, 124 Columbus, Christopher, 66-67 andVitcos, 120 Concevidayoc, 126, 127, 141-42, 145 Cobos, Benjamin, 254 Condore, Samuel, 132-34 Cobos, Flavio, 254 condors, 272 Cobos, Florencia, 107, 110 . See also specific Cobos, Juvenal individuals and altitude fitness, 91 and Bingham's expedition route, 30 and anniversary of Bingham's trip, 290 brutality of, 70 and coca, 82-83 conquest of , 67-71 at Concevidayoc, 141, 142 and , 35 daily hiking routine, 53 and guerilla warfare, 123-24 at Espiritu Pampa, 148, 161 and the khipu, 226n first visit to Machu Picchu, 111-12 and Lost City legends, 3, 26-27 and hike to Choquequirao, 53 and mit'a system, 111 home of, 83, 102-6, 110-11 and of Cusco, 71, 99-100 and Inca Trail trip, 271 and treasure hunting, 57 and insect attack, 86 and Vilcabamba, 237 at Kolpacasa Pass, 128 andVitcos, 117 and Leivers's injury, 136, 138 Conway, Hugh, 251 and muleteer injury, 63-64 Cook, Frederick, 79, 80 and muleteer work, 53, 73 Cook, James, 14 and "Peruvian time," 42 Coolidge, Calvin, 248 popularity of, 129 Cordillera Vilcabamba, 105 preparations for trip, 42-44, 46 Corona Borealis, 270 at Quillabamba, 162 Coronica Moralizada (Calancha), 96, 98, on Savoy expedition, 254 99, 119,226 at the Sixpac Manco, 123 Coropuna, 199 and start of trip, 48 Cortes, Hernan, 67 at Valentin farm, 72-73 Cousteau, Jacques, 37n and water supplies, 51 "Cradle of Gold," 37, 39, 58 at Yanama camp, 86, 88 creation myths, 200. See also Tampu Cobos, Rosa, 103-4, 105, 107, 110, 112 Tocco coca Crowley, Aleister, 79 and altitude endurance, 90-92 Cura Ocllo, 116, 117, 124, 125 and Andean diet, 105 Cusco Bingham on, 34, 83 and artifacts controversy, 4 cookies, 217 and Bingham's expeditions, 35-37, expedition's use of, 46, 82-83, 90-92, 97-98 129, 143, 266, 274 and civil war, 130 and folk medicine, 65 and earthquakes, 41 and Inca royalty, 82 and the Inca empire, 9 Index 323

and Inca roads, 47 and porters, 266 and Inca stonework, 36, 59 preparations for trip, 264-67 and Koricancha temple, 242 El Dorado legend, 57 and New Age spiritualism, 7 El Sol, 235 preparations for trip, 46 Encounter Overland, 143—45, 164 and Quechua language, 64 Enigmatic Window, 185, 243 and routes to Machu Picchu, 163 Eromboni Pampa, 150 and Spanish conquest, 69, 70-71 Espiritu Pampa topography of, 37 and Bingham's expeditions, 127,142, and tourism, 2-3 150-51 and water quality, 76-77 and celestial orientation of Inca sites, 171 Dana, Richard Henry, 201 and Leivers' preservation ethic, 145 Darien Colony, 23 and Machu Picchu theories, 253 Darwin, Charles, 30 and orientation of Inca sites, 118 Davis, Richard Harding, 30, 31 and proximity to rivers, 117 Dead Woman's Pass, 274 and route planning, 5, 6 Death in the (Vargas Llosa), 40 and Savoy's theories, 254 The Discoverers (Boorstein), 203 site described, 146-50, 154-61 Doyle, Arthur Conan, 80 andusnus, 127-28 viewed from Phuyupatamarca, 282 Earhart, Amelia, 249 and Vilcabamba name, 105-6 earthquakes, 36, 41, 102, 187 "The Explorer" (Kipling), 62, 253 Eastman, George, 81 Exploring Cusco (Frost), 267 Eaton, George, 205, 206 ecology of Peru. See plants of Peru; Farabee, William, 97, 118, 223 Fawcett, Percy, 31-32, 35n The Economist, 48 Fejos, Paul, 278 , 29, 68 Fisk, Carlton, 82 Edgar (Gudiel) Fitch, Ezra, 81 drive to Santa Teresa, 162-63 Foote, Harry, 96, 126-27 at Espiritu Pampa, 160-61 Forgotten Vilcabamba (Lee), 121-22 at Inca Trail trip, 264 Frost, Peter, 267 at Llactapata, 172-73 Fructoso, 164, 167-68 preparations for trip, 46, 48 Fujimori, Alberto, 40 at Santa Teresa, 164, 165, 167 Funerary Rock, 188 Efrain (Valles) background, 232, 261-68 Garcia, Alan, 40, 41 on condors, 272 Geographic Journal, 199 guiding style, 268-69 giardia, 76-77 and Machu Picchu, 274-78, 285 Giesecke, Albert, 97-98, 100-101, and Patallacta, 269-70 198, 253 and Phuyupatamarca, 282-84 Gilbert Islands, 15 324 Index gnomons, 174, 181 huaqueros (grave robbers), 116-22, Greer, Paolo 211-13,246,262 author's dinner with, 238—46 Huascar, 68, 69 background, 3, 231-32 Huatanay River, 35 on Bingham's popularization of , 66, 68 Machu Picchu, 283 on celestial orientation of Inca sites, and Bingham's expeditions, 98, 101, 185-86 177-78, 206 and preservation efforts, 290 hike on, 191-98 Grosvenor, Gilbert and Machu Picchu theories, 279 and artifacts controversy, 204, view from, 196 212, 284 viewed from Sun Gate, 284 and Bingham's trip reports, 200-201 Huayna Pucara, 131-33 and lost city tales, 224 human remains. See huaqueros (grave and Machu Picchu articles, 214-16, robbers; skeletal remains) 228, 247 hydroelectric plant at Machu Picchu, on scope of Bingham's work, 228 163, 172 Guevara, Ernesto "Che," 187 Ice Maiden, 219 hacienda system, 113-14 "In the Wonderland of Peru" (National Hadley, Arthur Twining, 23, 32 Geographic), 215 Harper's, 81,200, 205 Inca Land (Bingham), 16, 95-96,142, harquebuses, 68 248, 251, 252 Hartford Courant, 225 IncaTambo, 119 Harvard University, 17, 22-23 Inca Trail Hay, Clarence, 34, 38 and Andes weather, 38 Heaney, Christopher, 96, 236 author's hike on, 264-71, 272-80 Hemming, John, 36, 254 and barefoot hiking, 259-60 Heroic Age of Exploration, 78-79 and Bingham's expeditions, 232 Hilton, James, 251 and celestial orientation of Inca sites, Hints to Travelers (Royal Geographical 222, 277 Society), 58, 180 and Choquetacarpo Pass, 92 Hippie Trail, 143 and Concevidayoc, 126 Hiram Bingham Highway, 183-84, and Huayna Picchu, 192 197, 263 Justo on, 65 History of the Conquest of Peru and Machu Picchu, 188-89 (Prescott), 69 and Machu Picchu theories, 244 House of the Sun, 99 marathon on, 267 Huadquifia hacienda, 113-15, 167, 173, and modern development, 46-47 206-7, 235-36, 245 and Mount Machu Picchu, 196 Huaina-Picchu, 98-99 and , 100 Huamani, Nati, 20, 48, 92, 109, 193 regulations, 232 Huancacalle, 63, 94, 102-6, 115, 117 and road to Vilcabamba, 123 Index 325

and routes to Machu Picchu, 163 injury, 63-65, 73 and the Sun Gate, 282 and muleteer work, 51, 53 and trip planning, 5, 8, 260-63 andVitcos, 118 Kant, Immanuel, 184 The Jnc&so/Peru (Markham), 79,173, Karp-Toledo, Eliane, 40-41, 60, 283, 290 180,200 Kasdan, Lawrence, 256 Inkarri myth, 158 khipu, 226n Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC) Kipling, Rudyard, 62, 253 and access to rare sites, 291 Kolpacasa Pass, 124, 126-29 and the Capac Nan, 46-47 Koricancha and Choquequirao, 60 and adventure films, 257 and Espiritu Pampa, 148-49 and Atahualpa's ransom, 69 and grave robbing, 246 and celestial orientation of Inca sites, and Huayna Picchu, 191 221 and Machu Picchu, 242 and Cusco, 35 and Peabody collection, 212 and Machu Picchu, 186, 242, 280 andVitcos, 118 Prescott on, 9-10 , 10, 59 and treasure hunting, 37n Inti Pata, 282-83 Inti Raymi festivities, 260, 287 la hora peruana (Peruvian Time), 42—45, Intihuatana ranch, 173, 252, 261 262, 264 Intihuatana shrines Lake Parinacochas, 81 and celestial orientation of Inca sites, , 19, 25, 37n, 279 221 Landis, Deborah Nadoolman, 256 damaged by film crew, 189n The Languages of the Andes (Adelaar and and Llactapata, 173-74 Muysken), 73 and Machu Picchu, 181, 189, 193, 196, Lee, Vincent, 102, 121-22, 254 260, 279 Leguia, Augusto, 38, 81, 100, 204, Island of the Sun, 279 207-8, 214 The Islands of Titicaca and Kosti Leivers.John (Bandelier), 80 on Bingham, 4—5 childhood, 87-88 Javier (INC worker), 148-49, 154-57 and Choquequirao, 52-54, 59-62, Jones, Indiana (character), 4, 255-58 63-64 The Journal of an Expedition Across and Choquetacarpo Pass, 90-94 Venezuela and Colombia (Bingham), at the Cobos home, 110-11 27,30 and coca, 82 Julian (Bolanos) and Cusco, 69 at Concevidayoc, 142 and ecology of Peru, 140-41 daily hiking routine, 53 and Espiritu Pampa, 148-53, 154-61 described, 48 eye injury, 135-39 at Espiritu Pampa, 147, 160-61 fitness, 49, 56 at Huancacalle, 102-3 on folk remedies, 73 326 Index

Leivers, John (cont.) viewed from Mount Machu Picchu, and food, 264-65 196 on hacienda system, 114 viewed from Phuyupatamarca, 282 heart surgery, 229-30, 238, 259 , 61,121 hike to Yanama, 82-84 looting, 206, 241. See also huaqueros and Huancacalle, 105 (grave robbers); treasure hunting and Huayna Picchu, 191-97 Lost City of the Incas and the INC, 60 and archaeology, 57 on Inca engineering, 119 and Bingham's career, 3-5 on Inca roads, 90 and Bingham's research, 96 and Inca Trail trip, 264-65, 268-69, Bingham's theory on, 227-28 273-78 Machu Picchu as, 26 on Inca trails, 47 and Spanish texts, 79-80 and Kolpacasa Pass, 128-29 Vilcabamba, 235 and Machu Picchu, 182-85, 187-90, Lost City of the Incas (Bingham) 285,287-88 on Choquequirao, 62 and Mandor Pampa, 176 and Peruvian tourism, 3,12 and New York City, 289-92 revised version of, 250-53 and Phuyupatamarca, 281-84 on Spanish conquest, 71 preparations for trip, 1-8, 10-12, on Tampu Tocco theory, 280 42-45, 46-50, 51-52, 233 on Urubamba Valley expedition, 97 on proximity of rivers to Inca sites, Lost Horizon (Hilton), 251 117-18 The Lost World (Doyle), 80 and Santa Teresa, 163-64 Lucas, George, 256 and Sixpac Manco hostel, 102-5 Lumbreras, Luis, 243-44 and survivalism, 74-75 on usnu platforms, 127-28 maca, 266 and Valentin farm, 72-77 Machiguenga Indians, 157-58 andVitcos, 105, 117-22, 123 Machu Picchu work background, 88-89 and Andes weather, 38 Library of Congress, 231, 240 and archaeological artifacts, 203-8, Geographical Society, 96 209-13 Livingstone, David, 29-30 author's dreams of, 25-26 Lizarraga, Agustin, 252, 253 and Bingham's expeditions, 3,16, 97, Llactapata 101 and Andean place names, 233n Bingham's theories on, 26, 171, 243, and Bingham's expeditions, 169, 170, 253, 278 206-7 and celestial orientation of Inca sites, and celestial orientation of Inca sites, 170-71, 173, 219-22, 285-88 170-71,260 and Choquequirao, 57-58, 62 from Huayna Picchu, 193 Cusco as staging point for, 10 and routes to Machu Picchu, 6-7,163 Eastern Urban Section, 178-79 site described, 169-75 and Hauyna Picchu, 191-98 Index 327

and Inca roads, 6, 235 Mandor Pampa, 97-100, 172, 175, and Inca stonework, 59 176-81,240 and Leivers's preservation ethic, 145 Markham, Clements, 79, 81, 173, Main Gate, 184 180-81, 199,200, 215n and orientation of Inca sites, 118, 119 Marsh, Othniel Charles, 98, ownership disputes, 259-63 202, 203 proximity to river, 117-18 Matapalos trees (strangler figs), 141, routes to, 163 149-50 and Sacred Center theory, 119, 219, mate, 192 222, 279 Mateo (Gallegos) site described, 182-90 at the Cobos home, 110 stonework of, 35-36 at Concevidayoc, 142-43 and Tampu Tocco theories, 255, daily hiking routine, 53 279-80 described, 48 Machu Picchu: A Citadel of the Incas at Espiritu Pampa, 147-48,160-61 (Bingham), 251 at Huancacalle, 103 Machu Picchu: Exploring an Ancient Sacred and Inca Trail trip, 271 Center (Reinhard), 119, 219 and insect attack, 85 "Machu Picchu Before Bingham" Leivers on, 75 (Greer), 231 and muleteer work, 51, 73 Machu Picchu Historical Sanctuary, 284 snoring, 64 Machu Picchu Pueblo, 182 Mayas, 219 Machu Picchu Sanctuary Lodge, 182 Melville, Herman, 238 Maclaine, Shirley, 218 Mexico, 67, 68 Magli, Giulio, 279 missionary work, 14-15, 22 Manco Inca Yupanqui mit'a, 111 and adventure films, 257-58 Mitchell, Alfred, 21-22, 78, 95 and Calancha's writings, 96 Mitchell, Alfreda, 21-22. See also and Choquetacarpo Pass, 90 Bingham, Alfreda and civil war in Cusco, 130 Mitchell, Annie Tiffany, 21, 22, 28, and Concevidayoc, 146—47 78, 248 and Espiritu Pampa, 154-56, 254 Mogrovejo, Evaristo, 115, 117 and the Inca Trail, 234-35 Montesinos, Fernando de, 225n, and Inti Raymi festivities, 287 225-26 Markham on, 79 Montezuma, 67, 68 and Ollantaytambo, 178, 265 Mother . See Pachamama and rebel army, 123-25 Mount Aconcagua, 152 and siege of Cusco, 71, 99 Mount Coropuna, 5, 80, 81, 151-53 and Spanish asylum seekers, 131 Mount Everest, 79 and Spanish conquest, 69-71 Mount Huascaran, 81,151 and usnu platforms, 127-28 Mount Machu Picchu, 194-95 and Vilcabamba, 106, 226-27 Mount McKinley, 79, 80 andVitcos, 116-17, 117-18 Mount , 48 328 Index

Mount Veronica, 282 The New York Sun, 97, 199 mountain worship, 220 The New York Times, 29, 31, 57, 211 mountaineering, 79, 80-81,151-53 The New York Times Magazine, 216 muleteers, 44, 47-48, 51-52, 102-3 The New York Tribune, 58 mummies, 244-45 North Pole, 79, 80, 201, 215 Murua, Martin de, 158 Northwest Passage, 79 Museo Inka, 212, 262 Nunez, J. J., 37-38, 57-58, 204 Museum of Natural History, 289 Nusta Ispanan, 12 In music of Peru, 161, 275 mysticism and spirituality obligatorio, 111, 127 and apus, 92 Observer, 200 and author's family, 20 "Official Circular of the Second Yale and celestial orientation of Inca sites, Peruvian Expedition" (Bingham), 189-90, 285 13-14 and the Inca Trail, 278-79 Ollantaytambo and location of Inca sites, 58-59 architecture of, 178, 183 and mountain worship, 220 and Bingham's expeditions, 99, offerings to Pachamama, 56 224-25, 237 and orientation of Inca sites, 119 and the Inca Trail, 264-65 pantheism of Incas, 59, 275-76 Manco Inca's departure from, 116-17 and pilgrimage sites, 7, 222, 244, and Pachacutec, 186 278-79, 287 and search for Machu Picchu, 252 and religious syncretism, 175-76 Orellana, Francisco de, 29 and sun worship, 221, 255 Orgonez, Rodrigo, 117 and tourism, 43, 69 Outside, 18

Narrative of the Incas (Betanzos), 242 Pacaritambo, 225, 235, 255 National^Aeronautics Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui Administration, 249 and the Ann's, 116 National Geographic and Choquetacarpo Pass, 90 Bingham's articles for, 214-16, 227, and excavation sites, 290 247, 252, 272 grandson of, 66, 68 and Bingham's expeditions, and , 47, 222 214-16, 225 and Machu Picchu, 194, 195, 242, 255, and Cole Porter song, 250 278, 287 photos of skeletal remains, 233 and Peruvian climate, 186n National Geographic Society, 200-202, and tomb sites, 186, 243, 244 210, 225 Pachamama National Museum (Peru), 212 and barefoot hiking, 260 New Age spiritualism, 7, 218. See also day of observance for, 275 mysticism and spirituality and Inca pantheism, 59 New York City, 18, 289-92 offerings to, 56, 270 The New York Herald, 31 and Peruvian spirituality, 20 Index 329

and the Royal Tomb, 286 and altitude changes, 53 and symbolism, 155 Bingham's description of, 37 paganism, 275 and cloud forests, 59, 135, 176-77, 276 Palcay, 207 and cutting trails, 134-36, 234, 254 paleontology, 98, 202 elephant ears, 140 Pampaconas River, 126 and high rain forest, 146 Pan-American Scientific Congress, and Inca ruins, 122 33,36 liana vine, 154 Panama, 23, 28, 67 and the Machu Picchu Historical Pancorbo, Jose, 98, 126-27 Sanctuary, 171-72 pantheism of Incas, 59, 275-76 poisonous plants, 74-75, 276 Parinacochas, 151 strangler figs, 141, 149-50 Patallacta, 233, 268-71 and theories on Inca stonework, 35n Paul (INC worker), 149,154-55, 156 variety of rain forest plants, 141 Peabody Museum, 156, 203-4, 208, Plateriayoc, 246 236n, 283-84 Plaza de Armas, 9, 130, 158, 159n, Peary, Robert, 78, 80, 201, 215 260, 262 peccaries, 141 polar explorers, 78-79, 113, 201, 215 Peck, Annie S., 81, 151-52 Polo, Marco, 13 Perou et Bolivie (Wiener), 98 Potosi, 33 Peruvian Time (la horaperuana), 42—45, Prescott, William, 10, 69, 99-100, 262, 264 130-31 Peshawar, Pakistan, 144 Princeton University, 23 Phillips Academy, 16 Principal Temple, 187, 189, 206 Phuyupatamarca, 196, 278, 281-84 Progressive Era, 13 pictographs, 154 Range, 127, 282 pishtacos, 40, 41 Punahou School, 14 Pizarro, Francisco Puquiura, 98-99, 102, 107-12, 115, 120, background of, 67 227, 235 and Bingham's expedition route, 36-37 Quechua culture, 34, 44-45, 86-87, and civil war in Cusco, 130 90, 103 conquest of the Inca empire, 67-71 Quechua language, 20, 37, 64, 73, 76, death, 130-31 100, 242 and Dona Angelina Yupanqui, 242 Quillabamba, 162 and Huadquifia, 113 , 47 and Manco Inca's rebellion, 124-25 and museum artifacts, 204 Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), 256 and treasure hunting, 227 Raimondi, Antonio, 96 and Vilcabamba, 26 Reinhard.Johan, 119, 193, 219-22, 279 Pizarro, Gonzalo, 70, 124-25, 126, 130 religions of Peru, 20, 58-59, 275-76. plants of Peru. See also agriculture; See also Catholicism; mysticism and spirituality 330 Index

Republican Party, 248 Saw Mill, 240 A Residence of Twenty-one Years , 276-77 in the Sandwich Islands Sayri Tupac, 131 (Bingham); 29 Scott, Robert Falcon, 79-80, 113, Rice, Hamilton, 29-32, 223 215, 215n Richarte family, 177-81, 206 Scribner's Magazine, 30 Romero, Carlos, 96 Secret of the Incas (1954), 256-57 Roosevelt, Theodore, 28, 33, 224, 247 Semicircular Temple, 179 Root, Elihu, 33 Shakur, Afeni, 159n Rosaspata, 115 Shakur, Tupac, 159n Royal Geographical Society, 29-30, 33, Shining Path, 40, 147, 267 58, 79, 96, 180, 199 Sixpac Manco hostel, 102-6, 107, 123, Royal Mausoleum, 179, 185, 226, 277, 254 285-86 skeletal remains Royal Tomb, 286 and Eaton, 205-6 at Machu Picchu, 44, 235 Saavedra, 126, 141^2, 146, 150, 151 at Patallacta, 268 Sacred Center theory, 119, 217-22, 279 and trepanation, 233 Sacred Plaza, 187, 189, 234, 279 and Virgins of the Sun theory, 227, , 100,220 254-55 Sacred Virgins of the Sun, 227, 237, 255 Slocum, Joshua, 78 Sacsahuaman, 36, 46, 71, 180, 183, 186 smallpox, 68 Sailing Alone Around the World (Slocum), Smith, Hugh M., 215 78 Smith, Huntington "Coot," Jr., 34 Salazar, Lucy, 210, 213, 255 Smithsonian Institution, 203, 205 , 193, 220-21, 234, 272, 278, smuggling, 4, 31, 235-36 281-82 , 132, 155, 169 San ^ndres Hospital, 244 solstice lines San Francisco Chronicle, 22, 257 and connection between Inca sites, Santa Ana hacienda, 114-15 170-71, 194 Santa Maria, 163n and constellations, 221 Santa Teresa, 162-63, 163n, 166 and the Enigmatic Window, 243 Santo Domingo monastery, 10, 35 and the Inca Trail trip, 232, 260, 282 . See also specific rulers and Llactapata, 170-71 and celestial orientation of Inca sites, and Machu Picchu, 185, 194, 221-22, 171 242^»3, 286-87 and Cusco, 35 and Patallacta, 270 and the Inca empire, 10 and Sayacmarca, 277 and Inca pantheism, 59 and spiritual tourism, 218 rights as ruler, 69 and usnus, 59-60, 128 and sun worship, 221 soroche (altitude sickness), 46, 82, 90, 92, andVitcos, 118 153 Savoy, Gene, 157, 159, 253-54 South American Explorer club, 239, 241 Index 331

South American Explorer Magazine, 231 Sun Gate, 188-89, 192, 196, 282 South Pole expeditions, 79, 80, 113, 215 Sun Temple, 185, 269 Southern Cross, 221 sun worship, 221, 255 Spanish-American War, 28 sundials, 174, 181, 193 Spanish conquest of Peru, 26, 37, 67-71, 79, 275. See also conquistadores Taft, William Howard, 204 Spielberg, Steven, 256 Tampu Tocco spiritual significance of Inca sites. See and Bingham's expeditions, 225-26, mysticism and spirituality 227-28 Stanley, Henry, 30 and creation myth, 200 Sterling Memorial Library, 258n and the Inca Trail, 235 stonework of Inca sites and Machu Picchu theories, 255, Choquequirao, 59 279-80 Cusco, 35-36 Tawantinsuyu, 47, 116, 159, 186 and INC reconstruction work, 60 Taylor, Frederick, 13 Intihuatana shrines, 174 Temple of the Condor, 188-89 Llactapata, 170 Temple of the Sun, 35, 117, 179 Machu Picchu, 180, 186-87 Temple of the Three Windows, 188, strangler figs, 141, 149-50 221,226,251,279,285 strikes, 260-61, 265-71 terraces Suchli, Justo and agriculture, 58, 61, 177-78, 192 and anniversary of Bingham's trip, and Espiritu Pampa, 150 290 and Llactapata, 174 on opus, 117 and Machu Picchu, 177-79, 184, and Choquequirao, 63 187-88, 244, 284 daily hiking routine, 52-53 and Ollantaytambo, 99 and Espiritu Pampa, 148, 156-57, and Patallacta, 233

(160-61 andVitcos, 120 and Huancacalle, 103, 105 Thompson, Hugh, 163, 251 and Inca Trail trip, 271 Tiffany, Charles, 22 and Kolpacasa Pass, 128 Time, 253, 255 and Llactapata, 169, 173 Tincochaca, 112, 115 and muleteer injury, 64-65 TituCusi, 131,227 and offerings to Pachamama, 56 Toledo, Alejandro, 40-41, 209, 212, 213 preparations for trip, 44-45 Torreon, 269 and Puquiura, 108 and Bingham's expeditions, 226, 227 and Santa Teresa, 164, 165, 167 and celestial orientation of Inca sites, and Sixpac Manco hostel, 107 221, 260, 282,285-88 and start of trip, 48, 51 and Machu Picchu, 179, 185, 186, and superstition, 138 242-43, 280 and Valentin farm, 72 and Patallacta, 270 and Yanama camp, 88-89 trains to Machu Picchu, 162-63, 171, Sumac, Yma, 257 182, 194, 261 332 Index treasure hunting. See also huaqueros Verano, John, 254-55 (grave robbers); looting Vilcabamba River, 105, 127 and Berns, 240-41 Vilcabamba the New (town), 105, 127 and Bingham's second expedition, 207 Vilcabamba the Old (archaeological site) and Choquequirao, 37 and Andean place names, 233n and Columbus, 67 and Bingham's expeditions, 26, 97, 99, and the conquistadores, 57 142, 155-57, 226-28, 237 Efrain on, 276 and Calancha's writings, 226 and Espiritu Pampa, 159 and the Inca Trail, 231, 234-35 and Indiana Jones character, 256-58 and the Inkarri myth, 158-59 and Lake Titicaca, 37n and Lost City theories, 66, 79-81, 96 and museum collections, 203-4 and Savoy's expeditions, 254 andVitcos, 117, 118, 120 and Spanish refugees, 254 trepanation, 233 ubiquity of name, 105 tunfet (bird), 140-41 Village Voice, 18 Tupac Amaru, 131-32, 158 Virgins of the Sun, 227, 237, 255 Tupac Amaru II, 159n Vista Alegre, 138 Two Years Before the Mast (Dana), 201 Vitcos and Bingham's expeditions, 96-99, ukuku masks, 260 101, 117,283-84 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Calancha's writings, 226 and Cultural Organization hike to, 84, 93 (UNESCO), 261 and Inca road system, 90, 227 Urton, Gary, 226n and the Inca Trail, 235 and Leivers' preservation ethic, 145 and the Berns land claim, 240 and Lost City theories, 80, 81 and celestial orientation of Inca sites, Machu Picchu compared to, 184 220-21 and Manco Inca, 116-17,131 and the Inca Trail, 234, 267 obscurity of, 105 and Lost City theories, 97 and orientation of Inca sites, proximity to Machu Picchu, 196, 220 118,119 and routes to Machu Picchu, 163, and Pachacutec, 186 174, 272 proximity to river, 117-18 Urubamba Valley, 71, 97-99, 113, 198, religious significance of Inca sites, 233-37 117-22 usnu platforms, 59-60, 62, 127-28, 146, and route planning, 5, 6 157, 193 site described, 116-22 viewed from Phuyupatamarca, 282 Valcarcel, Luis, 235-36, 236n Valley of the Kings, 57 The Wall Street Journal, 202 Vargas Llosa, Mario, 39-40 weather of Peru, 6, 38, 220. See also Vega, Garcilaso, 43 climate of Peru Venezuela, 29, 30-31,35 White, E. B., 19 Index 333

White Rock(YurakRumi), 108, 112, Yale University 119-22, 121n, 125, 131,254 and antiquities dealing, 236n, 245 Wiener, Charles, 98, 252, 253 and artifacts controversy, 3-4, 41, 156 wildlife of Peru Bingham's hope for an appointment, alpacas, 61 23 and the Amazon jungle, 157 Bingham's student career at, 17,21 Andean geese, 93-94 and expedition sponsorship, 13, Andean spectacled bears, 171-72 203-4 and animal sacrifice, 61, 121 and Indiana Jones franchise, 258n and cloud forests, 132 and Machu Picchu theories, 26 condors, 272 positions offered to Bingham, 32, 34 insects, 86 Rare Books and Manuscripts Room, llamas, 61, 121, 184 290-91 peccaries, 141 and research on Machu Picchu, 4 snakes, 132, 155, 169 Yanacocha, 235 and tropical rainforest, 146 Yanama River, 61, 72 tunki bird, 140-41 Yanama (town), 83, 85, 90 Wilson, Woodrow, 23, 247 Yankihausi, 225, 235, 265 Winay, Wayna, 196, 283 Yaruro people, 31 Wright, Kenneth, 186 Yupanqui, Angelina, 242 Yurak Rumi (White Rock), 108,112, Yale Corporation, 152, 202 119-22, 121n, 125, 131,254 Yale Corps, 247-48 Yale Political Union, 212 Zarate, Miguel, 219