WPI Update 11.Pub

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

WPI Update 11.Pub Wright Paleohydrological WRIGHT Institute PALEOHYDROLOGICAL INSTITUTE To further the knowledge of past civilizations through the study of ancient water management and practices. Winter 2019/2020 Paleohydrology is “the study of water use and handling by ancient people.” New Classroom in Lima Wright Paleohydrological In 2019, Ken and Ruth providing a short lecture of the Wrights’ on ancient Institute (WPI) is a Wright were delighted to on the engineering native technology of the non-profit organization learn that a classroom at wonders of Machu Picchu Inca empire. established in 1996 for the the Universidad Nacional and several other Inca study of ancient water use. de Ingeniería (UNI) in sites that were studied by The Wrights were WPI is a public foundation Lima, Peru, was named in the Wright team over a touched by this kind with a proud record of their honor. UNI’s civil 25-year period. gesture of appreciation by public interest activities engineering faculty voted their friends and cohorts related to ancient water to dedicate the classroom The classroom will in Lima. management. to the Wrights to showcase the publications celebrate their research on Peru’s ancient engineers, the Inca. Inside this issue: A dedication ceremony took place on July 1. Ken and Productive Visit 2 Ruth’s colleague by Professor Professor Emeritus Richard Miksad of Richard Miksad of the Virginia University of Virginia The new classroom at UNI features a plaque (left) and three walls of stood in for the large images of the Inca sites Ken and Ruth studied and their books on Phoebe Hearst 2 Wrights at the event, paleohydrology (right). Museum Paleohydrology 2 2019 Calendar Wins Awards Lectures WWE’s 2019 Machu gold medal under the Competition for these 2019 Pompeii 3 Picchu & Pompeii calendar promotional division for honors is stiff. For Research won top national awards! Best Non-Profit. Then for instance, our calendar was The calendar was given a good measure, the up against Goodyear, U.S. Saqsaywaman 3 gold medal from the association awarded us a Metro Bank, and Sports Field Work in National Calendar silver medal for Best Illustrated Swimsuit 2019 Marketing Association for Scenic for a total of three calendars. Best Subject and another awards. Institute of 3 Andean Studies Poster Thank You for Your Support in 2019 Presentation WPI continues to study generosity helps make this 2020 with donations from Donation Form 4 how ancient people dealt happen. $5 to $200. Ruth and Ken with water and how Wright match modern water can affect You can support our contributions at two to ancient structures. Your public education efforts in one. Page 2 Wright Paleohydrological Institute Productive Visit by Professor Richard Miksad of Virginia In October, we had a High Flood District on his for nine years now. The fruitful visit from Dr. study of water and Inca studies have included Richard Miksad of Virginia, drainage practices at the ceremonial water features and his wife, Robin. Dr. Inca site of Saqsaywaman. and drainage. Miksad is engineering dean emeritus of the University Dr. Miksad has been leading Dr. and Mrs. Miksad also of Virginia (UVa) and a WPI engineering students and participated in a WPI board Public Member. While in graduate students from UVa meeting while they were in town, he gave a in conducting research at town. presentation at the Mile Saqsaywaman, near Cusco, Phoebe Hearst Museum Top: The October 2019 meeting of the WPI board As a long-time supporter of represent a form of Ken and Ruth Wright’s at the Chautauqua Dining the Phoebe Hearst Museum communication. support has focused on Hall in Boulder. Second: at the University of curating one of the most Dick Miksad presented a California–Berkeley, WPI is Our connection with the important Andean lecture on Saqsaywaman to happy to see that the Museum at Berkeley has collections in the United a group of drainage and museum is now focusing on States, with an emphasis on flood control professionals been to provide funding for in Denver. ancient Andean textiles. In the John H. Rowe Memorial preservation. Collections a way, textiles are the Fund at the Phoebe Hearst Manager Leslie Freund has language of the ancient Inca Museum of been leading a staff of 33 people because, in the Anthropology. John Rowe people in this preservation absence of a written was a leading and effort, which will make the language, they tell us of productive Andean Scientist collection more available to their culture and who shed light on the the public. aspirations. Textiles ancient Inca empire. Paleohydrology Lectures WPI provides many public Associate Professor of Dr. Richard Miksad gave lectures each year. For ex- anthropology Kate Trusler. three paleohydrology ample, in 2019, Wayne Lo- presentations while he was Traditional Inca textile renz presented on As another example, the in Peru last summer. He weaving, as depicted in the Pompeii water studies at the Foothills Rotary Club of Fort spoke on the hydraulics of Spanish text, El primer Society for American Saqsaywaman, a Water nueva corónica y buen Collins invited Ken Wright gobierno by Felipe Guaman Archaeology annual to give a lecture on ancient Temple at Saqsaywaman, Poma de Ayala (ca. 1600) meeting in Albuquerque, water management at Mesa and dedication of the New Mexico, with Verde in April. Kenneth and Ruth Wright University of Missouri Classroom. 2020 Machu Picchu Calendar Our 2020 scenic calendar, It is the 24th calendar that we paleohydrology and it is our Magical Machu Picchu, is now have produced after WPI first love. available! This beautiful first obtained a permit to calendar features the photos study Machu Picchu in 1994. Calendars are available for of Ruth and Ken Wright and Machu Picchu is the initial purchase at http:// Kurt Loptien. It was place where WPI studied wrightpaleo.com/ Magical Machu Picchu designed by Todd Clary. wordpress/scenic-calendar/. Page 3 2019 Pompeii Research Wayne Lorenz and Jamie collaboration with Dr. Kate the Vesuvius eruption may Akens of WPI perfomed Trusler of the University of have been different than field work in Pompeii in June Missouri. Wayne and Kate originally thought. of 2019. The WPI team was and their teams were privileged to meet with the pleased to perform their Wayne and Jamie also General Director of the research while the Region 5 perform a reconnaissance Guiseppe Illiano, Michael Pompeii Archaeological portion of Pompeii was survey of aqueduct Anderson (University of Park, Massimo Osanna, to being excavated for the first remnants in the Cuma, San Francisco), Wayne discuss new water features time. These excavations Lorenz, and Jamie Akens Puzzoili, Baia, Bacoli, and stand in front of the largest being excavated in Regio V have unearthed some Miseno areas. Access to mosaic fountain in (Region 5). special discoveries like a these areas was made Pompeii. petrified purebred horse possible by WPI researcher Wayne is conducting wearing a bronze-plated Guiseppe Illiano. research on the water military saddle and some fountains of Pompeii in evidence that the date of Saqsaywaman Research in 2019 Professor emeritus Richard Saqsaywaman is the largest, terraces that will encourage Miksad of the University of most impressive religious Peru’s Ministry of Culture Virginia was in Cusco this complex of the Inca empire. to preserve Saqsaywaman summer conducting further There’s more to it than the by returning the site’s research at Saqsaywaman. great walls—water is the drainage to the conditions Dr. Miksad’s students and connecting theme. more similar to those graduate students were originally designed by the joined by students from This summer’s research was Inca engineers. Universidad Nacional de performed by teams focused San Antonio Abad del on seismic refraction Professor Miksad is working Dr. Richard Miksad stands Cusco, Universidad Andina studies, total station on a book about before one of the famous monolithic stones of del Cusco, and Universidad measurements, and ground Saqsaywaman that compiles Saqsaywaman. Nacional de Ingeniería. penetrating radar. The the work of many experts efforts furthered 3D and promises to be an modeling of the Inca encyclopedia of the site. Institute of Andean Studies Poster Presentation Ken and Ruth Wright will Prehistoric remnants that Inca engineering remnants. present a poster on Native that illustrate this theme Its fountains, canals, Technology at the January include the Inca road system drainage, retaining walls, 2020 meeting of the that was described by the and building structures InstituteFarnsworth of Andean House Studies National Museum of the provide field evidence of at the University of American Indian in Inca skills. The poster will California‒Berkeley. Washington, D.C. It tells a also highlight native story of technical technology achievements at The poster will illustrate achievements across what Tipon, Moray, and that native technology, as are now six South American Ollantaytambo in Peru. represented by Inca civil countries and 24,000 engineering achievements, is lineal miles of trail. Please call Sally Kribs at The Inca Road to Machu well documented by the (303) 480-1700 if you would Picchu is a good example of native technology. field evidence left behind at Machu Picchu is another like a copy of the poster. archaeological sites. example of abundant To further the knowledge of past civilizations through the study of ancient water management and practices. A COPY FOR YOUR RECORDS: WRIGHT PALEOHYDROLOGICAL This is a record of my contribuon to the Wright Paleohydrological Instute
Recommended publications
  • The Inca's Triumph Over Geography
    ___________________ Date ____ Class _____ Latin America Geography and History Activity The Inca's Triumph Over Geography In 1438 the Inca ruler Pachacuti began the scorching coastal deserts, over moun­ building a powerful empire in what is tains more than 20,000 feet high, through today Peru. By the end of the 1400s, the tangled masses of tropical rain forest, and Incas controlled the largest empire ever across raging torrents of rivers hundreds established in the Americas. It encom­ of feet wide. Totaling nearly 15,525 miles passed nearly 12 million people in Peru, (25,000 km), the roads were used to tie southern Colombia, Ecuador, northern the vast empire's people together, and to Chile, western Bolivia, and part of north­ allow quicker movement of soldiers and ern Argentina. goods. Llamas carried loads of agricul­ tural products or textiles along its length. Three Distinct Regions Storehouses and barracks were placed at Three physical regions-deserts, moun­ regular intervals. The Inca living nearby tains, and rain forests-made up the Inca maintained each length of road. Empire. Deserts run along the Pacific The highway system also served as a coast. The Atacama Desert in northern communication network for the govern­ Chile is one of the driest places on Earth. ment and military. Relay runners con­ Fertile areas can be found, however, where stantly carried messages long distances­ small rivers and streams run from the often up to 250 miles (403 km) per day. Andes highlands to the sea. That same distance took the Spanish East of the coastal deserts, the Andes colonial post nearly two weeks to cover.
    [Show full text]
  • Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
    Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inca Another Civilization That Grew Powerful About the Same Time As the Aztec Is the Inca
    CK_5_TH_HG_P104_230.QXD 2/14/06 2:21 PM Page 131 The Inca Another civilization that grew powerful about the same time as the Aztec is the Inca. By 1525, the Inca had created a vast empire that stretched from what is today northern Ecuador through Peru and into parts of Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina. Their capital was Cuzco, Peru, the original homeland of the Inca in the Andes Mountains. The Inca began their conquests around 1438. They had a labor tribute sys- tem to rule their conquered people. People had to work for the empire under the supervision of imperial bureaucrats and administrators. The Inca also used a complex resettlement policy to govern conquered people. Whole villages were split up and relocated to various villages closer to Cuzco; the conquered were set- tled among loyal subjects to ensure obedience. Loyal Inca took their place in the conquered villages. This strategy helped ensure that rebellions could not be easi- ly organized and executed. The leader of the empire was called the “Sapa Inca” and was considered the son of the sun god. Below the royal family came the noble class, which was made up of priests, military leaders, and the men who ran the government. When mem- bers of the noble class died, their wives and servants were buried with them. Kings were mummified, sometimes entombed in a seated position, and their bod- ies were preserved and worshipped in temples. For some ceremonies, common- Teaching Idea ers were mummified in bundles, their bodies set in the fetal position. A number Ask students to compare the impor- of ice mummies of children have been found in the Andes.
    [Show full text]
  • Reports on Completed Research for 2014
    Reports on Completed Research for 2014 “Supporting worldwide research in all branches of Anthropology” REPORTS ON COMPLETED RESEARCH The following research projects, supported by Foundation grants, were reported as complete during 2014. The reports are listed by subdiscipline, then geographic area (where applicable) and in alphabetical order. A Bibliography of Publications resulting from Foundation-supported research (reported over the same period) follows, along with an Index of Grantees Reporting Completed Research. ARCHAEOLOGY Africa: DR. JAMIE LYNN CLARK, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, received a grant in April 2013 to aid research on “The Sibudu Fauna: Implications for Understanding Behavioral Variability in the Southern African Middle Stone Age.” This project sought to gain a deeper understanding of human behavioral variability during the Middle Stone Age through the analysis of the Still Bay (SB; ~71,000 ya) and pre-SB (>72,000 ya) fauna from Sibudu Cave. In addition to characterizing variation in human hunting behavior within and between the two periods, the project had two larger goals. First, to explore whether the data were consistent with hypotheses linking the appearance of the SB to environmental change. No significant changes in the relative frequency of open vs. closed dwelling species were identified, with species preferring closed habitats predominant throughout. This suggests that at Sibudu, the onset of the SB was not correlated with climate change. Secondly, data collected during this project will be combined with lithic and faunal data from later deposits at Sibudu in order to explore the relationship between subsistence and technological change spanning from the pre-SB through the post-Howiesons Poort MSA (~58,000 ya).
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage: Chain, Hierarchies and Conflicts
    Camilo Montoya-Guevara HERITAGE: CHAIN, HIERARCHIES AND CONFLICTS AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE TIERRADENTRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK AND NASA INDIGENOUS TERRITORY, COLOMBIA. MA Thesis in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Central European University Budapest CEU eTD Collection May 2017 HERITAGE: CHAIN, HIERARCHIES AND CONFLICTS AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE TIERRADENTRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK AND NASA INDIGENOUS TERRITORY, COLOMBIA. by Camilo Montoya-Guevara (Colombia, Canada) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee Alexandra Kowalski Thesis Supervisor CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest Month YYYY HERITAGE: CHAIN, HIERARCHIES AND CONFLICTS AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE TIERRADENTRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK AND NASA INDIGENOUS TERRITORY, COLOMBIA. by Camilo Montoya-Guevara (Colombia, Canada) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Cultural Heritage Studies: Academic Research, Policy, Management. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACTS Abstracts ~
    INSTITUTE of ANDEAN STUDIES ~ABSTRACTS Abstracts ~ th 60 Annual Meeting JANUARY 10–11, 2020 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 2 Friday, January 10 th ERIK MARSH , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina; ANDREW RODDICK , McMaster University; ELIZABETH KLARICH , Smith College; CHRISTINE HASTORF , University of California, Berkeley The incised and the slipped: Tracking the tempo of northern and southern Titicaca basin Formative ceramic styles This paper proposes refinements to the chronology of Formative decorated ceramics in the Lake Titicaca basin. We summarize the results, currently in press, of Bayesian models from eight Late Formative centers in the southern Lake Titicaca basin. We extend this chronology with two new Bayesian models of Middle Formative ceramics from Chiripa in the south and four sites with Pukara ceramics in the north. The similar incised styles and closely aligned chronologies lead us to explore the possibility that decorating practices or even potting communities may have alternated between the north and south during the Formative. LUIS A. FLORES , University of California, Davis Goods to everyone: Obsidian during the Formative Period of the Titicaca basin Previous research in the Lake Titicaca basin proposed that emergent social prestige and status in the Formative Period is indicated by differential access to obsidian by elite and non-elite members of the population. The model anticipates high proportions of obsidian in large ceremonial centers relative to residential centers. This study examines the distribution of obsidian among Middle and Late Formative period (1300 BC - 500 AD) settlements in the Ramis valley in the northern Lake Titicaca basin. The analysis reveals not only an abundance of obsidian projectile points in both site types, but also fails to find any relationship between site type and obsidian prevalance.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluations of Cultural Properties
    WHC-04/28COM/INF.14A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE 28th ordinary session (28 June – 7 July 2004) Suzhou (China) EVALUATIONS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES Prepared by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) The IUCN and ICOMOS evaluations are made available to members of the World Heritage Committee. A small number of additional copies are also available from the secretariat. Thank you 2004 WORLD HERITAGE LIST Nominations 2004 I NOMINATIONS OF MIXED PROPERTIES TO THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST A Europe – North America Extensions of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List United Kingdom – [N/C 387 bis] - St Kilda (Hirta) 1 B Latin America and the Caribbean New nominations Ecuador – [N/C 1124] - Cajas Lakes and the Ruins of Paredones 5 II NOMINATIONS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES TO THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST A Africa New nominations Mali – [C 1139] - Tomb of Askia 9 Togo – [C 1140] - Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba 13 B Arab States New nominations Jordan – [C 1093] - Um er-Rasas (Kastron Mefa'a) 17 Properties deferred or referred back by previous sessions of the World Heritage Committee Morocco – [C 1058 rev] See addendum: - Portuguese City of El Jadida (Mazagan) WHC-04/28.COM/INF.15A Add C Asia – Pacific New nominations Australia – [C 1131] - Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens 19 China – [C 1135] - Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom 24 India – [C 1101] - Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park 26 Iran – [C 1106] - Pasargadae (Pasargad) 30 Japan – [C 1142] - Sacred Sites
    [Show full text]
  • Art of Mexico, Central and South America
    /13 Name:___________________ Art Of Mexico & 1. What does the term Pre-Columbian refer to? (1) Central & South America PRE-COLUMBIAN - Refers to various cultures and civilizations 2. Make a sketch of the Colossal Head sculpted by found throughout North and the Olmec from 1200 B.C. - 500 A.D. and explain South Americabefore the arrival how heavy it was? (2) of Christopher Columbus in 1492. The Olmec The Olmec were the first great civilization in Mexico (1200 B.C. to 500 A.D.approx.) The geographical area was the great coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico. 3. What kind of mood/feeling do you get from his Monumental Sculpture: Most surprising works include giant volcanic heads facial expression and why? (2) sculptures. They are thought to represent the severed heads of losers in a game called pelota. (Court-type sport involving a ball) 4. Make a sketch of the Olmec Mask from 800-400 B.C. and explain what kind of mood/feeling do you get from this work and why? (3) This mask may have once graced the tomb of an Olmec ruler. Olmec. Colossal Head, 1200 B.C. To 500 A.D., Olmec Mask, Tabasco, Basalt, Volcanic Rock (40 Tones) Mexico. Mexico. 800-400 B.C. Jadeite The Maya 5. List three great accomplishments They controlled vast lands that included of the Mayans. (3) what are now the Yucatan, Guatemala andHonduras. They never advanced 1. technically beyondStone Age but possessed highly developed skills in other areas. They built their first cities by 320 A.D. 2.
    [Show full text]
  • TRADE and LOGISTICS in the INCA EMPIRE Lec. Rosario
    IV. INTERNATIONAL CAUCASUS-CENTRAL ASIA FOREIGN TRADE AND LOGISTICS CONGRESS September, 7-8, Didim/AYDIN TRADE AND LOGISTICS IN THE INCA EMPIRE Lec. Rosario Consuelo Vicuña Jurado [email protected] Abstract Trade is one of the most important aspects to a civilization, without trade, civilizations cannot thrive or grow. It also keeps good relations with rival empires because the civilizations rely on each other. Trade was not as simple as today, even though it was hard to establish trade contacts between nations, they weren’t only trading money and resources but also religion, culture, tradition and wisdom. Therefore trade was extremely important. Trade routes have developed since ancient times to transport goods from places of production to places of commerce. Scarce commodities that were only available in certain locations, such as salt or spices, were the biggest driver of trade networks, but once established, these roads also facilitated cultural exchange—including the spread of religion, ideas, knowledge, and sometimes even bacteria. Unlike most of the other route The Spice Routes were maritime routes linking the East to the West. Pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg were all hugely sought-after commodities in Europe, but before the 15 th century access to trade with the East was controlled by North Africans and Arab middlemen, making such spices extremely expensive and rare. With the dawning of the Age of Exploration (15th to 17 th centuries), as new navigation technology made sailing long distance possible, Europeans took to the seas to forge direct trading relationships with India, China and Japan. The spice trade was one of the reasons for the development of a faster ship, which encouraged the discovery of new lands.
    [Show full text]
  • 7Western Europe and Byzantium
    Western Europe and Byzantium circa 500 - 1000 CE 7Andrew Reeves 7.1 CHRONOLOGY 410 CE Roman army abandons Britain 476 CE The general Odavacar deposes last Western Roman Emperor 496 CE The Frankish king Clovis converts to Christianity 500s CE Anglo-Saxons gradually take over Britain 533 CE Byzantine Empire conquers the Vandal kingdom in North Africa 535 – 554 CE Byzantine Empire conquers the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy 560s CE Lombard invasions of Italy begin 580s CE The Franks cease keeping tax registers 597 CE Christian missionaries dispatched from Rome arrive in Britain 610 – 641 CE Heraclius is Byzantine emperor 636 CE Arab Muslims defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Yarmouk 670s CE Byzantine Empire begins to lose control of the Balkans to Avars, Bulgars, and Slavs 674 – 678 CE Arabs lay siege to Constantinople but are unsuccessful 711 CE Muslims from North Africa conquer Spain, end of the Visigothic kingdom 717 – 718 CE Arabs lay siege to Constantinople but are unsuccessful 717 CE Leo III becomes Byzantine emperor. Under his rule, the Iconoclast Controversy begins. 732 CE King Charles Martel of the Franks defeats a Muslim invasion of the kingdom at the Battle of Tours 751 CE The Byzantine city of Ravenna falls to the Lombards; Pepin the Short of the Franks deposes the last Merovingian king and becomes king of the Franks; King Pepin will later conquer Central Italy and donate it to the pope 750s CE Duke of Naples ceases to acknowledge the authority of the Byzantine emperor 770s CE Effective control of the city of Rome passes from Byzantium to the papacy c.
    [Show full text]
  • TURN RIGHT at MACHU PICCHU
    Linga-Bibliothek Linga A/907331 TURN RIGHT at MACHU PICCHU REDISCOVERING THE LOST CITY ONE STEP AT A TIME MARK ADAMS DUTTON It- • Index Abancay, Peru, 37, 39 Amazonas Explorer, 42, 43, 232 Abril, Emilio, 262 American Board of Commissioners for Abril, Roxana, 262-63, 290 Foreign Missions, 15 Across South America (Bingham), The American Mercury, 249 33-34, 49 American Museum of Natural Adams, Alex, 9, 24, 36 History, 204 Adams, Aurita, 19, 20, 24, 47 Amundsen, Roald, 78-79, 80,113, 215 Adams, Lucas, 24 Andean spectacled bears, 171-72 Adams, Magnus, 24, 289 Andenes (terraces), 120 Adventure, 25, 54 Angkor Wat, 188 Age of Discovery, 67 Angrand, Leonce, 57 agriculture* animal sacrifice, 61,121 Bingham on, 132 anthropology, 205, 219 and celestial orientation of Inca sites, Antis, 116, 126 221-22 Antisuyo, 61, 116, 117 and climate theories, 186n Antisuyo (Savoy), 157 and the hacienda system, 113-14 Aobama River, 171, 220 and land reforms, 114 Aobama Valley, 277 and Machu Picchu, 187 apachetas, 92, 93 and terrace structures, 58, 61, Apurimac River, 37, 38, 52, 93, 128 177-78, 192 apus Aguas Calientes, 7, 169, 172, 174-75, at Choquequirao, 58-59 182, 192, 197, 240 at Choquetacarpo Pass, 92-93 Ales Hrdlicka, 205 and the Ice Maiden, 219 Almaro, Diego de, 130 and the Inca Trail, 272-73, 274 alpacas, 61 and location of Inca sites, 62 altitude sickness, 46, 82, 90, 92, 153 at Machu Picchu, 193 Alvistur, Tomas, 206, 236 and Machu Picchu theories, 279 320 Index opus (cont.) and antiquities dealing, 245 most revered peaks, 220 and artifacts controversy,
    [Show full text]
  • Mining and the Inca Road in the Prehistoric Atacama Desert, Chile
    MINING AND THE INCA ROAD IN THE PREHISTORIC ATACAMA DESERT, CHILE by Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar Lic., Universidad de Chile, 2004 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2015 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar It was defended on April 27, 2015 and approved by Elizabeth Arkush, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology Robert D. Drennan, PhD, Distinguished Professor, Anthropology Bryan Hanks, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology James B. Richardson III, Phd, Professor, Anthropology Mark B. Abbott, PhD, Associate Professor, Geology Dissertation Advisor: Marc P. Bermann, PhD, Associate Professor, Anthropology ii Copyright © by Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar 2015 iii MINING AND THE INCA ROAD IN THE PREHISTORIC ATACAMA DESERT, CHILE Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar, PhD. University of Pittsburgh, 2015 Traditionally, treatments of the Inca Empire have sought to document its deep economic and political impact on local populations in the Andes. There has been less study of how subject groups might have independently negotiated opportunistic economic responses to the Inca Empire. This research explores this issue through the investigation of the relationship between the Inca Road and a recently discovered, non-Inca system of mining camps, isolated deep in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. Study of the development of these camps, and of their relationship with the Road aimed at addressing whether the Atacama Inca Road, served as a linear exchange nexus, or only as a highway servicing Inca imperial needs.
    [Show full text]