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A Critical Discourse Analysis of US National University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2017 No End in Sight: A Critical Discourse Analysis of U.S. National Newspaper Coverage of the Iraq War Anmol Rattan Kalsi University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Kalsi, A.(2017). No End in Sight: A Critical Discourse Analysis of U.S. National Newspaper Coverage of the Iraq War. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4437 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NO END IN SIGHT : A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF U.S. NATIONAL NEWSPAPER COVERAGE OF THE IRAQ WAR by Anmol Rattan Kalsi Bachelor of Arts University of Essex, 2002 Master of Arts University of Bristol, 2003 Master of Science University of Sheffield, 2007 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science College of Information and Communications University of South Carolina 2017 Accepted by: Paul Solomon, Major Professor Kathy Roberts Forde, Major Professor Dick Kawooya, Committee Member Susan R. Rathbun-Grubb, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Anmol Rattan Kalsi, 2017 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION To my dear mother, Gurbax Kaur, for her continued guidance, love, and wisdom. I am eternally grateful for the sacrifices she made to give me the opportunities I have had and for providing me with all the moral, spiritual and financial support throughout this process. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been made possible because of the love, friendship, inspiration and hard work of many people to whom I am forever grateful. I wish to express my thanks and gratitude to the members of my dissertation committee, Drs. Paul Solomon, Kathy Roberts Forde, Dick Kawooya and Susan R. Rathbun-Grubb. I am fortunate to have benefited from the tremendous expertise and guidance of Dr. Kathy Forde without whom this work would not have been possible. In addition to my committee, I am grateful for the funding and encouragement I have received from the School of Library and Information Science (SLIS) throughout my time at the University of South Carolina. I extend my sincere thanks to: Kendra Albright, Jennifer Arns, Charles Curran, Sam Hastings, Jennifer Marshall, Heather Moorefield-Lang, Travis Wagner, the late Bob Williams; my fellow doctoral students, and all faculty and staff at SLIS. I am especially grateful for the dedication and support I have received over the years from SLIS staff especially Jill-Chappell-Fail, Dr. Sarah Keeling, George Shaw, Tilda Reeder and Madonna Stoehr. Thanks to Paige Vargo-Willeford for her endless love, support and sacrifices to help me over the line. I love you. I would also like to thank all my friends who have been a tremendous source of support over the years and particularly Wessel van Dam, Beverly and Maya Knight, James Brazelle, France Bouthillier, Ron Brown, Amalia Aspelund- Liljequist, Darcy Jones, Ian Simpson, David McLoughlin, John Masterson, Tolo Taylor, Cassandra Brown, Sigita Jungbliutaite, Bob Petrulis and Jack Forde. I am also grateful iv for the devoted friendship and kindness of Acharya Paratparananda and Acharya Ananda Suprabha who have always been there to help and made me a part of their spiritual family. Also, my sincere thanks to Paige’s parents Byron and Connie Willeford for supporting us and making our life easier. Finally, much love and gratitude to my family, who have sacrificed a great deal to give me the chances I have had in this life: mum, who has given me everything; Navdeep, my dear sister who has always encouraged and been there when I needed, and her family Abbas, Leila, and Arjan; and my brothers Sunil and Peter who have shaped the way I think. Finally, thanks to Babaji for the endless grace and guidance he provides for his sangat. v ABSTRACT On May 1, 2003, standing in front of a banner declaring “Mission Accomplished” aboard the warship U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln, President Bush announced an end to major combat in Iraq, referring to the war as “one victory in the war on terror.” Over seven years later, on August 31, 2010, President Obama in a televised speech also announced an end to the combat mission in Iraq. On October 21, 2011, President Obama once again reaffirmed that U.S. military personnel would be leaving Iraq, saluting the troops on their “success” and remarking on the Iraqi government’s readiness for governing. And finally, on December 14, 2011, four days before the last U.S. troops left Iraq, President Obama, once again declared the end of the war and said: “we’re leaving behind a sovereign, stable and self-reliant Iraq.” The informational battlefront is a salient feature of any war, and understanding the role the mass media play in the production and packaging of information in the form of news offers fertile ground for Library and Information Science scholars. This study examines U.S. national newspapers’ representations of and discursive construction of two of these ‘endings,’ 2003 and 2011. Using the method of critical discourse analysis, news coverage is analyzed in order to understand and explain the discursive constructions of meaning in news reports about the end of the war, with a focus on outcomes, consequences, and responsibility for these. The three-part analysis that follows consists of a contextual analysis, a textual analysis, and a historical-diachronic analysis identifying the dominant discourses, and comparing and contrasting these in the two vi ‘endings.’ By shedding light on these discursive structures, this study seeks to elevate and make clear the ideological basis to hegemonic news discourses. The findings showed the media offer a narrow range of discursive possibilities that delimit the parameters of discourse on the Iraq War; however, there is also some variation within these parameters which give the impression of information plurality. A pro-American bias permeates the news discourse that has implications for the democratic and educational function of news as an informational product. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication .................. ……………………………………………………………………iii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... …...iv Abstract ...................................................................................................................... ……vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................1 1.2 Newspapers ......................................................................................................12 1.3 Research Problem ............................................................................................15 1.4 Limitations and Scope......................................................................................19 1.5 Background and Context..................................................................................20 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................26 2.1 The Iraq War in LIS .........................................................................................27 2.2 General Literature on the Iraq War ..................................................................33 2.3 Information and Media Landscape ..................................................................52 2.4 Dominant Themes and Discourses...................................................................71 2.5 Summary ..........................................................................................................85 Chapter 3: Theoretical Foundations ...................................................................................88 3.1 CDA as Theoretical Approach .........................................................................88 3.2 Three Dimensional Framework of CDA: Critical – Discourse – Analysis .....93 viii 3.3 Critiques of CDA ...........................................................................................102 3.4 CDA in Library and Information Science ......................................................108 Chapter 4: Methodology ..................................................................................................118 4.1 Data Collection and Analysis.........................................................................119 4.2 Carvalho’s (2008) Framework for Media Discourse Analysis ......................122 4.3 Reliability and Validity ..................................................................................134 Chapter 5: May 2003: “Mission Accomplished” .............................................................138 5.1 Brief Overview of Data ..................................................................................139
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