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Economic Survey of Asia and the Far East, 1947

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Economic Survey of Asia and the Far East, 1947 UNITED NATIONS 25 ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE FAR EAST ECONOMIC SURVEY OF ASIA AND THE FAR EAST, 1947 SHANGHAI May 1948 PREFACE At the Second Session of the Commission held in Baguio, the Philippine Republic, between 24th November and 6th December, 1947, the Resolution on Statistical and Economic Documentation inclu- ded an instruction to the Secretariat ‘ to publish a comprehensive annual survey of economic conditions and problems of the countries within the scope of ECAFE.’ The present Survey is presented in compliance with the Resolution. The terms of reference of the Commission as adopted at the Fourth Session of the Economic and Social Council on 28th March, 1947, and amended at the Fifth Session of the Council on 5th August, 1947, define ‘ the territories of Asia and the Far East..............shall include in the first instance, British North Borneo, Brunei and Sarawak, Burma, Ceylon, China, India (now India and Pakistan), Indo-Chinese Federation, Hong Kong, Malayan Union and Singapore, Netherlands Indies, Philip- pine Republic and Siam.’ ‘ The countries within the scope of ECAFE ’ should therefore, strictly speaking, include only those set forth in the terms of reference. However, in an economic survey of a region to which Japan and Korea properly belong, both geographically and eco- nomically, their omission would present a wholly partial and misleading picture, thereby raising difficult problems of presentation and treat- ment. The Secretariat, in undertaking the compilation of the present Survey, has thought it advisable to include these two countries because of their important place in relation to the rest of the economy of Asia and the Far East. Where they have been included, this region is refer- red to as AFE region (Asia and the Far East), not as ECAFE region with its limited connotation. Requests were addressed to the member and associate member governments in the region for their assistance in the supply of official information and literature required for the compilation of the Survey. Responses have not been unfavourable, but owing to the difficulties encountered by some governments in resuming collection, collation, and dissemination of information after the war, they have not been able to send adequate materials on all subjects or send them in time to be included in the Survey. Other materials, from the United Nations organs and Specialized Agencies as well as from unofficial sources, have been drawn upon to fill in the gaps so far as possible. The Secretariat has not been able to clear unofficial materials with the member and asso- ciate member governments. The Survey as a whole is not based exclu- sively upon official accounts of economic conditions. Considerable help was received from economists in several countries of the region, most of whom were government officials who supplemented official inform- ation by making a general review of the situation in its various aspects. In spite of assistance thus received, the material available has not been adequate and several gaps continue to exist. It was intended at first to present a statistical volume giving a series of data regarding production, trade, finance, wages and cost of living, etc., but the risk that the presentation of such series may give a misleading picture of the situation and is liable to an over-estimation of the accuracy of the figures presented led to its abandonment. Indeed, it was not with- out some hesitation that it was resolved finally to bring out this publi- cation. Despite its shortcomings, however, it is hoped that it will serve as a basis on which, in the light of comments and criticisms, further studies and improvements may be made. The volume is intended mostly to serve the needs of the Commission in its task of recommending mea- sures for reconstruction and development, but obviously such a work cannot be without interest to the general public. The Survey contains eleven chapters, the first being an introduction outlining the principal problems confronting the region. In each of the other ten chapters the trend of development since the conclusion of war has been briefly touched upon, but major attention has been given to the developments during the calendar year 1947. As far as possible, 1947 statistics have been used, but, for the chapters on national income, population, and land utilization, data available were much less up-to- date, and earlier materials have been used. Since this is to be an annual publication, it has not been thought essential to treat all subjects exhaustively in this first issue. Some sec- tions, therefore, are more general than others, while certain subjects will, it is hoped, be more fully covered in later issues of the Survey. With a view to achieving uniformity, all units of measurement have been converted to the metric standard. For the sake of brevity ‘ Manchuria ’ in place of ‘ North-eastern Provinces,’ ‘Indonesia ’ in place of ‘ Netherlands East Indies,’ ‘ Indo-China ’ in place of ‘ Indo- Chinese Federation,’ ‘ Malaya ’ in place of ' Malayan Union,’ ‘ ECAFE in place of ‘ Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East,’ and AFE ' in place of ‘ Asia and the Far East,’ have been used. The Survey is mainly the work of the Research Division of the Secretariat, under the guidance of its Chief, Dr. H. D. Fong. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East P. S. L okanathan Shanghai, May 1948 Executive Secretary CONTENTS Page Chapter I. Introduction 1 Chapter II. N ational Income Nature of estimates 7 Pre-war, wartime, and post-war changes 10 Per -capita income 15 Income distribution by industries 17 National income and capital formation 19 Summary 20 Chapter III. Population Pre-war and post-war population 22 Population density 24 Population changes 26 Age distribution 28 Rural-urban distribution 30 Occupational distribution 31 Pre-war and wartime migration and settlement 33 Post-war population movements 41 Chapter IV. Land Utilization Extent of cultivation 49 Ratio of cultivated land to population 50 Types of land use 51 Pre-war and post-war changes 54 Chapter V. Agricultural Production Crop production 58 Food crops 58 Commercial and industrial crops 63 Livestock and poultry 66 Fisheries 71 Forestry and forest products 72 Chapter VI. M ining and Industry Pre-war situation 77 Damages caused by the war 79 Post-war recovery and rehabilitation 80 Factors in future development 107 Chapter VII. Transport and Communications General features 113 Railways and highways 115 Water transport 122 Civil aviation 126 Posts and tele-communications 126 Classification of labour 127 Chapter VIII. Labour Employment 129 Wages and cost of living 139 Hours of work 153 Labour organization 161 Labour disputes 172 Chapter IX. Currency and Banking General features 181 Inflation 183 Country summaries 188 Chapter X. International Trade Total value of trade 203 Direction of imports and exports 207 Composition of imports and exports 213 Chapter XI. Balance of Paym ents General features 220 Country summaries 223 LIST OF TABLES National Income Page 1. China’s national income in 1936 and 1946 compared 11 2. Gross national income of the Philippines, 1938 and 1946 11 3. Gross national income of the Philippines distributed by industries, 1938 and 1946 12 4. Gross national income of Ceylon, 1938 and 1947 13 5. Gross national income of Ceylon distributed by industries, 1938 and 1947 13 6. Gross national income of India, 1931-32 and 1942-43 14 7. National income of Japan, 1938-44 ' 14 8. Gross national income of Japan distributed by uses, 1940-44 15 9. Distribution of national income by industries in AFE countries, 1939-47 18 10. Private capital formation in Japan Proper, 1940-44 19 11. Expenditure of total available means in China, 1931-36 20 Population 12. Pre-war and post-war population of AFE countries 23 13. Distribution of population in AFE countries, 1946 24 14. Population density in AFE countries, 1946 25 15. Birth rate, death rate and natural increase rate per 1,000 inhabitants in selected AFE countries 26 16. Birth rate, death rate and natural increase rate per 1,000 inhabitants in Japan, 1936-46 27 17. Birth rate, death rate and natural increase rate per 1,000 inhabitants in India, 1885-1946 28 18. Percentage distribution of population by age groups in selected AFE countries 29 19. The rural-urban percentage of population in India, 1872-1941 30 20. Rural-urban distribution of population in Japan, 1920-40 30 21. The population in places with more than 50,000 inhabitants in Indonesia, 1930 31 22. Occupational distribution of gainfully employed population in selected AFE countries 32 23. Chinese emigrants in AFE countries, 1910-41 33 24. Japanese emigrants in AFE countries, 1910-45 34 25. Immigration into and emigration from British Malaya of Indians, 1909-37 36 26. British Malaya: Net arrivals and net departures of Chinese and South Indian labourers, 1929-38 36 27. Chinese immigration into Manchuria, 1923-39 40 28. Movement of refugees from North Korea to South Korea, 1946-47 43 29. Monthly changes in repatriation to and from Japan, 1945-47 45 30. Repatriates to Japan classified by origin, up to end of 1947 46 31a.. Repatriation of overseas Chinese from China to South-east Asiatic countries, up to end of 1947 47 31b. Repatriation to China of displaced Chinese from South-east Asiatic countries, up to end of 1947 47 32. Approximate number of overseas Chinese in China still awaiting repatriation by end of 1947 48 Land Utilization 33. Percentage of area under cultivation to total area in AFE countries 49 34. Ratio of cultivated land to population in AFE countries 50 35. Basic types of land use in selected AFE countries in pre-war years 51 36.
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