Kamaladevi An Epochal Life

L.C. Jain

listened. Her scholarship and and dimensions of her grandmother capacity to be still rocked were to become not only the title of IN October 1988 Kamaladevi Kamaladevi’s soul. But grandmother Kamaladevi’s memoirs (Navrang Chattopadhyaya passed away at the was not all scholar. She was an 1986), but also the theme of her life. age of 85 years. The heroine in a play adventurer too. Much before the She was utterly political in the first - a caption to one of Kamaladevi’s advent of the railways, she and her four decades - the freedom struggle photographs in her biography by the husband had travelled all over India. and the struggle of women to be free, sensitive writer Jamila Brijbhushan She was ever ready for a journey, the and later, till the end came, she was (Abhinav Publications, 1976), more arduous the better. This “inner absorbed in politics of a different kind, captures the quintessence of those recess and outer spaces”, the depth namely, awakening independent 80 plus years. Family photograph: Kamaladevi is on the right, standing between her The basics first. Kamaladevi was father and mother born on April 3, 1903, educated at St Anne’s Convent, Mangalore, and acquired a diploma in sociology from Bedford College, London University. She was the fourth and the last child born to Girijabai and Ananathiah Dhareshwar, Saraswat Brahmans, in the picturesque city of Mangalore on India’s west coast. Two women caught Kamaladevi’s fancy in her infancy: her mother Girijabai whose disciplinary stick (including jurisdiction over what to wear, gargling with salt water when you came home, washing of feet before bedtime, the children you played with) sowed the seeds of rebellion in her; and her mother’s mother who gripped Kamaladevi’s imagination and became her longing, her quest. The grandmother had a vast inner world. She had a library and was always absorbed in books and discourses with saintly men and scholars. She read aloud from the books while the family sat and

10 MANUSHI India’s men and women to their Though thwarted in her first of life I did, had I not been born in the glorious future potential through attempt at live theatre, Kamaladevi was family and the social setting in which constructive and creative pursuits, to spend a lifetime in the theatre I was. But the spanning of it had to be rural development, arts, theatre, music, movement and with a vengeance. She my own.” crafts, environment, civil liberties. became a solid force behind the Indian Kamaladevi’s exposure to the She was one of the most National Theatre, the Bharatiya Natya political world started quietly at home. determined individuals - when it came Sangh, chairperson of the Sangeet While in childhood she learnt to her pre or post independence Natak Akademi and president of the defiance at her mother’s cost, as she pursuits, be it the defiance of the Theatre Crafts Museum. grew up it was her mother who opened British or of Gandhiji or Sardar Patel On another plane, too, events for her the wide world of politics or government - be it the Nehru era or moved swiftly, at times cruelly, to which dominated her life till the Emergency which took India’s prepare her to convert her personal independence came. Her mother’s hard won democracy almost to its agonies into social causes. Her father, reading habits were different from funeral pyre. who was a quiet pillar of those of her grandmother. Girijabai Her medium: she spoke, she wrote, understanding and strength, died was interested in political and social organised volunteers for satyagraha, when Kamaladevi was in her early issues. She subscribed to two of the women for self-liberation, workers in teens. Her mother panicked and for staunch nationalist papers of the time, agriculture and industry into the sake of security quickly got her Kesari and Kal, which brought cooperatives, artists in theatre groups. Kamladevei in a play She was drawn to the company of the finest of socialists: Acharya Narendradev, Yusuf Meherally, J.P. Narayan, Achyut Patwardhan. She also acted in a formal sense, on the stage, defying what was a suffocating taboo at the time. Consequently, what were until then mere yearnings for rebellion became manifest. At a farewell function in her school, Kamaladevi was chosen to play Mirabai in a verse drama. The good people of Mangalore could not countenance it. As Jamila recalls, they regarded it as a heinous crime for a woman to act with men on the stage. The cry went up: “The play must be stopped.” The protest against the play spread far beyond Mangalore. Even Mrs Annie Besant, a towering married. But very soon after the Lokmanya Tilak’s messages and personality of the times, was led to wedding the bridegroom died and stories of his trials and tribulations. It advise that the play be given up. But “Kamaladevi became a widow without saddened Kamaladevi when on Kamaladevi was adamant. However, ever having been a wife”, says Jamila August 1, 1920, Tilak died, soon after the scheduled play could not be with deep anguish. his release from a long prison stint. enacted -not because the organisers Her lifelong crusade against child In the same year, during a short chickened out, but because it was marriage drew sustenance from the visit to Madras, Kamaladevi met overtaken by an unwritten script: the ashes of her own experience, though Sarojini Naidu’s brother, the Bengali hero was kidnapped, and Kamaladevi, she never referred to her trauma. writer and poet, Harindranath the heroine, was locked up in a room Reflects Kamaladevi in her memoirs Chattopadhyaya. Harin fell in love by her mother when the rumour that “though the circumstances of with her at first sight and his ardour spread that the life of her daughter one’s birth may be accidental, they saw them soon in wedlock. Girijabai would be in danger if she appeared can be made purposeful. I may never made one condition - that on the stage. have been able to carve out the kind Kamaladevi’s education must

NUMBER 53, 1989 11 continue even after marriage. But it country. When the provincial made an impression on Kamaladevi did not materialise. Harin left for legislatures began to introduce bills were the lectures on psychology: England three months after the to grant franchise to women she was “They stand out in my mind as marriage and Kamaladevi returned to terribly thrilled and Kamaladevi purposefully directed to stimulate the her mother’s home in Mangalore. remembers her coming to her house imagination. Luckily, sociology had But in Mangalore something with a newspaper early one morning not then become a bookish discipline significant, albeit unexpected, was in and reading out the entire debate in and it proved immensely practical and store for her, which was to influence excited tones. ‘This is a great event useful to turn me into an efficient her life profoundly. She met Margaret my dear’, she exclaimed as she caught social worker.” The practicals brought Cousins, a British woman, who had Kamaladevi in a warm embrace, ‘and I her a lot of exposure to the outdoors - organised the Irish Women’s want to share it with you.’ slums, workers’ clubs or institutes, Franchise League, and was involved “In fact, she shared with her corrective institutions and special in England in the suffragette friend every scrap of news about institutions for the handicapped. movement which also led her to the women’s movements and one day she On the return trip to India, a royal prison. Later, she decided to showed her a picture of mammoth stopover in Berlin brought her close come to India to join Annie Besant women’s processions led by to Harin’s brother, the legendary who had founded what is now called Kamaladevi Deshpande, the daughter Virendra Chattopadhyaya. Viren, who the Benaras Hindu University and of the well known national leader N.C. had gone to study at Oxford, had was spearheading the National Kelkar. The Poona Municipality had joined a group of Indian Education Movement. Mrs Cousins revolutionaries. He was exiled from was assigned to head the National India. But the British did not stop Girls High School. Says Jamila: “Mrs. there. They hounded him from Cousins was a seasoned worker and country to country, labelling him “a for Kamaladevi she blazoned the trail dangerous terrorist.” It was just the of women’s emancipation and spark Kamaladevi needed - “my service.” This association with political horizon widened.” Indeed, Margaret Cousins also brought each contact widened her horizon - Kamaladevi a step closer to Mrs as her life story shows, essentially Besant, who was a tall figure also in because she was awake, seeking, and politics at that time, having started the engaged in a relentless quest. She was Home Rule League in 1916 and having also lucky with her contacts-each one been the first founder president of the more powerful than the other. Women’s Indian Association. Consider her good fortune in It was Girijabai who had taken meeting during her stopover in Paris, Kamaladevi when she was still a child another legendary Indian - Madame to meet Mrs Besant. Later, Kamaladevi Bhikaji Cama - a Parsi from Bombay. was to hear Mrs. Besant speak after She too had been exiled by the British. her election as president of the Indian She was the first to assert that 1857 Madame Cama with the flag she National Congress. Her stirring was not a mutiny but India’s war of designed oration made a lasting impression on independence, and she organised a Kamaladevi. resolved to make education colourful fiftieth anniversary of the For today’s generation it is compulsory but no references had war of independence in London in important to recall, via Jamila, the start been made about extending it to girls 1907. The event caused a stir in the of women’s franchise: and so the women of Poona had British parliament. She settled in Paris “During the visit of Montagu, the marched out to show their feeling on and, wielding her powerful pen, edited British Secretary of state for India to the subject.” a paper Bande Matram and also this country, Margaret Cousins had Kamaladevi was awakened to contributed to Talvar, run by other organised an Indian Women’s India and women when she set sail Indian revolutionary exiles in Europe. delegation to press for women’s for England to pursue her education Hugging Kamaladevi, she said political rights and for granting them and also to join her husband. She was “We are sisters in adversity” and franchise in the new political reforms admitted to Bedford college for a reminded her that adversity is the that were to be introduced in the diploma course in sociology. What mother of invention which had led her

12 MANUSHI to devise an Indian national flag to upper castes; and urging textile government of India issued orders to unite all Indian student workers in Bangalore to struggle cancel her passport. But when the revolutionaries in Europe. As Bhikaji against imperial rule to bring a new police approached her to surrender her unfurled the flag she exclaimed: social order in India. passport, Kamaladevi refused. The “This flag is of Indian The Madras CID therefore wrote authorities had not anticipated this Independence. Behold it is born. It is to the government at Delhi, asking response. They then advised all already sanctified by the blood of them not to renew Kamaladevi’s shipping lines and ports not to let martyred Indian Youths. I appeal to passport. The CID argued that Kamaladevi go out of the country. all lovers of freedom all over the world Kamaladevi had “incited” audiences Congress members in the central to cooperate in freeing one-fifth of the at Frankfurt, strongly denounced the legislative council demanded to know human race.” Congress decision to accept dominion the reason for the cancellation of Alas, Bhikaji Cama Place is known status for India, and was now stoking Kamaladevi’s passport. But nothing to the present generation more for the the “revolutionary fervour” of the came of it. Later, after the formation of Chanakya cinema than for Bhikaji. Her League of Youth, Madras. The CID Congress ministries in the provinces, stirring words are not inscribed there she was issued a new passport in July nor is there displayed a prototype of 1938. the flag designed by her -which makes Kamaladevi and her husband the naming of the building complex Harin staged a play Returned from after her an empty gesture. We hear Abroad, and acted in it. Their only much about the Lahore resolution child, Rama, learnt singing and as a moved by Nehru asking for freedom. child actor, he also invariably But 22 years earlier it was Bhikaji appeared with his parents. Films were Cama who had moved a resolution on the rise. Kamaladevi acted in the calling for complete independence for film Vasant Sena. Even as she got India. more active on the stage, she turned While Kamaladevi was in Europe, to learning spinning and weaving “to the Madras CID had been getting be within the Gandhian orbit.” increasingly perturbed by her doings. And as with thousands of others, They intercepted her letters and noted Gandhi’s “orbit” steadily widened in their records that she was in into oceanic circles. Gandhi’s words contact with Virendra “if we are to make progress we must Chattopadhyaya, Nalinakshi Sanyal not repeat history but make new who had led demonstrations in history”, reverberated in London against the Simon Kamaladevi’s heart and head. Commission, and Mehar Ali, the The Congress Seva Dal had just prominent communist leader. The CID started a women’s section headed by noted that she had run down as Umabai Kundapar, who could mix “disappointing” the viceroy’s social work with entertainment and pronouncements, and had urged the With her son, Rama had written and produced a play Congress to recognise that the British sported that since her return from Swadeshi Vrata (and vrata it was in were not going to gift freedom to India. Europe, “Kamaladevi had addressed an abiding sense. After freedom was She was also credited by the CID with a series of meetings in many places in won, she stuck to her pledge as Desh having severely criticised Nehru for India and urged the youth to start a Sevika and chose to work for the entertaining fond hopes that the civil disobedience movement for Kasturba Trust rather than accept viceroy harboured goodwill for India. securing full and complete freedom political positions offered to her). The Madras government professed and to establish a parallel Umabai enrolled Kamaladevi as a itself shocked by her “objectionable” government.” The CID apprehended Seva Dal volunteer to help at the speeches, such as calling on the that if her passport were renewed she Belgaum session of the Congress League of Youth, Madras, to wage a would go abroad and mobilise the which was to be addressed by war against casteism, communalism League against Imperialism, and Gandhiji. and the capitalists and to boycott establish contacts with communists. From this humble beginning as an temples reserved for the rich and the On February 19, 1930, the ordinary volunteer, Kamaladevi was

NUMBER 53, 1989 13 elected to be the general secretary of And it did - a big bang, smoke and something in which the real people of the All India Women’s Conference. thousands of leaflets flying. The the country were involved. Through She travelled throughout the country handsome man was Bhagat Singh. He their organisation, will and carrying on continuous propaganda was hanged, to the eternal glory of determination they stood up to the among the public for “social and legal India’s patriotic history. oppression of the indigo planters who changes to give women their rights.” The political clouds were thick were backed by the British rulers. Yet, public speaking still gave her a and black. The Simon Commission Exploitation was no vague term, it was fright. It was Srinivas Shastri, the was due to visit India to review concrete and meaningful to my own leading orator of the time (known as political reforms. Simon was growing sense of the ills in our “silver tongued”), who encouraged considered “The coldest legal brain” society”, that is, discrimination her to share a platform with him at with a closed mind. Recalls against women, Kamaladevi felt. She Mangalore to speak on the racist Kamaladevi that “even Jinnah was drawn to Gandhi, for, he South African regime. Kamladevi says thundered in fury: the Jallianwala “believed in women’s rightful place” she was “barely 20, felt weak with Bagh tried to destroy our bodies, the and, “more significant, he was a leader fright and got up with trembling feet.” Simon Commission is sent to destroy who showed to a growing generation That was the last time that she felt our soul. The Commission was a picture of a new life through a fright on a public platform. Indeed, so greeted with massive protests. The programme of action which was forceful became her power of speech mounted police greeted the protesters satisfying and made politics real to that she carried the day on two vital mercilessly with lathis. Lala Lajpatrai us.” occasions, as she recalls. First, at the died. Bhagat Singh’s bomb in the Indigo over, salt suddenly became AICC at Calcutta, when she carried assembly was to avenge the British “a magic word of power” as Nehru an amendment to a resolution on the savagery with ‘a bang’ as he called put it. Mentally, Kamaladevi was political activities in the then Mysore it.” ready. But there was uncertainty state (what the Statesman editorial But all that went before, “in the whether she would be allowed to termed “A red letter day”). The shape of bomb throwing, political march. She recalls “The distance to second was again at an AICC session, assassination, violence, were the seaside where Gandhiji was to presided over by Dr Rajendra Prasad sporadic eruptions, symptoms of break the law was 240 miles, from where her speech forced the party desperation”; to “my generation” Sabarmati where he started, and was bosses to accept her proposition of says Kamaladevi, “the real political to be covered by 5th April. As the “immediate and full” help to the history of India begins with the march progressed it was as though struggle of the states’ peoples, that Gandhi era.” She was fascinated by the millions of Indians were marching, is, subjects of princely states, instead the Champaran struggle: “it was keeping pace with him. The whole air of the Congress approach of became so surcharged, every nerve “waiting” till the states peoples’ Agitating against the Simon movement became strong. Commission (based on a photograph) She stayed on in Delhi to lobby with the central assembly for the Sharda Act - the Bill to prevent child marriage and introduce age of consent. The speaker Vithalbhai Patel gave her a corner of his office in the assembly. One day she sat in the visitors’ gallery to watch the proceedings. This turned out to be a momentous day in Indian history. Recalls Kamaladevi, “my eyes caught and held a striking handsome man, who looked restless, waiting impatiently for something to happen.”

14 MANUSHI Women participating in salt satyagraha (based on a photograph) in the body tingled. I felt elated as as you have yourself said. This law-breakers seemed almost stupefied part of one of the most spectacular struggle is ideally suited for them. He and had to shake themselves as from dramas in India’s political history, readily conceded. ‘Are you content’, a trance and enter on the scene.” pulsating every moment to its he asked as I rose. ‘I have one more “We were still guarding our pans. subtlest nuances. request to make. I want you to give a The blows now rained like a blinding “Further, other hopes and plans call to the women asking them to join shower. They were directed either at were running through my mind. As the struggle. I would like to carry the the head or the legs, designed in either batches for the first satyagraha were message’. His eyes twinkled as he case to swiftly and effectively fell the to be selected I asked that women be gave a hearty laugh. ‘You don’t know people to the ground, and clear a included. I was told that Gandhiji did your sisters if you think they need a pathway to the pans. I felt sick as I not want them as he had other special message’. caught a youngster near me with a programmes reserved for them. I was “The front line unit to formally cracked skull. A rough boot pushed flabbergasted. I had built up a whole break the Salt Law in public in Bombay me aside and I came down with my edifice of hopes of involving women city was to consist of seven, five men arm right on the burning coals.. in this great adventure. This was to and two women, Avantikabai Gokhale, “The police had by now forced be their breakthrough. They simply a well known local social worker and their way into the inner circle and they had to be in it, I told myself in myself (neither of us with any political struck the flag post down. But before desperation. The only course was to background) with K.F.Nariman, the flag could reach the ground an get this clarified by the leader himself. provincial Congress president as old lady had snatched it and almost “My conversation with Gandhiji leader. I was yet raw and felt privileged with her last ounce of strength waved was fairly brief. As I expressed to him and self-conscious in my spotless it aloft. ‘Up up with the National Flag’, the cause of my unhappiness, he cut khadi, conspicuously displaying the the cries resounded again. A dull me short, emphatically disabusing my badge with the national flag colours : thud. It almost seemed to echo in my mind of the suspicion of orange, white and green, proud to have own heart. The old lady had slipped discrimination. ‘The tasks reserved for a place in the first batch of Law and was down on her face. As I them are a tribute to the high qualities Breakers!’’ reached out to her, I heard once again they possess, such as promotion of “Salt was about the only luxury as in a faraway dream ‘Up up with the swadeshi through promotion of the rapidly impoverished Indian National Flag!’ No, I was not indigenous production and their peasant had got reduced to, and now dreaming, there were the three exclusive use; picketting of foreign even that had been snatched away coloured bands up and flying in the goods; elimination of liquor from our from him. A tremor of revolt ran breeze.’’ society. The call for them was not for through the land. The cry filled the air Till independence came in August slogan shouting on marches, but utter ‘We shall defy the law.’ The sea of 1947, Kamaladevi kept the tricolour dedication, which was a natural women’s faces shot a spasm of shame fluttering - whether in the streets or in quality in women,’ he explained through me - Gandhiji knew the women prison or, to be accurate, prisons: the patiently. But I had to persist. ‘Let and I did not and I had boasted that I Yeravda Women’s Prison, Arthur them do all this and also participate in knew better. How many more such Road Jail, Hindalga Women’s Jail, direct action. The significance of a lessons I was to learn in the days to Trivandrum lock-up, the Women’s Jail non-violent struggle is that the come. in Vellore where it was “a complete weakest can take an equal part with “The police who had looked on at solitary confinement” the strongest and share in the triumph this advancing avalanche of Soon after independence she

NUMBER 53, 1989 15 plunged into the battles of the second stand forfeited the day her work “How can you profess socialism revolution - the social and economic became dependent on government. in one breath and recreate the transformation of India. All the She was born with a spine but Gandhi zamindari system with the other?” spheres of her active involvement put a little extra strength into it, Kamaladevi asked the leaders of the were woven around this one theme. anticipating the shape of things to government of independent India who She had a creed too. Her association come: the increasing servility of were no other than her colleagues in with the Socialist Party was of a society to the state. Through four the Congress Working Committee till relatively short duration, but with decades of public work in the post- just the other day. Her query was met socialism it was lifelong. A creed was independence period, Kamaladevi with a stony silence. No one had necessary for her but not sufficient. was found always aiding government looked at the social aspects of the The first theatre of service she in its appropriate endeavours but not rehabilitation policy, until she raised chose in 1947 was, at the time the most once bending to what she regarded the issue. Kamaladevi convened an tragic and also the most challenging, as unprincipled policies or pressures. all-party political convention, under the rehabilitation of refugees whose There were many voluntary the auspices of the Cooperative life had been shredded by partition. workers engaged in organising relief Union, and obtained its endorsement Realising that the most satisfying and for the refugees, but Kamaladevi’s for her proposal that rehabilitation speedy way of rehabilitation was self concern was about their future: “What policy adhere to the policy of “land help, Kamaladevi saw the relevance are they to do to break away from to the tiller” and “factory to the of the cooperative movement. She dependence on doles?” She found workers” -in terms of the ideals of the sponsored the setting up of the Indian there were hundreds of landless freedom movement. Cooperative Union to help the agricultural workers in the Kingsway Government still dithered. She refugees help themselves in building relief camp in Delhi. She proposed that supported the landless, all of whom a new life. the landless be settled on farm land were ready to leave the relief camps She took the blueprint for left behind by farmers who had to go and occupy the evacuee farm launching the Cooperative Union to migrated to Pakistan. But she was lands, and the cooperative union Gandhiji and sought his blessings. He horror struck to find that all the moved fast to organise the declined, on the general principle that evacuee land (as it was called) had wherewithal for them. Simultaneously, “a worthy enterprise carries its own already been allotted by government she announced that she would lead a blessings.” In the next breath, he to big zamindars who had migrated march to the constituent assembly offered his full support but laid down to India from Punjab and Sind, in (whose membership she had declined the condition that his ashirvad would proportion to their previous holdings. and which, incidentally, had been

With Nehru in 1957

16 MANUSHI given to another establishment stopped heart attack, she expressed deep stalwart, Durgabai). the experiment in its distress that, despite official These swift and firm tracks. They argued pronouncements, nothing had been moves forced that the workers were done to ensure regular availability of government to take a penniless and could good yarn to the handloom weavers policy decision in not be entrusted with at proper prices. favour of the landless. the ownership of Kamaladevi was not a solo actress. Kamaladevi fought factories involving She was a magnet who drew again, in 1949, when substantial hundreds of men and women, young the government pro- government and old, to every social movement or posed to call in con- investment, although cause she stirred or stepped into. All tractors to build the the investment per she did was to share the concern and Faridabad township factory was scarcely measure the response. For those who intended for resettle- more than Rs 200,000. showed superficial interest, the ment of displaced persons from North- This was a crucial battle which western Frontier Provinces. She, Kamaladevi was to lose despite the encounter was brief, sometimes along with Mridula Sarabhai, made support she received from other chilling - she had no patience with Nehru and the establishment reverse Faridabad Development Board passive observers of the scene. But the decision and, instead, the work members such as Rajendra Prasad, in those who showed even a little was entrusted to the refugees to build Zakir Hussain, Hirdaynath Kunzru, spark, she lit the fire: she was all their own homes through cooperative Ashadevi Aryanayakam and Sudhir inspiration, light, and rocklike support endeavour. The result was that, on the Ghosh. Finally, she gave up when when the occasion demanded. one hand, the houses were built at even Nehru could not make the Kamaladevi’s life holds another record speed and most economically government change its rigid colonial lesson. She was not an important and, on the other hand, that thou- approach towards cooperatives. The person, in the commonly understood sands of refugees learnt new voca- factories were auctioned to private sense of the adjective. She had no tions which have sustained them enterprises; and the workers who, patronage to distribute, she did not since. It is difficult to imagine how that until an hour before were still hoping attract any sycophants. People population of 50,000 would have learnt and longing to become owners, were flocked to her; but around her they to make a living had the decision to reduced to wage earners at the will of were always a crowd of comrades in a engage contractors prevailed. the new owners. This was a blow - common endeavour. Even a cursory Faridabad thus became another the shattering of a social dream - from glance at her autobiography (Inner monument to Kamaladevi’s foresight which neither Kamaladevi nor her fond Recesses, Outer Spaces) shows that and unerring capacity to reconcile instrument, the Cooperative Union, it is more the biography of the times, practice with ideology. ever recovered. The success of the as also of numerous fellow actors. But hers was not to be a success worker owned industries would have Kamaladevi herself is more of a story all the way. The success of blazed a new trail and influenced the narrator than an actor. industrial cooperatives (induscos, as emerging industrial structure in the For her, human rights were not an they were popularly called) in China country. Here, again, slogans stood abstraction. To her, the concrete led her to develop a network of some for the public sector, but practice.... twenty cooperative industrial From 1952 onwards Kamaladevi expressions of human rights were the enterprises in Faridabad as part of the plunged into the resuscitation of means for an autonomous, dignified rehabilitation programme. Workers handicrafts, music and theatre forms, and creative life as land could provide actually engaged in production were which to her were not only a precious to the tillers, a factory to the workers trained in principles of cooperation heritage to be cherished and and yarn to the handloom weavers. and in the art of business developed but also essential for an She must be an inspiration, not for management, to be the members and all round development of personality. the success that she was able to owners of their respective The care with which she nurtured grasp, but for the pursuit of the cooperative enterprises. these and the attendant success of unaccomplished tasks of India’s Alas, when the workers were all her efforts are well known. But here second revolution to which she set formally to take over the too she was not at all at ease. Even dedicated herself with all her heart and enterprises, the government two days before she had the fatal soul.

NUMBER 53, 1989 17