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MAHATMA GANDHI the Last Phase MAHATMA GANDHI The Last Phase PART – I Volume IX Book-One By PYARELAL First Edition February 1956 Printed and Published by Jitendra T. Desai Navajivan Mudranalaya Ahmedabad-380 014 INDIA MAHATMA GANDHI The Last Phase I recognise no God except the God that is to be found in the hearts of the dumb millions... And I worship the God that is Truth ... through the service of these millions. Mahatma Gandhi www.mkgandhi.org Page 1 MAHATMA GANDHI The Last Phase PUBLISHER'S NOTE The first edition of this work was published in two volumes, Vol. I in 1956 and Vol. II in 1958. The former has been out of print for some time. The second volume will soon be out of stock. Hence this edition. In response to requests from readers a popular edition is being brought out along with the standard one. For special reasons the book was brought out originally in two volumes. For the sake of ease in handling, it is now being issued in four volumes. We hope this arrangement will be found more suitable. Being wholly occupied with the preparation of his multi-volume biography of Mahatma Gandhi, the first part of which, Mahatma Gandhi— The Early Phase, has recently been published, the author could not revise the text for the present edition. A few errors noticed after the book was printed and some others pointed out by kind friends since, have been removed and some slight verbal alterations made by the author have been incorporated in the opening chapter. In all other respects, the text presented in the first edition has been followed unaltered. 26-1-'64 www.mkgandhi.org Page 2 MAHATMA GANDHI The Last Phase AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This book was for special reasons originally published in two volumes, Vol. I in 1956 and Vol. II in 1958. The former has been out of print for some time; the second volume will soon be out of stock. For ease in handling it is now being issued in four volumes. In response to numerous requests from readers a popular edition is being issued simultaneously with the standard one. Owing to my preoccupation with the preparation of Mahatma Gandhi—The Early Phase, Vol. I,* the third in the series, but the first chronologically of my multi- volume biography of Gandhiji, I have been unable to revise the text for the present edition. A few errors, noticed after the book was printed, and some others, pointed out by kind friends since, have been removed. A few verbal alterations in the opening chapter and a slight reshuffling of the matter in Chapter VI in Vol. II, "Wrestle With Darkness", have been effected. In all other respects, the text presented in the first edition has been followed unaltered. In the Chapter "Brahmacharya" in Vol. II, I have incorporated in the body of the text some important matter from the "notes" and added some factual information that came to me after the publication of the book. For the rest the text remains unchanged. The key importance of this chapter for a full understanding of Gandhiji's philosophy of life cannot be overestimated. Several works relating to the developments covered in Mahatma Gandhi—The Last Phase have appeared since its publication. For reasons already stated I could not take notice of them in. this edition. But I have found nothing in them to warrant any modification of the narrative or the conclusions presented in The Last Phase. Rather, they confirm the thesis set forth here. Pyarelal Ahmedabad, 9th February, 1965 * Recently published by the Navajivan. www.mkgandhi.org Page 3 MAHATMA GANDHI The Last Phase INTRODUCTION THE AUTHOR of these pages, for a long time Mahatma Gandhi's private secretary and, after Mahadev Desai's death, editor of the Harijan weeklies, which Gandhiji was conducting, needs no introduction. His writings in Young India and Harijan and several works by him on Mahatma Gandhi published in Gandhiji's lifetime and after have well established him as a faithful and authoritative chronicler and interpreter of Gandhiji's life and philosophy. The present book deals with the last phase of Mahatma Gandhi's career. It is thus a continuation of My Experiments with Truth written by the Mahatma himself. That book deals largely with what may be called the formative period of his life, when he was preparing himself for the great work that lay ahead of him. The present book covers the story of the last years of his life in which the results of all the experiments that he carried out throughout his career were put to their severest and final test. The obstacles which Gandhiji had to surmount were not always only on the physical or material plane; more often than not they were on the moral and spiritual plane. They came not always from his so- called opponents but on many an occasion from those with whom he had worked through the long period of thirty years since his return to India from South Africa, and on whom he counted to hold the torch aloft even after his body was reduced to ashes; whom he would not disown and who could not do without him. It is not possible or even desirable to attempt a summary of what is contained in these pages. I shall only indicate by a few illustrations the difficult and delicate nature of the task, and the beautiful way in which the author has accomplished it, to prepare the reader for the rich fare awaiting him. The theory of Satyagraha is nothing new. It was elaborated and enunciated long ago by Patanjali. Gandhiji's credit lies in the fact that he demonstrated its potentialities for solving individual and social problems, not only by living it himself but by evolving a technique by which it could be practised by the people at large and successfully teaching them its use. The method and procedure had to be changed from time to time to suit varied environment, circumstances, www.mkgandhi.org Page 4 MAHATMA GANDHI The Last Phase causes and problems that needed to be tackled; and above all according to the varied human material involved in each case. But the fundamental principle remained the same throughout. Gandhiji never attempted to write a systematic treatise to elaborate it but provided innumerable demonstrations of it in its application from day to day to the problems that arose and called for solution— problems which concerned individuals no less than the community, the country, and humanity at large. The reluctance was due to the inherent nature of Satyagraha itself. Satyagraha is a living principle; it cannot be summed up in inflexible set formulas. It has to be cultivated by following a discipline, a way of life. It calls for correct understanding of the principles, but moje than that their correct application to different situations and problems. It was, therefore, not the theory that mattered but its practice. "As a matter of fact," wrote Gandhiji, "my writings should be cremated with my body. What I have done will endure, not what I have said and written. I have often said ... that even if all our scriptures were to perish—one mantra of Ishopanishad was enough to declare the essence of Hinduism, but even that one verse will be of no avail if there is no- one to live it." This calls for a comprehensive, authentic and detailed record of what he did, how he did it and why he did it. It is only such a record of the varied and variegated panorama in which small deeds and great fall in their true perspective that a true, faithful and soul-stirring, life- giving and enchanting picture of Mahatma Gandhi's life and teaching can be found, to be contemplated, absorbed and enjoyed flra 3*<w0. The present work represents such an attempt for those who may be interested in it by one who had the opportunity to observe and know at first-hand the incidents and events which he has described and has the acumen and insight to interpret them correctly. Take for instance Gandhiji's application of the principle of Truth and Ahimsa in life to problems which almost every leader of men and affairs has to face from day to day. He had the unique capacity to carry on his struggle on an impersonal plane so that opponents became less and less resistant and were ultimately won over. In the end there was no victor or vanquished feeling left, both became www.mkgandhi.org Page 5 MAHATMA GANDHI The Last Phase fellow- seekers of the same truth. In this technique there is nothing like failure; every experience is a discovery and stepping-stone to success. That is perhaps the reason why in Gandhiji's company one never had a feeling of despondency or defeat but always of steady progress towards the goal in spite of apparent failure and set-backs. Another universal principle which is only another facet of Gandhiji's fundamental conception of Truth and Ahimsa and which needs to be very carefully studied by every student of Gandhiji's life and teachings, is expressed in the aphorism fit? — as the microcosm so the macrocosm. When things go wrong, Gandhiji said, one should try to look for the cause thereof within oneself, if one wants to realise the non-violent way of life. The same truth is embodied in a host of other sayings, e.g., "Do unto others as you wish others to do unto you"; "Evil done to others comes home to roost"; and finally Jung's: "Anything which disappears from your psychological inventory is apt to turn up in the disguise of a hostile neighbour, where it will inevitably arouse your anger and make you aggressive.
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