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Indian Freedom Struggle- I IndianFreedomStruggle I/ IndianFreedomStruggle II DHIS204/DHIS205 Edited by Dr. Manu Sharma Dr. Santosh Kumar INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE- I INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE- II Edited By: Dr. Manu Sharma and Dr. Santosh Kumar Printed by USI PUBLICATIONS 2/31, Nehru Enclave, Kalkaji Ext., New Delhi-110019 for Lovely Professional University Phagwara SYLLABUS DHI IS204 Indian Freedom Struggle - I Objectives 1. To introduce students with different phases of freedom struggle 2. To make them understand the policies and strategies of British Government 3. To acquaint students with the sacrifices of our freedom martyrs Sr. No. Topics 1. British Expansion: Carnatic wars, Anglo Mysore wars, Anglo Maratha wars 2. Political Establishment: Battle of Plassey, Battle of Buxar, Reforms of Lord Clive 3. Consolidation of the British Raj: Development of Central structure, Changes in Economic Policy and Educational Policy 4. Constitutional Development: Regulating Act 1773 and Pitt’s India Act 1784 5. Implementation of Imperial Policies: Reforms of Cornwallis, Reforms of William Bentinck 6. Age of Reforms: Reforms of Lord Dalhousie 7. Reformist Movements: Brahmo Samaj and Singh Sabha Movement 8. Revivalist Movements: Arya Samaj 9. The First Major Challenge 1857: Causes of revolt, Events, Causes for the failure, Aftermath 10. Maps: Important Centers of the Revolt of 1857 & India before independence DHI IS205 Indian Freedom Struggle - II Sr. No. Topics 1. Establishment of Indian National Congress: Factors responsible for its foundation, Theories of its origin, Moderates and Extremists 2. Home Rule League: Role of Lokmanya Tilak and Annie Besant, its fallout 3. Non Cooperation Movement: Circumstances leading to the movement, Events, Impact 4. Civil Disobedience Movement: Circumstances leading to the movement, Events 5. Peasant Movements: Peasant Movements’ in first half of 20th Century, Peasant Movement in 30s and 40s 6. Quit India Movement: Circumstances leading to the movement, Important Events 7. Indian independence and partition: Loyalists’ Crisis, Congress and Partition 8. Nehru’s vision of society: Socialist society, State controlled industrialization, Agrarian reforms 9. Border conflict with China: Chinese aggression, 1962 Chinese attack 10. Maps: India in 1947 & States and capitals 10. Maps: India in 1947 & States and capitals CONTENT Unit 1: British Expansion 1 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 2: Consolidation of British Raj (1818-1843) and 30 Development of Central Structure (1773-1863) Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 3: Socio-Religious Reforms Movement 41 Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 4: Reforms of Cornwallis 51 Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 5: Reforms of William Bentinck 59 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 6: Reforms of Lord Dalhousie: Doctrine of Lapse and 65 Administrative Reforms Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Vijay Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 7: The First Major Challenge 75 Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 8: Peasant Movements 89 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 9: Establishment of the Indian National Congress: Home 109 Rule Movement, Moderates and Extremists Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 10: National Movements and Indian Independence 132 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 11: India Independent to 1964 168 Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 12: Border Conflict with China 193 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 13: Map I 199 Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University Unit 14: Map II 211 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 1: British Expansion Unit 1: British Expansion Notes CONTENTS Objectives Introduction 1.1 Karnatic Wars 1.2 Conquest of British Raj in Bengal and Battle of Plassey 1.3 Mir Jafar and Mir Qasim 1.4 Clive’s 2nd Governorship and English in Bengal from 1757-1772 1.5 Mysore and Its Resistance to the British Expansion 1.6 The Three Anglo-Maratha Wars 1.7 Summary 1.8 Key-Words 1.9 Review Questions 1.10 Further Readings Objectives After studying this unit students will be able to: • Understand British expansion, Karnatic war and the Rise of Bengal. • Explain the Battle of Plassey, Mir Jafar, Mir Qasim and conflict with British. • Discuss Anglo-Mysore and Anglo Maratha Wars. Introduction In most of the European conflicts of the eighteenth century, England and France were ranged on opposite sides. India was one of the theatres of these wars. In this country, Anglo-French rivalry began with the outbreak of Austrian War of Succession and ended with the conclusion of the Seven Years’ War. At the time the struggle opened in India, the headquarters of the French settlement was Pondicherry with subordinate factories at Masulipatam, Karikal, Mahe, Surat, Chandernagore and various other places; the principal settlements of the English were at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta with subordinate factories thereto. 1.1 The Karnatic Wars The First Karnatic War (1746-48): The First Karnatic War was an extension of the Anglo-French War in Europe. The Austrian War of Succession broke out in March 1740. Despite the wishes instructions of the home authorities, hostilities broke out in India in 1746. The English navy under Barnett took the offensive when it captured some French ships. Dupleix, the French Governor-General of Pondicherry since 1741, sent an urgent appeal to La Bourdonnais, the French Governor of Mauritius (Isle of France) for help. La Bourdonnais with a squadron consisting of over 3,000 men fought his way towards the Coromandel coast, defeating an English fleet on the way. Madras was now besieged by the French, both by land and sea. On 21 September 1746, the town capitulated to the French, counting among the prisoners of war Robert Clive. La Bourdonnais decided to ransom the town to the English for cash payment, but Dupleix refused to agree to this suggestion. La Bourdonnais who had been handsomely bribed by the English restored Madras to them. Dupleix disowned this rash act of La Bourdonnais and recaptured Madras. However, Dupleix’s efforts to capture Fort St. David, LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1 Indian Freedom Struggle (1707–1947 A.D.) Notes a small English factory some eighteen miles south of Pondicherry, did not succeed. An English squadron under Rear Admiral Boscawen was equally unsuccessful in the siege of Pondicherry during June-October 1748. The First Karnatic War is memorable for the battle of St. Thome fought between the French and the Indian forces of Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Karnatic (1744-49). Differences arose between the French and the Nawab over the custody of Madras after its reduction in 1746. Anwar-ud-din, as the overlord of the Karnatic, had ordered the European Companies to desist from commencing hostilities within his territories and disturbing the peace of the country. Dupleix had, however, pacified him by promising to surrender Madras to him after its capture. When Dupleix showed no signs of making good his promise, the Nawab sent a force to enforce his demand. A small French army consisting of 230 Europeans and 700 Indian soldiers under Capt. Paradise met a large Indian army of 10,000 under Mahfuz Khan at St. Thome on the banks of the river Adyar and defeated it. The victory of Capt. Paradise amply demonstrated the superiority of disciplined European troops against the loose Indian levies. The First Karnatic War came to end with the termination of hostilities in Europe. The Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle (1748) brought the Austrian War of Succession to a conclusion. Under the terms of this Treaty, Madras was handed back to the English much to the disgust of Dupleix. The first round of the struggle was a drawn one. On land the French superiority had been clearly displayed. Dupleix had given ample proof of his extraordinary skill and diplomacy. The English had failed to defend Madras and unsuccessfully conducted the land-cum-sea operations against Pondicherry. Nevertheless, this war had adequately brought out the importance of naval power as an important factor in Anglo-French conflict in the Deccan. The Second Karnatic War (1749-54): The First Karnatic War had whetted the political ambition of Dupleix. He had acquired a good taste for oriental warfare. He sought to increase his power and French political influence in Southern India by interfering in local dynastic disputes and thus to outmanoeuvre the English. Malleson rightly sums up the position thus: “With ambition aroused, mutual jealousy excited, the temptation of increased dominion knocking at their doors, what had they (Europeans) to do with peace”. The much sought for opportunity was provided in the disputed succession to the thrones of Hyderabad and Karnatic. Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah, who had converted his viceroyalty of the Deccan into an independent kingdom of Hyderabad died on 21 May, 1748. He was succeeded by his second son, Nasir Jang (1748-50). His claim was, however, contested by his nephew, Muzaffar Jang, a grandson of the late Nizam. In the Karnatic, the right of Nawab Anwar- ud-din was disputed by Chanda Sahib, son-in-law of the former Nawab Dost Ali. The two conflicts were soon merged into one and in the following years we witness the spectacle of many political alliances and counter-alliances being formed in quick succession. Dupleix, who saw in this fluid political situation an opportunity to advance his political schemes, decided to support the candidature of Muzaffar Jang for the Subahdarship of the Deccan and Chanda Sahib for the Nawabship of Karnatic. The English inevitably found themselves ranged on the side of Nasir Jang and Anwar-ud-din. Astounding successes attended the plans of Dupleix. The combined armies of Muzaffar Jang, Chanda Sahib and the French defeated and killed Anwar-ud-din at the battle of Ambur near Vellore in August 1749. Nasir Jang lost his life in the encounter of December 1750. Muzaffar Jang became the Subahdar of Deccan and amply rewarded the services of his benefactors.
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