set up by Cornwallis, appointment of commissioners HISTORY MINOR of revenue and circuit. GOVERNORS-GENERAL AND VICEROYS OF : X. Lord Metcalfe 1835-1836 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THEIR RULE New press law removing restrictions on the press in Governors-General India. I. 1773-1785 XI. Lord Auckland 1836-1842 1. Regulating Act of 1773. 1. First Afghan War (1838-42) 2. Act of 1781, under which the powers of jurisdiction 2. Death of Ranjit Sing (1839). between the governor-general-in council and the XII. Lord Ellenborough 1842-1844 Supreme Court at Calcutta, were clerly divided. 1. Annexation of Sindh (1843). 3. Pitt's India Act of 1784. 2. War with Gwalior (1843). 4. The Rohilla War of 1774. XIII. Lord Hardinge I 1844-48 5. The First Maratha War in 1775-82 and the Treaty of 1. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and the Treaty of Lahore Salbai in 1782. (1846). 6. Second Mysore War in 1780-84. 2. Social reforms including abolition of female infanticide 7. Strained relationships with Chait Singh, the Maharaja and human sacrifice. of Benaras, which led to Hastings' subsequent XVI. Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856 impeachment in England. 1. Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) and annexation of 8. foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1784). Punjab (1849). II. Lord Crnwallis 1786-1793 2. Annexation of Lower Burma or Pegu (1852). 1. Third Mysore War (1790-92) and Treaty of 3. Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation Seringapatam (1792)/ of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849), 2. Cornwallis Code (1793) incorporating several judicial Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) and reforms, and separation of revenue administration and (1856). civil jurisdiction. 4. 'Wood's (Charles Wood, President of the Board of 3. of Bengal, 1793. Control) Educational Despatch' of 1854 and opening 4. Europeanisation of administrative machinery and of Anglo-vernacular schools and government colleges. introduction of civil services. 5. Railway Minute of 1853, and laying down of first railway III. Sir John Shore 1993-1798 line connecting Bombay and Thane in 1853. 1. Charter Act of 1793. 6. Telepgraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines to connect 2. Battle of Kharda between the Nizam and the Marathas Calcutta with Bombay, Madras and Peshawar) and (1795). postal (Post Office Act, 1854) reforms. IV. Lord Wellesley 1798-1805 7. Ganges Canal declared open (1854), establishment of 1. Introduction of the Subsidiary Alliance System (1798); separate public works department in every province first alliance with Nizam of Hyderabad. 8. Widow Remarriage Act (1856). 2. Fourth Mysore War (1799). XV. Lord Canning 1856-1857 3. Second Maratha War (1803-05) 1. Establishment of three universities at Calcutta, Madras 4. Took over the administration of Tanjore (1799), Surat and Bombay in 1857. (1800) and Carnatic (1801). 2. Revolt of 1857. 5. Treaty of Rassein (1802). VICEROYS V. Sir George Barlow 1805-1807 I. Lord Canning 1858-1862 Mutiny (1806). 1. Transfer of control from company to the VI. Lord Minto I 1807-1813 Crown, the Government of India Act, 1858. Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809) 2. 'White Mutiny' by European troops in 1859. VII. Lord Hastings 1813-1823 3. Indian Councils Act of 1861. 1. Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) and the Treaty of Sagauli, II. Lord Egin I 1862-1863 (Wahabi Movement) 1816. III. Lord John Lawrence 1864-1869 2. Third Maratha War (1817-19) and dissolution of Maratha 1. Bhutan War (1865) Confederacy; creation of Bombay Presidency (1818) 2. Setting up of the HIgh Courts at Calcutta, Bombay 3. Strife with Pindaris (1817-1818). and Madras (1865). 4. Treaty with Sindhia (1817). IV. Lord Mayo 1869-1872 5. Establishment of Ryotwari System by Thomas Munro, 1. Opening of the Rajkot College in Kathiawar and the governor of Madras (1820). Mayo college at Ajmer for political training of Indian VIII. 1828-1835 princes. 1. Abolition of sati and other cruel rites (1829). 2. Establishment of Statistical Survey of India. 2. Suppression of thugi (1830). 3. Establishment of Department of Agriculture and 3. Charter Act of 1833. Commerce. 4. Resolution of 1835, and educational reforms and 4. Introduction of state railways. introduction of English as the official language. V. Lord Northbrook 1872-1876 5. Annexation of Mysore (1831), Coorg (1834) and Central 1. Visit of Prince of Wales in 1875. Cachar (1834). 2. Trial of Gaekwar of Baroda. 6. Treaty of 'perpetual friendship' with Ranjeet Singh. 3. Kuka Movement in Punjab. 7. Abolition of the provincial courts of appeal and circuit VI. Lord Lytton 1876-1880 1. Famine of 1876-78 affecting Madras, Bombay, Mysore, 2. session of the Congress (1916) Hyderabad, parts of central India and Punjab; 3. Lucknow pact between the Congress and Muslim appointment of Famine Commission under the League (1916). presidence of Richard Strachery (1878). 4. Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram (1916) after Gandhi's 2. Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria assuming the return; launch of Champaran (1916), Kheda title of 'Kaiser-i-Hind or Queen Victoria assumping ther Satyagraha (1918), and Satyagraha at Ahmedabad Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria assuming the (1918). title of 'Kaiser-i-Hind' or Queen Empress of India. 5. Montagu'w August Declaration (1917). 3. The Vernacular Press Act (1878). 6. Government of India Act (1919). 4. The Arms Act (1878). 7. The (1919). 5. The Second Afghan War (1878-80). 8. Jallianwalla Bagh massacre (1919). VII. Lord Ripon 1880-1884 9. Launch of Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements. 1. Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882). 10.Foundation of Women's University at Poona (1916) 2. The first Factory Act (1881) to improve labour and appointment of Saddler's Commission (1917) for conditions. reforms in educational policy. 3. Continuation of financial decentralisation. 11.Death of Tilak (August 1, 1920) 4. Government resolution on local self-government (1882). 12. Appointment of S.P. Sinha as governor of (the 5. Appointment of Education Commission under first Indian to become a governor). chairmanship of Sir William Hunter (1882). XV. Lord Reading 1921-1926 6. The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-84). 1. (February 5, 1922) and the 7. Rendition of Mysore. subsequent withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement. VIII. Lord Dufferin 1884-1888 2. Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921). 1. The Third Burnese War (1885-86). 3. Repeal of the Press Act of 1910 and the Rowlatt Act of 2. Establishment of the . 1919. IX. Lord Landowne 1888-1894 4. Criminal Law Amendment Act and abolition of cotton 1. Factory Act (1891). excise. 2. Categorisation of civil services into imperial, provisional 5. Communal riots in Multan, Amritsar, , Aligarh, Arvi and subordinate. and Calcutta. 3. Indian Councils Act (1892). 6. Kakori train robbery (1925). 4. Setting up of Durand Commission (1893) to define the 7. Murder of Swami Shraddhanand (1926). Durand Line between India and Afghanistan (now 8. Establishment of Party by C.R. Das and Motilal between Pakistan and Afghanistan). Nehru (1922). X. Lord Elgin II 1894-1899 9. Decision to hold simultaneous examinations for the Two British officials assassinated by Chapekar brothers ICS both in Delhi and London, with effect from 1923. (1897). XVI. Lord Irwin 1926-1931 XI. Lord Curzon 1899-1905 1. Visit of to India (1928) and the 1. Appointment of Police Commission (1902) under Sir boycott of the commission by the Indians. Andrew Frazer to review police administration. 2. An All-Parties Conference held at Lucknow (1928) for 2. Appointment of Universities Commission (1902) and suggestions for the (future) , the passing of Indian Universities Act (1904). report of which was called the or the 3. Establishment of Department of Commerce and Nehure Constitution. Industry. 3. Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States 4. Calcutta Corporation Act (1899). Commission (1927). 5. Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904). 4. Murder of Saunders, the assistant superintendent of 6. Partition of Bengal (1905). police of Lahore; bomb blast in the Assembly Hall of 7. Curzon-Kitchener controversy. Delhi (1929); the Lahore Conspiracy Case and death 8. Younghusband's Mission to tibet (1904). of Jatin Das after prolonged hunger strike (1929), and XII. Lord Minto II 1905-1910 bomb accident in train in Delhi (1929) 1. Popularisation of aniti-partition and Swadeshi 5. Lahore session of the Congress (1929); Purana Swaraj Movements. Resolution. 2. Split in Congress in the annual session of 1907 in 6. Dandi mrch (March 12, 1930) by Gandhi to launch the Surat. Civil Disobedience Movement. 3. Establishment of Muslim League by Aga Khan (1906). 7. 'Deepavali Declaration' by Lord Irwin (1929). XIII. Lord Hardinge II 1910-1916 8. Boycott of the First Round Table Conference (1930). 1. Creation of Bengal Presidency (like Bombay and Gandhi-Irwing Pact (1931) and suspension of Civil Madras) in 1911. Disobedience Movement. 2. Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911). XVII.Lord Willingdon 1931-1936 3. Establishment of the Hindu Mahasabha (1915) by 1. Second Round Table Conference (1931) and failure of Madan Mohan Malaviya. the conference, resumption of Civil Disobedience 4. Coronotion durbar of King George V held in Delhi (1911). Movement. XIV. Lord Chelmsford 1916-1921 1. Formation of Home Rule Leagues by and Tilak (1916). state. Righteous income of the forefathers should be stored HISTORY here and it must be full of wealth and grain, gold and silver CONCEPTS, IDEAS AND TERMS and valuable precious stones to be able to protect the sub- Agrahar jects during famines and other calamities. For economic The land grant made to temples and Brahmins during the strength the state should own all key industries, however Gupta period was called “agrahar”. It was tax-free land un- some may be left for private ownership with the undertaking der the full possession of the grantees, who also owned all that there is no exploitation of any individual. The state should the meadows, mines, deposits and free-labour associated control production, distribution and consumption. The for- with it. These grants were made for educational and reli- eign policy was based on six principles of negotiation, dis- gious purposes. Historian Ran Sharan Sharma considers sension, respect, patronage, and duplicity. The diplomacy them an important cause of the rise of feudalism but there used the instruments of peace, bribe, fear and dissension. is no instance that any grantee Brahmin became a Jagirdar War has been accepted as the last alternative and three or a feudal lord. It may be mentioned that the emperor types of ware are mentioned. (1) Bright or religious war retained the power to cancel the grant if he was not pleased fought properly with full preparation. (2) Diplomatic war fought with the conduct of the grantee and transfer the land to fraudulently and deceitfully, and (3) Chemical war in which some other competent person. poison etc. were used. All social classes were entitled to Arthashastra enrol in the army. It is the oldest work available on Indian administration. Be- The Arthashastra supports the varna-shram system. The fore the Arthashastra much had been written on politics in Brahmins were at the top in the hierarchy of varnas and India. The Arthashastra mentions at least five schools and were granted immunity though only for very serious crimes thirteen writers who had written on politics before it. Pt. they could be branded and exiled. They treatise separates Shyam Shastri discovered Arthashastra in a far off corner politics from religion and does nowhere advocate theoc- of in the beginning of the twentieth century. racy. Unfortunately, a lot of controversy surrounds its date and Though produced during the Mauryan age, the Arthashastra authorship . Shyam Shastri, Jacobi, Smith, Kashi Prasad does not describe Mauryan empire or Mauryan system of Jayasawal etc. believe that it was written by Kautilya but administration. It is silent about the municipal administra- scholars like Jolly, Keith and Winternitz do not agree with tion and war office as described by Megasthenes. In the them. Vishnu Gupta, Chanakya and Kautilya are mentioned field of politics, the Arthashastra enjoys the same place as as the authors of Arthashastra. In fact, Kautilya was the the Ashtadhyayi of Panini enjoys in the field of Grammar. gotra of its author who was called Chanakya for he was the Alvar son of Chanaka. Vishnu Gupta was his Christian name. The 12 saints who preached Vaishnavsim in South India The Buddhist literature identifies him as a Brahmin of Taxila are called Alvars. Under their influence several south Indian but the Jain literature considers him a resident of Avanavei rulers accepted Vaishnavism. The chief characteristic of (Mysore) who received education at Taxila and became a the Bhakti movement propagated by these saints was that teacher there. He was well-known as an outstanding teacher it was basically emotional and not metaphysical. The Alvars of arms and scriptures. At that time Magadha was ruled by emphasized the emotional aspect of Vaishnavism while the the Nandas. It is said that once the Nanda ruler humiliated acharyas insisted on the intellectual aspect. Their teach- him in his yagyashala. It so enraged Chanakya that he ings comprised ‘Karma’ (action), ‘Gyan’ (knowledge) and vowed to annihilate the Nandas root and branch and made ‘Bhakti’ (devotion). They founded the Sri Vasishnava school. Chandgraputa his instrument to fulfil his vow. When The first among them, Nathmuni is considered a contem- Chandragupta Maurya became the ruler of Magadha, he porary of Rajendra Chola. The chief Alvar saints are appointed Kautilya his prime minister and chief priest. Jaina Tirumangai (a shudra), Periya Alvar, Andal (daughter of texts hold that he continued on this post for some time Periya Alvar) Nammalbar, Madhur Kavi, Kulshekhar (a during the reign of Bindusara also. The Puranas call him Pandya Ruler), Bhootyogi, Mahayogi, Saroyogi etc. In the the ‘Dwijarshabh’ (the best among the Brahmins). tenth century, Nathmuni, the head of Sri Vaishnava School Arthashastra is a unique work on ancient administration collected the hymns of these Alvar saints (in Tamil) and and politics. It contains a detailed discussion about the introduced the tradition of singing them regularly in the political institutions like the king, ministers, diplomacy, for- Vaishnava temples of the South India. This anthology of eign policy, religion, punishment, justice and war etc. It is 4000 devotional songs is titled ‘Nalayira Prabandham’. divided into 15 chapters and 180 sections and has 4000 Bharatvarsha (India) shlokas (verses). According to Kautilya in their natural state Geographically, the land mass that extended from Kashmir the people selected one person as the King to help the to Sri Lanka and from Kahsmir to Assam was called religion, economics and work. The king was required to Bharvatvarsha. It is said that it was named after Bharat, the discharge his duties or he could be overthrown and replaced son of Dushyanta. Some scholars hold that it was so named by another person. The state has seven constituents such after the name of the eldest son of Rishabhdev. The Per- as the king (master), minister, public, fort, treasury, pun- sians called it Hindustan and the Greeks, India. It is said to ishment and friends. A council of ministers is obligatory to be a part of Jambu dwipa and according to Matsya Puran advise the king. It also describes in detail the salary and had nine divisions. duties of various classes of administrative officers. Bodhisatva It mentions two types of courts called the Dharmasthiya According to the Hinyan school Lord Buddha was known and Kantakashodhan. Emphasising the need for organized as the Bodhisatava in his previous births and this was his system of justice it looks into the source of law, freedom of last birth while the Mahayan school holds that normal hu- judiciary and the penal system. Treasury is the soul of the man beings are also capable of attaining greatness like Buddha and the future Buddhas are Bodhisatvas. It describes Bhuvaneshwar, the Sun temple at Konark, Jagannath temple the attributes of Bodhisatvas like Avalokiteshwara, Vajrapani at Puri and temples at Khajuraho are prominent represen- etc. in its religious work. tatives of this style. Dravidian Style The nagar tamples are quadrilateral. The Vastu treatise It is a temple-style that developed in the Dravid region. The ‘Kalika Agam’ describes the features of these temples. word Dravid stands for a race and the territory inhabited by Vertically, they are divided into eight parts : The lower four this race came to be known as Dravid region. The Dravidian parts base, plinth, walls, cornice are straight and balance style originated and developed here. This style flourished in and burden of the upper four parts the pinnacle, neck, semi the territory south of the river Tungbhadra till the end of the circular dome and spherical Java. Horizontal division in the cape. In the temples of Dravidian style the bottom is square outer part and circular traverse are other chief characteris- and the upper portion is hexagonal or octagonal or even tics of this style. The temple has a sanctium sanctorum for polygonal. The traverse on the sanctum sanctorium is the image of the god, circumscribed by a circumambula- straight and pyramidical. It has several storeyes and high tion path, a canopy for the audience and a semicircular entrance gates are its speciality. The main temple stands dome connecting the opening between them. There is a in a large compound surrounded by a wall with several high tapering spire over the sanctum sanctorium. At the top is gates. Later on the entrance gates became so large that the semi-circular dome adorned with a jar. The temples in they concealed even the temple. The compound has a pond this style have been built since ancient times and with slight for ablution, small temples and rooms etc. After the Pallavas, local modifications are spread over a large part of north the Cholas built several temples in Dravidian style in the India. They abound in the middle of the country and extend south. The main features of this style are : square traverse, till the river Tungbhadra in the south. They spread from conopy, high gate, a large hall with ornate pillars, use of Bengal and Orissa in the east till Gujarat and Maharashtra lions for decoration, joint pillars and brackets etc. In the in the west and till Chamba and Kangra in the Himalayas in later temples high and grand entrance gate became con- the north. This distance from the heartland is responsible spicuous so much so that it dwarfed even the main dome. for local variations. In the Himalayas this style is called the The Korangnath temple at Nellur and the Moovkovil temple ‘Hill Style’, in Gujarat ‘Lat Style’ and in Orissa it is known were built in the early Chola style during the time of Parantak as the ‘Kalinga Style’. I and Parantak II respectively. They are the fine examples Nayanar of the style. The Tiruvaleshwar Temple in Brahmadesham The saints who preached Shaivism in South India. They built during the reign of Rajaraja I is very vast and a fine numbered 63. They opposed caste system and insisted on example of sculpture and carving. The best representative devotion as the only means of realizing God. Appar, of the Dravidian style is the Rajarajeshwara temple also Sunderkirti etc. were most well-known among them. known as the Vrihadeeshwar Temple. It was built by Rajaraja Purushartha I at Tanjore in 1009 AD. It is enclosed by a bulwark measur- The ideals prescribed by Hindu law givers for the progress ing 457 meter in length and 228.7 metre in width and has of an individual and society are known as purusharthas. its main gate in the east. The traverse built on a 25 meter They aim at harmonizing man’s material and spiritual joys. square platform rises to a height of 60.8 meter and has They are four in number-dharma (righteousness), artha thirteen storeys tapering upwards embellished with fine (wealth), kama (desire) and moksha (salvation). Artha and carving. This pyramid-like structure is topped by a mono- kama stand for material pleasures, while dharma and lithic semi-circular grand dome weighing 25 ton. The tech- moksha signify spiritual joy and happiness. Moksha is the nical skill and laboar required to raise it to such a height is summum bonum of human life and three other ideals are a just a matter of imagination. The Gangai Kondachola- means to attain it, but it is not possible for all to achieve Choleshwar temple built by Rajendra Chola (1014-1044 AD) moksha, so later on only three ideals of dharma, artha and in his new capital Gangai Kondacholapuram is vast and kama were insisted on for observance. They are called grand like the temple at Tanjore. But aesthetically it is su- ‘trivarga’ (thee goals of human life) and are within the reach perior to it. ‘Eravateshwar’ temple built Darashuram in the of all householders. A harmonious observance of all the time of Rajaraja II and ‘Kampateshwar’ temple built at purusharthas is essential for complete development of hu- Tribhuvan in the time of Kulotunga II are also beautiful ex- man lie. amples of the Chola style. Rai-recho- A standard used for the valuation of land in the Nadukala (Menhir) Vijaynagar empire. A kind of tomb the length of these monolithic granite me- Shahna-e-Mandi morials varies from 1.5 to A kind of tomb the relics of which The chief officer in the system of market control introduced are found in Kerala. by Alauddin Khilji. He was assisted by ‘braids’ who went Nagara Style round to inspect the market. With the help of these officers It developed in . The word ‘nagara’ comes from Alauddin succeeded in maintaining stable prices of com- ‘nagar’ (city) and means urban. In the past temple con- modities in his market called ‘sarai-e-adal’ struction was an important part of building a city. Describ- Sulah-e-Kul ing temple architecture Kautilya points out in the It means the ‘Principle of maintaining peace with all’. It was Arthashastra, the direction in which a temple dedicated to an important part of Akbar’s policy and was propagated by a particular god should be built. Though the Nagara style his teacher Abdul Lateef. It promoted peace and coopera- was used for building temples in cities and towns, it does tion and aimed at bringing followers of all creeds like Shiyas, not mean that there were no temples in villages. The Vastu Sunnis and Hindus together and obliterating their commu- treatise ‘Ishan Shivgurudeva Paddhati’ repeatedly speaks nal differences. of temples built in the nagara style. The Lingraj temple at RISE OF THE BRITISH PARAMOUNTCY IN INDIA the new challenge. British railway lines, postal lines and The in 1757, in which Siraj-ud- telegraph lines intersected territories of the princes. The Daulah of Bengal was defeated by the English, was followed British political officers represented the paramount power "by a night of eternal gloom for India" .It paved the way for in each state. Detachments of British troops occupied the British mastery of Bengal and eventually of whole India. cantonments in all parts. The states maintained a number After 1773, the made a beginning for a of selected troops to fight by the side of the British troops new round of conquests in alliance with the Nizam of in the event of war. The state troops were under the Hyderabad . The defeat of of Mysore in 1782 command of the ruler but were inspected and advised by removed the last thorn from the path of British paramountcy the British officers. The sovereignty over the states was in India. After the fall of Mysore, the Maratha and Mughal divided between the British Government and the ruler of the empires both also eclipsed and what followed next was the stale in proportion which differed greatly from state to state. subjugation of a large number of Indian states under the The Nizam of Hyderabad enjoyed maximum sovereign such Subsidiary Alliance System, by which the Indian States as minting his currency and giving death penalty (without surrendered their external affairs and defence to the British appeal). The Chief in Kathiawar enjoy minimum sovereignty. and agreed to become their subordinate allies. The System The question of sovereignty presented a lot of difficulty in of Subsidiary Alliance secured British authority in India at the year 1947 when India became free. The British declared the lowest possible cost. It provided a cheap, simple and that sovereignty has lapsed. In 1920, they were allowed to effective method of developing British military strength as from the chamber of princes. During the First Great War well as paramountcy. Almost half the British army in India they were proved loyal. So the British allowed them a in 1818 was composed of subsidiary forces or the states. Chamber. But in the Chamber princes were not allowed to For Indian states "it meant not only protection but also discuss political questions or demands. It was only a heavy cost, bankruptcy, misgovernment, moral, decline and ceremonial and decorative institution. In 1947, under wastefulness. The people lost even the right of revolution Instrument of Accession, the new Government of India said, against a bad ruler. This system also meant assertion of "you accede only three things-defence, foreign affairs and the foci that politically and militarily, the British were supreme communications. In all other matters you are free". Many in India. The next stage came in the time of Lord Hastings did not agree and police action had to be taken. (1813-23). He concluded a series of treaties with Rajput THE OF BENGAL (1717-72) and Maratha states which clearly defined the status of the (1717-27) Indian states in relation to the company as one of He was appointed as Bengal's diwan by Aurangzeb (1700), subordinate cooperation. Now the British paramountcy was as naib subahdar (deputy governor-1713) and later as established by compelling the Indian states to surrender subahdar (governor - 1717) by Farukh Siyar. His de facto the right of making war and peace or negotiating agreements rule from 1700 was thus made dejure in 1717 (between which was a curse. In theory, the princes retained their 1700-07 Prince Azim, son of Bahadur Shah, was the internal sovereignty but in actual practice they had suffer governor; between 1707-13, Farukh Siyar, son of Azim yras frequent interference in their internal affairs by the British the governor). He was also granted the governorship of Orissa residents. This is how British Paramountcy was established by the emperor (Farukh Siyar) in 1719. He transferred his in India. They assumed feudal superiority in terms of lordship capital from Dacca to .. He gradually assumed ,. escheat and the right of confirming succession. From autonomy, though continuing to pay tribute to the Mughal 1846-56, the British policy was accessionist. Dalhousie for emperor. He carried out the following reforms: example regarded the Indian states as an anachronism in Reorganisation of the finances - transfer of large parts of an age of progress. He wanted to avail of every opportunity jagir lands into khalisa (crown) lands, introduction of the of getting rid of those petty intervening principalities. He system of revenue-farming and the like. used the terrible 'Doctrine of Lapse' to annex 7 Indian states Grant of Takkavi loans to peasants for personal use, in 7 years. He also used the pretext of misgovernment to improving agriculture, and paying land revenue in times of depose Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Oudh, and annexed the famines. Reorganisation of administration and giving equal State in 1856. Now they raised the cry that British empire opportunities of employment to Muslims and Hindus. (His in India was one and indivisible. Titles and treaties were policy of appointing local Hindu zamindars and denounced as antiquated parchments. The Revolt of 1857 moneylenders as revenue farmers led to the rise and growth was directly related to the final phase of the rise of British of a new landed aristocracy in Bengal). Expansion of trade paramountcy. After the Revolt of 1857 the policy of territorial and commerce by giving encouragement to Indian and expansion was given up. The remaining 600 princes were foreign merchants, providing security to them on roads and assured of their continued existence but British rivers, checking private trade by officials, preventing abuses paramountcy was always asserted. The independent in customs administration and so on. Foreign trading functioning of the Princes was severely circumscribed. companies-maintaining strict control over their activities; British standards of morality and administrative efficiency preventing the servant of the East India Company from were enforced. They also tended to promote among the abusing the privileges. granted to the company by the princes a sense of personal attachment and loyalty to the Mughal farmans of 1691 (Aurangzeb's) and 1717(Farukli Crown in Britain. The assumption of the title of 'Queen Siyar's). Establishment of law and order by suppressing Empress of India' by Queen Victoria in 1876, holding of the rebellious zamindars. Delhi Durbar in 1877 were directed towards that end. The Shuja-ud-din (1727-39) British now realised that if they had the princes with them He was the son-in-law of Murshid. He continuality policies they would also have the people. Those were the days of and reforms of Murshid. He was granitelike governorship of emerging nationalism in India. It was, therefore, good for Bihar as well by the emperor (Muhammad Shah) in 1733 the princes and the paramount power to join hands to meet (from now on the nawabs of Bengal ruled over Bengal, Bihar and Orissa), Additionally, the English were authorised to fortify Calcutta (1739-40) against possible French attack and to strike its own coins. Son of Shuja, he was murdered by , deputy While the Nawab agreed to make good all losses the English governor of Bihar, in 1740. had incurred and abide by other articles of the treaty, the Alivardi Khan (1740-56) English promised him their friendship and goodwill. The He legalised his usurpation by receiving a farman from treaty was violated by the conquest of Chandranagore by emperor Muhammad Shah after paying him Rs two crore. the British in March, 1757. Siraj protested by offering During his reign there were continue incursions of the protection to the French. The British reacted by conspiring Marathas into Bengal. He bought peace with them by ceding (June, 1757) to replace Siraj. In the same year Watson's the revenues of a part of Orissa (to Raghuji Bhonsle) and signature was forged by Clive to please Omichand, who an annual payment of Rs 12 lakh as the chauth of Bengal wanted a bigger share for acting as the intermediary between (1751). He prevented the English from misusing their the British and the other Indian conspirators. The Battle of privileges, and prohibited them and the French "om fortifying Plassey (a place on the banks of the Bhagirathi) took place their factories at Calcutta and Chandranagore respectively. on June 23, 1757. This battle saw the treachery of Even before his death, there had been disputesover and Rai Durlabh; bravery of a small force under Mohanlal succession even though fuvoured and chose Siraj-ud-daula, and Mir Madan; desertion of the Nawab's forces and escape the son of his gest daughter. He refused to pay any tribute of Siraj; and his capture and execution by Miran (son of Mir to ilieMughal emperor when the latter demanded (1746). Jafar). Siraj.ud-daula (1756-57) Mir Jafar (1757-60) He wrote letters to the British governor of Calcutta to He granted the right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, demolish additional fortifications, and also to stop hostile and the zamindari of the 24 Parganas to the British, besides activities such as their support to Shaukhat Jang of Ghasiti paying them a sum of Rs l7.7 million as compensation for Begum and cousin brother of Siraj) wanted to become the the attack on Calcutta, and many other 'gifts' to the British nawab, and giving protect on to Rajballabh's family (supporter officials. His reign saw the beginning of the drain of wealth of Shaukat) British refused to comply with his orders, and from India to Britain. He made futile efforts to replace the he seized the English factory at Kasimbazar (June (,1756) English by the Dutch, but the Dutch were defeated by the and then Calcutta (June 15). The English fled to FutIa and English at Bedara in 1759. Siraj returned to Murshidabad, leaving Calcutta in charge of (1760-63) Manikchand. He granted the zamindari of Burdwan, and Black Hole Episode (June 20, 1756) Chittagong to the British officials, besides paying them Rs According toHolwell (an Englishman), 146 English prisoners 2.9 million. He introduced several revenue and military were confined during the night in a small room & only 23 reforms to strengthen his position. His reign saw the survived, the rest dying of suffocation in the night. this version beginning of the conflict between the Nawab and the British has been questioned on evil grounds. In any case, Siraj is for sovereign power. He transferred his capital from no more held personally responsible for it. This incident Murshidabad to Monghyr (1762). He stopped the misuse of was followed by Siraj's defeat and execution of Shaukat the dastaks (free passes allowed to the company) and Jang, who had recently acquired the farman for the abolished all duties on internal trade against British wishes governorship of Bengal from the titular Mughal Emperor, in order to protect the Indian traders (1763). During his reign Alamgir II. Shaukant Jang had been conspiring with some the (October 22, 1764) was fought between Bengal chiefs and the English to occupy the throne of the British and the three allies (Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-daula Bengal. Soon after the British conspired with some leading of Awadh and Shah Alam II). This battle ended in the defeat men of the nawab's court (Mir Jafar-the mir bakshi, of the allies by the British forces under Major Hector Munro. Manikchand-officer in charge of Calcutta, Omichand a rich Mir Jafar (1763-65) merchant of Calcutta, -the famous banker of His reinstatement in 1763 by the British took place after Bengal, and Rai Durlabh and Khadim Khan-important the outbreak of the war with Mir Qasim. He died in 1765. nobles). Arrival of a strong contingent from Madras under Najm-ud-daula (1765-72) Colonel Clive and Admiral Watson (December 14, 1756) Najm, son ofMir Jafar, was made the. nawab in 1765 and resulted in the recovery of Calcutta by Clive (January 2, remained a puppet in the hands of the British during the 1757) without any serious fighting. period of 'Dual System of Government'. In 1772, he was Treaty of Alinagar (1757) pensioned off when the Company took over the direct charge Calcutta was renamed Decline of the of Bengal. Alinagar after its capture by Siraj-ud-daula on June 1, 1756. BENGAL WARS AND THE CONQUEST OF BENGAL On 5 February 1757 the Nawab's men were worsted by a BATTLE OF PLASSEY (1757) small English force in a night attack under . Misinterpretation of the Mughal farman (declaration) of 1717 This impelled the Nawab to come to an understanding and by the British, and their misuse of the dastaks or free establish peace with the English four days later. The treaty passes. Personality of Siraj-ud-daula: Being young and comprised: a list of demands made by the Company; an energetic, though inexperienced and hasty, the new nawab agreement affirming to return to the status quo ante; a wanted to impose the same restrictions as was done by number of farmans and dastaks issued by the Nawab; and his predecessors on the British, who now felt strong enough an agreement that 'as long, as he (the Nawab) shall observe to oppose his authority after their success in south India. his agreement, the English will always look upon his enemies The fortification of Calcutta by the British against the as their enemies' and grant him all assistance in their power. Nawab's orders. In sum, all the trade privileges held earlier by the Company stood confirmed, and these could not be called into question. INDIAN HISTORY Jinnah’s dictatorial conduct. HISTORICAL PERSONALITIES • Welcomed the idea of the Round Table Conference. A ABDUL QADIR BADAYUNI A. ABBOTT • Born in Toda of Rajasthan in 1540 A.D. appointed emam • A British expert of technical education. Invited to advise during Akbars rule. the Government of India about the improvement of technical • Criticise Akbars polities, wrote Muntakhals-ul-Tawarikh education. on Indian history from Gaznavis’s period to fortieth year of A. KALESHWAR RAO Akbar. In 1905 he joined the Congress and began to take active ABDUL RAHIM KHAN-E-KHANA interest in politics. He was an active worker during the Home Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khana was an Indian Sufi poet popu- Rule agitation and in 1921 gave up practice and joined the larly known as Rahim. He was a poet at the court of Mughal Non-cooperation Movement. emperor Akbar and the son of Bairam Khan. He translated A.V. ALEXANDER The Memoirs of Babar from Turkish to Persian. He was a • First Lord of Admirality; member of cabinet mission. Muslim, but a great devotee of Lord Krishna. He belonged A.V. KUTTIMALU AMMA to the Bhakti period and wrote couplets in Hindi in praise of A.V. Kuttimalu Amma was a top ranking Congress leader of Lord Krishna. He was among one of the nine Navratna’s of Kerala and a fearless freedom fighter. Kuttimalu Amma be- Akbar’s court. gan her public life as an active Khadi and Swadeshi worker ABDUL KALAM AZAD in 1930. She led batches of women volunteers and suc- • In 1912, he started Urdu Weekly Al-Hilal to propagate cessfully conducted picketing of foreign cloth-shops in nationalist ideas. Calicut in 1931. In 1936, she was elected to the Madras • In 1915 started another weekly Al-Balagh. Assembly. In 1946, she was again elected as a member of • He participated in Non-Cooperation Movement. Madras Legislative Assembly. • He was responsible for bringing the ‘No-Changers’ and ABANINDRANATH TAGORE ‘Pro-Changers’ to a compromise. He also presided over the Took painting at early age and advocated Indian Style of Jamat-al-Ulema (1924) and National Muslim Conference Painting. (1929). In 1940 elected President of the Congress. ABANI MUKHERJEE • It was under his presidentship that Quit India resolution • Was a revolutionary. He founded the Communist Party of was passed. As Education Minister in free India worked for India along with M. N. Roy in October 1920 in Tashkent. He secularism and national unity. later developed differences with M.N.Roy. ABDUL LATIF ABBAS KHWAJAAHMAD • First Muslim leader who advocated reforms on the line of • A progressive writer of great charm and sincere human western education. feeling. • Established National Mohammedan Literary and Scien- • Creator and exponent of modernism in Urdu literature. Abdul tific Society. Aziz Maimani ABDUR-RAHMAN AL-KASGHARI • One of the greatest Arabic scholars in the sub-continent. • Associated with the Nadwat’ul ‘Ulema’. • Wrote Simt’ul Laali, Abu’1 Ala wa ma ilaihi, Ziyadat Shi’r • Published a small collection of his Arabic poems under al-Mutanabbi. the title of al-zahrat. ABDUL RASHID ABDUR-RAZZAK • He fought for the INA. He was awarded a seven years • Visited the kingdom of Vijaynagar in 1443 during the rule rigorous imprisonment in February 1946 which sparked off of Devarai II as an ambassador of king of gran. huge protests in Calcutta. • Described the administration and social life of the dy- ABDUL HALIM GHAZNAVI nasty and also accepted Vijaynagar as one of the cities of He was a politician, philanthropist and a zamindar. He took the world. active part in political, economic and educational movements ABHIDHAMMA PITAKA of British Bengal. He took active part in the khilafat move- • Buddhist text written in Pali. ment and presided over a large meeting in Tangail on the • Gave philosophical explanation of Buddhist principles and occasion of the Second Khilafat Day observed throughout rules. Bengal on 19 March 1920. Ghaznavi was a member of the • Compiled during third Buddhist conference. Indian Legislative Council for about two decades from 1926- ABUL HASAN YAMINUDDIN KHUSRO 1945. He was elected President of the All India Muslim • He is one of the iconic figures in the cultural history of the Conference in 1929. He became the Chairman of the Cham- Indian subcontinent. ber of Merchants and also the Sheriff of Calcutta for some • A spiritual disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya; time. • One of India’s greatest poets; ABDUL BARI • The founder of both Hindustani classical music and Belonged to the Firangi Mahal Ulema group of Lucknow. Qawwali. Along with Ansari, he ousted the more moderate & loyalist ACHARYA CHINTAMANI sections from the Muslim League during the League ses- • One of the best prose writers in Oriya. sion in Delhi in 1918. He supported Gandhiji’s satyagraha • Farmer Vice-Chancellor of the Utkal University. against the Rowlatt Act. ACHARYA NARENDRA DEV ABDUL QADIR • Eminent Educationalist, Entered the Kashi Vidyapeeth • With Ali brothers and Muhammad Shafi, he set up an as its Vice-princi-pal he became the principal (Acharya) in independent League in Punjab by way of protest against 1925. • Was elected U.P.C.C. President in 1936. He was a lead- M.A Edited ‘Comrade’, ‘Hamdard’. Organised ‘ Arjuman-e- ing Congress Socialist. Khuddam-e-Kaba’ to raise funds to protect Muslim holy places; He was a freedom fighter and was one of the founders of ALIGARH PLAN the . After Independence he gave up active • The plan forwarded by Jafar-ul-Hassan and Hassan Kadiri politics and concentrated on social and educational work. which included divisions of India in 4 states -Pakistan, Hyderabad, Bengal & Hindustan. AGHA KHAN ALI SARDAR JAFRI Spiritual head of Islamic Muslim; loyal supporter of British; Born in 1914 in Uttar Pradesh, Ali Sardar Jafri took part in President of Muslim League from 1906-1913and first ndian the freedom struggle and shone brilliantly on the U.P. liter- to be elected for the president ship of League of Nations. ary horizon. He received the prestigious Jnanpith award. AHILYABAI HOLKAR ALLAH BAKSH • she was a brave lady of Holkar state if Marathas; Was the premier of Sind. Was pro-Congress and was dis- • fought against Britishers, at very minor age she got the missed by the Governor of Sind for giving up his official responsibilities if her state. honours. AILAN-E-JANG ALLAN OCTAVIAN HUME Proclamation of war issued by Gadar Party during World • A liberal British Civil Servant was sympathetic towards War-I. Indian freedom struggle. AJYER VINCENT, MAJOR • Indian National Congress (INC) was formed through his • Vincent was a British officer of Bengal artillery; initiative in 1885. • At the time of 1857 rebel he defeated Kunvarji in Bihar. • He worked for Congress and India till his death. AJIT SINGH • He has been called the father of Indian Ornithology. • Uncle of Bharat Singh Anjuman-e-nohibban-i-watan; ALLURI SITARAMRAJU • Journal - ‘Bharat Mata’ • Led the tribal revolt in Andhra against the British. Fol- AJOY GHOSH lowed Gandh: principles. • Was a revolutionary. Member of the Hindustan Socialist • He was the leader of the ill-fati “Rampa Rebellion” that Republican Army and a comrade of . Became was foug against the British occupiers from 19 to 1923. the General secretary of the Communist Party of India (CPI). • He was treacherously shot dead 1924. He was an expert AJOY KUMAR GHOSH strategist ai a Guerilla leader. • He was associated with revolutionaries of U. P and Punjab. ALTAF HUSSAIN HALI Later he joined H.S.R.A and was arrested in Lahore Con- • Urdu poet of Punjab, he was famoi for his Nationalist writ- spiracy Case. ings; • Not only did he work for workers rights but also joined • attached with Aligarh school Mov ment. C.P.I. Elected General Secretary of C.P.I in 1951. He was a AMBIKACHARAN MAZUMDAR well known Marxist who contributed to the Communist Move- An imperialist scholar who said in 1944 that Hindu-Muslim ment. problerr were the main reason for British ru in India. Was a ALEXANDER MACKENZIE moderate INC leadc and wrote ‘Indian National Evolutioi in Lt. Governor of Bengal during Curzon’s time. He was in- 1915. strumental in bringing changes in Calcutta Corporation Act AMBIKAGIRI RAY CHAUDHERY in 1899, along with Curzon. Known as ‘Assam Kesari’ Renounce Poet. Deeply im- ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM pressed by 192 events. • Worked in East India Company. AMHRST • Was appointed as Archaeological Surveyor in 1861 by • Governor general of Bengal be tween 1823 and 1828; the government. • famous for his Burma Policy; • Later remained director of Archaeology Department for • concerned with interference in take over struggle of Bharatpur; many year. • in 1824 he established Governmenl Sanskrit college. ALEXANDER DUFF AMARENDRA CHATTERJEE • Assisted Raja in Bengal. He was a leading Bengali/ Indian freedom fighter. In charge • Established Scottish Church in Calcutta. of raising funds for the movement, his activities • A social reformer in Bengal who played a dominant role in covered largely revolutionary centres in Bihar, Orissa and the spread of western education. U.P. • Established the ‘English School’ (1830) in Calcutta with AMARTYA SEN the help of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Prof. Amartya Sen is the first Asian to win the Economics ALFRED CHATTERTON Nobel. He is one of the most respected economics thinker He tried to promote at state initiative, aluminum and chrome in the world. He won the Nobel for his work in the area of industries. His efforts were halted by Morley in 1910, be- economic theory. Some of his most important work is in cause it violated the principle of laissez faire. He was a the areas of poverty, democracy, development and social civilian of Madras. welfare. ALFRED WEBB AMBIKA CHAKROBARTY Webb was an Irishman. He was the third non-Indian to have Ambika Chakrabarty was an Bengali Indian freedom fighter presided over the Indian National Congress. and revolutionary. Ambika was a member of Chittagong AM BROTHERS Jugantar party .He took part in the . Mohammad Ali & Shaukat Ali was known as Ali brothers. List I List II HISTORY TESTS (Harappan sites) (Burial customs) (i) Harappa (A) Brick chamber or cist UNIT 1 (ii) Lothal (B) Coffin burial (iii) Kalibangan (C) Pot burial 1. Which of the following were the earliest precursors of (iv) Surkotada (D) Double burial the Harappan seals? CODES : (a) Terracotta seals found at Mehrgarh (a) i-B, ii-D, iii-C, iv-A (b) i-D, ii-B, iii-A, iv-C (b) Stone seals found at Amri (c) i-B, ii-D, iii-A, iv-C (d) i-A, ii-C, iii-B, iv-D (c) Clay tablets found at Kalibangan 8. Assertion (A) : The Indus hampless bull, called ‘unicorn’ (d) Copper tablets found at Kot Diji bacause it is shown in profile on seals with its horns super- 2. Which of the following statements about Harappen mea- imposed on each other and pointing forward, was probaly a surements are true? mythical rather than a real beast. (i) The Harappans seem to have used both the foot and the Reason (R) : The Indian humped cattle were less com- cubit systems simultaneously. monly represented than the humpless cattle, both on the (ii) Their foot system ranged from 16 to 32 cm and cubvit seals and in the terracottas. from 48 to 64 cm. In the context of the above two statement, which one of the (iii) At Mohenjodaro, a slip of shell seems to be part of a following is correct? linear system. (a) both A and R are true and R is a correct explanation of A (iv) At Harappa, a fragmentary bronze rod, broken at both (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explana- enads seems to have been based on the standard cubit. tion of A. Chose the answer from the codes below : (c) A is true but R is false. (a) All ot them (b) i, ii, and iii (d) A is false but R is true. (c) i, iii and iv (d) i and iv 9. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer 3. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists. using the codes given below the lists. List I List II List I List II (i) Mahadeven (A) Languate was Dravidian (i) Impressions of cloth (A) Alamgirpur and script relied upon on sealings homphones. (ii) Impressions of cloth (B) Mohenjodaro (ii) S R Rao (B) Language is closer to on a trough Dravidian than to any other (iii) Fragment of a woven cloth (C) Lothal language. (iii) Kinnier-Wilson (C) Accepted Dravidian (D) Harappa hypothesis and published an (a) i-C, ii-A, iii-B (b) i-A, ii-D, iii-C impressive computer concor (c) i-B, ii-C, iii-D (d) i-A, ii-C, iii-C dance. 4. Among recent discoveries the most remarkable Harappan (iv) Parpola (D) Attempt to read the site, which was probably a trading outpost meant for pro- contents of the inscriptions curing lapis lazuli in particular, is located at in terms of analo gies be (a) Shortughai in northeast Afghanistan tween Harppan and (b) Musa Khel in North-West frontier Province Sumerian signs. (c) Mundigak in south afghanistan (v) Soviet scholars (E) Attempt to read the script (d) Damb sadat in northeast Baluchistan. as containing a pre-Indo- 5. A distinctive feature of the house con- Assertion (A) : Aryan language of the Indo- struction of the Harappans was that the roadward side of Eurpean family. the block presentexd a plain black facade. CODES : The entrances to the houses were from the Reason (R) : (a) i-A, ii-C, iii-E, iv-D, v-B (b) i-D, ii-A, iii-B, iv-C, v-E narrow lanes which were set at right angles to the main (c) i-C, ii-E, iii-D, iv-A, v-B (d) i-B, ii-D, iii-A, iv-E, v-C streets. 10. The religious inconography of Indus people consists of In the context of the above two statement, which one of the (i) Seals and sealings following is correct? (ii) Images and Statues (a) Both A and R are true and R is a correct explanation of A (iii) Terracotta figurines (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explana- (iv) Amulets and Tablets tion of A. Chose the answer from the codes below : (c) A is true but R is false. (a) i and ii (b) i, ii, and iii (d) A is false but R is true. (c) i, iii and iv (d) All of them 6. Potter’s wheel, a major technological innovation, was 11. Which is the so-called ‘English Bond’, said to have been introduced at Mehrgarh, the earliest agrarian settlement in originally introduced by the Harappans? the subcontinent, around --- millennium BC. (a) The system of firing bricks in kilns. (a) 5th (b) 4th (c) 3rd (d) 6th (b) The system of laying bricks in alternate headers and 7. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer stretchers. using the codes given below the lists. (c) The system of dividing the city into rectangular blocks. (d) The system of separating common dwellings from pub- lic buildings. ever, an exception to this general rule is found in one of the 12. The most common materials used for the Harappan terracotta toy vehicles, having spoked wheels, discovered stone sculptures are at one of the Indus sites. Pick it out from the following : (i) Hard sandstone (ii) Soft limestone (i) Harappa (ii) Kalibangan (iii) White marble (iv) Steatite (iii) Dholavira (iv) Mohenjodaro Choose the correct answere from the codes given below : 22. According to the latest excavations, Manda is the --site (a) ii and iv (b) i and iii of the Indus civilisation? (c) i, ii and iii (d) All the four (a) Northernmost (b) Southernmost 13. Which of the following amply reveals the importance (c) Easternmost (d) Westernmost given by the Harappans to child care? 23. How many granaries are there in Harappa ? (a) Seals with the depiction of children (a) Two (b) Four (b) Numerous terracotta toys (c) Six (d) Eight (c) Play grounds (d) All the above 24. Who among the following named the Indus civilisation 14. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer as the ‘Harappan civilisation’ after the name of the Indus using the codes given below the lists. site of Harappa ? List I List II (a) Sir M E M Wheeler (b) Dr S R Rao (A) Copper rhinoceros i. Chanhudaro (c) Sir Hohn Marshall (d) Dr Sankhalia (B) Serpent Goddess ii. Lothal andKalibangan 25. Archaeological excavations reveal that the Indus people (C) Medical beliefs and iii. Gumla surgical skills used different types of weapons. But which one of the (D) Bronze modles of bullock iv. Daimabad carts and followng pairs was definitely not in their procession ? ikkas (a) Sword and body armour (b) Dagger and mace CODES : (c) Bow and arrow (d) spear and axe (a) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i (b) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv 26. Who among the following archaeologists has been (c) A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i (d) A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii claiming that he has successfully deciphered the Indus 15. Ash-mounds, which mystified archaeologists for so long, script, though others have not accepted his claim ? have been discovered at (a) M E M Wheeler (b) Gordon Childe (i) Mahagara (ii) Pallavoy (c) K M Srivastava (d) S R Rao (iii) Kupgal (iv) Chirand 27. Which of the following races were found to be as the (v) Utnur (vi) Kodekal builders of the Indus civilisation after anthropological studie Choose the answer from the codes given below : of the skeletons found at various Indus sites ? (a) i, ii, iii and iv (b) ii, iii, iv and v (i) Alpine (ii) Mediterranean (c) iii, iv, v and vi (d) ii, iii, v, and vi (iii) Mongoloid (iv) Proto-Austrolor 16. The corpus of Harappan inscriptions is now put in the (v) Semite region of Select the answer from thje codes given below : (a) 2000 (b) 2500 (a) All of them (b) i, ii, iii, and iv (c) 3000 (d) 3500 (c) ii, iii, iv and v (d) i, iii, iv and v 17. What jis the ascending order of the following Harappan 28. Excavations at Lothal reveal cities in terms of their population ? (i) an artificial brick dockyard (i) Harappa (ii) Mohanjodaro (ii) fire altars proving the existence of fire-cult (iii) Lothal (iv) Kalibangan (iii) a bronze rod or stick with measure marks Choose the answer from the codes given below : (iv) rics husk indicating the earliest use of rice (a) i, iii, iv and ii (b) ii, iv, iii and i (v) the embossment of a ship on a seal and a terracotta (c) iii, iv, i and ii (d) iv, iii, ii, and i model of a ship 18. Which of the following Indus sites have shown sufficient Select the answer from the codes given as follows : evidence of direct trade contacts with Mesopotamia ? (a) All of them (b) i, ii, iii and iv (i) Lothal (ii) Sutkagendor (c) i, ii, iv and v (d) ii, iii, iv and v (iii) Banawali (iv) Mohenjodaro 29. Which of the following can definitely be said to be the (v) Harappa (vi) Chanhudaro beliefs and practices of the Indus people ? Select the answer from the codes given below : (i) Phallic and Yoni worship as evident from the discovery of (a) All of them (b) i, ii, iii and v stone symbols. (c) i, iv, and v (d) ii, iv, and v (ii) Worship of trees, animals and birds 19.Which one of the following Indus sites has revealed evi- (iii) Worship of idols of different gods dence of a violent death met by some people ? (iv) Belief in ghosts and evil spirits (a) Lothal (b) Harappa (v) Belief in life hereafter as suggested by the burial practies (c) Mohenjodaro (d) Kalibangan of the rich. 20. What has been the latest source for determining the Select the answer from the codes given below : period of the Indus civilisation ? (a) i, ii and iii (b) ii, iii and iv (a) Discovery of Harappan goods in Mesopotamia (c) i, ii, iv and v (d) All of them (b) Discovery of Mosopotamian goods in Indus cities. (c) Identification of Meluha of the Sumeran texts with the Indus region. (d) Rediocarbon deting. 21. The Indus wheels are essentially solid wheels. How-