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Philopoemen: a Study in Hellenistic History

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Philopoemen: a Study in Hellenistic History Durham E-Theses Philopoemen: a study in Hellenistic history Errington, R. M. How to cite: Errington, R. M. (1965) Philopoemen: a study in Hellenistic history, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7983/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk ABS'i'KA.CT OF OTKSIS "philppoeffiQiij a study in HelleMstio History" liy R. M. SimmG-SON. The basis of the mtk is m examimtion of the aneient sourea material, in particular Plutaroh'a 'LAfs of Fhilopoe»en« and the fragiaenta of Polytjiua' giBtogjj.^^^ whioh deal with the AQim&m league.. An outline of the resultant iiitsrprstation of Philopoewsn's eareer is as follows, tJntil 222 B»C. he toote no part in Aehaa&n polities* but was involved solely with Megalopolis. Between 222 and ail PhilopoQfflsn. was in Crete representixig the interests of l?hilip ? of Maqedonj from 210 to 200 in Aohaea^ whwa after attaining a, juilitsopy indep«sadeno© of Macedonia-with Philip's enoourag^ment, h© used this to fett^rapt to 4oi» Home. Defeated on this issuo in 200 he ratumed to Cret^to halpj^Jlor-^snaians, Ashaean allies. In iiis ahsono© his friend Arista^nus oarried his polioy and joined Aeha©a to Eome. On Philopoejaen'8 return in 194 he first desired to ooogei-ate with Flamininuaj but wh®n he disoovored that Flaiaininus was B©r©3y using Aohaea. for Koaan polioy Philopoewen began to press th© lettar of tho law of th9 Aohaesm fggduj|- with Eoin9 at first ad&undorBtanding, hut finally ©jcploiting Aohaeaa gjl^^iitfla. H© refused Rome any right of interferenoe in pelopomiesian jaatter©, although h© hiiasalf was xaiahlo to find s§ti®faotory solutions to many of th© Aohaeans' problems^ partieularly thoas aaaooiated with exiles from Sparta and Messen©. Sh© Roman Senate, bound by ita conventions oovild find -2- no wey 3»otmd the imgaage until after PMlopoeji\en»s death in 182, when Ms party Xost most of it$ influenc© in Aqhaea* Shis inter• play of polioioa and puxposea of th© Semte and Philopo©mi is worked out in detail. fh& ooneluding chapter traees the developing weakness of hi& par^ after his d^ath and attewpts to oorreot soma modern inter• pretations of PoSyhius* judgement of Philopoejhen and his polioies. Appendieoa deal with sottroa proWsniB, ohronology - whorahy som© new solutions «upe proposed to problems in the Aehaean ||£g;|gsga list - and «)ther pertinont problams* The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. PHILOPOEMEN: A STUDY IN HELLENISTIC HISTORY, Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Durhara by R. M. ERRIN&TON B.A, 1965 PREFACE This v;ork was begun in summer I96I and ended in October 1963. In the course of its composition, many debts have been incurred v/hich cannot all be acknowledged individually« The most outstaaiding are: to Professor E. Badian, who has under• taken the task of supervision with an energy and enthusiasm - despite constant ill-health - v/hich hs.s never ceased to stimulate and encourage; to Professor F. W. Vlalbank, who suggested the subject and read drafts of the early chapters; to Professor E. Birley and the staff of the Durhara University Archa.eology Department, for congenial working conditions and a stimulating environment; to Professor K„ M, T. Atkinson and ray colleagues in Belfast, for encouragement and discussion. For the first two years, the v;ork was financed by a Ministry of Education State Studentship; since then I must express gratitude to the adiuinistrators of the Research Ilind of The Queen's University of Belfast for two indispensable grants, vriiich liave made it possible for rae to visit libraries in Oxford, and to visit Peloponnese and see places associated v/ith the life of Philopoeraen« R.M.E. Belfast, October I965, CONTENTS CMFTER 1, Introduction. 1 2o Cretan Connections. 30 3. Tradition and Patriotism. % 4. Patriotism and Clj^nbela, 109 •5» Glientela and the Pax Achaioa. 183 6. Policies and Politicians. 2kl, I Callicrates 244 II Lycortas 257 III 'The Last of the G-reeks'. 269 1. Sources. 287 2» Strategoi: 211/10 - 179/8. 307 3. Some Achaean Coins. 340 4. Eumenes and Achaea. 345 5« An Achaean Law. 3^1-7 6. Polybius 21. 32c. 3-4. 349 7. Spartan Parties, 183 - 178. 351 NOTES 1A MBMOG^™;/ 70A TilBLE 1o Events at Sparta, 192 - I78. 79A 2. Achaean &:b£ate£oi, 211/10 - I79/8. At end. MOTE All dates in this thesis are B.C. unless it is specifically stated otherwise. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION I At the time of his death in May/June l82, Philopoemen was in his 70th year,"^ A calculation from this date gives June/July 252 as terminus post quern for the date of his birth. Unfortunately, this cannot be accepted as altogether conclusive, for it may conflict with evidence from Plutarch. The battle of Sellasia is now generally agreed to have been in 222.In the autumn before the battle Cleomenes attacked and took Megalopolis. At this time Plutarch says that Philopoemen was 3O years of age.^ Imprecision lies in the fact that we do not know whether Plutarch's figure represents an inclusive or exclusive calculation. If exclusive, there is a direct conflict with the other Polybian evidence, for it implies a date of between autumn 2.5k and autumn 253. On the other hand, if Plutarch is simply recording Polybius' information, as is quite possible, it may represent an inclusive calculation - Polybius' usual method - and is then compatible with the other Polybian date: it gives us autumn 253 to autumn 252 as limits. This can then be combined with the terminus post quern of June/ July 252 -to produce a narrov; limit for the birth of between June and October 252. This, while open to objection, has the virtue of accept• ing the certain Polybian date of June/July 252 as terminus post quem, and explaining Plutarch's figure as a compatible Polybian calculation. Philopoemen's father Craugis was one of the most distinguished citizens of Megalopolis. While he lived, he gave a home to Oleander of Mantinea, v^ho had been exiled from his native city. Craugis did not - 2 - long survive the birth of his son, . who was brought up after his death by Oleander. No doubt the tie of interest was added to the tie of sentiment in Oleander's case. The death of his Megalopolitan patron must have made his position as exile less secure in Megalopolis; and the assumption of the duties of guardian of Philopoeraen would tend to predispose the Megalopolitans in his favour.^ When Philopoemen became older, he was put under the training of Ecdemus and Megalophanes, who had helped Aratus free Sicyon, Both were Megalopolitans, both had studied with Arcesilaus of Pitane in the Academy while in exile. The two together had, perhaps in 252, been responsible for the assassination of the tyrant of Megalopolis, Aristodemus 'The Good', and as a result were enabled to return to Megalopolis.^ A further result of their participation in the two 'lib• erations' was that they acquired a reputation for being freedom-fighters; and their association with Arcesilaus gave their reputation, in the popular mind, a philosophical basis. As a result, Plutarch, in his idealised portrait of Philopoemen, suggests that Philopoemen's famous love of freedom stemmed directly from his early association with the two tyrant-assassins. This idea gives him a philosophical theory v/hich provides a theme for the interpretation of Philopoemen's later political activities. We shall see that Philopoemen's later actions were based on far more realistic political considerations; and there is no hint of the philosophical motivation which was built into the legend and retailed by Plutarch, The training of Ecdemus and Megalophanes cannot therefore be - 3 - considered to have been in any way responsible for the courses of action which Philopoemen took later. Polybius seems to have realised this, and describes the results of their training in very general terms. The emphasis, as he presents it, seeras to have been laid on personal self-sufficiency and public morality. The results which Polybius attributes to this course of training are very practical: that Philopoemen 'soon came to excel all his contemporaries in endurance and n courage both in hunting and in v/ar'. These v;ere clearly useful personal acquisitions for his future public military career; but bear little relation to the policies which circumstances caused him to form. Plutarch's myth-making, whereby he attributes much of the glory of the 'Last of the Greeks' to the teaching of Ecdemus and Megalophanes, can have no basis in reality. The first 30 years of Philopoemen's life was a period of great change for Megalopolis.
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