www.jungsteinSITE.de 76 000 m 76 000 About (fi 1). site g. dűlő Balatonőszöd-Temetői the at M7 highway Introduction verstehen. zu Riten von Abfolge zeremoniellen einer Bestandteil als sind und Kultareale sie bildeten Zusammengenommen enthielten. tierische Knochen und menschliche die vor, Gruben mit Befunden zu bung Umge- unmittelbarer in vornehmlich kamen Gefäßen B. z. wie gen Ausstattun- zeremonieller mit Befunde niederschlug. Fundmaterial im auch sich der Umstand, ein überschnitten, räumlich und zeitlich deutlich BC 3100 und 3300 zwischen Siedlungszentren Baden und Boleráz erscheinenden getrennt als die sich dass deutlich, schnell wurde Auswertung der Während Opfergruben. und bestattungen Siedlungs- in anderem unter geborgen, Befunden 75 in Überreste Zusammenfassung ual areas of rites. of aceremonial of aseries composed sequence rit- formed humanskeletonstogether theyanimaland and with pits the of surroundings the from came vessels as such paraphernalia, al which was true for the find materials 3100BC, as well. and Featureswith 3300 ceremoni- between centres settlement Baden and Boleráz separate seemingly the overlappingbetween chronological and tial spa- a was there that analysis the rifi during clear became It pits. cial Balatonőszöd-Temetői dűlő, among them intramural burials and sac- Abstract Budapest Tünde, Horváth Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” uncoveredleráz/Baden settlement at Balatonőszöd- Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Bo- Age, 9 Age, Cop- Age,per Somogyvár-Vinkovci: Age, Bronze Tène Early La D: LateIron Middle (Balaton-Lasinja/Furchenstich: cultures other site beside the of part larger a on unearthed was settlement Age Copper Late dominantly large, A trenches. test with investigated was ritory ter- the of rest the while highway, the of track and junction future geographical environmentgeographical on thehad This eastern settlement bank. similar a within lainhave must settlement a thatexcavations rescue fi and from surveys know eld We excavation. the during outlined ly clear-were borders northern the and western the eastern, the while proximately NE-SW oriented mild hillsides reached beyond the track, of along the the bank part bysouthern settlement The bordered ap- affi be Boleráz certainly period. with can Baden / liated hearths and features). 1000About of the pit 2800 features and close to 100 ovens n 0120, xaain wr cnutd n h nw rc of track new the in conducted were excavations 2001–2002, In menschliche und tierische wurden Balatonőszöd-Temetőidűlő In at features 75 in unearthed were remains human and Animal th century Árpádian period, and medieval and modern period period modern and medieval and period, Árpádian century 2 were completely uncovered from the 100.000 m 100.000 the from uncovered completely were 1 2 of the of 1 The study was realised with the help help the with realised was study The 1 aus google. Karte einer auf Szólád–Öregaszó von Fundstelle prospektierte die őszöd–Temetői und (Balaton- dűlő) Ausgrabungs stelle Die 2. Abb. agoogle–map. on (Szólád–Öregaszó) Temetői dűlő) and the fi site eld-surveyed site (Balatonőszöd– excavated The 2. Fig. Balatonőszöd. TrasseM7 FundstelleAutobahn die des und Abb. 1. Karte von Ungarn mit der geplanten the and motorway, site. Balatonőszöd M7 of plan- route the ned with Hungary of Map 1. Fig. 73490. PD- F-67577and nos. grants OTKA of Balatonőszöd- 01. 2010 September T emetői dűlő Szőlád-Öregaszó www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 2 1. communal sacrifices Large 3. 2. 1. environment according to the following classification their in and them with together found material archaeological the with along analysed be will - sacrifices bloody or burials intramural as interpreted - features These features. 75 in found were skeletons and Human sphere. sacral the to belonged objects and the ansettlement, unusually large number of the featuresunearthed part). northern the settle inlayers culture-bearing Boleráz ofpatches the scattered and ment, of part southern the in phase classical older the of 925 layers layer(culture-bearing no.culture-bearing ural,anthropogenic non-nat accumulated “in-situ” with thicknesses varying in covered were features archaeological many of surfaces The pits. of bottoms the on or surface ground the diverse on built of were techniques ovens foundation and hearths individual many especially and pits were features the of majority The areas. two the separated zone ty Baden the of culture phase phases)(IIB–III stood on the more elevated classicalterritory. An emp older the of settlement the and ton, Bala the to closer territory lower northern the on found was ment frag settlement system)Nĕmejcová–Pavúková in phases (IB–C eráz Bol A fig. 19). also compare 3and (fig. material find the of analysis etery, fig. 2). on the western bank (Szólád-Öregaszó: settlement fragment or cem unearthed settlement the of image mirror the or continuation the perhaps was it and data, surface the to according extent same the form form despite the stratification,no definite dividing layercould be ob uni were pits the fillings of the that facts the by contradicted is tion supposi This pit. the up fill to time long a took it and repeated was quent layers, with asingle andones layer. subse in laid were sacrifices the which in features aspect: nological Two large groups can be differentiated from an excavation tech excavation an from differentiated be can groups large Two of inhabitants the of life daily the of elements profane the Beside the to according parts two into divided be can settlement The In the case of stratified pits it seems possible that the ceremony the that possible seems it pits stratified of case the In species (a-cattle, b-small ruminants, c-pig, d-dog). ruminants, b-small (a-cattle, species by burials) animal or sacrifices (bloody skeletons animal with features skeleton); human the beside animal an with sometimes burials, intramural or sacrifices (bloody skeletons human with features grave-goods); other and skeletons human with together often part skeletal or skeleton mal ani one than more contained that (features sacrifices communal large R-2, R-3, R R-169, floodingsilt Boleráz culturallayers R-925, Baden VIII–IX. centu ahman typef ry orest soi AD , culturallaye l r R-2 2 : / or animal or 100 m ------N natürlichen Böden. Böden. natürlichen und künstlichen mit dűlő őszöd–Temetői Abb. 3. von Bodentypenkartierung Balaton soil-types. natural and artificial highlighting dűlő Temetői Balatonőszöd– of map Soil–type 3. Fig. 2 R-3 contribution. their for grateful most am I analyses. radiocarbon the out carried Vienna) (VERA, Stadler Peter and Debrecen) (ATOMKI, Molnár Mihály and Svingor S. Éva tools, stone flaked the scribed the fishremains; Zandler de Krisztián Nagy Imre bones, animal from made tools the Gál Erika and skeletons, Vörös István animal the Vörös István Köh skeletons, human the determined ler Kitti and Zoffmann K. zsanna Zsu people: following the by vided pro were study the in used data The Boleráz Baden R-925 R-169 ­ - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 3 and amphorae. and finds (1.5 kg): Ceramic late in autumn killed ably plete); the skull and the limbs of a 1–2 months old pig. The animals were prob ten bull; incom are rest theskeleton,complete (one ages diverse of individualsyear-old sheep 3.5–4 a of skeleton infant); (1.5-year-old shards with tered plas W, the to turned face the with direction NE-SW a in position in crouched lay a 66 no. burial human of skeleton the phases): cleaning separated cially (artifi combined 2–3: Levels N. the in head the with side left the on lay dog a of skeleton the 1: Level fragments. daub with mixed strongly soil stratified compact brown greyish – red dark with in filled was It soil. forest the in ation Feature 33-34/4, (fig. IIA 4). 203, no. phase Pit cutting period winter a in performed were which ceremony-series, a of phases subsequent as terpreted in be rather can pits sacrificial stratified The another. one to close stand also layers different from measured data radiocarbon The er. the shards recovered from the subsequent levelsand could be fit skeletonstogeth the and skeletons, the of levels the between served 14 and an ox–head protomé in no. pit 1998, comp. fig. 19). 1988 no. pit in idol female 1992,a no. pit in 59 no. (burial 3155/30, cuttings in sacrifices) and animal with pits (six38–39/4, 6 cuttings 5, a 48–49/9, 10, 11 in the region of pits nos. 1085, 1228 and 1608 and in 2009 sacrificial area the same (Horváth 50/11 in cutting model house ofa thefragment and to could belong and 10 from layer 925, the female painted-incised idol in pit no. 1088 50/9 cuttings in fragments goblet 1033,further no. pit in goblet ed environment. foot broader The to suspension phic its vessel belong anthropomor handled, so-called the 743with no pit 1489,and and et al. 2007), human burials in pits nos. 744, 981, 1085, 1106, 1334, 1277 the half of a male mask (Horváth 2004), three (Horváth pile-dwellings nos. 1072-1096 Pits offering. burnt the with for used be could blood the and organs interior the only so pit sacrificial the in placed were no. 1036 were killed by wringing their The completenecks. skeletons cate the of character the offering (burntoffering?). The animals in pit indi no. 1036 pit at depositions ash and places firing Attached fice. sacri the with linked offerings feasts, ritual of remains the be could parts skeletal smaller The a). print in 20101612 (Horváth no. pit in uncovered cattle old the of horn the on observed be could yoke a 1844) are frequent among the animal Wearspecies. traces caused by 203,1362, nos. pits 1497,(in dogs and found) were lambs 1612, born new or foetuses their 1612with and sows 1036 nos. pits (in sheep bull), a (always Cattle gender. and age species, regarding varied are 1085,203,1612). nos. (pits skeletons humanskeletons animalof The composition the of characteristic is individualshuman infant young, of appearance The sacrifices. communal large contain features the of the animals. periods duction calculated theand ages natural spring asly be from itcan repro Catalogue oflarge communal sacrifices or the community. within outside from violence or warfare and atrocities to attesting proved data be with can supposition this if is question The community. the outside from or within violence supposes interpretation This 180). 1992,172–Bibliához a (Kézikönyv descriptions historical religious in mentioned sacrifices peace collective the with affiliated be can fices C date According to the archaeological finds, the character of the sacri the of character the finds, archaeological the to According 7–45/7–46/8,44/6, cuttings in outlined be can area ritualsimilar A individuals, animal and human of number high the from Judged : From skeleton: bull the deb-13244, 4440±60 : The beehive-shaped pit appeared as a large regular round discolour round regular large a as appeared pit beehive-shaped The : A completed jug, bottom and wall fragments from pots pots from fragments wall and bottom jug, completed A / winter. / cycle between late autumn and ear and autumn late between cycle a; 2010). bp: 3130–2990bp: ±60, 1 σ BC. ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 4 Abb. 4. Grube Bef. Nr. Grube 4. Abb. 203 ausgesuchtes und Fundmaterial. PitFig. 4. finds. 203 no. selected and A layers 2–3 layer 1 dog dog 1 m N 0.9 ltr layer 2–3 layer 1 B 111,12 m 109,5 m 5 cm www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 5 E 4 1 th st level level 1 m burials 67;89 layer 4 burial no.23 layer 3, layer 1 burial no.19 layer 2, 111,05 m burial N 2 nd level o . 19 5 th level N os burial N . 67,89 burials 3 rd level o . 23 material. Bef.Nr.ausgesuchtes426Fund5. und Abb. finds. 5.Fig. Pit no. 426 selected and 2 cm - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 6 were probably killed in winter animals The sheep. young three of parts skeletal sheep, old three of skeletons 16–18a of limbs cow. months old Level 4: skeleton of an 18–20 months old goat, Zoology category. high the in grouped be can skull robust a of man the of stature The 67: no. male. 33–39-year-old Burial ossa both pubis. of surfaces the on observed can be pregnancy indicating Deformations column. vertebral the of region every in vertebrae the of corpuses the of edges the on observed be can growths osteophytic Minimal hearing. reduced in resulted probably most disease The process. inflammatory an to attest sides both on observed be can that fistulae The externus. custicus tic meatuses ossifiedand got 2 blockedabout Finds acoherent unit. formed area the of features the and pit sacrificial the phases, cleaning horizontal in and section 1103,and pits nos. 986, 1104, 1105, 1126, 1127, 1145, 1146, 1147etons in subsequent The layers. related sacrificialarea: nos. Hearths and 1176.163and 168 In cross- Finds (6 cup kg):Finds adrinking of handle were excavated. sheep adult an and cattle years-old a3–3.5 of 1583 no. pit In pit. large the of 183 side no. skeleton Oven other the the on stood 1085, no. infant) pit old of side S the on was found destroyed. workers the which 5–6-year- a of skeleton (the91 no. Burial bones. animal and grains lime many Feature: (fig. III layer925,ing phase 1085 nos. –1583, 48/9,Pits 10 –49/10, cuttings 11, culture-bear under Feature: (fig. 6). 50/11, 1036, no. III Pit layer925, phase cutting culture-bearing under 67; no. From burial human Level 5: deb-13292, 4380±45 ±60, 1 14 14 Anthropology lated end-scraper. ungu handle, the and rim the on damaged dipper, a kg):(3Fragment of Finds 67. no. burial of head the of region the in and back the was on found front of the body, it faced S) and human burial no. 89 (3–4 year-old infant) which in up pulled and knees the at bent were legs the body, the of front in elbows the at bent (thewere armsside right the on position crouched a 67 in no. lying eton skeleton of and a skeletal he-goat of parts small ruminants; Level 5: human skel complete the 4: Level cow; same the of parts with arched) somewhat was body extended the of column vertebral the knee, the at was bent slightly leg right the body, the under extended was one right the body, the of front in elbow the at bent was arm left (the orientation E-W an in belly the on lying body in thrown with the skull of a cow; wasLevelone 3: no. 23extended) burial human with the left the knee, the at back bent was leg right (the up looking face the with lying man burial no. 19 with the thrown lying in on the body back in orientationa S-N Levels of the stratified sacrificial pit:Level 1: partial skeleton of bull; a Level 2: hu layers. subsequent in skeletons with and daub, and sand with mixed soil loose Feature (fig. –57/24, 56/28 IIB-III 426, no. Pit cuttings phases skeletal part of another one. The animals were probably killed in autumn and spring. and autumn in killed probably were animals The one. another of skeletal part sheep, skeleton months of a old 6–8 ram, skeleton of a newborn skeletal talof a 10–12 parts, parts months old lamb, skeleton of an 18–20 months old Zoology: adenticulate of edge. scraper Simple arrowhead; gular small jug; Fragments of a biconical smaller trian rim;pot of an everted Atypical ing wall; fragment Belly of a jug or vessel;a barque-shaped Profilefragment of a From skeleton:C date: asheep deb-13374, 4390±60 data: C

(3.5 kg): (3.5 σ BC. From charcoal; Level 4: deb-13387, 4310±50 : The quadrangular pit with rounded corners was filledwith dark brown, : Level 1: skeletal fragment of a 2–2.5 year-old bull. Levels 2–3: trunk and The round pit was filledwith solid soilmixed with ash. It contained skel Skeletonbull;adultSheeps:Two fragmentan of skeletons,skeleadult two From human burial no. 23; Level 3: deb-13277,3: 4520±60 Level 23; no. burial human From Pit no. 1085 was filledwith dark greyish – brown, compact soil with soil compact brown, – greyish dark filledwith was 1085 no. Pit Wall with bowl fragment the of fragment a of the bipartite divid 3 Burial no. 19: 52–58 year-old female. Pathology: both acous both Pathology: female. year-old 52–5819: no. Burial :

7). /

spring. / Ossarn-type cup. Ossarn-type cm from the entrance of ac porus bp: 3090–2920bp: ±60, 1

bp:3040–2920 ±45, 1 bp: 2950–2890 ±50, 1 5). / foetus foetus lamb and the bp: 3260–3110 bp: σ BC. σ BC.

σ BC. ------3 gender. the and age the mark and details in deformations pathologic the discuss 2004 Zoffmann K. in see Balatonőszöd of material pological The detailed description of the anthro . ee we Here a. - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 7 0,5 m 5 cm 5 cm NE NE 1036 0,5 m 5 cm 2. layer 1. layer 112,20 m rial. Fundmate ausgesuchtes und unmittelbare Umgebung seine 1036, Nr. Bef. 6. Abb. finds. selected and environment, its and 1036 no. Pit 6. Fig. 5 cm - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 8 Pit no. 1331, no. Pit 45 cutting shell; Pharynx arch abream. of shell; Pharynx tortoise a of Fragment cattle; old an of mandible the of Fragment dog; young Zoology: faces both on surfaces part). (lower with working quern complete Large, (pounder); quern oblique quadrangular a of Half inlay); (sickle flake Retouched scraper; transversal Notched ruminant; small a of tibia (7 Finds pit? refuse skeleton,or animal adamaged of skeleton,remains animal partial – pit the of part W the in uncovered were ribs mostly skeletons, animal Feature: (fig. Baden classical older layer925, 45/10, 1362, no. Pit culture-bearing of cutting border the on autumn in killed were probably animals The pig. young a of limb Trunk and sheep; adult an of Limb sheep; old Zoology: cleaning. during injured were legs hind the and part buttock the wall, northern the in wasfound ruminant small a of skeleton The pit. the of centre the in lay back twisted neck the with skeleton cattle a and bottom the shardson few a were There charcoal. Feature: (fig. Baden classical?) (older 925, indistinctive 1 m 1 m 1 m Fragment of a biconical bowl with an everted rim; Awl from the the from Awl rim; everted an with bowl biconical a of Fragment kg): The oval pit was filled with dark brown soil mixed with shards. Parts of with shards. mixed Parts soil brown dark with wasoval pit filled The A shallow pit filledwith dark compact, brown soilmixed with daub and Skeleton of an adult pig; Skeleton of a young dog; End of the leg of a of leg the of End dog; young a of Skeleton pig; adult an of Skeleton months 6–8 a of Skeleton foetus; cattle old months 8 an of Skeleton 1 m B / -1085 of 9, border the on 9). / winter. / under culture-bearing layer culture-bearing under 8). B B -1085, sector49/11 -1085, sector49/10 B- 1097 Fundmaterial. Abb. finds. selected and environment, its and 1085 no. Pit 7. Fig. B -1085 . Bef. 7. r 18 ud ausgesuchtes und 1085 Nr. 5 cm www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 9 The animals were probably killed in late in autumn. killed were probably animals The an adult cattle; Mandible and limb of an adult sheep; Skeleton of dog (perished). Zoology: adipper. of fragment wall; Bottom-wall dividing (1 finds Ceramic 1496.no. 147 no. Oven 1588 no. it, pit above stood it. was beside ther animal lay bones over the vertebral column of the pig. It is intersected by pit Fur crossed. legs front the up, pulled legs the with side left the on lay It pit. the of bottom the of centre the in unearthed was pig a of skeleton The lumps. lime Feature: 10). 1497, no. Pit (fig. III layer925, phase 49/12, cutting culture-bearing under The filling of the oval pit was compact, brownish, strongly mixed with mixed strongly brownish, compact, was pit oval the of filling The Skeleton of an 18–20 months old sow; Limb of an infant pig; Limb of of Limb pig; infant an of Limb sow; old 18–20months an of Skeleton Wall fragment of a bipartite bowl with a fragment of the the of fragment a with bowl bipartite a of fragment Wallkg): 0,5 m 5 cm - Abb. 8. Bef. 8. Abb. Pit no. 1331. 8. Fig. Fundmaterial. Bef. 9. Abb. 9Pit no. 1362Fig. finds. selected and Nr. 1331. r 16 ud ausgesuchtes und 1362 Nr. 5 cm 5 cm www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 10 latein autumn killed probably were animals The fragments. bone pig further pigs, of parts etal skeleton of a dog; Level 2: Partial skeletons of nine sheep of various ages; Six skel Zoology: basalt. Strongly eroded minant; A handy oval, flat sandstonepebble-like piece; Fragmentsof stone axes; ing, completed; Profilefragment of aflat cup; Awl made ofthe tibia of asmall ru (4 Finds pressed 2. level on underneath pit the Ewall the of against lay animal another of skeleton The animal. another of parts skeletal the with 1 level on side right the on lay It incomplete. was dog the of skeleton The spots. loess and charcoal and daub of lumps large with mixed sometimes soil compact brown, dark filledwith was pit The shape. beehive a into widened Feature: (fig. Baden cal classi layer925, older culture-bearing 1499, under no. Pit 46/8, cutting le inlay.le triangular flakedarrowhead; retouchedblade: sickleinlay; retouchedflake: sick ruminant; large a of rib the from made chisel ruminant; small a the of metatarsal from awl antler; deer red a of fragment a from terminals both at pointed rim, everted with interior half of channelling; dipper; a three awlsspindle-whorl; (31 Finds kg): it. waser under lay dark grey, brownish a and layer upper the was soil ashy and grey section, 1621 no. Pit1608 no. feature 925. intersected layer cross- In culture-bearing and 1781 no. pit shards.many and animal another of skeleton containedpartial the 1608: no. feature under observed was pit another of discolouration The 1608. no. pit in unearthed was skull the without animal an of skeleton The charcoal. Feature: (fig. III layer925, phase culture-bearing 44/6–45/7, under 1608,cuttings no. Pit 12). About 1/3 profile fragment of a dipper or a cup, the handle is miss is handle the cup, a or dipper a 1/3of kg): fragment About profile Animal skeletons were thrown into the round pit, which downwards which pit, round the into thrown were skeletons Animal The large pit was filled in with a mixed, compact ashy soil with some some with soil ashy compact mixed, a with in filled was pit large The Level 1: Skeleton of a 3.5–4-year-old bull; Bone fragments from the the from fragments Bone bull; 3.5–4-year-old a of Skeleton 1: Level Fragments of bipartite bowls; Fragment of a biconical bowl of an an of bowl biconical Fragmentbowls;a of Fragmentsbipartite of / 11). winter. 50 cm ------Fundmaterial Bef. 10. Abb. 10.Fig. Pit no. 1497 finds. selected and r 19 ud ausgesuchtes und 1497 Nr. 5 cm d=~220 mm www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 11 growth can be seen on an 8–10 an on seen be can growth sight). (impeded bony orbit amorphous An inside the left a bony growth and bit or right the of inside the on protuberance bony a with orbitalia, cribra strong a beside one in the left on the especially interior surfaces of both orbits developed Anthropology: completed. rim, everted an and shape truncated-cone rounded a of bowl a of half about completed; amphora, small completed; handle, pierced horizontally a with jug suspension pedestal; hollow the of fragment upper the with goblet a of fragment Cupkg): (5 finds Ceramic bones. deer red and aurochs skeletons, pig, cattle skeletons, partial 34 sheep 6: chin); level the under touched hands the knees, the at up pulled slightly legs were (the direction N-S a in side left the on extended lay It pit. the of side E the (levels 1–4): part per skeletons;8 dog level 5: skeleton human no. 45 thrown into skeletons shards. up and It subsequentin animal contained and layers: human soil. It was filledwith very compact soilmixed with daub, charcoal,animal bones Feature: (fig. Baden classical 925, older 1612, no. Pit layer 43/12, cuttings culture-bearing of 13, border the on late in autumn killed probably were animals The deer. red and hamster fish, pigs, of bones sow; 18 old months 16– a of skeleton incomplete sheep; adult an of limb ages; various of skeletons Zoology: The round pit was layer 925 dug into culture-bearing mixed with forest partial skeleton of a 16–18a of skeleton partial sheep sevenincomplete cattle; months old uil o 4: –-erod nat Ptooy uee surface uneven Pathology: infant. 6–7-year-old 45: no. Burial / winter and in spring. in winter and mm large territory beside the left linea tempo linea left the beside territory large mm 13). 0,5 m - - - Fund b. 1 Bef. 11. Abb. 11.Fig. finds. Pit no. 1499 selected and ­ma ­terial. r 19 ud ausgesuchtes und 1499 Nr. 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm 0,5 ltr www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 12 A A E NW 0,5 m B- 1608 B- 1781 B -1782 0,5 m B 110,90 m 111,13 m suchtes Fundmaterial. b. 2 Bef. 12. Abb. finds. 1608–1781 selected nos. and 12.Pits Fig. r 10–71 n ausge und 1608–1781 Nr. B- 1608 B -1608 B - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 13 A 1 m NE 1 liter 1 m level 6 level 5 level 3–4 level 1–2 layer 6 layer 1–4, B burial 45 layer 5: 5 cm 109,10 m 111,52 m dogs Fundmaterial. Bef. 13. Abb. 13.Fig. Pit no. 1612 finds. selected and 5 cm trace ofyoke r 11 ud ausgesuchtes und 1612 Nr. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 14 14 tumn in late au rochs; killed cranium red adeer.of young were probably animals The au adult an of limb pigs; young of limbs foetuses; lamb 10 of limbs ages; ious var of sheep 34 of skeletons partial and skeletons yoke; a by caused core horn a months 6–8 old bull; skull and limbs of an adult cattle with deformation on the Zoology: schädel”. toallel indicatesthe suture, lambda which the stage probably early of “Bürsten par band narrow a in observed be can Osteoporosis side. temporal the on ralis Finds: autumn. in killed were probably animals it.side The tions, the hind legs were side by side. The skeleton of a 2–2.5 years old bull lay be direc opposite in extended were forelegs the rightride, the on lay sow old years 8–10 an uncovered: were animals two of skeletons The lumps. loess and coal char some with soil grey compact with filled was It 925. layer culture-bearing Feature: (fig. Baden cal classi layer925, older 1795, no. Pit 39/5, culture-bearing cutting under autumn. in and spring in killed probably were animals The hare. young a of limb dog; adult an of skeleton ewe; adult an of limb and vertebrae foetus; pig a of vertebra a and skull pig; old 2–2.5years a 8–10 an skeleton of cattle; old years 3–3.5 a limbsof pig;months skeleton of old Zoology: side. southern the on earthed was filledwith grey compact soilwith some charcoal.Animal skeletons wereun Feature: (fig. Baden 14). indistinctive layer925, 1770, no. Pit culture-bearing of 39/5, border the on cuttings 6, ±50, 1 ±70, 1 limb of a sub-adult pig; limb of a sheep. The animals were probably killed in in killed winter. probably were animals The sheep. a of limb pig; sub-adult a of limb pig; adult an of limb pig; old months 8–10 an of skeleton cattle; a of vertebra Zoology: polisher?or pounder fragment: stone handy flat, hole; shaft the of withthe arch of a fragment axe stone a bored-through of fragment back blade; flaked ruminant; small a of tibia the from made awl jug; a of fragment upper (10 Finds rim;dippers; inverted an with bowl kg): bipartite a of fragment Profile it. beneath weremals found ani other of skeletons partial uncovered was skeleton cattle A daub. and loess Feature: (fig. III IIA-B- layer925, phases culture-bearing under 46/8, 1886, no. Pit cutting autumn. in killed were probably animals The bitch; pig. adult an of limb a of skeleton partial sheep; old months 4–6 a of limbs and skull cow; old years Zoology: bones. animal with other together pit the of bottom the on uncovered was skeleton cattle bent A loess. and daub charcoal, some with mixed soil brown with filled was 1844 no. Pit 1844. no. pit 1869intersected no. Feature: (fig. 41/3, Baden cutting 1844, no. Pit indistinctive C data: C /

Half of a conical spindle-whorl (fig. aconical of spindle-whorl Half 15 σ BC; from a sheep skeleton, lower level: deb-13380, 3550±50 σ BC (measurement error: the sample must have been contaminated). must have been (measurementσ BC sample the error: winter and in spring. in winter and 17). The shallow, beehive-shaped pit was dug into forest soil mixed with mixed soil forest into dug was pit beehive-shaped shallow, The A combined cross-section was made from pits nos. 1844 and 1869: Pitand 1844 nos. pits from made was cross-section combined A From a dog skeleton, upper layer: deb-13412,layer: upper skeleton, 4440±70 dog a From The pit was dug into forest soil mixed with culture-bearing layer 925. layer waspit It The intodug with culture-bearing mixed soil forest The round pit was filled in with loose dark brown soil mixed with some with some mixed brown soil dark within wasloose pit filled round The Upper levels: Upper skeletons Skeleton of a more than 4 years old bull; partial skeleton of a 3.5–4 3.5–4 a of skeleton partial bull; old years 4 than more a of Skeleton Skeleton of a 3.5–4 years old cow; limb of an adult cattle; limb and and limb cattle; adult an of limb cow; old years 3.5–4 a of Skeleton Skeleton of a of bull;3–3.5 year-old a mandible 2–3 months old cattle; 15 a, b).a, / partial skeletons partial of 8 dogs; Level 6: skeleton of c). 16).

bp: 3140–2990bp:

bp:1960–1860 ------Abb. 14.Abb. Bef. 14.Fig. Pit no. 1770. Abb. 15.Abb. Bef. 15.Fig. Pit no. 1795 find. selected and 0,5 m 5 cm Nr. 1795 Fund. und Nr. 1770. 0,5 m b a c www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 15 c b a placed were skeletons the (extramural), settlement p. 43, 44). Balatonőszöd-Temetői1,(tablethe siteat dűlőAge Copper Late the site the at burials Human a. skeletons human with Features 2. ment pit? ritual function; pit; gravewith a secondary dug for a burial; punish pit refuse function: uncertain an of pits in found were they that say only can we cases sacrificial certain In skeletons). stratified animal (in with together contexts pits, ritual within - in - cases or of burials number a separate as (intramural) settlement the within pits Accordingly, three groups could differentiated: be them. beside placed were grave-goods no and pit the into thrown evidently were corpses the care, any receive not did individuals of oval group contrast,a (grave?)–pitsIn surface. rectangular theto close or shallow in lay they cases of number a In them. beside placed food, feast for the (animalotherworld bones) and otherwere objects companions, animal position, crouched a in arranged were bodies These furniture. grave the and skeletons human the of positioning the from afterlife the for them prepared and respect special with ed Boleráz settlement centre, settlement classidated whilethe the older from pits Boleráz phase Boleráz were dug in of part thethe in settlement northern the the of pits the settlement: entire the for sketched was that situation demonstrated that the distribution of the pits generally matched the complete beside tons found skeletons 744, be nos. can (pits 981). 1236,744,426,1277, nos. skele (pits partial 1489), pit and same the tain overlapping: e.g. crouched and thrown in skeletons can occur in Instead of being buried in a regular cemetery separated from the the from separated cemetery regular a in buried being of Instead The skeletons of 67 individuals from 38 features can be ingrouped We tried to separate the individuals whom the community treat community the whom individuals the separate to tried We The The classification madeon thebase oflogical reasoning shows cer The more exact dating of the features with human skeletons has skeletons human with features the of dating exact more The ntne o ps-otm sca? mnpltos faue ns 1228,1334, 1915, nos. 2327, 2236, features 268. 2480, manipulations: (sacral?) post-mortem of instances 2102, 2116, 2363, 2614, 2344, 2635, 2800. grave-goods): (?),962(?) 1617442 with nos. pits (?), 1657, position 1823, 1896 (?), crouched 1992, 2019, regular 2058(?), a (in burials intramural 1099, 1106, 1236, 1277,1612,1085,1099,981, 1489, 744, 1649,426, 1832.411 (?), 203, nos. features pit): the into thrown point 1 under grave-goods, skeletons without and conditionally discussed corpses human with pits (multi-component sacrifices bloody 0,5 m

/

thrown into into thrown - - - - - Abb. 16.Abb. Bef. 16.Fig. Pit no. 1844. Abb. 17.Abb. Bef. 17.Fig. Pit no. 1886. 0,5 m Nr. 1886. Nr. 1844. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 16 more exact dating because of the above dating listedexceptions. because exact more dating,theposition ofthefeatures wasnot considered sufficient a for served in the burials by aspects: various served by side in thissidebyinperiod(Horváth 2009 identitiesindependentBadensidelivedcommunitiesand Boleráz of chronolog 3300 and the between 3100 ical time-span in whichcal BC, thatsuggests two areas settlement Baden the and Boleráz the between ples illustrate that there existed a spatial and chronologicalexam few later the classicalof These phase. settlement the of territory overlapping featureitself was dug at the time of the Balaton–Lasinja culture on the stratedthat itcould rather begrouped demon in1099the Boleráz no.phase, whilewell the in uncovered 70 no. skeleton of measurement nos. 2019, 2058, 2116, 2236 pits of burials werethe centre,and Boleráz alsothe in found was discoveredphase, classical there. The radiocarbon finds theradiocarbon tothe and measurements dates olderfrom the centre (fig. of the classical settlement Baden 18). the in settlement, the of part southern the in found were Baden cal valuable finds and we did not have the opportunity to carry out a out carry to opportunity the have not did we and finds valuable

In the following, we try to identify and classify the regularities ob regularities the classify and identify to try we following, the In There are, however, a few exceptions.426,accordingwhichhowever,no.feware,TherePit a

1 249

2494?

203

5 263

261

5 259

263

4

259

1 258

0 280

2 6

b).containnotdidpitsWhenthe

6 223

3 236

2 177

4 234

0 177

7 232

? 223

9 176

4 222

6 179

0 186

201

5 179

206

4 179

8 198

2 161

6 211

210

9

0

5 191

205

1 184

4 165

9 183

5 182

1780?

189

2

8

2 199

9 184

6

458

234

2 183

3 182

1649?

7 184

4 184

1 121

1

? 647

? 654

3 184

3 122

9 139

6 123

? 639

1362

426

7 165

497

148

8 133

6 185

140

7 123

1 133

133 9

14 2

C-

6 153

4

127

1 143

- - - -

158

? 411

9 149

9 189

6 188

276

7

4 190

8 108

7 161

3

1 145

6 45/sector

5 108

981

?

7 149 744

krales Gefäß oder Objekt. oder Gefäß krales sa - grün - Tiergrab, - blau rot Menschengrab, Legende: Opfergruben. der tierung Kar dűlő: Balatonőszöd–Temetői 18. Abb. green: object. or vessel sacral burial, animal blue: burial, man hu - Red Key: features. sacrificial the of Fig. 18. Balatonőszöd–Temetői dűlő: map

9 109

3 114

1072-1096

6 110

9 107

20 ház 20

3 149

6 103

22 ház 22

23 ház 23

989

109 0

50 m

334

? 578

? 962

271 ? N - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 17 a toindividuals according burials of Number e d c b a burials: tothe related tophenomena According c b a skeleton: the of position tothe According d c b a uncovering: at skeletons the of condition tothe According e d c b only in the older classical inonly the older phase. found were bones limb and skull 1334,individual no. while pit from Skull fragments occurred only in the early (IB–C–IIA) phases apart apart phases (IB–C–IIA) early the in only occurred fragments Skull 62, 66, 74,62, 66, 79, 85, 91 pit?); single a no.71 in skull + skeletons (two 50, 52, 48. 53, 59, 58, 56, 60, a single individual in one feature: burials nos. 2, 4, 10, 26, 27, 41, 42, 44, 45, 1236 –1237; 1334 –1331; 1832 –1839, 1841. burial cattle in the of vicinity direct a human burial: pits nos. 1085 – 1583; starting burial, the no. 1489of pit level: no. 1495. same –pit the from pit the beside soil ashy with filled pit shallow a 1106 no. 27, –burial no. no.1122. posthole: pit skeleton: human a with pit the beside found be can posthole a 41, 48–71, 74, 66, 58, 79, 88. 27, nos. burials fragments: ceramic burnt with together 35, 36, 37, 39,38, ashy an layer in or under burning, of traces with found was skeleton the 1085, nos. pits 1106, it: with nection 1228. con direct in skeleton, human a with feature the to next oven/hearth 47, 52 (?), 63, 69, 70, 72, 75, 81, 87. 82,86, 83, 84, thrown in: burials nos. 2, 10, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 38, 43, 45,44, 46– 20, 26, nos. 28 burials position: afrog in –legs laid 59, 62 60, (?), 67–89, 66, 74, 79, 85, 91. (?). 37,35, 58, 32, 56, 4, 53,39, 50,41, (?),nos. 48 burials 42, crouched: – laid human limb fragments without any connection: burials nos. 90, 92. 90, nos. burials any connection: without fragments limb human 93. 73, 88, 68, 34, nos. burials fragments: skull separated?). originally skull the was or soil by the absorbed were bones skeletal the 71baby: a (skullof 33,22, 64–65, 36, nos. burials skulls: only 27, nos. burials cleaning: during situ in 35,observed 53. column vertebral the and head the between vertebrae cervical of lack 6–87. 86 69–70–72–75–81–82–83–84– nos. burials feature: one in individuals ten (+ (there skeletons seven be 95),could no. 36?). skull only 35–36–37–38–39 nos. skeletons feature: one in individuals five no. 426. pit in levels 19–23–67–89subsequent in nos. burials feature: one in individuals four 46–47.nos. skeletons 64–65; nos. skulls + 43–63 31–32 nos. 33; no. skeletons skull + 24–24tons nos. 28–29; nos. skeletons no. nos. + 90; skeletons limb bone in one feature: individuals 20–21nos. skeletons two + skull no. 22; skele 4 . / feature: - - 4 of multiple burials. multiple of was in followed the aspect same case human The here. grouped complete also are skeleton a beside skele found were individual the another of only parts tal where cases The - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 18 j i h g f e d c b a grave-goods: tothe according Burials g f e d c b a age: and by gender Burials a (Fig. 19): burials the of dating fine pits: the in uncovered finds tothe According into purposes. for they other pit: the sacrificial notwere used placed were they used, been had they after and scene sacrificial the suggest that the tools used during the ceremonies were prepared on hole axe) found in the pits among the flaked andpolished stone tools A number of workshop finds (cores, waste, bore core of a shaft- a of core bore waste, (cores, finds workshop of number A bone tools: in pits nos. 1085, nos. pits in 1649, tools: bone 2327 2236, . no. feature no. 2327.1228; feature in stone soldering pitch in weight 2058; no. feature in pounders 2327; 2058, 1832, 1106, nos. features in querns 1334, 1832, 2327;nos. features in polishers: 1085, 1228,nos. 1915,features in axes: stone tools: 2102; stone polished nos. features 426,in tools: stone flaked 744, 1489, 1823, 2019, 2614. 1489 nos. features 2480. in and grave-good: whorl spindle no. 2363, pit 2058, 2327–2346. skeleton: ahuman beside lump ochre 2102, nos. features in ladle: 2327. 2635, 2668. 2614, 2480, 2363, 2344, 2327–2346,2102,2116,2019, 2236, 1992,2058, 426, 203, 981, nos. 1085, 1106, features 1334, in 1489, 1612, skeletons human 1617, beside 1649, found 1657, were 1823, shards 1832, 1896, 1915, 41, nos. burials skeleton: human over the packing 53,ceramic 66. bones: fish 1362,2327. skeleton?),sheep 2614 and accompanying (perhaps cattle sheep?), 2635; accompanying 1657, 1915 (perhaps 1649, (?), 1106 nos. pits erworld?): oth the in feast a of (remains skeleton human a to next bones animal bones. animal other and no. 1896: pit male with a pit no. pig; with a 2344: well female calf; no. 1099: dog sheep?; with male 1106: no. pit animal): totem or companying animal skeleton with together a human skeleton in the same feature (ac 2,10, 4, nos. 87. burials 86, 23, skeletons: 60, missing 29, 65,73. 34, gender: 68, undeterminable of adults 27, nos. burials males: 37a, 41, 53, 67, 58, 72, 75, 95. 79, 81, 82, 88. burials nos. 19,females: 20, 24, 26, 28 (?), 31, 37 2102 nos. tons; pits in 2800. and corpses; in no.pit 2058, 1915 nos. in pits and 1832 skele infant each two animal with layers, 1612 203,subsequent nos. in pits in lay infants only 62, 70, 63, 85, 66, (?), 83, 86 84, 87 (?), 89, 91. 47, 56, 52,39,21,46, 45, 43, 35,36, 33,29,32, nos. 48, 25, burials infants: 71. 38, nos. burials babies: newborn 2346, 2614);2346, IB phase Boleráz the in grouped are features 4 b, 42, 50, 44, 59, 69,64, 74, / C (1099 (?), 2102,(1099(?), C 2327– - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 19 Abb. 19.Abb. Balatonőszöd–Temetői Boleráz der dűlő. Kartierung Fig. 19.Fig. Boleráz the Balatonőszöd–Temetői site with the dűlő.of Map 2019 2019 -4445 BP -4445 BP 50 m 50 m -4220/4220 BP -4220/ 2060 2060

N 4220 N BP 2058 2058 2614 2614 -4110 BP -4110 BP 2689 2689 2116 2116 2596 2596 426 2635 2635 -4440 BP -4440 BP -4520 BP -4380 BP -4380 BP -4520 BP -4330 BP -4330 BP 2584 2584 2346 2346 2327 2327 -4680 BP -4550 BP 2236 / Baden-Zeitstellung und und Baden-Zeitstellung 1489 1489 1612 1612 -4440 BP -4440 BP -4220 BP -4220/ 1096 1096 1072 1072 203 -4440 BP -4440 BP / 4P 1036 1036 Baden periodisation and and periodisation Baden -43690 BP -4360 BP 1668 1668 -4390 BP -4390 BP 1099 1099 --4480 BP -4470 BP -4470 BP -4480 BP 14 C-Daten. 1143 1143 -4220 BP -4220/ 4P 14 C-data. Baden-Kostolac Baden III−IV Baden IIB−III Baden IIA−B Early BadenIB−C−IIA Boleráz IB−C at Tr ansitional IIA ypical Baden www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 20 der the thighbones. It lay on the back. the on It lay thighbones. the der un bent were legs The N. the to looked face the orientation, W-E a had It chest. the on bent hands the and legs flexed with pit the of bottom the on lay female) not containfrom thefindsapart skeleton.burialHuman no. old years 26 (40–46 Feature: culture? (fig. 56/9, Baden cutting 962, no. Pit is missing. orbit left the ectocranial fusion is phase III. A strong cribra the sutures, orbitalialambdoidal and sagittal the can of belength seen entire onthe thein suture, right coronal the side, of cranial the sutures: on edges the at observed can be fusion premature Pathology: blycaused impairment of hearing on the right side. Burial 21: 9–11 years old infant. area on the interior surface of the bone above the petrous bone. The disease proba about 1.5 an on porous became surface the ossified, was passage Anthropology: no. 743 beside it contained an anthropomorphic suspension amphora. single skull.a No otherwas valuable22 find no. material Burial was E. uncoveredfacing beside direction the human bones.S-N Pit a in position extended an in ly right knee rested on human skull no. 22 found under it. Burial no. 21 lay on the bel skeleton The ing S. legs The lay on the were back. inThe up pulled a frog-position. fac head the with oriented W-E was 20 no. burial Human grains. charcoal with Feature (fig. Baden classical?) (older 925, indistinctive 51/13, 744, no. Pit cutting under close to lay head. the fragments bone Animal was right the one extended. bent, the legs were bent to the right and pulled up higher than the trunk, the left leg was wastwisted tothe theleft, armstwo were bent andpulled inupfront ofthe face, mixed with thrown The loess. in human skeleton no. 10 trunk The lay on the back. soil compact brown dark with in filled was 647 no. pit 647. round no. The feature which had probably come from trench no 383 of the same age, which intersected Feature: 647, no. Pit 54/27, cutting culture? (fig. Baden uncovered. finds valuable were other No over legs. the lay bones N. The arms were bent at the the elbows, legs were up, strongly pulled the thigh face withthe to the direction W-E a in right side the on crouched lay 4 no. burial Feature: Pit no. 442, cutting 58/22, Baden culture? (fig. Baden 58/22, cutting 442, no. Pit up. pulled legswere the strongly trunk, the along wasarm extended right the body, the under bent was arm left The SW.to turned head the forwards, shards and animal bones. The thrown in body lay on the belly with the indistinctive few face a beside lay 2 no. burial human oriented N-S The daub. much lookingand Feature: 411, no. Pit 55/21, cutting culture? (fig. Baden Catalogue offeatures with human skeletons f e d c b 2 pits are grouped in phases II A-B (1832, A-B II phases in grouped are 2 pits 2058). 1657, 1896, 1915); 1277,1236, 962, 1617,(744, here grouped conditionally are pits more 8 1106, 1228, IIB 1334, 1489, phase 1612, classical 1649, older 2019, the 2116); in grouped are pits 11 A(203, II phase in 1823, grouped are 5 pits 1992, 2480); 2236, burials) tramural in regular be to seem them of most 2800; 2635,2668, 2363, 2344, 442, 7 more here are pits owing grouped to conditionally (411,their locations : The round beehive-shaped pit was filled with compact brown soil mixed The filling of the pit contained shards from the late Migration Period, Period, Migration late the from shards contained pit the of filling The The round pit was filled with brown, compact, uniform soil and it did did it and soil uniform compact, brown, with filled was pit round The Human loess. with mixed soil brown light with filled was pit oval The The oval pit was filled with dark brown, compact soil with some charcoal charcoal some with soil compact brown, dark with filled was pit oval The Burial no. 20: 17–22 years old female. Pathology: the right auditory auditory right the Pathology: 17–22 female. 20: old no. years Burial / on the border of culture-bearing layer culture-bearing of border the on 24). 20). 22). 23). 21). / III (426, 981, 1085,981, (426, III cm x 1.5x cm cm large large cm ------Abb. 20.Abb. Bef. 20.Fig. Pit no. 411. Abb. 21.Abb. Bef. 21.Fig. Pit no. 442. 25 cm 50 cm Nr. 442. Nr. 411. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 21 1 classical Baden (fig. Baden classical 981, no. Pit 51/12, cuttings layer925, older 13, culture-bearing under 14 87: n. burial lifted. be skeleton not could human the lifted. be skeletonnot could human the 86: no. burial infant 84: no. infans (ca of burial Iage old). 5years 83: no. old).burial years infant (8–9 infans of age II 82: no. burial (48–56 mature female. old) years Sjøvold. and Bach to Pearson, accordingeven high statureis The female. old) 81: no. years burial (34–40 adult caused by muscles. overstressed were probably calcanei the and patellae the on growths bony pin-shaped The old). years (44–52 male 75: mature no. burial old). years 72: no. (34–43 burial male adult-mature 70: no. burial infant (ca. infans of age II 13–14 old). years overstress. by generated probably were which calcanei, both on observed be can growths Anthropology: 70, 72; 2: 75, layer nos. 81; 87) 3: 82, layer 86, nos. 83, shaft. 84, narrow the in the bottom. The uncovered 10 burials got entangled in three layers (layer 1: nos.skeletons 69, were placed in it on the top and human sacrifices and a dog were put on well shaft was at re-opened the time of the Baden culture: animal bones and partial The culture. Balaton-Lasinja the in grouped be can kg) (7 material ceramic its and Feature: (fig. Baden? 26). classical 925, older layer 49/10, no. 1099 1, no. no. Pit –well cutting culture-bearing under (2Finds kg): pot. complete Small, 90. no. thighbone human the nape the of area the in was found head The chest. the of region the in skeleton, female the under side left the on lay infant) old years (2–325 no. burial Human orientation. NW SE- a in 24 no. (16–18belly the burial on human lay in female) thrown old years Feature: from human skeleton no. 70:deb-13379, no. skeleton human from date: C 4480±70 σ BC. 5 cm 50 cm The amorphous pit was filled with brown soil with loess grains. The feature feature The grains. loess with soil brown with filled was pit amorphous The The round pit was filled with brown soil mixed with some daub. The The daub. some with mixed soil brown with filled was pit round The Burial no. 69: adult (25–34 years old) female. Pin-shaped bony bony Pin-shaped female. old) years (25–34 adult 69: no. Burial / back of the woman. No more skeletal parts were found with found were parts skeletal more No woman. the of back 50 cm 25). bp: 3340–3090 ±70, 3340–3090 bp: Abb. 24.Abb. Bef. 24.Fig. Pit no. 962. 23.Abb. Bef. 23. PitFig. no. 744. 22.Abb. Bef. Pit no. 647. 22. Fig. A Nr. 962. Nr. 744. Nr. 647. NE 0,5 m 109,73 m B www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 22 The animals were probably killed in spring. in killed were probably animals The months of a skeleton. old pig;dog part and limb of sheep; adult a mandible 4–6 Zoology: Zoology: Kustár). (by skull Ágnes preserved excellently the of made been long trail runs on the lateral side of the A bone. face reconstruction (fig. 27 1.4x 1.4 and cm 1.6 x cm 1.6 touching two femur, left the On lower. somewhat ca 7 cm long on the frontal side, 2 side, frontal the on long cm 7 ca is erosion the femur, right the On surface. coarse and uneven with always but of the both especially rightfemurs, one, with definite, sometimes vagueoutlines sides medial the and frontal the on seen be can surfaces eroded Long mation. inflam of traces superficial without tibia right the of edge frontal the on seen be can depression a by surrounded protuberance bony A Pathology: process. ed incisives, the strong abrasion of which is due probably to some kind of a work abrad more much the from apart 2 stage is Abrasion rudimentary. are M3 two Anthropology: on the shoulder and incised oblique lines on the belly (fig. belly the on lines 27 incised oblique and shoulder the on 27 (fig. channelling by decorated jug handled a of fragment (1.5Lower kg): Finds 162, 1122 no. posthole and 1106. no. pit intersected was discovered (1122). the pit the NW side of on posthole Pit no. 1106 shallow A oven no. intersected head. the around bones animal vertebrae were cervical There missing. The were angle. right a at opened and elbows the at bent were arms the crouched, were legs The head. the around burning of traces definite and N the to face the with position in thrown a in orientation S-N a in belly the on lay 27 no. burial Human bones. charred with ashy was skeleton, the tained con which layer, lower the while loess, and matters organic with mixed mus hu grey brownish-yellowish was pit the of layer upper the cross-section, In soil. Feature (fig. 27a–d): The round, pit beehive-shaped was filledin with grey, ashy Baden. cal classi layer925, 1106, no. Pit older 49/10, cutting culture-bearing under b 1); hemispherical bowl of an inverted rim with a row double of stabbed dots cm large traces can be found on the frontal edge and a longitudinal 6 cm 6 longitudinal a and edge frontal the on found be can traces large cm skeletal part of an about 2 years old cattle; skull and limbs of a sub- a of limbs and skull cattle; old years 2 about an of part skeletal Burial no. 27: 23–27 years old male. Teeth (fig. 27 (fig. Teeth male. old years 27:23–27 no. Burial 50 cm 2.8 and edge interior the along cm 0,6 ltr 5 cm b 2). c): The upper upper The c): cm long long cm d) has cm - - - - - Fundmaterial. Bef. 25. Abb. finds. 25.Fig. Pit no. 981 selected and r 91 n ausgesuchtes und 981 Nr. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 23 Fig. 26.Fig. Pit no. 1099 –Well no. 1. 83 70 bones Animal N 69 50 cm

50 cm

J

u g 5 cm Jug Balaton-Lasinja SL+111,23 ground water Abb. 26.Abb. Bef. level level 82; 84 69 84 Nr. 1099 Nr. –Brunnen 1 72 70 69 82 83 84 72 70 SL+111,45 14 50 cm C N 82 84 83 www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 24 which isavariantwhich of characteristic anaemia. of “Bürstenschädel”, so-called the of phase early the marks cranium the of walls the on observed porosity the Pathology: infant. old 15–17 years 29: no. burial orbits. both interior surfacesof the on observed vein impressions can be on the orbit, left while the right orbit is fragmentary. Each two parallel, very deep observed be can orbitalia cribra strong a Pathology: quarter. lower the of start the at humerus left the of edge lateral the on found be can growth bony sharp Anthropology: covered 1237 no. pit in to 1236. no. pit next SW The facedirection. looked up, the legs were up. pulled A cattle burial was un NE- a in back the on lay It pit. the into thrown also was It 28. no. burial of pelvis the under found was 29 no. burial Human position. frog a in were feet the up, pit. It lay on the the faceThe trunk back was in direction. a extended, looked S-N the into thrown was 28 no. burial Human another. one across human lying two skeletons from apart finds no contained It grains. loess and charcoal with Feature: 28). (fig. Baden 42/4-43/5, 1236, no. Pit indistinctive cuttings weight. anthropomorphic small axe; dle; fragment of a small cup/bowl; handled edge fragment of stone a shaft-hole Finds (6Finds kg): 1256, 1258,1228, 1259, nos. 1263, pits 1266,190-191 1270 and nos. 1271 and Ovens 1228. aunit. form no. pit of discolouration the der 1258, nos. Features ashcharcoal.withdaub, and 1259 1263 and un found were compact, black, – reddish dark was filling The surfaces. rounded and sizes tical bone (human burial no. 92, adult male) thigh and a human heap of small a river pebbles weight, of iden anthropomorphic an contained it culture, Baden the Feature: Baden. cal classi layer925, older culture-bearing 44/9, 1228,under no. Pit cutting ab d The round pit was filled with dark reddish black compact soil mixed mixed soil compact black reddish dark with filled was pit round The The amorphous large pit intersected pit no. 1270. no. pit intersected pit large of amorphous finds many The Beside Fragment a of withsmall jug missing areas in the the rim han and Burial no. 28: Burial 16–18 female(?). old years Anatomical variation: a 1 c 2 ------d Grab 27: Gesichtsrekonstruktion. Oberkiefers; des 27:Fotofgrafie Grab c ssel; 1106:Schü 2 Henkelkanne, einer Scherbe 1 Abb. 27. Abb. Bef. a no. 27:d burial reconstruction. face c no. burial 27: jaw., of upper photograph bowl; 2 jug, handled of no. 1106:fragment 1 pit of finds b 1106; no. Pit a 27. Fig. Nr.1106,Bef. aus Funde b Nr. ­ www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 25 sandstone. terminal, raised a with quern large a of fragment half about ed-cone-shaped; truncat rounded is belly the everted, strongly thinned, is is rim it the of complete, half than more bowl, completed worn, very damaged, are handle and the bottom the jug, handled pot-shaped completed missing; are handle the Finds (2.5 Finds 1334. no. pit of bottom the on heap asmall in lay skull the topof the of and cattle sheep) (parts and mal bones human skull fragment no. 34 lying on ani Shards, uniform. was filling their since pit single a be could which features, shallow two the of left was cross-section 1372. common no. A pit intersected It Feature: (fig. 30 IIB layer925, phase 1334, no. Pit 45/8, culture-bearing 9, under cuttings column. vertebral the of thoracic the region on observed be not can which vertebrae, lumbar the of surfaces the on observed be can abrasion Pathology: category. low extremely the in belongs individual gracile very the Anthropology: wall. kg):(2 Finds skeleton 31. no. of Nside the on lay infant) old years 33(3 no. burial Human S. facing direction W-E a in S the in no. 32 burial infant) (8 Human up. old the right it was of front in years lay pulled in a W-S withdirection the face towardlooking the leg The wasleft earth. flexed, belly the on lying skeleton in thrown a 31was no. burial Human charcoal. and Feature: (fig. Baden cal 1277, no. Pit classi layer 925, older 48/13, culture-bearing cutting under 0,5 m a). The The amorphous pit was filledwith soilcompact mixed with lime lumps. The oval pit was filled with dark grey soil mixed with ceramics, daub daub ceramics, with mixed soil grey dark with filled was pit oval The

kg): Wall fragment of a bipartite bowl with a fragment of the dividing dividing the of fragment a with bowl bipartite a of fragment Wall Fragment of a pot-shaped handled jug, the wall, the rim and and rim the wall, the jug, handled pot-shaped a of Fragment Burial no. 31: 34–40 years old female. The calculated stature of of stature calculated The female. old years 31: no. 34–40 Burial 29). 0,5 m 5 cm - - - - Abb. 28. Bef. 28. Abb. Pit no. 1236. 28. Fig. Abb. 29.Abb. Bef. 29.Fig. 1277 finds. ceramic and Nr. 1277 Keramik. und Nr. 1236. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 26 pulled up knees. It was found under skeleton no. 37 in the N part of the centretheskeletonofwas Itunderfound of 37 no. knees. part up N the pulledin embracedthehands position.The crouchedstrongly a in sideright the on lay It skeleton no. 37, on its chest. Human burial no. 39 had a N-S orientation facing W. The arms lay along the trunk, the legs were pulled up on the right side. It lay over ialno. 38 orientation.hadW-Ea skeleton extended The laytheon backfacing S. the bones, a microlithic arrowhead was found wedged in a vertebra. Human bur of cleaningthe After pit.centrethe the oforiented inskeleton E-W lay The sides. were turned to the N, opposite direction to the face, the arms were opened to the rightthefacedlegstheside,itlegsthewere stronglyupon pulled S, back, the on lay 35:Itburnt.no.stronglywas burial it of knees the 37at no.foundwasburial or had it originally been defective?). A thick burnt layer was petrified on it. Human andthe gers cervical vertebrae were also found (had the skeleton removed been fin the of bones The pit.the oftoward bottomface N, theskullwiththetheto a of fragmentsthe knees: its at was36 no. burial Human trunk. the along tended was strongly tilted back, the cervical vertebrae were incomplete. The arms lay ex head the knees, the at up pulled were legs the pit, the into thrown was it as back daub few a and grains.burialHuman no. 35 followed loess thesideSthe ofpit. the It onrightlay side/ with grey compact was filling the Underneath, shards. with mixed grains daub and charcoal loess, some with brown light compact, pit wasthe of layer with mixed grey filled withsoil charcoal. upper compact The compact greyish brown soil. Round pit no. 1495, which was dug on its E side, was Feature: 48/13 –49/14, (fig.30 IIB phase layer925, cuttings 1489-1495, nos. Pits culture-bearing of border the on a The round, beehive-shaped pit was dug in forest soil. It was filled with filled was It soil. forest in dug was pit beehive-shaped round, The 0,5 m 5 cm b). 5 cm 0,5 m - - - ausgesuchtes Fundmaterial. Bef. a 30. Abb. finds. selected and 1489 no. pit 1334,b no. Pit a 30. Fig. b Nr. 1334, b Bef. 1334,b Nr. 1 cm Nr. 1489 und und 1489Nr. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 27 orbilatia can be observed on both sides. both on observed can be orbilatia Anthropology: condition. It adamaged wasin E. ing found Feature: Feature: (fig. Baden classical?) (older 1617, no. Pit layer925, indistinctive 49/12, cutting culture-bearing under 2750 ±35, 1 temporary to other wounds that caused the death of the individual. the tothatof wounds caused death other the temporary be bone con of could fracture the The healing. during developed inflammation no and displaced not were bone fractured the of ends The ribs. lower the of one 37. Pathology no. to burial of skull the provebelong not could that they vertebrae cervical The bones. skeletal of fragments the of composed is it male: mature 95:A no. burial 39: no. infant; infant. old burial old year 6–7 years 38: no. ±0,00 burial to average the category. belonged (37 female the of bones skeletal The out. carried be could analysis an nor struction (37 male the of skull The Description: “37”. marked package a in together packed were 36 no. infant of bones skeletal the of fragments and female a of bones skeletal the male, a of skull (b): the female old years 26–32(a) and male 37: old no. 23–27 years burial 36: no. infantburial infans of Iage. 35: no. Burial 10–12Anthropology: infant. old years aslightly skeleton 37 no. of concave of vertebra the rowhead basefrom 14 (1 Finds (1 baby, 2males) and pit. the in 1female 3infants, newborn individuals 7 of remains differentiatedanthropologicalanalysis the The pit. the C date: date: C b) were better preserved and afforded the calculation of the stature, which stature, the of calculation the afforded and preserved better were b) about half of a spindle-whorl; slightly barbed, triangular flaked ar flaked triangular slightlybarbed, spindle-whorl; a of kg):half about Human burial no. 62 lay in a crouched position in a W-E direction fac direction W-E a in position crouched a in lay 62 no. burial Human from the skeleton of female no. 37 no. female of skeleton the from σ BC. : a healing fracture can be closeobserved to the sternal terminal of Burial no. 62: 14–15 years old infant. Pathology: a slight cribra slight a Pathology: infant. old 14–1562: years no. Burial a) was so scaled and incomplete that neither a recon a neither that incomplete and scaled so was a) 31). 0,5 m b: deb-13389,4200±35 b: bp: 2810– bp: b. - - - - Abb. 31.Abb. Bef. 31.Fig. Pit no. 1617. Fundmaterial. Bef. 32. Abb. finds. 32.Fig. Pit no. 1649 selected and 5 cm Nr. 1617. r 14 ud ausgesuchtes und 1649 Nr. 0,5 m 1 cm www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 28 no. 1825–1826.no. pit in it wasstorageskeletonjar. uncovered beside large a sheep of A fragments the with covered were legs the and chest The up. pulled were legs The N. facing side, right the on crouched direction W-E a in lay 41 no. burial Human lumps. Feature: (fig. IIA phase 41/6, 1823, no. Pit cuttings layer925, Baden 7, culture-bearing under late in autumn killed weremals probably ani The cat. wild and sheep cattle, of fragments bone bull; adult an of bones Zoology: os the pubis. on observed can be causedformations by pregnancy De right the side. on started growth bony similar A magnum. overforamen the hangs which surface, articulation the from starting occipitalis condylus left the lar bony can growth be found on the base of the occipital on the interior edge of which which was probably due to a work process. Pathology strong on istically of the the very bones arms gracileof the individual, otherwise character are muscles the of reliefs adhesion The category. average low the in Anthropology: legs. of of the were cattle lifting human skeleton, After uncovered parts the under knees. the at bent slightly were legs The arm. lower left the under well, as right the skull, the at was hand left The N. facing side left the to tilted extended, was skeleton oriented W-E The pit. the in thrown were was 42 bones no. burial animal Human and found. human Only grains. loess and charcoal with mixed Feature: 1657, no. Pit (fig. 41/3,33). Baden cutting indistinctive Zoology: 65: no. burial male. adult build. arobust of female mature 64: no. burial 63: no. burial infant infans of age. II skull. face the in preserved well the of observed can be deviation Anthropology: ulna. acattle from made awl ruminant; asmall of metacarpal (1 Finds pit. the of S side the on lay 65 and 64 nos. skulls Human position. crouched a in were legs ly, the bel the on lay it directed, N-S was It 43. no. burial beneath found was 63 no. al buri Human one. right the over lay leg left the up, pulled were legs the belly, side/the left the on lay It downwards. head the with position totallytwisted a in lay It body. in thrown a was pit the of part N the in 43 no. burial Human daub. Feature: (fig. 32). IIB 1649, no. 43/8,Pit phase cutting 0,5 m Half of a bowl of an everted rim, completed; awl made from the the from made awl completed; rim, everted an of bowl a of Half kg): The oval pit was filledwith brown compact, soilmixed with burnt daub The oval pit was dug into forest soil. It was filled with dark brown soil soil brown dark with filled was It soil. forest into dug was pit oval The The oval pit wasbeehive-shaped filledwith dark brown soilmixed with Four distal limb bones of an 18–20 months old cow; four distal limb limb distal four cow; old months 18–20 an of bones limb distal Four Limb of an adult bull; mandible of an adult sheep; limb of adog. of limb sheep; adult an of bull; mandible adult an of Limb 34). Burial no. 43: 14–16 years old infant. Pathology: a strong septal strong 43:a 14–16 no. Pathology: infant. Burial old years Burial no. 42: 39–43 years old female. The calculated stature is stature calculated The female. old years 39–43 42: no. Burial / winter. : A ca. 0.5 cm long triangu ------Abb. 33.Abb. Bef. 33.Fig. Pit no. 1657. Nr. 1657. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 29 wound but it cannot be told if he received them at the same time. received same toldifhe atthe them it cannot be but wound of the It bones. without healed Theinflammation. man seems surfaces tohave every survived interior the on seen be can cracks however time, This bone. nasal the of theofboneman,the arch which of definitely broke at the start of the lower third nasal the hit blow Another inflammation. of trace visible any without proceeded twodeepest points of the depression are 18–20 mm from each other. The healing ectocranially.or The endo- scareitherthe of regionthe in observed be surecould the wall of the skull and so the relevant area elevated, got endocranially yet no fis axis closeslongitudinal 45° with the sagittal suture. The force of the blow indented parietalsthetwoon ry justabove thelambda measurement point. commonThe cuts. A double blow wound can be seen on a slightly oval, 42 x 30 the survived man The inflamed. not were wounds the and cracked not was bone skull the easily, and fast heal could they and corticalis the reached never it limetre, mil a of fracture a is marks cut the of depth The ends. the at touch they direction, same the nearly in run ones latter the Two of one. left the on 4 and parietal right the on observed be can marks cut Five suture. coronal the toward farther smaller tal direction running in the line of the foramen parietale, while the angle becomes mmin wound. every The direction of the wounds closes a right angle to the sagit etals along the sagittal suture close to each other. Thelength of the edge was 11.5 tool same the by caused marks cut Parallel Pathology:high.medium to high been havemust man robust very stature,the Anthropology: (corroded by content). the peeling strongly and smoothed is surface interior the burnt, secondarily is it amphora, missing, is large a rim the of fragment profile complete Nearly kg): (5 finds Ceramic ab fg 0,5 m e 5 cm Burial no. 41: 55–59 years old male. According to the estimatedthe Accordingto male. 41: old 55–59no.years Burial d / weapon can be found on both pari both on found be can weapon mm mm large territo c h - - - - - h Amphore. Nasenbein, gebrochenes g Schädeldecke, der auf Schlagspuren und Schnitt- f lehm, Abb. 34. Bef. ra. ampho h bone, nasal broken g parietal, the on marks cut and blow f daub, burnt 41,e No. burial a–d 1823: no. Pit 34. Fig. Nr. 1823: Grab 41, a–d e Brand 5 cm - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 30 stone axe. stone (3 Finds soil?). ceramic uncovered was burnt. The material pit the in secondarily ial It no. only 48. contained an infant’s skull (were the limb bones absorbed by the bur of legs the to close 71found was no. burial Human upwards. facingentation coal. Human burial no. 48 lay on the right side with crouched legs. It had a W-E ori Feature: Feature: (fig. Baden classical?) (older indistinctive 925, layer culture-bearing under 42/8, 1915, no. cutting Pit late in autumn killed probably skeleton of and adult sheep; mandibles of young pigs, 2 items. The animals were Zoology: ossa pubis. two the of surfaces the on seen can be nancy at an angle causing a depressed chest. Pathology chest. causing depressed a angle an at and the manubrium of fused components together the corpus, two breastbone, the variation: Anatomical high. medium high was woman gracile definitely the Anthropology: 1843, nos. (pits were uncovered burials vicinity its in 1844,animal 1847, 1849). on the lay W side of the pit of on the level same as skeletons. A the number animal up pulled at the were Animal bones knee. found at the The human skeleton pelvis. slightly was leg right the elbow, the at bent trunk the along were arms the belly, side/ left the on lay W. It facing extended was skeleton in thrown The oriented. S-N Feature: (fig. 36). Baden indistinctive 40/3, 1896, no. Pit cutting middle. the groovein grinding with fragment adeep end-side thin, handy whetstone a of fragment surfaces; corroded strongly of stone Finds: 1839, nos. (pits pit the of cinity 1841). 1831vi uncovered werethe in 1830.burials no. pit animal of is under number A form a unit. Pits nos. 1830 and 1831 are in with superposition pit no. 1832. Pit no. 1830, Pitsnos. burnt. strongly 1831was secondarily pit the of material 1832 and find The ankle. the above crossed and extended were legs the 46, no. skeleton under was arm right the chest, the over bent was arm left the earth, toward the face the with extended was skeleton in thrown The orientation. S-N a had It 46. W. no. 47 burial Human no. (7–8 burial of infant) old years was the on left found facing orientation S-N a had skeleton The leg. left the on lay leg right flexed ly slight the extended, was leg left the missing,was arm right the side, left the on infant) (4–5old waslay 46 it years no. in, thrown burial Human refuse. and coal Feature: (fig. IIA phase layer925, Baden 41/5, 1832, no. Pit cuttings culture-bearing under 6, a End fragment of a small quern in two fitting pieces, fine-grained sand fine-grained pieces, fitting two in quern small a of fragment End fragments of stone axes; bore core of the shaft hole of a shaft-hole shaft-hole a of hole shaft the coreof bore axes; stone kg): of fragments It contained only human and animal skeletons. Human burial no. 44 was The oval pit was filled with compact grey soil mixed with some char some with mixed soil grey compact with filled was pit oval The The oval pit was filled in with compact grey soil mixed with ash and char and ash with mixed soil grey compact with in filled was pit oval The 1.5–2 months old cattle skeleton; mandible of a young cattle; partial partial cattle; young a of mandible skeleton; cattle old months1.5–2 35). Burial no. 44: 22–28 years old female. The calculated stature of of stature calculated The female. old 22–28 years 44: no. Burial 37). / winter. deformities linked withpreg linked deformities : 0,5 m / polisher, flat, flat, polisher, ------Abb. 36. Bef. 36. Abb. Pit no. 1896. 36. Fig. 35.Abb. Bef. 35.Fig. Pit no. 1832. ment. 37. Abb. Bef. fragment. axe b 48, 37.1915:no. no. Fig. Pit Burial a 0,5 m b 2 cm 0,5 m Nr. 1832. Nr. 1915: a Grab 48, b Axtfrag b 1915: Nr.48, Grab a Nr. 1896. - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 31 14 (2 finds Ceramic position. right the acrouched in side wards. on It lay up looking face the with orientation NE-SW a had 59 no. burial Human loess. with of and spots daub lightsome coal, and loose, brown soil on the lay bottom char of spots and daub with soil loose black, by underlain soil humic brown, with daub and loess grains. In cross-section, layer of the the upper pit was loose, Feature: 55/30, 1992, no. Pit 31, (fig. IIA cuttings phase Baden late in autumn. killed ably prob were animals The pig. old months 12–204–6 a of limb sheep; old months Zoology: sides. both on observed can cribrae orbitalia be large Anthropology: Human burial no. 56 lay on the bottom of the pit crouched on the right side. side. right the on crouched pit the of bottom the on lay 56 no. burial Human mixed. is material find The culture. Somogyvár–Vinkovci the of 2237 nos. and 2057 pits by intersected was It refuse. and charcoal with soil brown dark pact Feature: (fig. IIA-B-III -55/33, 54 phases Baden cuttings 2058, no. Pit ed with short notches on the outside. Stab-and-drag ceramics? Stab-and-drag notches outside. the on with short ed Ceramic find: Fine, thin, grey wall fragment, polished on the inside and decorat to thighbones. the parallel lay they knees, atthe were bent facing S. The arms were bent at the elbow, they touched under the chin. The legs orientation W-E a in side right the (17–19on 50 lay no. female) burial old years Feature: (fig. Baden cal Pit no. 2019, no. Pit tothe 56/35, according cutting indicates septal astrong deviation. os palatinum Anthropology: 1/3; about half. in its completed jug, about small in completed jug, From human burial no. 50: no. From deb-13245, burial C date: human 4220±50 it was an oval pit within a larger pit complex. It was filled with com with filled was It complex. pit larger a within pit oval an was it The round pit was filled with light brown soil mixed with loess. Human Human with loess. mixed waswithbrown lightsoil pit filled round The The The round, deep, pit beehive-shaped was filledin with brown soil mixed Skull and limb of a 2.5–3 years old cattle; skull, vertebra and limb of a of limb and vertebra skull, cattle; old years 2.5–3 a of limb and Skull 0,5 m Burial no. 48: 1.5–2.5 years old infant. Pathology: significantly Pathology: infant. old years 1.5–2.5 48: no. Burial 39). Burial no. 59:Burial Pathology: the position of 43–47 female. old years kg): Suspension amphora, incomplete from the neck upwards; the neck from Suspensionincomplete amphora, 0,95 ltr 14 C analysis it is older classi older is it C analysis bp: 2910–2850bp: ±50, 1 5 cm 38). 40). σ BC. ------Abb. 38. Bef. 38. Abb. Pit no. 1992 38. Fig. finds. ceramic and Abb. 39.Abb. Bef. 39.Fig. Pit no. 2019 finds. selected and Ko stolac? 0,5 m Nr. 2019 Fundmaterial. und Nr. 1992 Keramik. und <2 ltr 5 cm www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 32 tebrae were missing. tation facing W. leg was The left up strongly pulled at the the ver cervical knees, the right on aorien position side in N-S a in crouched the body. It on lay loosely ash. Human burial no. 53 was packed with shards: densely at the head and more Feature: 2116, no. Pit (fig. 42 Baden 53/29, classical cutting older blunt. is and worn edge the apebble, from broken, transversally axe, stone ezoid ical bowl of an everted rim; of body a ladle with a short fragment of the handle; trap profiledbottomdecorated by rickrack-shaped channelling; rimfragment of abicon (1 Finds region. chest and skull the of cleaning the during arms the at uncovered were vessels spherical small orientation?Two W-E 2101a no. had pit It Celtic it. – downwards visintersected pel the from destroyed was skeleton The elbows. the at bent but opened were Feature: (fig. phase 2102, no. Pit Boleráz 52/28, cutting the ofteeth. enamels causedthe on byseen insufficientnourishment be can Anthropology: broken. and weathered strongly hammerstone, or pounder discoidhandy, a of fragment es; hard, handy,pleted; large, with traitspolishing lump the on surfac red pigment ment of a small cup; fragment of a cup; fragment of a small bowl, it can be com Finds (3 kg):(3 Finds 2237downwards. pelvis from the cut it off The armsalong the it were trunk, facedextended S. Somogyvár–Vinkovci pit no.

kg): Human burial no. 52 no. (13–14 burial Human arms the belly, the on infant) lay old years The The round pit was filledin with greyish brown soilmixed with daub and Belly fragment of a jug with a vertical, horizontally pierced handle, a a handle, pierced horizontally vertical, a with jug a of fragment Belly Rim fragment of a bipartite bowl with an ornamental knob; frag knob; ornamental an with bowl bipartite a of fragment Rim Burial no. 56: 7–8 years old infant. Pathology: horizontal grooves 5 cm 41). a–e). 5 cm ------Abb. 40. Bef. 40. Abb. finds. Pit no. 2058 selected 40. and Fig. Abb. 41.Abb. Bef. 41.Fig. Pit no. 2102 finds. selected and 2101 Nr. 2102 Fundmaterial. und Nr. 2058 Fundmaterial. und 2 cm 2102 0,5 m www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 33 Grabung mit Graben Nr. 409 auf der rechten Seite, h Schädel Nr. 73 und Tierknochen, i Hornaxt, j polierter Ockerklumpen. jpolierter iHornaxt, Nr. Nr. mitGraben rechtenGrabung hSchädel der Seite, auf 409 73 Tierknochen, und Abb. 42. Bef. a–e lump. ochre jpolished axe, iantler bones, no. 73animal and hcranium right, the on no. 409 trench cavation, Fig. 42.2116:Pit.no. a–e No. Burial 53, a–c of fibula. e f–jd 2236: deformation Pit.no. wall ffragment, profile, pit ex g during h f a d Nr.. 2116: Grab a–c 53, d Wandscherbe, e Fibula. f–j deformierte Bef. 0,5 m 2 cm b i g j c Nr. 2236: f Profilschnitt, gGrube während der e 5 cm - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 34 soil. Underneath, a light grey layer followed with charcoal, ash and fragments fragments and ash charcoal, with followed layer grey light a Underneath, soil. brown compact was2327 no. pit of layer upper the cross-section, In 2346. no. and charcoalbones animal grains. Pit no. 2327 was in intersected the east by pit Feature: (fig. 43). phase Boleráz 26, 2327–2346, nos 48/25, Pits cuttings perforation. regular (3 Finds 409. no. trench with superposition in was It surfaces. polished of lump ochre an and bones animal shards, beside pit the of bottom the on 73(anlay no. adult) nium Feature: Pit no. 2236, cuttings 44/21 – 45/22, Baden phase II (fig. II 42 phase 44/21 Baden –45/22, cuttings 2236, no. Pit bone. the surface of exterior the trace no yet on asvisible is one thick the other in inflammation twice of became on served one of the fibulafragments.The bone is inflattened one and direction ob be can fracture a by caused probably deformation A vertebrae. lumbar the Pathology: a slightcan be osteophyta-growth seen on the edges of the bodies of category. average the in belonged it measurements: femur the from all of first Anthropology: (5 finds kg): amphora. an and Ceramic Wall apot of fragments e d f c a Handled antler axe from the main tine of a red deer antler with a with antler deer red a of tine main the from axe antler Handled kg): The oval pit was filled with dark brown soil mixed with burnt shards, burnt with mixed soil brown dark with filled was pit oval The The filling of the round pit was stratified in cross-section. Human cra Human cross-section. in stratified was pit round the of filling The Burial no. 53: 23–29 years old male: the stature was calculated was stature the male: old years 23–2953: no. Burial g 0,5 m c−i b 5 cm j j f – j). lm 5 cm - - k h pen, qFeldsteinen mit Abnutzungsspuren. pen, Pigmentklum p Gewicht, o Kelle, n Ahle, m Handhabe, l Lehm, aus Miniaturfüße te bemal k beschrieben), Katalog im werden c tos, c photographs, tion excava b 2327–2346: a, nos. Pits 43. Fig. Abb. 43. Bef. 43. Abb. wear. use with lump, qpebble pigment p weight, oval o ladle, n awl, m handle, l feet, clay miniature painted k alogue), cat the in described are (e,j f, fragments – i Gfß ud eäshre (, , j f, (e, Gefäßscherben und Gefäße j Nr. 2327–2346: a, b Befundfo b 2327–2346:Nr. a, pq o n – j vessel and vessel vessel and vessel j - - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 35 pregnancy tion nor an axial deviation can be observed on the bone. A linked deformity with inflamma of trace the neither development, callus from Apart ulna. left the of the thology: thickening of the indicatesbone a fracture in healed the lower third woman was low according to the stature calculated from the only bone find. Pa Anthropology: inlay.sickle blade: retouched bowl-pot; coarse large, a of fragment kg):rim-wall (0.5 Finds skeleton. the beneath lay bones Animal burnt. were bones The side. right the on crouched E, facing tion direc W-E a in lay It pit. the of corner SE the in found 74was no. burial Human skeletons. the of level the on soil burnt grey compact, and charcoal, and daub Feature: 2614, no. Pit –47/29, 46/28 (fig. phase 47). cuttings Boleráz pit. the of bottom the on lay 68)(no. individual mature a of skull human a of top The bones. animal and daub with mixed followed filling reddish a soil, ashy a grey under filling: ified Feature: Feature: 46). (fig. IIA phase Baden layer1281 50/32, 33, culture, under cuttings Boleráz 2480, the no. Pit of to up hip. the legs were pulled the chin, the under up pulled and elbows the at bent were arms The side. right on the facingcrouched no. S, 60, burial side which in direction human lay a W-E 2361 no. pit in 2363. and werefound lumps ochre red Shards crumbling and be 2361 nos. features intersected it middle, the in was 2362 no. Pit finds. contain not did 2363 and 2362 nos. 2361, pits pit in while found were shards distinctive withwere a and cleaned a leaving common cross-section. bones few Animal in Feature: 54/37, (early?) 2363, no. Pit cutting (fig. Baden? 45). indistinctive winter. in killed (1658 no. burial Human charcoal. some and loess of Feature: 44). phase?) (fig. (Boleráz Baden 49/28, indistinctive cutting 2344, no. Pit Zoology: Zoology: legs. atthe found were fragments bone animal charred ashy, and shards few A shoulder. the of height the to up pulled elbow, the at bent trunk the along was arm left the ing, miss was arm right S, The it. facing disturbed excavator The directed side. right the W-E on crouched was It pit. the of centre the in filling ashy the in found 14 surfaces. with polished lump pigment smooth, it shows parallel purplishstraight sandstone; striates, pink fine-grained worn was it shade, black a to discoloured was surface grinding the quern, flat a mering, a blackish greasy ismatter stuck to it: pitch soldering stone; fragment of with vaguely visible incision-like use wear on the surface, without traces of ham awl the from metatarsal of narrow,a long, small ruminant; handy, worn pebble antler; deer red a of tip the from made handle pierced; vertically weight, oval head; the to jointing its until pierced is handle short the ladle, deep small, ed; complet is part lower the amphora, an of fragment completed; rim, inverted an with bowl a of fragment profile completed; rim, everted an with bowl a small of fragment profile completed; mouth, broad a of jug cup-shaped handled (41 Finds tools. hoc ad to have been seemed bones animal numerous the no. 93)burial man Many wasof finds. a in the large found pit number among fragment eastern of Theside ofpit acraniumof the no. filling human (hu 2346. the on observed canbe daub of spot larger A edge. the ceramicsat and daub of from an animal bone: deb-13291, bone: animal an from C date: 4550±80 etrs o. 31 26 ad 33 wih nesce oe another, one intersected which 2363, and 2362 2361, nos. Features The The quadrangular pit was intersected by feature no. 2472. It had a strat The oval pit was filled with compact dark brown soil mixed with spots spots with mixed soil brown dark compact with filled was pit oval The The round pit was filled with brown soil mixed with large blocks of blocks large with mixed soil brown with filled was pit round The Painted miniature clay objects representing human feet (2 items); feet human representing kg):objects Painted clay miniature Skull and skeletal parts of an 8–10 months old pig (perished). It was It (perished). pig old months8–10 an of parts skeletal and Skull / childbirth can be seen on the pelvis. the on seen can be childbirth uil o 7: n dl-aue eae Te eiiey gracile definitely The female. adult-mature an 74: no. Burial bp: 3370bp: –3110 ±60, 1σ BC. – 18 years old male) was male) old years 18 ------Abb. 44. Bef. 44. Abb. Pit no. 2344. 44. Fig. Abb. 45.Abb. Bef. 45.Fig. Pit no. 2363. 0,5 m Nr. 2363. Nr. 2344. 0,5 m www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 36 were found in an ashy filling under the left shoulder. left ashythe an in under were found filling of the the skeleton, lifting gle. After an fragments horn animal and bone animal an right a at extended were arms lower the trunk, the along lay arms the chin, to the high up pulled were legs facingW, The rightside. the rection on crouched di N-S a in lay 79 no. burial Human pebbles. and loess with mixed soil brown Feature: -45/27, 44/26 48). (early?) 2635, (fig. Pit no. cuttings Baden indistinctive 1 imals were probably killed in winter. in killed were probably imals Zoology: (an pit. the wall atthe of 88 no. female) were found adult-mature burial man hu of skull the of part facial the and cattle a of parts skeletal and skull The grains. Feature: (fig. 49). Baden 49/36, early cutting 2668, no. Pit 1 14 1 and the ulnae is striking (work process?). Pathology: the surface of the fovea dentis of the category.The robustnessof the adhesion surfacesof the deltoid muscles on thehumeri Anthropology: 14 late in autumn 18–20 killed were probably animals The months pig. old monthsoldsheep, mandible and limb ofanadult sheep; vertebra and limb ofan a foetus Zoology: Zoology: head. the exactly more neck, the of motion the inhibit could deformation arthritic This st from human skeleton no. 74: no. skeleton deb-13395, human from date: C 4460±50 C Fromdate: human skeleton no. 79: deb-13286, 4440±45 σ BC. σ BC. cervical vertebra, the atlas, is perforated and the articulation surface became discoid. / The round pit was filled with greyish brown soil mixed with daub and loess h flig f h oln-hpd nua pt a cmat greyish compact was pit angular oblong-shaped the of filling the Cranium and horn core of an adult aurochs. core adult an Craniumhorn of and newborn newborn lamb, skeletal part of an 8–10 months old lamb, limb of a 16–18 Skeletal parts of a 2.5–3 years old bull; limb of a young sheep. The an The sheep. young a of bull;limb old years 2.5–3 a of Skeletal parts skeletal part of a young cattle; mandible of a young cattle; sheep: limb of Burial no. 79: 59–70 years old female. The calculated stature is in the low 0,5 m Burial 74 animal bones animal bones bp: bp: 3130–3000 ± 45, bp: 3330–3220 bp: ±50, / winter. - - - - Abb. 47.Abb. Bef. 47.Fig. Pit no. 2614 finds. ceramic and Abb. 46. Bef. 46. Abb. Pit no. 2480. 46. Fig. Nr. 2614 Keramik. und Nr. 2480. 0,5 m www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 37 uncovered at the Balatonőszöd site. ones the to similar burials intramural concentrate on rather shall we so-called “intramural burials” uncovered within the settlements. so-called the among and sense strict the “regularin cemeteries”the graves of at both the inhumation) observed be can burial methods andvaried Austria: et Lenneis e.g. (comp. cultures Baden/Boleráz the of territory pation occu entire the on valid is trend this13), 2002,and (Bondár eteries track of highway18–23)of trackM7 (Sófalvi2004, the in uncovered dűlő –Országúti and Balatonlelle–Felső–Gamász tionship the between and settlement its separate the cemetery: sites ture cul Boleráz/Baden the of settlements the in burials b. Human were preserved. mandible the of half base and slightly ing tiltedupwards, perhaps to skull the wasThe the N. only skull injured, fac side right the on crouched was it orientation, W-E a had skeleton The ners. cor rounded with gravewasshallow, oblong-shaped The damaged. wasbadly Feature: 54/37,50). (fig. (Boleráz?) cutting 2800, no. Pit indistinctive leráz/Baden cultures: it has already been done ( done been already has it cultures: leráz/Baden contained only five graves (Balatonmagyaród: a surface of 40 of five graves only containedsurface a (Balatonmagyaród: that cemetery separate a e.g. is There culture.entire the of acteristic char generally are Balatonlelle atuncovered phenomena the if told 2009 area time atandin(Horváth the same the same supposed area, so the coexistence of two populations settlement of diverse cultures Boleráz can be the to contemporary were features Baden sical (e.g. as a burial ground): according to datesthe radiocarbon the clas region settlement abandoned the of use make to because intended not people area settlement Boleráz the in located were features suppositions these misleading. so be can settlement, the of extent the about data certain no are there where toldipuszta) Andocs–Nagy Budapest–Békásmegyer, dapest–Káposztásmegyer, (e.g. cases in Bešeňov,suggested is cemeteries as Bu settlements of were discoveredment phenomena (Bondár 1987). settle related coherent nor graves more neither yet uncovered was same time. same the at existed burials intramural of custom “ancient” more posedly dűlő)Szentsimon, Balatonlelle–Felsőgamász–Országúti and the sup Alsónémedi, Budakalász, Fonyód (?), alja,Ózd–Center Méhi/Včelínce, Pilismarót–Basaharc, (e.g. settlements nearby perhaps the from ed from which we can Cemeteries start. that could definitelybe separat cremation rite of the burials. the and number low the of because studied be not could FBCroots, burials,Boleráz which most probably had centralnorthern European the of material anthropological the origin, European Southeast a of certainly iswhich population, Baden the to opposed aspossible: yet logical justification and theseparation of thetwo communities isnot rior aggression and then interior conflict).Regrettably, the anthropo human burials certain were the results of thisand intra-communal conflict (exte peaceful not was community basic Boleráz the in tion Only about 5% of the Late Copper Age sites in Hungary are cem are Hungary in sites Age Copper Late the of 5% about Only There isThere only a single instance that convincingly to attests the rela We do not intend to collect and evaluate all the burials of the Bo the of burials the all evaluate and collect to intend not do We At Balatonőszöd it could be demonstrated that the classical Baden The interpretation of burials at the edge or in the abandoned areas It seems possible that the assimilation of the new Baden popula Baden new the of assimilation the that possible seems It So if we disregard the phantom data, only a few real data remain data real few a only data, phantom the disregard we if So Human Human burial no. 85 (a ca 10 years old infant) lay close to the surface, it al. 1999, 145–176). Various burial rites (cremation and/or (cremation rites 145–176).1999,burial al. Various 5 . It cannot, regrettably, be be regrettably, cannot, It . S h c a S S e 2008, 2009), 2008, 000 b)! m ------2 - -

Abb. 49.Abb. Bef. 49.Fig. no. 2668. Pits Bef. 48. Abb. Pit no. 2635. 48. Fig. 5 tion. disserta PhD her in fragment ment settle the (Nagy analyse also will She 2006) work. thesis her in fragment cemetery the analysed Nagy Borbála Nr. 2668. Nr. 2635. 0,5 m - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 38 2008). Accordingly, the can settlements be found along both sides of hud las e eadd s pca mnfsain o cls and cults 1985,rites (Nevizánsky of 361). manifestations special as regarded be always should or groups of huts at the construction huts the of inhabitants theof by theperformed weredwelling which and clan, the and (Točík 1979, 82). Nitriánsky Hrádok–Zámeček), which served the protection of the families A.Točík interpreted these burials as sacrifices (especially on the basis the authors. argued of wrote Neustupný J. (Neustupný andE. human culture. burials of the Baden Carpathian Basin? the in Age Copper Late the preceding periods the in roots have ity dualcustoms?this Did two the between demonstrated be can ities backgrounds in this What differences period? exist what and similar rejected by the community).rejected reason some for were who individuals (probably Ages Middle the of lar” cemeteries in the prehistoric periods and even later until the end and the culturesBodrogkeresztúr (comp. Tiszapolgár the in Age Copper Late the preceding period the in ed ton, which is a kind of modelling of the earlier observations ( observations earlier the of modelling of kind a is which ton, Bala the of bank southern the along decades past uncoveredthe in (Bánffy ble 1990–1991, 225). impossi or difficult very considered is archaeology of methods the with ceremonies various to victim fell who individuals and burials linked with settlements. been have to seem they but together, even interpret to difficult are they that cultures) Hunyadihalom/Laznany Furchenstich, Ludanice, (Balaton–Lasinja, Age Copper Late the preceding just Age Copper Middle the of phase final the from known are burials 1961).few So Generally, there occurred a few intramural graves beside the “regu pits settlement the in burials the Nevizánsky, G. to According intramural the of evaluation the on comments the review us Let theoretic different probably with customs different two do Why The The clearly separated rite of regular cemeteries can be demonstrat A hypothesis can be set up in the case of the Late Copper Age sites real the burials”, “intramural so-called the of differentiation The based society ofthe culture”, Baden based society above-men the tioned category can imply in a strong differentiation within belong the lineage- that graves the of character mass “The social were ladder porary buried within the settlements”, munities (captives, enemies), who stood at the bottom of the contem cally not of a full value and individuals coming from other alien com economiwere who community kinship-based a of members “Those 0,5 m / Neustupný 1960, 131). B. B. Kutzián Kutzián 1963, 1972; Patay H h t á v r o ------

Abb. 50.Abb. Bef. finds. selected and 50.Fig. Pit no. 2800 Nr. Fundmaterial. und 2800 www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 39 evident in the materials(comp.cemeteriesthe thein evidentof so not was same the while burials, Balatonőszöd the in gender and group age every in found were individuals humpbacked) breasted, pigeon- paralysed, (deaf,crippled, manydisabled blind, and infants, and females many astonishingly analyses: anthropological the from community: they were not fully “initiated”.the by This acceptedconclusion and was approved drawn were that rites initiation the in part the they settlement, did not have the same of rights and could not takeinhabitants the of rest the to equal not supposedly were ments settle the within buried individuals The base. totemic a on perhaps and other rites it). (andsacrificesfor needed vegetation the out carry to had community the where or died they where buried were others while here, buried were individuals dead community,certain the of values of order the Accordingto tlement. set permanent or central the of vicinity direct the in probably most – line linear a along point definite a at probably were communities herds).the the ofgrounds burialfor permanent vital was supply The large-ani on mal keeping (the changing of the based pastures and the continuous water culture the of system economic the favoured organised by economic interests), the regular change of settlements communities village family, large a lineage, (a community same the probably of territory occupation the inwatercourses or rivers lowed close to the Balaton. The chain-like linear pattern settlement that fol territories elevated on stood generally that the settlements in the of supposed case is this – located centrally or permanent more be could them of few A ones. temporary seasonal, were they yet vive, sur long could settlements These 51). (fig. another one into reach of the Balaton to the sources of the sometimes theystreamlets, even the Balaton. They show a dense chain-like distribution from the bank to perpendicularly ran that watercourses active contemporarily the et 1988, Horváth 2006; 2004, community. whole the of system conceptual the mirrored occasion and method burial single community,a the so of system religious the and beliefs nies were obviously connected with a segment of the worldview, the (spontaneous rites). It can also be supposed that the funeral ceremo the by situations acceptedunique exceptional, be could there although community, commonly were that regulations certain lowed The basis of this social selection could be a fixed differentiation fixed a be could selection social this of basis The It must be supposed that the treatment of the dead generally fol generally dead the of treatment the that supposed be must It al. 2010 in print). K. K. Zoffmann 1987– ------18 Nagykanisza. 18 Nagykanisza. Kaposújlak, 17 Balatonmagyaród, 16 lék, 12 13Tikos, Vörs, 14 15Keszthely, Sármel Balatonberény, 11 Balatonkeresztúr, 10 Fonyód, 9 Ordacsehi, 8 Balatonboglár, 7 Balatonelle, 6 Balatonszemes, 5 4 Andocs, Balatonőszöd, 3 Szólád, 2 Zamárdi, 1 len: Boleráz bekannten mit Plattensees des Teil südliche Der 51. Abb. Boleráz the with Fig. 51. of Lake part Balaton The southern / Baden sites: Baden / ae Fundstel Baden - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 40 on on the eastern bank of the waterlogged territory, the excavation and cavation data, it further a extended short distance to the south, while ex Accordingthe to Balatonőszöd. of settlement entire the unearth ence the fate 1997, of the(Otto living 143–144). influ least at or direct to them affords thatpower a them lentdeath that they have died. fact While living, they were the just like other for but people solely respected are they that in heroes cultural mons, de creative gods, of cult the from differs worship Ancestor tutions. insti social are they religion, a regarded be cannot dead the of cult toward death. Actually,respect to paid and the dead the respect and of fear dead, the from disgust of composed is which dreadful”, becoming of “feeling a is it instead, soul: the in belief the on based not is dead the of cult The features. main the in overlap they dead: pletely unearthed Alsónémedi cemetery). Alsónémedi unearthed pletely com the of graves 40 the (comp. cemetery “regular” a for enough (comp.the settlement 1954, Wilson 251). of whole the of picture realistic more or real a getting for pensable indis are they rites: complex and many uncommonly shows which be especially in important a likesettlement the one at Balatonőszöd, the rites, beside that of the finds andphenomena of the daily life,can of study givenculture.the The of thatallknow wewith them paring com through finds, the of traits morphological and typological the the finding circumstances, thepositioning of the gravefurniture and of analysis the of help the with only methods archaeological by ied contrast to the dominant useof fire burials. of at the the rest waterdominatedin situation, where and ciallyextreme uncommon, skeletons uncovered in pit no. 1099 – well no. 1 of because the espe community). This is especially inprobable the case of the ten human the outside from people (captives, enemies, group family or munity com village group, population alien an to belong could settlement munity living at Balatonőszöd since the individuals buried within the 76 ature. liter archaeological the in published suppositions the and data the ties in the traits and the distribution of these burials considering also irregulari find to tried We observed. yet be could demonstrated rigorousness real no be can motives recurrent general, In furniture. grave and positions their to according analysed been already have classical the and period. Baden Boleráz the from both settlement Balatonőszöd 1937,Willvonseder 23).skeleton: the beside ashes human 2: no. grave Leobersdorf, II/3–4, XCI T. 1956, Banner Budakalász–Luppacsárda: (e.g. well as period Baden classical the in appeared sometimes Cremation 2004). falvi Só Balatonlelle–Felsőgamász: 28–32;1956, Banner Bézsenypuszta: 1973ma Tor Pilismarót–Basaharc: (comp.: characteristic was rite cremation grouped in the Boleráz horizon, where, as far as it could be observed, community. Boleráz the re-stratified gradually which power, of takeover lent?) (vio a suggest Balatonőszöd from data the evolution, leráz/Baden The The rites used within the frames of the cult of the dead can be stud the of cult the with identified be practically can worship Ancestor The question is if all the individuals can be grouped in the com the in grouped be can individuals the all if is question The 67The burials uncovered at Balatonőszöd would quantitatively be As opposed to the earlier idea of the peaceful, organicinterior Bo peaceful, the of idea toearlier the opposed As e ut al teto t te at ht ept te uncovered the despite that fact the to attention call must We dűlő Balatonőszöd-Temetői at uncovered skeletons human The the in found were burials inhumation only above, the Despite In the Balatonőszöd a settlement, smaller of part the burials can be 000 m 2 b; Ipolydamásd, Vác, Szob–Verbiček: Kővári 1994; Fonyód– 1994; Kővári Szob–Verbiček: Vác, Ipolydamásd, b; and the investigated territory of 100of investigatedterritory the and 000 m 000 2 , we could not could we , ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 41 infants were buried within settlements ( settlements within buried were infants and women usually that observation proved long the supports site Balatonőszöd the at proportions the of analysis The certain). are es among the burials although robust adult males also occur (8 instanc development causes. settlement that is practical reasons: etc. hygienic or territory the of use economic the of cause be simply area settlement the of edges the at dug were pits these marked theby settlement sacrificialpits? Itseems also probable that skeletons are distributed along the border zone. Were the of borders animal with also but human only not with pits Ritual south). the to nos. 4, 2, 26 were found on the bank (in a straight line from the north burials human while north), the from anticlockwise semicircle a (in fragment settlement uncovered the of border the on found be can the interrelated out. rites were carried (comp. 2009 Horváth protome cattle models, building seals, goblets, footed idols, female (male burialshuman intensivelymask, beside more appeared life ral sac with linked objects and phenomena other areas, these In 19). (fig. bands or clusters larger smallerand hensive thatmapform they compre the from however, out, stands It centre. the in and edges fig. (Szólád-Öregaszó, 2). settlement ered on the W side, which could perhaps contain theuncov cemetery of the one the as size similar a of site a indicate data walking field tion with the burials of the Vučedol site that the corpses were per were corpses the that site Vučedol the of burials the with tion connec in suggested Milićević–Bradač M. daub. and charcoal ash, contains pit the of filling the or finds, the of surfaces the on bones, bone. pelvic the left in a male during washingthe lumbar wedged between and vertebra grave(sic!) no. 407knife Balatonlelle:of wasfound harvesting a here in found were aggression of traces Similar death. violent a dicates 37no. woman of skeleton the of tebrae ver the among washing during in found arrowhead wedged triangular flaked The 1489. no. pit from 95 no. male mature the of eton skel the on found be also can injuries Physical 44–46). 2000, rman pit no. 1985/3 of Vučedol-Streim Vineyard (early Vučedol culture, Du from isknown similarA marking skullor wound marking. ritual from come could skull the on marks cut 41,superficial no. the male ator, accident, an perhaps fighting, with linked be can that skull) the on marks blow and (cut wounds mentions report anthropological The vical was duringvertebrae observed cleaning (burials nos. 27, 35, 53). cer the of lack the where burials of cases the in especially excluded be cannot cannibalism perhaps homicide, abuse, of possibility the or a sacrificial rolecanon be individuals. detected the unearthed Yet demon to able strate comp. it, Haak et be will analyses DNA (perhaps probable seems it although methods, anthropological physical traditional with mined deter 981, be 744, not 426, nos. regrettably 1277, 1617,1236, 1489, could 1832) pits 1649, (e.g. pit same the in found individuals the side agracile build. skeletons nos. 42 and 79 where strikingly strong arms were found be female of case the in supposed is same (e.g. spinning).The and weavingprocess working a with 27 no. skeleton male the of teeth the didnot have who persons status. afullsocial Regarding the age and the gender, infants and women dominate women and infants gender, the and age the Regarding 44 74, 66, 79, 73,68, 88, 59,56, nos. burials human 426and no. Pit the at both settlement, the of part every in appeared burials The The traces of fire can be demonstrated in many features: on the on features: many in demonstrated be can fire of traces The death violent a to attest could that wounds exterior no Generally, Owing to the of preservation poor the bones, the kinship between the deformations (strong ascribed anthropologist abrasion)The in a; 2010). They could ceremonialbe areas where et Wiltschke-Scrotta al. 2008; b from the same pit also in also pit same the from b K. K. 2004 Zoffmann al. 2008). b; 2006), b; ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 42 tus tus and mature categories. Sub-adult were adults, and one individual each in belonged the infant, foe 1989; no. pit Balatonőszöd, 2344). 1981,TočíkJurisić Vučedol–Streim: 25;Hrádok: 1970, Nitriánsky 194; Nĕmejcová-Pavúková Nitra: (swineherds? skeletons human beside frequently most the occur Pigs occupation. or status power, of bol sym a status: social person’s the reflected that one or animal) tem mal that marked or the thefor individual community something (to also possible that a former pet was placed beside the dead or an ani is It horses). and dogs (like dead the of cults the in “aspects” death possessed that species animal with connected be could animal” ing beside human corpses. The choice of the species of the “accompany 117 theregular grave. dug beside down, and (meaty?)the still attached was placed in part pit body no. the burial was ular of cut cemetery Felső-Gamász, offfrom thepelvis (Sófalvi time same 407Balatonlelleofallvessels notthe grave thein were placed atthe graveno. in well: as grave-goods the with manipulated people ture, tions affected thehead and thelegs (Horváth 2010).manipula mortem In thepost Baden cul the as just – feet the and hands the limbs: the and concentratedhead the mostly on missingthe parts and age manipulations. The shapes of the Baden idols, their deliberate break the idol between fragments and the burials:partial the post mortem linked to the skull and the limbs (legs). A connection can be observed definitely were which of some burial, primary the and death tween be treatments various to submitted were bodies the of parts that prove obviously They cemetery. the of pits the in found were fragments that limb human separated two the and skulls fragmentary there. were buried to ones the triballeaders, the poor ing from of all by the grave furniture), of diverse rang social statuses, persons (Milićević–Bradačod 2001, 215–216). haps treated with a special (conserving?) desiccating-smoking meth nile juve a of generally are bulls the age: by individuals analysed the of distribution The pits. or 44 in uncovered ones) complete perished 2 (36 uals, individuals individ of number 72 same the of the remains bone skeletons, from partial cows 14 and bulls 20 site the at burials Cattle a. skeletons animal with 3. Features (comp. together analysed databe must logical 1). table the structure, uncoveredsettlement find material and the anthropo should be evaluated at the “intramural burials” but all the burials, the certainly be respected is that not phenomena selected and elements should that point starting The one. by one details in analysed are es cas individual the if prudent and correct more are We phenomena. ritual as interpreted be uniformly should and can settlement the in ed by afew bones. only ed als dominated (16 items), although most of them were represent individu adult determined, be not could gender whose viduals indi sub-adult, the a among From individual. mature each a and and adult/mature an juvenile 3 by followed (6) cows among ed I am convinced that not all the human corpses uncovered with uncovered corpses human the all not that convinced am I placed skeletonswereanimalwhy reasons various be could There The evident proofs of the and colourful varied cult of death are the On the basis of the analysis of the graves of regular cemeteries (first The archaeozoological analysis (comp. tables 2–3) identified identified 2–3) tables (comp. analysis archaeozoological The

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sub-adult age (8), 4 items were of a sub-adult a of were items 4 (8), age sub-adult / Nagy 2007, Nagy 162–164). reg the 291of no grave In

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adult age, 6 age, adult ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 43 Tab. Balatonőszöd-Temetői the site dűlő from 1. remains skeletal Human } supposedmembersofonenuclear family(child 1832 744 426 203 Feature 1832 1277 1236 1099 981 744 1085 426 1277 1277 1099 981 962 1612 426 1334 1099 1099 981 411 426 1489 1099 1099 442 1489 1099 1099 647 1489 1099 1099 744 1106 1489 1228 1489 1236 1489 1617 1649 1649 1649 1649 1657 1823 Burial 46 21 89 66 47 32 29 81 25 22 91 19 33 31 82 90 26 45 23 34 83 69 24 2 67 35 84 70 4 36 86 72 10 37a 87 75 20 37b 27 38 92 39 28 + 62 43 63 64 65 42 41 Skeleton Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Skull Total Total Total Total Total Femur Total Total Total Skullfragment Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total? Total Total Total Skull? Total Total Total Body? Total Total Femur Total Total Body? Total Total Total Skull Skull Total Total Chronology IIA IIA IIB–III IIB–III IIA IIA IIB–III Uncharacteristic Boleráz IIB–III IIB–III III IIB–III IIB–III IIB–III Boleráz IIB–III Baden? IIB–III IIB–III. IIB Boleráz Boleráz IIB–III Baden? IIB–III IIB Boleráz Boleráz Baden? IIB Boleráz Boleráz Baden? IIB Boleráz Boleráz IIB–III IIB IIB–III IIB IIB–III IIB Uncharacteristic IIB IIB–III? IIB IIB IIB IIB Uncharacteristic / / / / / / / / / / Baden? Baden? Baden? Baden? Baden? Baden? Baden? Baden? Baden? Baden? / children, husband,wife) Finds Vessel Tools – male Animals, vessels Tools Vessel – – Vessel – Tools, animals Multilayered pit Vessel Vessel – Vessel – animals Multilayered pit Refuse pit – Dog Vessel – child – – – – – – – – – – – – arrowhead Animal bones – Refuse pit – – – – Vessels, tools Vessels, tools Vessels, tools Vessels, tools Animal bones / animal bones Position Contracted Thrown Thrown Contracted Contracted Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown – ? Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Contracted Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Contracted Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Contracted Contracted Thrown Contracted Thrown Contracted Thrown Contracted Contracted Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown Thrown 55–59 yrs. 4–5 yrs. Age, Sex 9–11 yrs. 3–4 yrs. 1.5 yrs. 7–8 yrs. 8 yrs. 15–17 yrs. – 2–3 yrs. – 5–6 yrs. 52–58 3 yrs. 34–40 yrs. – – – 6–7 yrs. ? adult – 16–18 yrs. adult 33–39 yrs. – 10–12 yrs. – – adult Infans I – – adult 23–27 yrs. – – 17–22 yrs. 26–32 yrs. 23–27 yrs. 0.00 yr – 6–7 yrs- 16–18 yrs. Maturus 14–15 yrs. 14–16 yrs. Infans II Maturus Adultus 39–43 yrs. Grave Sacrifice Grave Grave Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Post mortem Grave Sarifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Post mortem Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Post mortem Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Grave Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Grave Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Grave Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Post mortem Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Grave Grave Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Sacrifice Character } } } } } } } www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 44 TOTAL Game Rabbit Wild cat Wild Roe Deer Aurochs animals Domesticated Horse Dog Pig Goat Sheep Cattle Tab. 1 continued. Human skeletal remains from the Balatonőszöd-Temetői the site dűlő from Tab. remains skeletal Human 1continued. Species Tab. data Zoological 2. } supposedmembersofonenuclearfamily(child 1915 1896 Feature 1992 1915 2019 2058 2102 2116 2236 2327–2346 2344 2363 2480 2614 2635 2668 2800 Burial 71 44 59 48 50 56 52 53 73 93 58 60 68 74 79 88 85 features Sum of 51 16 31 37 44 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 Skeleton Skull? Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Skullfragment Skullfragment Total Total Skullfragment Total Total ment Face-skull frag- Total . . 295 287 134 Total 24 52 72 8 1 1 2 2 2 6 1 Sum ofindividuals of skeleton Skeleton 145 145 Chronology IIB–III? Uncharacteristic IIA IIB–III? IIB–III IIA, IB–C IIB–III II IB–C IB–C? IB–C–IIA? IIA IB–C IB, IB, IB–C? 13 22 71 36 2 1 C–IIA, C–IIA? B–III ...... / Part 152 144 others 11 30 63 36 8 1 1 2 2 2 4 / children, husband,wife) Finds Vessels skeleton Animal bones,calf- Vessels bones Stone axe,animal Vessels Vessels, tools Vessels, tools Vessels Antler-axe Pit with sacral refuse Pig skeleton bones, ocker Vessels, animal bones Vessels, animal bones, tools Vessels, animal Aurochs skull Refuse pit? Chipped stones bones Sum of 8205 8188 1266 3572 2602 660 17 84 5 4 2 4 2 4 perished 8 8 2 1 3 2 ...... Position - thrown Contracted Contracted Contracted Contracted Thrown Contracted Thrown Thrown Contracted Contracted Thrown Contracted Contracted Thrown Contracted Age, Sex 0.00 yr. 22–28 yrs. 43–47 yrs. 1–1.5 yrs. 17–19 yrs. 7–8 yrs. 13–14 yrs. 23–39 yrs. Adult ? 16–18 yrs. ? Maturus Adult–maturus 59–70 yrs. Adult–maturus 10 yrs. Grave Sacrifice Grave Grave Grave Grave Sacrifice Grave Post mortem Post mortem Grave Grave Post mortem Grave Grave Post mortem Grave Character } www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 45 TOTAL: 51 Tab. features. in found 3. Species Pit.No 1904 1772 1608 2614 1915 1896 1886 1841 1825 1794 1769 1402 1331 1237 1143 1882 1849 1856 1796 1795 1657 2668 1899 1860 1583 1339 1612 1334 1770 1272 1451 2635 1844 1499 2058 1497 1781 1106 1431 1036 2491 1843 1839 1649 1493 1079 1847 203 426 578 334 Total 36 1 1 2 1 / 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...... part. Cattle other 36 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 ...... Total / 10 71 34 1 1 2 1 6 1 4 1 9 1 1 ...... part. Sheep other 63 10 1 1 9 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 9 1 1 1 1 ...... Total / 22 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 5 1 1 1 ...... part. Pig other 30 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 ...... Total / 13 8 1 1 1 1 1 ...... part. Dog other 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...... Aurochs 1 1;Deer Deer 1;FishDeer 1 Aurochs 1 Wild cat1 Rabbit 1 Rabbit Horse 1 Horse 3 Goat 1 Goat Other Roe 1 Roe Roe 1 Roe 14 ...... www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 46 also in settlements that any kind of a cart structure from any materifrom structure cart a ofthat any kind settlements inalso and cemeteries regular in uncovered cases to according impossible is it refuted: be can supposition This burials. cart to belonged pairs 1951)(Korek Budakalász of 3 in graveno. found skeletons cattle that that the “deposits” linked be can with the sun cult (Pollex 1999). the basis of the latest uncovered cases disc with amber grave-goods 2614). 1143,1090, nos. 1493, pits 1772, 1856,calves: old year a half than er young no. 1331, pit (foetus: sacrifices firstling as identified be can lution of secondary products lution (Sherratt of products 1983;secondary revo the called is started Neolithic the in meat their for mesticated do been primarily had that animals the of exploitation further the which in process manifold The etc.). daubing (firing, purposes other threshing). the soiland fertilising for manure used The was probably ing)alsoand in cultivation sowing, harrowing,(ploughing, treading- of the living animals was exploited in transportation and traffic (trad power draught The vessels. and clothing weapons, tools, preparing for used were skin the and horns the bones, the consumed, directly cultures: the meat, the marrowthe Boleráz/Baden and the milk were culture Baden the in burials Cattle in cases summer. spring, inearly two no.pit 1795. Aurochs 1612 nos. were in found pits and2635. was found in pit no. 1856, pair and they were a found together with pit, a pig in a in lay animal single a Generally, positioned. were imals an the of rest the while in, thrown been had 426,1839they nos. as in cattle the 1612no. pit of 2010 pits (Horváth lay in horn sacrifices a).animalprint in The the on observed be can yoking of traces The manipulation?). mortem post or deathof cause - trunk the and head manipulation?), mortem 1583, the post of 1608(separation or death of cause – neck the at column vertebral the of 1860,1899 (breaking 1841 nos. 1090,334, 1331,injury),(mandiblepits of imals 1841, 1843, 132–133). ploitation of Animals, Secondary Products Revolution; Benecke 1994, 29, dal house no. 1 at Vučedol–Gradac (Baden or Kostolac: Schmidt 1945, figurinesin. probably ofwas A cattle fragmentary uncovered in apsi print a) (fig. models 52. cart of culture (fig. 52. the of vessel zoomorphic elaborated delicately most the and plete com most the is this 483–484): 1993, (Kővári vessel zoomorphic a of form the in (fig. 52.1) appear size they their Vác, At to due special are Pilismarót of figurines animal The dead. the honour to offerings 1973Torma packing: (under 359stone graveno.Pilismarót–Basaharc a the with cemetery Pollex 1999; Jeunesse 2006; Szmyt 2006; 2008) 2006; Szmyt 2006; Jeunesse 1999; Pollex 1964; (Behrens cultures Ware Corded the and Amphorae Globular the Baden, the Funnel-Beaker, the of people the with affiliated be can them of most BC, cal 3600–2200 between cultures and periods various in appear they although and 53), (fig. Europe within region It was supposed in knowledge of grave no. 3 of Alsónémedi and Alsónémedi of 3 no. grave of knowledge in supposed was It The The methods of the killing of the animals can be studied on the an individuals foetus a and newborn a juvenile, five infant, nine The Cattle (Bos Taurus L. 1758) served various functions at the time of time the at functions 1758) various Taurus L. (Bos served Cattle animalsThe were in generally killed autumn, sometimes in winter/ Only a few cattle representations are known in the Carpathian Ba Carpathian the in known arerepresentations cattle few a Only The prehistoric cattle sacrifices cluster in the centreprehistoriccattle of Danube the The Taf. 3). A few similar ones were unearthed among the graves of graves the among unearthed were ones similar few A 3). 6 . 2). In another genre, they as met can be components a, 24), which were perhaps symbolic sacrificial symbolic perhaps were which24), a, 3: Balatonőszöd, pit no. 1998, Horváth 20101998,no. pit 3: Balatonőszöd, Horváth in 1997: Ex The Secondary 7 . It is supposed on on supposed is It . ------7 6 complex, GAC, and Mierzanowice Mierzanowice culture. and GAC, Schönfeld its complex, CWC, Age: Bronze ly until the end characteristic of the ear remained and Salzmünde–complex, Bernburg, Elba–Havel, ternienburg, Tiefstichk and Altmärkische then Waleramik, FBK: Wartburg, Age: Cop per Middle the in appeared They 52). 2004, (Enăchescu Pilismarót–Basaharc? and Holzfeld, Pleissing– I, Jennyberg protomés: of places the with depictions Similar b). a, 8/9. Taf. 1982, protomés: (Ecsedy Boglárlelle animal with decorated cart-models Other model). Abb. cart 444. – 7. vessel; zoomorphic – 6. Pavúková phase Radošina, Boleraz (Nĕmejcová- / Bárta 1977, Abb. 442–443, Bárta - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 47 sistent draught with atrained unit incon are together) buried were calf young a and cow a (generally burials double the of individuals the of ages and genders the sides, Be narrowanimalspits. the the in beside placed couldhave al been Magny 2004; Maghy 2004; Magny 3550,3900, (Pioraoscillation,BC between cal 3250 2900 and activity Sun’s the of change the to due probably most was which rioration, dete climaticunfavourable multifactorial the with and BC, cal 3000 and 4000 between hemisphere northern the in breeding cattle of advance sudden the with connection shows really appearance their gions of Switzerland). 3 2 1 eetees ter itiuin te ie n te rqec of frequency the and time the distribution, their Nevertheless, / et Arbogast 2004; Haas 8 . al. 2006, in the lake re lake the in 2006, al. - - - - Ochsenprotomen. abgebrochenes Wagenmodell einem von Bef. dűlő, Balatonőszöd–Temetői 3 2002; határán Nyugat és Kelet nach Str., Vác-Kisliliom Amphore, geformte Rind ein Pilis Figurinen, wie 2 2002; Kovács nach Zoomorphe marót–Basaharc, 1 52. Abb. cart–model. a from off broken ox–protome 1998, no. Pit dűlő, Balatonőszöd–Temetői 3 2002; határán Nyugat és Kelet amphora, after Str., Vác-Kisliliom zoomorphic 2 2002; Cattle-shaped Kovács Pilis after figurines, marót–Basaharc, Zoomorphic 1 52. Fig. 8

print). in (Horváth Vučedol/Streim rév, Szobi Pilismarót/ Mezőkövesd/Nagy–Fertő, Bodzáspart, Kaposújlak Hódmezővásárhely/ Dunaszentgyörgy, pest/Káposztásmegyer/Farkaserdő, (Fig. culture Baden the of Pairedcattleburials theinsettlements

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s oköv oköv i Hódmezovásárhely Hódmezovásárhely “ “ T 0 eld eld esd esd Husynne Husynne “ “ 50 km 50 km - in einem Gräberfeld. einem in Punkt: schwarzer Siedlung, einer in Punkt: roter Kultur), (Badener Ungarn Rinder-Doppelbestat in tungen von Kartierung b Rinderniederlegungen; von Fundplätze re periphe Punkt: blauer Punkte), (schwarze 3600 zwischen Europa in gen Abb. 53. Abb. a cemetery. in dot: black settlement, a in dot: red culture), (Baden Hungary in burials cattle find peripheral burials; cattle of dots: places blue burials, tle 3600 between 53. Fig. Map of cattle burials, Europe, Europe, burials, cattle of Map a Kartierung der Rinderbestattun der Kartierung a – 2200 BC. black dots: cat dots: black BC. 2200 Map of double double of Map b – 2200 v. Chr.v. 2200 - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 49 four four or only the fore (allthe crouched extended, accidental, varied: also was limbs the of positions The it. under or column vertebral the on back turned was skullplaced side,on The the on rightthesometimes back. or the left ography (comp. 2006) Horváth ceremonialchorethe of part was culturethatit impliesthe of ritory ter occupation the on act 1985,Vörösthe falu of 17). repetition The (e.g.scorchedwere Tahitótbones the of surfaces the since only pits the in placed being before sacrifice?) (burnt fire with contact in get (e.g.daub and Pilismarót-Szobi rév, Vörös 1979, 190, ash 197). of could They layer a in found often are they and sacrifices) human on like the animal on bones. could observed be cut whileskinning, no marks and butchering in skill a to attested skeletons partial The offering). the axe) and the blood could be let out (blood was probably necessary for imals could be stunned before killing (knock on the head with a stone et Bartosiewitz bloodcirculation with the rupture ofthe artery, comp. Vörös 1979, the24; stopping and chest opened the in handone’s putting clubs, en wood tools, bone tools, stone flaked axes, (stone animals killing for same value in the late Copper Age society as humans, they could they (e.g.substitutesacrifice). people as asubstitutebloody humans,in a offering as society Age Copper late the in value same the had cattle that probable seems it burials, cattle and human the between connection and proximity the and this of Because burials! ies, however, the samepattern asreflect theatone observed human bod the of positions The settlement. same the within even varied orientation:inthe wasit detected could be system No position. frog it was filled with the same symbolic contentsymbolic same withit was filled the the had however, same meaning in each which, community of society, the and Boleráz/Baden situation, social specific a mirrored sion trunk, meaty limb, dry limb, digits/bones remaining limb, in the limb,skin). digits/bones dry meaty trunk, (dividing or ritualprofane purposes head, the animals parts: to body the of existence ritual maiming butchering. or tioning of the animals andthe completeness of the skeletons. n o te kl – oeaig mnil wud kokn down, knocking – the shoulder-blade) or in the chest astab perhaps rarely wound mandible pole-axing, – skull the of ing smash the were wounds observed (theway natural a in die not did and slaughtered deliberately certainly were they that suggest etons skelthe on jointcut). was hock the marks wound when The pits the ning). The animals were to probably killed next the pits (they fell into cases the hock joints were missing (in consequence of felling or skin 6 Ecser Endrődi fig.2004, site,49). (e.g.and Budapest–Káposztásmegyer: In afew position frog a in apart spread legs the with back the on laid characteristically were cattle culture, Baden the of IV phase In yoking. and milking during manageable more become the animals cattle: of exploitation secondary the with linked be can horns the of removal the of reason practical The head. the from off sawed were horns the Sometimes pits. the in placed also were limbs hind associated and order anatomical an in column/vertebrae vertebral was skulls, cut in Separated the skullslumbar region. with vertebrae, cal vertebrae before burial, while in other cases the vertebral column were given food for the feast or the afterlife. the afterlife. or the feast for were given food sacrifices the that suggest Balatonőszöd at uncovered skeletons tle ate ee hon no h gnrly ml pt o te were they or pits small generally the into thrown were Cattle Traces of burning on can be the observed often animal bones (just relativelyA limited assortment oftools and methods could beused The recurrent fixed versions of cattle burials imply that every ver every that imply burials cattle of versions fixed recurrent The In certain cases, the head was cut off from the body at the cervi the at body the from off cut was head the cases, certain In serve couldanimals the of butchering the for chosen method The Incomplete, partial skeletons are often whichunearthed, supposes The rest of the animal bones found in pits with independent cat independent with pits in found bones animal the of rest The al. 2008). According to the Balatonőszöd cases, the an the cases, 2008).Balatonőszöd Accordingal.the to / hind limbs), or the hind legs were pulled up in a 10 . 9 . ------10 9 Comp. (Endrődi– Vörös 1997; scapula 1998). left the on seen be can edges sharp of would stab a head, fromwere the cut offthe horns Pilismarót–Szobi315:cow;rév, no. pit blows hit the head of the 4-5 years old pole-axe three least at 49: no. pit ing; at pole-ax smashed was forehead its head, the from off cut were cattle er oth the of horns the the region, in lumbar broken was cow old years 3 column of the tle the burial: vertebral cat double 30, no. pit er/Farkaserdő Káposztásmegy Budapest, lowings: fol the are instances registered The expresses a common affair. acommon expresses itself activity the while splitting, its of manner the in manifested is ation situ social a evidently, ox: sacrificial the of body the in body political a of reflection the find to difficult not is It genitals. the along length the in two of incest, theeffects animal iscut into the lift to is sacrifice the of purpose the When er they cases are strangled. oth in death, to trodden are animals the cases separate certain In more). any cannot them feud the that ing (indicat groups two the to given are parts two the and middle the in cut is animal the feud, blood by arated is accepted two groups between sep aWhen truce reach with the sacrifice. od matches the they purpose want to meth each and kill determined are its ing of methods various rificed, sac is ox an When sacrifices. animal in are totalled the society concerning experiences the himself; identifies he which with ox an by mediated is self him of forms man a picture the tle; cat the of colours the to according colours the follow Sudan) in tribe ing breed (cattle Dinka The symbolism. cattle of help the with experiences their formed Nile the along peoples D a l g u o s 2003, 91, 155. The The 155. 91, 2003, ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 50 Zoology: sides. polished of lump pigment red axe; stone laterala of fragment polished ruminant; large a of rib the chiselfrom completed; decoration, bowl-like a with pot Handled kg): (1.5 finds Ceramic daub fragments. and shards with mixed compact, brown, dark was 1090 no. pit of ing fill preserved The wasextended. one right the up, waspulled leg hind left the column, vertebral the toward back turned somewhat was head the side, right the on lay animal The side. southern the on disturbance a to due was incomplete skeleton intact otherwise The uncovered. was skeleton animal coherent a which 1090, in no. pit Baden the intersected period Migration the of pit ash Feature: (fig. 55 III phase layer925, Baden culture-bearing 49/8, under 1090, no. Pit cutting kg): bowl. Fragment(2.5 abipartite finds of Ceramic documentation. ic graph and photo the from skeleton cattle a as it determined Vörös István ing. lift after perished It wasincomplete. rump the back, wastwisted head the side, was strongly damaged by mechanic earth movement. pit, The animal lay on shallow the left the of top on appeared which skeleton, animal The fragments. ic Feature: 54). (fig. Baden classical er layer925, old 51/6, culture-bearing of 334, no. Pit cutting border the on Catalogue ofcattle burials feast). daidala rain imploration fertility vesselssociated the of cart the cultureBaden with the ancient Greek 88–127;2003, (comp.: Goldziher pastures enly 1958:Sümeghy as he heav the to drive night the of cowboys the that cows heavenly the of milking the is rain myths, create who people flows For udder. the milk from that also and rain the and sky the of darkness the both verb Arabic The accordingmoon. the of course tothe year lunar the of calculation the and nights the on based calendar their in manifested also is daytime the over night the of preference The myths. their of symbols and topics sympathetic the into turned are elements these and daytime, in sky clouded the and night the of darkness the adore peoples keeping animal large the and madic no the Thus night. at driven generally are animals The wandering. continuous to them drives pastures rich for search the water,heavenand ly the rain, the of sons the themselves call people Nomadic element. natural positive friendly, a is fields, the sky,to rain sends which clouded The pasture. the of quality the on wealth their stock, emphaticLatebecame sacrifices inthe Age. firstling Copper also nml epn pols r dpnat n h wlae f the of welfare the on dependant are peoples keeping Animal and cow cult, bull Neolithic earlier, the of survival the Besides 0,5 m The round pit was filled with compact brown soil mixed with ceram with mixed soil brown compact with filled was pit round The Skeleton of a calf; vertebra of a great catfish. agreat of vertebra acalf; Skeleton of Ash pit no. 989 found in the centre of a complex of an oven and an an and oven an of complex a of centre the in found 989 no. pit Ash a). gasaka means ------Abb. 54. Bef. 54. Abb. Pit no. 334. 54. Fig. Nr. 334. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 51 mals were probably killed in summer. in killed weremals probably ani The boar. adult an of vertebra and skull pig; old months 8 yet not a of ble limb of a 2 a of limb Zoology: obliquely dipper; a of blade. blunted flaked fragment bowls; bipartite of Fragments kg): (6 Finds to pit. the was right next found coal. skeletonThe limbs. Oven of no. a 167calf side with lay on the extended left Feature: (fig. IV?) 55 phase toward (tending Baden classical layer925, older 1143, no. Pit culture-bearing under 48/6, no. cutting 0,5 m The pit was filled with compact brown soil mixed with daub and char and daub with mixed soil brown with compact wasfilled pit The Skeleton of a 2–4 months old calf; limb of an adult cattle; skull an and monthscattle; of an adult Skeletonlimb calf; old of a 2–4 – 3 months old sheep; limb and a vertebra of an adult sheep; mandi sheep; adult an of vertebra a and limb sheep; old months 3 0,5 m b). 5 cm 5 cm - - - Bef. Abb. 55. a Bef. b Pit no. 1143 finds. selected and finds. 55.Fig. aPit no. 1090 selected and Nr. 1143 Fundmaterial. und Nr. 1090 und Fundmaterial, b 5 cm b a www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 52 0,5 m 5 cm Bef. Abb. 56. a Bef. finds. ed no. Pits b select and finds, 1399 selected finds 1237no. selected Pits and a 56. Fig. Nr. 1399 Fundmaterial. und 0,5 m Nr. 1237 und Fundmaterial, b 5 cm 5 cm a b - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 53 925, Baden phase III (fig. 56 (fig. III phase 925, Baden layer 1399, no. Pit 46/11, no. cutting culture-bearing of border the on winter.in killed probably were animals The (burnt). sow adult an of limb sheep; adult an Zoology: finds (1.5Ceramic kg): adipper. Lowerof fragment 1236 no. pit covered neighbouring it. The in contained burial. ahuman wasskeleton un cattle charcoal:incomplete and an bones animal concretions, grey, by compact a ashy with loess grains mixed underlain loess layer and daub Feature: 56 (fig. III phase 1237, no. Pit layer925, Baden 43/5, no. culture-bearing under cutting killed in late in autumn. killed Zoology: axe. astone from ably find: Ceramic pit. the Feature: 58). (fig. culture Baden cal classi layer925, older culture-bearing 1493, no. Pit under 48/6, cutting autumn. spring/ early in killed probably were animals The deer. roe a of antler cast right the of fragment pig; adult an of limb and skull sheep; adult an of limb sheep; old months 18–20 an of limb and mandible lambs; newborn 2 of limbs cattle; Zoology: radius. acattle from bowl; bone-sharpener handled flat, small, a of fragment profile dipper; a of fragments vessel); talled kg): (4 Finds destroyed. workers the tom, which bot the above cm few a lay skeleton cattle incomplete An charcoal. and daub Feature: (fig. III 57). phase layer 925, 1451, no. Pit Baden 46/10, culture-bearing under cutting summer. in killed were probably Zoology: handle. ribbon find: Ceramic 1398. no pit wasin completed found be could that jug A 1400. and 1398 nos. pits intersected 1399 no. Pit wall. the shards. A cattle skeleton was uncovered on the bottom of the pit pressed against Feature: 0,5 m The upper layer in the cross-section of the round pit was brown with brown was pit round the of cross-section the in layer upper The An incomplete skeleton was uncovered in the dark, compact filling of filling compact dark, the in uncovered was skeleton incomplete An with mixed soil grey dark with filled was pit beehive-shaped oval, The and daub charcoal, with mixed soil grey dark with in filled was pit The Skeleton of a 2.5 a of Skeleton Partial skeleton of a 6–8 months old cattle. The animal was probably probably was animal The cattle. old months 6–8 a of skeleton Partial animals The sheep. a of astragal cow; old years 3–3.5 a of Skeleton Skeleton of an about 4 years old cow; vertebra and limb of an adult adult an of limb and vertebra cow; old years 4 about an of Skeleton Short foot-ring or hollow pedestal (suspension or hollow-pedes or (suspension pedestal hollow or foot-ring Short Profile fragment of a small handled bowl; stone fragments prob fragments stone bowl; handled small a of fragment Profile Bottom and wall fragment of a dipper with the lower start of the the of start lower the with dipper a of fragment wall and Bottom a). – 3 years old bull; limb of an adult cattle; mandible of of mandible cattle; adult an of limb bull; old years 3 b). - - - - - Abb. 58. Bef. 58. Abb. Pit no. 1493. 58. Fig. Abb. 57.Abb. Bef. 57.Fig. Pit no. 1451 find. selected and 0,5 m 5 cm Nr. 1451 Keramik. und Nr. 1493. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 54 contained a cattle skeleton bent to the N side of the pit. The head was twisted twisted was head The pit. the of side N the to bent skeleton cattle a contained Feature: (fig. 62 41/3, 1843, no. Pit Baden cutting indistinctive autumn. in killed were probably animals The pig. adult an of limb sheep; months old 6–8 a of limb and head cattle; juvenile a of mandible mandible; the Zoology: close to it. was burial human a 1832with no. Pit column. vertebral the toward bent what some was head the and extended were limbs The shards. few a with together uncovered was side left the on lying skeleton cattle A charcoal. with mixed soil Feature: (fig. 62 Baden tive layer925, indistinc 1841, no. Pit culture-bearing 40/4, 5, under cuttings Zoology: and shards it. Pit in 1832 no. were found vicinity. its in lay burial skeleton with ahuman cattle thrown-in incomplete An charcoal. some with mixed soil Feature: (fig. Baden 61). layer925, indistinctive 1839, no. Pit culture-bearing 40/5, under cutting late in winter killed were probably animals The foetus. apig of 8–10 sow;limb an tonof adult an of column vertebral and pig;skull months old Zoology: ribs. the der un back turned was head The charcoal. some with mixed soil grey compact, Feature: 60). (fig. Baden layer925, indistinctive 1796, no. Pit 39/5, culture-bearing cutting under tumn. au early in killed probably were animals The horse. old years 2.5–3 a of limb sheep; old months 6–8 a of mandible pig; old 8–10months an of skeleton tial Zoology: Zoology: limbs. with side extended left the on acalf skeleton of lay The Feature: (fig. 59). Baden early layer925, culture-bearing of 1772, no. Pit 38/4, border the on cutting The pit was filled with greyish brown soil mixed with some charcoal. It charcoal. some with mixed soil brown greyish with filled was pit The grey brownish compact with in filled was soil forest into dug pit The The shallow pit was dug into forest soil. It was filledwith greyish brown with in filled pit shallow the in shards few a with lay skeleton cattle A The pit was filled in with compact grey soil mixed with some charcoal. some with mixed soil grey with compact in filled was pit The Skeleton of a mature cowcaused (stone mature bya withblow Skeleton hole a of a axe?) in winter. in killed It was bull. probably old years a2.5–3 Skeleton of Skeleton of years old a cow;3.5–4 limb of an adult skelecattle, partial Skeleton of a 4–6 months old cattle; mandible of an adult cattle; par cattle; adult an of mandible cattle; old months 4–6 a of Skeleton a). b). / spring. ------Abb. 60. Bef. 60. Abb. Pit no. 1796. 60. Fig. Abb. 59.Abb. Bef. 59.Fig. Pit no. 1772. 0,5 m Nr. 1772. Nr. 1796. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 55 spring in killed were probably imals cattle; pelvis of an adult pig; limb of a bitch; bones of 3 horse individuals. The an adult an of limb bull; adult an of trunk and head cow; old years 3 ca. a of head Zoology: pit. the of side other the wason skull found cattle er Anoth body. the under up pulled were legs the column, vertebral the over back Zoology: blade. Triangularof a end Finds: proximal arrowhead; flaked skeletons. ash and cattle containeddaub two Feature: (fig. 63 Baden classical layer925, older culture-bearing under 44/6, 1856 no. Pit cutting The animals were probably killed in winter. in killed were probably animals The Zoology: (3Finds kg): transversal Twoscraper. bowl; trapezoid abipartite of fragments up. legsslightly the pulled and back turned head the some charcoal. It contained shards and a cattle skeleton laid on the side left with Feature: (fig. 63 Baden sical clas layer925, older 1899, 46/7, no. Pit culture-bearing under cuttings 8, sheep. adult an of bull; limb amature Skeleton of Zoology: limbs the were incomplete. back, was turned head shards. The with side left the on it in lay skeleton cattle A daub. and refuse charcoal, with Feature: (fig. 63 Baden layer925, indistinctive culture-bearing under 38/2, 1860, no. Pit cutting probably were animals autumn. The in killed dog. a of vertebra lumbar cow; adult an of limb 0,5 m The round pit was filled with compact, greyish brown soil mixed with mixed soil brown greyish compact, with filled was pit round The mixed soil brown compact with filled was soil forest into dug pit The Head of a 16–20 months old cow; skeletal of a part ca. 3 years old cow; Skeleton of a 4 Skeleton of a 2.5–3 years old bull; head and limb of an adult sheep. sheep. adult an of limb and head bull; old years 2.5–3 a of Skeleton The shallow, oval pit filled with layers strongly mixed with charcoal, with mixed strongly layers with filled pit oval shallow, The a). b). c). – 6 months skeletoncow; cattle; old of an adult/mature 0,5 m / late autumn. b - - - ie Rne mt ibprn ie At b Bef. Axt; einer Hiebspuren mit Rindes eines Bef. a 62. Abb. cow by axe;bPit an no. 1843. injured a of mandible 1841 and no. Pit a 62. Fig. 61.Abb. Bef. 61.Fig. Pit no. 1839. 0,5 m Nr. 1843. 5 cm Nr. 1839. Nr. 1841 und Mandibula Mandibula und 1841 Nr. a www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 56 0,5 m 0,5 m 5 cm 2 cm b c Funde; dBef. Bef. Abb. 63. a Bef. Pit no. 1904 finds. and 1860no. c finds; Pit and d finds; and 1899 no. Pit b finds; 1856and no. Pit a 63. Fig. 0,5 m Nr. 1860 und Funde; c Bef. c Funde; Nr.1860und Nr. 1904 Funde. und Nr. 1856 und Fundmaterial; b 5 cm Nr.1899 und 5 cm a d www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 57 bly killed in late in autumn. killed bly Zoology: Zoology: rim. ed invert an of vessel pot-like deep a of fragment Profile kg): (0.5 finds Ceramic 2457 entire the in pit the length. intersected Trench no. head. the around shards were There movement. earth by damaged been had pit the of top on uncovered calf a of skeleton The grains. loess with Feature: 2491, no. Pit 31-32/6, cuttings 7, (early?)64). (fig. Baden indistinctive au totumn spring. from period the in killed probably were animals The deer. roe adult an of mandible pig; adult an 10–12 of a limb of sheep; limb old and months head tle; Zoology: rim. ed kg): (1.5 finds Ceramic 925? no. layer Ittom. intersects mixed with some charcoal. A of part a cattle skeleton was uncovered on the bot Feature: (fig. 63 Baden classical 925, layerno. older culture-bearing under 46/8, 1904, no. Pit cutting b. Small ruminant burials in the Baden culture Baden the in burials ruminant b. Small in Mainz(Bollongino et ty Universi Gutenberg Johannes the in bones aurochs and cattle lithic Neo on 178;210–211) 1994,out 2005, (Vörös carried tests DNA and analyses zoological traditional by refuted been since has idea This ruminants. small the from dominance the over took gradually cies spe domesticated locally two the Thus there. found be could domesticated pig) of ancestor wild (the boar wild and cattle) of cestor aurochs(thean only CarpathianBasin, wild the live in not did nants rumi small the of representatives wild However,the domesticated. be couldthat individuals wild with completed be to had alwayscies mal keeping tothe demands, so animalthe domesticated meet spe ani prehistoric circumstancesof the within enough large never was growth natural the hand, other the On Balkan. the in as rewarding as not was species ruminant small of keeping the so Balkan the of that match really not did Basin Carpathian the in environment the Age.Copper According to Bökönyi Sándor thatit was due to the fact the and animals Neolithic the in domesticated dominantthe among became pigs and Cattle fur. the of colour the and wool of quantity and quality the tail, the of content fat and length the horns, the of shape the in differed which Neolithic, Late the in evolved sheep ed 642; 1999,Clutton-Brock 70). many Extremely variants of domesticat 1971,(Bökönyi dominated ruminants small which among Basin, an Carpathi the in arrived they when species animal domesticated an enisation process” (Köninger et is with connected this process: it is one of the of landmarks the “Bad type spindle-whorl heavy biconical, new a of distribution wide The and perhaps the new features gave a new impetus to sheep keeping. 1971,(Bökönyi 649–650), wool more yield already could sheep Age Copper The 39).1983, (Vörös types 1905) Duerst studeri aries (Ovis (Ovis ariespalustris Rütimeyer 1862)less, turbary andStuder’s sheep of stone-packing grave no. 414; on the surface between graves nos. nos. graves between 414;surface no. gravethe on stone-packing of 1973(Torma harc The early Neolithic cultures Neolithic early broughtsoutheast-europe them with The In the Boleráz/Baden period, István Vörös differentiates the horn the differentiates Vörös István period, Boleráz/Baden the In Sheep figurines are known from the cemetery of Pilismarót-Basa of cemetery the from known are figurines Sheep The pit dug into forest soil was filled in with greyish brown soil mixed mixed soil brown greyish with in filled was soil forest into dug pit The The stratified, beehive-shaped pit was filled in with compact grey soil soil grey compact with in filled was pit beehive-shaped stratified, The Skeleton of a 3.5–4 years old cow; skull and vertebra of an adult cat adult an of vertebra and skull cow; old years 3.5–4 a of Skeleton Partial skeleton of an 18 an of skeleton Partial a, under stone-packing grave no. 413; at the edge edge 413;no.the graveat stone-packing under a, Lid segment; fragment of a biconical bowl of an evert an of bowl biconical a of fragment segment; Lid d). al. 2003). – 20 months old bull. The animal was proba was animal The bull. old months 20 al. 2001). ------Abb. 64. Bef. 64. Abb. Pit no. 2491. 64. Fig. Nr. 2491. 0,5 m www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 58 ing came from the end of the process4 wool on data earliest the Europe, in while remains), cloth wool-based 8, Mishmar, cave Nahal Sarab; figurine, Tepe sheep clay 1994,(Benecke East 136–Abb. Near the in 50,BC 6000 about to back go use wool of proofs sheep).first hornless Ohemir,a The of milking el– Kish/Tell 45: Abb.130, 1994, (Benecke BC 5000–3000 from gion on the consumption of sheep milk came from the western Iranian re data first The etc. filling cloth weaving,felting, textile in utilized also were recovered, comp. 2–3). tables or incomplete skeletons, 63 bone remains, and also a goat individual complete 71 individuals, sheep site 134 the of pits sacrificial 37 the (from number item larger far a with even cattle of those than lower and Vel’ké 1979, Lomnica (Vladár 62, obr. 38–39). XIII/1–7)Pl. XII/4, Pl. 1968, (Korek 416, Salgótarján-Pécskő 418), from single cattle 5 about of meat the volumes, body their Regarding cattle. to equal nearly were they use: of mals the offering feast organised within the frames of the burial rite as asearly rite the Early/Middle Age Copper (Vörös 1986).burial the of frames the within organised feast offering the at animals important most the were sheep that demonstrated has phism). et (Baldia women dressing and of estimation social changing the with connected be can flax and wool sheep of utilisation increasing the to attesting Finds Jordanów Śląski, from Jordanow culture, Age). Copper sheep Middle woolly a of figurine Switzerland, from remains cloth wool 51: Abb. and the change of the shape of the horns (especially of he-goats) he-goats) in the 7 at goats could observed also be of (especially horns the of shape the of change the and limbs the 1999,of (Clutton-Brock shortening 78). domestication The of phase early inthe than sheep popular wasmore it regions certain in although sheep of that as exactly as documented be cannot tion manding, smaller and gives much milk. The process of its domestica Bedouins in connection with small ruminants 1995) in (Klenck connection Bedouins in Age. role the LateCopper played an important Marathon at victory (Leach 1949, their 456). after goats 500 sacrificed Athens of ple peo The offerings. various for used were they and animals, offered and the classical civilisations, goats were among the most frequently 1988). Vörös 38–41; 1988, Kállay (Sz. Füzesabony at culture Ludanice the of area sacrificial the in uncovered finds and phenomena of casion oc the on aspect historical religious a and archaeological an from rich pastures. ed with the barren desiccated meadows, in contrast to thatcattle need satisfied were they pasture, the of quality the Regarding clearings. the cleaning in helped they so branches and bushes young the theyate that respect the in useful very were They daub. the to added and fire on put was manure their lamps, in used was fat ruminants, small of horns the from prepared were instruments Musical making. cases)and cores tool animalsets both for horn of the and were used cles of use were made from their skin. The bones (for awls, pins, sock Not only the meat and milk of sheep were used, their wool was wool their used, were sheep of milk and meat the only Not Sheep were significant in the Baden culture as multipurpose ani multipurpose as culture Baden the in significant were Sheep Goat is also called the “cattle of the poor” because it is less de less is it because poor” the of “cattle the called also is Goat analysisThe of the animal material bone cemetery of the Tiszavalk Goats were kept mainly for their meat and milk, and various arti various and milk, and meat their for mainly kept were Goats In the 1800’s, five major offering types were recorded at the recorded were types offering major five 1800’s, the In have to seem not do they occurence, general their Regarding According to religious traditions that from the survived prehistoric animals sacrificial as goats of role the discussed Kállay Sz. Ágota 11 so the meat and provided otherby were profits sheep al. 2008; comp. Horváth 2008: gynaecomor 2008: Horváth comp. 2008; al. – th 10 sheep was equivalent to that of a of that to equivalent was sheep 10 millennium (Benecke 1994, 138–139, th –6 th millennia BC. 12 . ------12 11 (e.g. the grave of a saint) is always always is clean. kept saint) a of grave the (e.g. sacrifice the of scene The discarded. is sacrifice the after and during left refuse the which in sacrifice, the of 10 found be can pit refuse left-over The hide). (skull, the parts gets butcher The en. eat and prepared split, are they then skinned, are they First them. to given is water killing, Before well. as camel or cattle be can it although goat, a ly bad. tastes animal ispredominant sacrificial The and hard is animal old the of that while meat, tenderest the have to thought is it since chosen is animal male young a Generally, ed. segregat are women the while fice, sacri the perform family the mem of bers eldest The saints). regarded are tribe the of patrons the and tors ances (the saints the to sacrifice 5: commemoration. a as death the ter af days 40 sacrificed is one another and journey, the for family the of ber mem a of death the at grave the in put is it 4: bless. bring to and curses from them guard to wedding a fore it be 3: perform hunters. the couples harm not does it that so earth spirits the of the to offered are animal an of dur blood and meat performed the hunting: ing was which rifice, Genie-sac 2: Isaac. son his sacrifice to wanted Abraham when event the once a formed year to commemorate per is which sacrifice, the of feast 1: kg. 40 sheep/goat kg, 25 pig kg, 250 cattle 220: 2005, Vörös to ing mature animal was as accord follows of a meat quantity “useful” estimated the circumstances, prehistoric Within – 150 m from the scene scene the from m 150 ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 59 and vegetation. nature of symbols reviving the as evil averting and luck and health power, carrying of properties with endowed were ruminants small meaningmovement (Grantham has asymbolic 1995). every since animal the of parts various of serving the and food the words by the seating of the at participants a feast, the preparation of without expressed be can communication ceremony. whole ritual A rigid protocol-like quasi a becomes which cultures, keeping) sheep foetuses and ewes 1036,1085,1331, 1499, 1608,1612, 2614). pregnantproportionof The 426,203, nos. however,sacrifices (pits masscharacteristic animalsof were, They burials. animal in cattle as role individual same the have not skeletons.ruminantsdidSmallpartial 1795) no. or skeletons (piten tire with burials cattle beside and dogs, with humans, beside curred ing the neck. (203, break 1036, pits 1331,by rificial killed 2614).generally were They In the uncovered Late Copper Age phenomena, small ruminants oc ruminants small phenomena, Age Copper Late uncovered the In 1981;1949), 1982;Leach (Viga studies ethnographic to According (especially certain in part prominent a takes consumption Meat 0,5 m LaTène D? / newborn lambs is very high in the collective sac collective the in high very is lambs newborn 1 m B-1075−B-1079; - - - - B-1131; rial. Abb. 65. Bef. 65. Abb. finds. 1075-1079selected nos. and Pits 65. Fig. B-1130 5 cm Nr. 1075Nr. – 1079Fundmate und - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 60 arable andfertile. arable more field the made and roots over left the up grubbed they vest, har after fields the to driven were they 1998). When (Nemeth eties soci prehistoric of factors spreading disease also and limiting ease the growth of the human population. In this sense, pigs were the dis and excrement whichfrom the increased settlement, in parallel with and eating of habits pigs: the animals removed practically the refuse quin et (Pétre settlement the within populations new immigrating uously contin indicates keeping pig of upswing the authors, other to ing Accord remains. food and food vegetal on fed generally were they could also prove (searching useful mushroom for androots). smell of sense excellent Their ways. various in used also were bones mals were offirst used allfor theirmeat andfat, and the skin and the ani domestic The prolificacy. their of because cultures prehistoric culture Baden the in Pigburials c. summer. in killed probably were animals The pig. adult an of limb cattle; months old 2–4 Zoology basalt. weathered axe, ashaft-hole of finds: Core Selected ridge with use wear on the right edge, burnt; edge fragment 1826no. with and charcoalrefuse. mixed brown soil dark waswith filled compact soil mixed with charcoal, refuse and a large number of animal bones. The oval pit ovalwereside.side1825no.dugbyThepit wasfilled with compact, browndark Feature: 66 (fig. Baden tinctive 1825–1826, nos. layer925,Pits indis 41/6, cutting culture-bearing under sheep. adult an Skeleton of Zoology: axes. stone more or one from fragments basalt weathered flake; a of fragment dial me inlay; sickle flake: retouched rim; everted an with bowl biconical handled, one- a of fragment profile fragment; amphora it; in bones animal with handle, the without jug no. small flask; pit kg): 1430 Completed (8 from finds Selected position. super in were they bones: animal and daub charcoal,with mixed soil grey dark no. with pit 1431filled round was The filling. stratified 1430a no. had pit phous 1431.amor no. pit The in found was animal an of skeleton butchered the and Feature: 66 (fig. IIB phase Baden 1430–1431, nos. Pits layer925, 45/7, cuttings culture-bearing under 8, skeleton (from 1075 no. dog pit bull, adult -celtic?). Zoology: ruminant. asmall of tibia the chisel from ulna, cattle a from chisel bone blade; flaked truncated Obliquely kg): (1 Finds side. NE its of skeleton dog a 1075,with no. pit by cut 1079was no. Pit skeleton. ruminant Feature: (fig. 65). Baden classic layer925, older ture-bearing 1075 nos. Pits Tène (La D) 49/10, –1079. cuttings 11, Baden, cul under Catalogue ofsmall ruminant (sheep/goat) burials sions can continuouslysionscan demonstratedbeNeolithic theHungary.inin Transitional individualsthe domesticated between and the wild ver grubbing manure the to importance special owe studies Certain The presence of pigs in a proves settlement since a lifestyle settled in favoured especially were 1777) Erxleben domesticus (Sus Pigs A common cross-section was left from pits nos. 1825 and 1826,which1825 and nos. pits from cross-sectionleft commonwas A al. 1998, 190). : Partial skeleton of a sub-adult sheep; limb of an adult ewe; limb of a of limb ewe; adult an of limb sheep; sub-adult a of skeleton Partial : In the NW corner of the beehive shape pit no. 1079 were excavated a excavated 1079were no. pit shape beehive the of corner NW the In An intact bowl and a handled cup lay on the bottom of pit no. 1430 no. pit of bottom the on lay cup handled a and bowl intact An Skeleton of an adult sheep, and the limb of another. cranium of an an of cranium another. of limb the and sheep, adult an of Skeleton b). a). ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 61 b a 0,5 m 2 cm 0,5 m 5 cm Bef. Bef. a 66. Abb. finds. ed ed finds; b Pitsnos. 1825, 1826and select 1430,1431select nos. and Pits a 66. Fig. Nr. 1825, 1826 Funde. und 5 cm Nr. 1430, 1431 und Funde; b Funde;1430, 1431Nr. und 5 cm - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 62 some charcoal. It contained the skeletons of two pigs. One of them lay on the E the on lay them of One pigs. two of skeletons the contained It charcoal. some Feature: 68). (fig. layer925, 1769, no. Pit IIA/B? 39/5, culture-bearing cutting under late in autumn. killed Zoology: kg): axe. (4.5 astone of bowl; fragment Finds Fragment abipartite of skeleton was animal uncovered it. in partial Feature: layer925, 1536–1782, no. Pit IIB/III. 44/7, culture-bearing under cutting 8, summer. in killed were probably animals The sheep. adult Zoology: wall. with interiordividing the kg): bowl (0.5 WallFinds abipartite of fragment with charcoal.greyish mixed within dark brown soil filled Feature: (Fig. 67). Baden classical older layer 925, 46/11, 1402, no. Pit cutting culture-bearing of border the on the Pilismarót-Basaharc (Torma cemetery 1973 (comp. Griffin1998). totem animals site.symbols, trophiesas couldstatus or well They be 1789, nos. plates wereinpits found 2234, 2655, 2708 2724and at our da, male grave no. 91: the “artisan’s” grave: Korek 1986). Polished tusk csár Budakalász–Luppa (e.g. present still are they although culture Baden the of burials the in important that not are They Age. Copper Middle the of end the to Neolithic Late the from burials of furniture appeared. also individuals large-bodied though Vörös1983) was characteristic of the livestock of the Baden culture al The small-statured turbary boar (Sus [scrofa] palustris Rütimeyer 1862, district: Mylonas 1961, Mylonas district: Fig. 66). shrine the in appear also figurines pig holy offerings, substitute (as generally sacrificed toher, thegoddess of agriculture and cultivation daughter.were Pigs her and Demeter for built was shrine terranean asprepared sacrificial dishes. In the ancient Greek mythology, a sub frequently most the also were they and nobility, the and adversary worthy most warrior,cunningthe and great bravery,the of symbols individuals andwild them. are among domesticated There cooked for the ancestors, in fortune telling andshamanisticcooked thein ancestors, rites. for fortune offering food a as used also was which health, and luck good of bol Catalogue pig burials (comp. pit every ly 2–3). tables and and smaller bones of parts pig skeletons could be found in near 203, nos. (pits 1331,pits stratified 1362, 1497, 1499, 1608, 1770, 1795), 203 and 1331, 1770. Besides, they were common elements in the large nos. pits in found also were bones Piglet it. beside found was which patterns, incised and painted by decorated vessel offering pension sus miniature the by supported was which sacrifice, firstling a ably skeletontle aswell (1795). no. pit 1794in found piglet cat The prob was a beside and 2344) no. (pit skeleton human a beside occurred skeletons Pig sacrifice. the to added was afterlife the or feast the for food that suggests which animals, other of skeletons partial tained The fragment of a pig figurine is mentioned from grave no. 364 of grave no. 364 from mentioned is figurine pig a of fragment The Wild boar mandibles and wild boar tusks often appear in the grave In China, where it was the firstdomesticated animal, itwas thesym are pigs wild mythology, Scandinavian and German Celtic, the In pits. sacrificial the in found were skeletons partial and Complete At our site, the pits with independent pig skeletonscon pig generally independent Atwith site, our pits the The pit is part of a larger unit, it is in superposition with pit no. 1531. no. pit with superposition in A is it unit, larger a of part is pit The The beehive-shaped The pit beehive-shaped was filledin with grey compact, soilmixed with The The skeletal of part a pig was uncovered on the bottom of the round pit Skeleton of an 18–20 months old pig; limb of a dog. The animals were animals 18–20 an The of Skeleton dog. a of pig;limb months old Skeleton of a 2–2.5 years old sow; limb of an adult cattle; limb of a sub- b, 494). ------Abb. 67.Abb. Bef. 67.Fig. Pit no. 1402. Nr. 1402. 0,5 m www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 63 an an omphalos; bottom and wall fragment of a with dipper the lower butt of a rib with convex is bottom its dipper, a of fragment wall (7.5 and Finds kg):Bottom many shards.and fragment skeleton animal another contained 1781, which no. pit was it 1608: Feature: (fig. III 12). phase layer925, Baden 1781, no. Pit culture-bearing under 44/6, cutting spring. in were killed animals The sheep. ajuvenile of limb and skull cattle; adult Zoology: ruminant. alarge kg):of rib the from chisel (0.5 made Rib Finds no.pit neighbouring withof finds the together 1768. er animal skeleton was disturbed during cleaning. The ceramic material belongs oth The legs. up side with slightly pulled the left on the pit of the bottom side of 0,5 m The discolouration of another pit was observed under feature no. no. feature under observed was pit another of discolouration The Skeletons of an 8–10 months and 10–12 months old sow; head of an of head sow;10–12 oldand months8–10 months an Skeletonsof 0,15 ltr 0,5 m 5 cm - - terial. unten: Abb. 69. Bef. 69. Abb. unten: finds. selected and 1794 no. Pit 69. Fig. below: rial. Bef. 68. Abb. oben: finds. selected 1769 and no. Pit 68. Fig. above: 5 cm Nr.1769 Fundmate und Nr. 1794 und Fundma und 1794Nr. - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 64 bles 2 bles 1608,1770, no.1106human burialspit in beside 1844and (comp. ta 1362,1497,1099,1085, 203, 1499, nos. pits in found were skeletons Complete top. on put always 1612):were 203, they nos. (pits etons skel human with pits stratified the in appeared always It pigs). tle, cat ruminants, (small animals other with together occur also they their teeth. of prey from tomade amulets promise the owed probably societies Ancientanimals. teller fortune and healer devourers, corpse otherworld, the from demons as also companions of humans in the in otherworld the cult of the dead and the sacrifices, building animals, sacrificial cosmicanimals, attributes, divine as 1980–1981, dogs (Maringer mention studies 40–41). These role historical religious their to regard with also Europe prehistoric culture ( culture grave no. 359 at Pilismarót-Basaharc. burials. prehistoric dog the in frequent most the is type palustris The herds. the and houses 60). 2006, Schibler of bones: anumber on observed were marks cut bones, of occurrence frequent the (beside Age Bronze bythe havingcustombyhumans, disappeared a sumed con were dogs that show Age Copper the and Neolithic the from Data1862). Rütimeyer palustris: familiaris Canis dog, (turbary riods pe earlier the in so less Age, Copper the in prevailed dogs Smaller much humans earlier (Bökönyi 1974, to 317; companion a 1990, Larsson 155; 1999, be Clutton-Brock 49). already could it yet Mesolithic, culture Baden the in burials Dog d. winter. in were killed animals The adog. of Zoology: injured. it is and blunt convex chisel edge, Finds: skeleton. animal an charcoalwith and with some soil grey compact in filled was 1849 no. Pit 1848. no. pit intersected 1849 no. Pit 1849. and Feature: 70). (fig. Baden classical?) (older 40-41/3, 1849, indistinctive no. Pit cuttings autumn. in were killed animals The sheep. adult an of limb and skull Zoology: basalt. axe, astone shine;le of fragment convex, one the is left retouched from one side, the right one is bifacial with sick are edges both surface; point: vesselexterior sion the withtraces on paint red of Finds (2 kg): Profilefragment of aminiature anthropomorphic flask-like suspen pit. shallow the of side northern atthe skull the Feature: (fig. 69). Baden cal classi layer925, older 1794, no. Pit 39/5, culture-bearing cutting under Zoology: rim. avessel everted of an fragment of neck handle; bon At Balatonőszöd, a dog skeleton was found with a human one, and I. Zalai-Gaál recapitulated the dog burials from before the Baden Baden the before from burials dog the recapitulated Zalai-Gaál I. The fragment of a dog figurine and thefragments of arhyton lay in The hunting dog role was less important, instead they watched the (Canis ofdogs domestication 1758) The familiaris L. dates the from Edge fragment of a stone axe, strongly weathered basalt, the edge is a is edge the basalt, weathered strongly axe, stone a of fragment Edge – 3). A common cross-section was left in the neighbouring pits nos. 1848 nos. pits neighbouring the in left was cross-section common A legs without and side with extended the skeletonon left lay animal An Skeletons of an 8–10 an Skeletonsof 18–20 an and monthspigs;old head months old 18–20 an of limb pig; cattle; months old months old 4–6 a of Skeleton 18–20 an Skeleton of adog. of months pig; limb old Z i a l a –G l á a 1994), and J. Maringer summarized them in the in them summarized Maringer J. and 1994), ------Abb. 70.Abb. Bef. 70.Fig. Pit no. 1849. 0,5 m Nr. 1849. www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 65 (1964) and recently by recently (1964)and a juvenile sheep. a juvenile Zoology: quern. ahemispherical of fragment half about rim; cal of an both surfaces everted half of bowl a were surfaces;quern, working biconi a of fragment rim and profile two; into broken Dipper, kg): (2.5 Finds finds. the among found ash grey, slightly burnt and Fragmentscompact. of the daubing of an oven were was layer bottom the while fragments, bone animal and ceramic daub, loess, Feature: 1847, no. Pit -41/4, 40/3 (fig. 72). cuttings III phase Baden to adog. etons belonged ing to the photos the Vörösand drawings, István suggested thatof the skelone Lifestyle and settlement structure settlement and Lifestyle burials animal of Interpretation Zoology: finds. other contain not did It grains. charcoal with mixed filling brown compact, a Feature: 83/4, culture? (fig. 578, no. 71).Pit 5, Baden cuttings Catalogue burials dog have published yet been studies several (Endrődi in details in Hungary from finds Baden the cussed of Europe including the Carpathian Basin (Köninger et (Sherratt 1997, 30). This complex process took place on a large territory two major factors: “alcohol and animal traction – drinking and driving” 1997). Sherratt marked the specific features of the period stressing 1981; transportation-commerce (Sherrattthe 1983; and cultivation in er draughtpow as way, use tonew a put inwas animalpower and used oped faster than ever, its products like milk, meat, wood,devel manurekeeping animal storage), were liquid for vessels of collection new (a pottery of technological type andinnovationsnew Ageappeared:a Prehistoric animal burials were first recapitulated by recapitulated first were burials animal Prehistoric The number of settlementsnumbersuddenlyofCopperThe increasedLate the in 5 cm The oval The pit was stratifiedin afillingThe cross-section.mixed waswith Three partial skeletons were uncovered on the bottom of the pit in in pit the of bottom the on uncovered were skeletons partial Three Dog skeleton; head and limb of a dog; limb of an adult cattle; limb of of limb cattle; adult an of limb dog; a of limb and head skeleton; Dog The bones perished during earth movement and uncovering. Accorduncovering. and movement earth during perished bones The / Vörös1997; 1998)manuscripts the of none regrettably but V . 13 Struhár (2001). A. Endrődi and I. Vörös dis Vörös I. and (2001).Endrődi Struhár A. . al. 2001). H . Behrens ------Abb. 71.Abb. Bef. 71.Fig. Pit no. 578. 13 72.Abb. Bef. finds. Pit no. 72. 1847Fig. selected and 0,5 m use the manuscripts. the use to me allowing for authors both to gratitude my express to like would I Nr. 578. Nr. 1847 Fundmaterial. und 5 cm www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 66 n te tiigy ih ubr f nml uil a te Boleráz/ the at burials animal sites Baden (tables 2–3). of number high strikingly the and bones animal of number large extremely the by indicated is value lelle, Balatonmagyarád). mented devastation layers docu that covers them (Balatonőszöd, Balaton often more and more archaeologically the and settlements the of extent large the even and settlements the in pits and hearths of number large the by supported is This outdoors. performed were day life was mostly confinedwithin Every thebut settlements the activities period. this in here stayed they that means probably which spring, to autumn from site Balatonőszöd the at sacrificed generally were animals animals: of killing the of periods the by illustrated ly excellent is periodicity This ones. temporary were settlements the wagons (comp. Rolle 1991, 85–92). This would also mean that most of nent dwellings in the ofform light-structure houses or large covered perma even or temporary havecould they time, to time from imals an the with migrate must animals large herds that community a As (Balatonőszöd). Hungary in found be can banks, dwellings water on pile standing typical by characterized be can which settlements, dwellings of the Baden culture (Horváth et the about evidences any archaeological definite barely are there ry), zky zky 1965; 1970, 6, Taf. XIV rine from Mödling-Jennyberg (Ruttkay 2001, 523).The skeleton of a doe doe a of skeleton 523).The 1993 2001, in at apit Mamming (Driesch-Gerstner was unearthed (Ruttkay Mödling-Jennyberg from rine figu a of form 1979),the (Vörös inwell known is animal same the and 31).Beaver boneswere found pitno.in197 Pilismartót-Basaharcof as 1989,30– (Jurišić Vučedol–Streim at 80 no. pit from individuals more LjubljanskoBarjecompleteanda beaver skeleton andthebones3 of from skulls T/3); badger 1945,1316, Schmidt culture? (Baden Gradac werereported fromNitriánsky Hrádok II(Struhár 2001, 196); Vučedol– deer red of Skeletons 2006). Schibler (comp. regions geographic tain pit no. 1608), although this can somewhat proportion grow within cer wild cat in pit no. 1657, red deer in pits nos. 1608, were1612, found in pits nos. 1612 and a andhamster 2635, in roe deer in pits nos. 1451, 1904, way the mobile of life.vessels helped forms of various 1963,Točíkobr.1/9,breh: Hrádok–Výsoky 12).suspension Numerous strainers perforated (for the preparation of curd and whey, Nitriánsky 2009 (Horváth prepared be can butter which vessels in barque-shaped so-called theinclude lifestyle keeping mal breeding lifestyle in Europe. In the Carpathian Basin it started with started it Basin Carpathian the In Europe. in lifestyle breeding cattle mostly animal, large a adopted gradually populations historic pre the which in BC, 3900 from calculated isOscillation Piora called Magny 2004; (Magny tation precipi of amount growing a probably and BC) 3000 evi around dently most (the cooling gradual and slow very a by characterised which is BC), (3000–2000 transition Atlantic-Sub-Boreal the and BC) (3500–2800/2600 BC) fell to the end of the Atlantic phase (5500–3000 Climate data historical of bank the Balatonthe southern (comp. fig. 52). naturalwithwater flows along reallyareconnected settlements The 1987,(Schibler196). environment wet a in lifestyle nomadic a ism”, nomad “wetland named was lifestyle this analyses, aeoecological Despite the large number of settlements (about 1500 in Hunga in 1500 (about settlements of number large the Despite The The firstknown ceramic flask came fromSegesd-Alsóbogát (Dravec status and role primary its keeping, animal of standard high The The number of hunted and fished animals is low (at our site aurochs According to the data completed with archaeozoological and pal and archaeozoological with completed Accordingdata the to ae opr g icuig h Blrz n te ae cultures Baden the and Boleráz the including Age Copper Late / 138). Pottery shapes that indicate large ani / Haas 2004). The climatic phenomenon phenomenon climatic The 2004). Haas al. 2007). However, Boleráz a), and the hat-shaped the a),and ). ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 67 while revolutionary changes place took while revolutionary in animal keeping. tion became subordinated because of the whimsical climatic factors, Cultiva 2004). (Virág cultures Ludanice the and Balaton-Lasinja the m higher than to date (Sümegi et 2–3 was which106–107 m, between ranged basin lake uniform of the level water The Balatonboglár-Berek). from probe bore a to ing quent, elm (Ulmus) regressed and human increased impacts (accord other Boleráz/Baden excavations proving that they were linked with otherBoleráz/Baden in grave-goods as uncovered evidently were that and Balatonőszöd at ones cultic 161). considered 2003, are (Grammenos that finds The was found together with animal skeletons in a sacrificialpit at Aljmaš (e.g. 639 nos. inof pits cases and1362). refuse bone animal of number average than more a with filled was if a deliberate partial animal burial is uncovered or a refuse pit, which burials human or human sacrifices, itsometimes seems simple impossible to decide of problem the to Similarly methods? chaeological ar by purposes sacral versus (perished) profane with buried were (Struhár in the community self 2001, 195). it manifested irrationalbehaviour of kind some when cases the and mal liquidation of individuals that were not suitable for consumption nor the burials: animal of groups major two differentiated Struhár 161–162).1964, (Behrens reasons V.emotional and religious status), of the cult andthe ancestors. of the dead manifestations the or choreography, uniform monumental a to ing accordsacrifices collective ratherwere appearance:they their or ity regularities. certain They cannot showing be interpreted as family acts regarding either settlement their qual the over all spaces open 2001,es (Bánffy 61). hous the to next pits in and hearths near houses, the of corners the rites the of Character (Fábián-Serlegi in print). Balaton the in level water the of rise the with connected are which reasons, historical climate to back go may This bank. the from ther far ridges hill higher the toward shifted which phenomena, Baden the than Balaton the to closer and elevation lower a on lay features Boleráz early the that Balaton the of bank southern the along sites ( together found were idol female a and vessel anthropomorphic an vessel, gynaecomorphic a which in observations, rare these of ative represent a is Méhi-Feketesár of 1 no. burial cremation The ficient. wehavedata the methods: suf arenot onstratearchaeological with dem to difficult are ones cultic as interpreted are that phenomena Fig. 18). (sacrificial/ritualclustersshows areas settlement area”:the “complex what we was found not accidental andnot common,death. profane concurrencesthatthesuggest and2006) Horváth inspecies by sion ing, the accompanying phenomena and finds,see thedetailed discus position the burial, the of character the method, slaughtering the (in rent aspects demonstrated during the uncovering of animal skeletons B. B. Forests spread in the Balaton region, beech (Fagus) became fre became (Fagus) beech region, Balaton the in spread Forests As rites have a regular logic characteristic only, the common, recur common, only,the characteristic logic regular a have rites As Is it possible the toanimal apart set skeletonsthat or skeletal parts (social social with explained is humans with animals of burial The in appeared phenomena cultic uncovered the Balatonőszöd, At in appear generally finds and phenomena sacral Neolithic, the In Age Copper Late long-lived the among demonstrated be can It The similarities and connections between finds, depictions and depictions finds, between connections and similarities The within objects and vessels pits, sacrificial the of distribution The Kovács 2002, fig. 24; Bánffy 1990–1991, 234). The body of an idol idol an of 1990–1991, body Bánffy 24; The fig. 234). 2002, Kovács al. 2004). ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 68 of the animal was an important element of the choreography element of the animal was an important age and gender of choice the sacrifice, the of character the garding 1890,83).Re (Stengel-Oehmichen imperfect or sick be not could it váth 2009 vessels) were generally found near animal and human sacrifices (Hor burial rites (mask, idols, seals, footed beakers, bipartite bowls, special the following events: confrontations 2005, (Weber 57). of sources permanent also were they and bases political and ethnic religious, on organised confraternities of establishment the of tools unclear and taboos, foods, certain concerning prohibitions keeping and determining in munities were generally established along lineages and played a role house than higher a on nities the organisation of daily meals the needs existence of commutable level and a community on organised sacrifices. feasts Cultic the of el communal feasts is another argument in favour of the communal lev terial, amask) or of maybean inidol the form copy of a living creature from shaped an organic or an inorganic ma a or human a for (animal them substitute that pseudo-sacrifices or sacrifices) bloody (real individuals real either are sacrifices the while complete skeletons have a conceptual (celestial/chthonic)meaning conceptual a have skeletons complete incomplete/ of proportion The 1998). print; in (Endrődi-Vörös riod pe Baden classical later, the from uncovered were skeletons plete com and many while period, Boleráz the in found were skeletons due also to recent damagesous observations, of the finds. this means of seperating burials and sacrificesRegrettably, mightlead to deities. ambigu celestial the to ones ch partial the the to deities, thonic offered been have could site a at uncovered skeletons complete the Accordingly,85). 1890, (Stengel-Oehmichen them to offered be to had animalentire the so feast, joint a toinvited be not classes andsocial matchingand aweaponry this developed. role role major a meaning played social/military/religiouscharismaticleaders that flourished, culture” “knightly where societies in evolved 2005, (Weber 25).world deities predominanceover earthly theTheir earthly the in ethics and customsjustice, of lords the also were they sphere, this rule that laws fixed the guardiansof the being and stars of the of courses lords are deities the Celestial them. to wereoffered animal sacrificed the of parts certain and offering, the during feast The animal chosen for sacrifice had to have the best properties: properties: best the have to had sacrifice for chosen animal The The sacrifices offered in settlements can basically be linked with linked be basically can settlements in offered sacrifices The The existence of combined ceremonial areas as potential scenes of A. Endrődi and I. Vörös observed that only a few and incomplete and few a only that observed Vörös I. and Endrődi A. could They deities. chthonic the with different was situation The joint a to invited were deities celestial the observed, be could As characters diverse have ceremonies ritual at used Offerings Spontaneous unexpected events. unexpected Spontaneous disasters; natural nomena, phe “supernatural” unexplained community, the of conflicts Unsolved nature; of cycles the to adjusted feasts vegetation at rites collective calendrical or Seasonal status); changing of rites status, in rise (e.g. history individual life, Community rites); crisis life so-called the are these death, of Individual landmarks human life (like e.g. marriage puberty, and birth, a; 2010). / holy categories. They were the most common most the were They categories. holy / family community levels. Tablecom levels. community family 15 . 16 . 14 ------, 16 15 14 Leach 1949).Leach 2003; Bloedow ceremonies fixed in with the live generally sacrificed were of stock firstlings firstling the At sacrifices, ancestors. the and ple peo holy the to sacrificed were mals Youngani Chthonia. Ge and thonios Ch Zeus Dionysus, to sacrificed were animals old year one Mycenae, in der or ceremonial sacrificial the to ing Accord deities. chthonic the to ficed sacri were animals male mostly and dead the to sacrificed were animals castrated or female offerings, votive at sacrificed were animals male Only world. Baden the in humans tuting substi cattle like just prehistory, the from recovered been has it of dence evi real no “pseu although be do-sacrifices”, of category also the or in can grouped anthropomorphic vessels zoomorphic and Idols Bibliához a Kézikönyv other: each overlap can types sacrifice Many sacrifice. mental sacra cleansing sacrifice, ing harvest, al, sun cult, rites and protecting assur funer fertility-spring, sacrifice, peace communal retribution, consecration, victory, appeasing, votive, building, foundation, following: the are ature liter from known types sacrifice The 1992, 172–180 ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 69 thonic (Makkay altar 1975, 168). ch a is itself pit the cases certain In pits. the in placed offering the acceptwillingly who chthonic deities, and earthly the to connection create a pits sacrifices,these offering of means By otherworld. the in the cult and of the dead: they cult are the lords of wealth, fertility abundance and fate the consequently and deities chthonic of cult the data, they have adating force. excavation as while studies, historical religious to according ing types intended the celestial for not deitiesapit? if ing types offer with settlement prehistoric a in associated be could type ture fea what all: After deities! chthonic the to offered were them of all eswere always uncovered however, This, in pits. that notmean does come from this featureand finds it type is not astonishing the that the sacrific of majority the Balatonöszöd, in like excavation, tlement toed the Boleráz adapt be can originsit as diverse of rules ritual abovethe described thonicsettlement. in offering the ch really only the is Perhapsthisenvironment. a wet a in but burning in not made was which offerings, human ten with 1099 no. well tlement, only a single feature can certainly be set from apart the rest: Boleráz a of material bone animal of animals according to classification the reconstruction Social prominent couldto and ancestors; offered heroes be chthonic deities; the to offerings appeasing and ceremonies, fertility in power male rites; in fertility symbols male fertility esv lfsye opee wt cliain o cagn propor changing a to cultivation with completed lifestyle tensive ex perhaps pasturing, keeping, large-animal a as described be can culture Baden the of system economic the Thus estimated. be can completely uncovered and settlements the ones the of extent recentlywhich the of features and size the and products its of frequency the and production ceramic of standard high the millet, beside als cere real of appearance the lifestyle), settled a of (characteristic pig attestable) lack od, undemanding, the crop of the nomads) and the (archaeologically the presence of millet (as a mush cereal, of a ripening very short peri contradictory. very seems Regrettably, this picture vessels, animal(zoomorphic figurines, animalsacrificialburials, pits). spiritual with contentfeatures imbued and finds occurring specially rare the and furniture grave the in bones animal the culture, the of ine the animal bone material determined as refuse in the settlements pits nos. 1772 and 1843). The order remains the same when we exam discussedhereindetail, atoursite eachwasfound bone insacrificial not is (it horse dog, pig, cattle, ruminants, small following: the is cies spe the of occurrencequantitative the of order frequency the them s is r te ot omn hnmn i a rhsoi set prehistoric a in phenomena common most the are pits As associatedwith generally are intodug earth pits the sacrificial The Regarding the character of the sacrifices in the Balatonőszöd set Balatonőszöd the in sacrifices the of character the Regarding Female animal skeletons could be funeral sacrifices relating to fe to relating sacrifices funeral be could skeletons animal Female In the following we try to categorize in a simple and combined way There are only a few studies that contain the complete analysis ofanalysis completethecontain thatstudies few a only are There large communalThe peace sacrifices be offerings. could Immature skeletons could firstlingofferings, be the young animals of symbols the offerings, votive be could animals male Mature It is in sharp contradiction with the definite presence of cattle and cattle of presence definite the with contradiction sharp in is It settlements, of number large the sheep, of proportion high The society? the and culture the of paint order this does picture What / scarcity of houses imply a mobile lifestyle. amobile imply of houses scarcity / Baden cultures. Baden / settlement Baden 17 . According to to According . ------17 chapter 6:277–367.chapter et Capitani III: bon-Bleiche Vörös 2001; Ar Csongrád–Bokros: missing); is material find archaeological the 1997 however, (here, of analysis the et Figler Győr–Szabadrétdomb: 1982–1983; Vörös 1983;Gyöngyöshalász: Takács 1968; Bökönyi Salgótarján: al. 2002,al. al. al. - www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 70 deities” “momentary concepts, theoretical death, his of moment the in hero ures but rather the deification of,for example, thepower that the left fig deity personified not involving thinking mythological rectional multidi a to pointing varied is choreography their sacrifices, animal the among found animals be can domesticated important most The be raised again. raised be ical finds (in contrast to stunningly few plant remains plant few stunningly to contrast (in finds ical archaeolog the and data historical climate the of shift certain A ed. accept equally been have could systems lineage two the and isted ex factor limiting no that implies cultures Baden and Boleráz the of lineal (Turner 2002, 96). in thecept organisation: is preferred itis patrilineal either matri or we usually find that in manyfields ofactivities, a single lineagecon lands), the cultivates barely but stock animal large significantly a es possess it (e.g.sources power mobile of can type one it only use or to put lands, fertile of territory restricted a has community a er, one prefer would howev Where, compete. rather will lineages two that other. theThe to filiation no evolves there restrict area, a smaller to ed, population a link would that circumstances. factors no ecological are given there If the also and society a of isation objects prestige metal rare by identified be can group Archaeologically,thistime. same the at social and ligious re be could power its of expression The seen. be clearly can values, be cannot nomadic! called certainly it but circumstances, climatic wet within tion to matrilineal lineage? according arranged society the was formerly: than Age Copper Late significant wasmore women of in the role the and yetexisted factor a such that suggests cows) were individuals cattle the of most and found, were depictions female many but male few bones, animals picture! true a finds reflect ological nomena andthe finds nomena even stronger aptitude in the Baden culture regarding both the phe in the Boleráz culture, while the archaeological evidence indicates an ing communal large sacrifices?). assur and ordaining livestock, the of majority the of ownership the elite, (social them indicate also might sacrifices of offering the way, ical totemismical evolves (Douglas 2003, 327). in the butchering methods of the animal sacrifices: akind of anatom reflected is same The categories. animal the in mirrored and firmed my organises nature in both cases so that the social rules can be con considerations.Taxono social strong with imbued animalsis of tion life. This disposition may in vary the different cultures Discussion ruled. ing/ranking society (totemic concept), in which a hierarchy similar to the human classify clude the evolution cult and existence of of a animalkind cult/blood fied by animalfigures duringthe rituals. mythology Thismay also in There exists a connection between the lineage and the organ the and lineage the between connection a exists There Which situation is valid in this case? The large occupation territory occupationterritory thislargecase? in validsituation The isWhich A social group, which distinguished itself from others by eminent by others from itself distinguished which group, social A We cannot be certain, however, that the of proportions the archae According to cultural anthropological observations, the classifica the observations, anthropological cultural toAccording How may the Boleráz It should be examined if the culture was open to scarcity of cultic of scarcity to open was culture the if examined be should It Boleráz the of system the about question The 19 or very realistic natural forces which were perhaps personi 23 / . Baden Baden religious life and society have looked? 21 18 , while, in an indirect indirect an in while, , / Baden society can can society Baden 22 . It was strong 20 , masses of masses , ------23 22 21 20 19 18 ical material.” (Hegyi 1998, 39) material.” (Hegyi ical ry BC based solely on the archaeolog 2002). (Kalicz pit single a in uncovered were idols 12female of fragments the e.g. Tököl, At Age. Bronze Early following the and Age Copper Middle previous the in than significant more seems It (Turner 2002, 20) not do show any of manifestation a religion.” others yet symbolism; pler uals are less and varied contain a sim rit these rituals, many practice although they others, rites, im to great portance a owe societies “Certain nance of goddesses in the 6 the in goddesses of nance predomi the emphasise we still deity, would the of role leading reli gious the prove evidently not Hom did by er hymn Apollo the “If ison: compar of sake the for example An 20. 2004, Sófalvi sieving: and igation lev after identified be could remains plant no yet samples, soil took ogist archaeol Sófalvi András site, the of importance great the to owing sites, Gamász –Felső and dűlő Országúti Balatonlelle– At 43. note 2008, váth Hor culture: Baden the from mains re plant known Other large, quern. a intact of surface grinding the cemented on were remains unidenti plant charred fied and jug, small a in found were seeds millet charred only settlement, Balatonőszöd the In 2005, 14. Weber see tion deifica of process the On reappears. process same the until oblivion into sinks then and process the of come al process, which the determines out ine a individu power ruling a certain, imag we Usener, Herman Following 162. 2008, Horváth Sármellék: and Balatonszemes Csongrád–Bokros, at knives the Lichtenworth, Leober and at sdorf torques the Velvary, ornament at Ka pectoral and the Vörs kaslomnic, at diadems the E.g. th centu ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 71 tions. Among the individuals, there manywere unexpectedly phys in this a respect, connection can be found with the idol representa and head, the and limbs to the limited were post manipulations mortem The societies. patrilineal which generally ancestors, strong, of of cult characteristic is the of practice the proves number their information. all the attainable of collection the with impossible not is separation Their burial. a ply Tran the of scendent, irrespective of manifestations the fact if the purpose the was a sacrificeor sim be to considered are settlements Summary populations. tems andthe Boleráz of the Baden not peaceful amalgamation of the certainly diverse social and economic and sys slow a indicate might finds the and phenomena the tomonies the community. stabilize cere these triggered situations conflict that suggest arguments er at the order of the social elite to emphasize their interests, while oth made were offerings communal large that attest arguments burials. Certain animal of background conceptual ritual the behind stood that group social the identified not have We variant. basic either of favour in arguments find can (e.g.lineage),we society the of aspect single a of examination the with discussed, already have I As con cepts. and system lineage its society, the of composition the about facts certain state cannot we material, archaeological the through at Balatonőszöd several times. whichena, could observed be tuses (newborn calves,babies, lambs, piglets) were a used, phenom foe or (sheep) animals female and women pregnant which in type mains unexplicable: no religious historical work mentions an offering extreme re circumstance one Still, glance. first seem at variegated and complex ly which burials, animal the simplifies frighteningly tation according to the above ritual (comp.rules stated p. 69) almost interpre An phenomena. archaeological uncovered the to solution possible a offered are wetime, same the at and them among made” rites (Turner 2002, 140–144, 152–153). transitionalbythe mediated and cults casionalcommunitiesin born oc by created rules and ranks social of banning and cessation rary tempo the as role same the playslayers social various of power the of expression The effect). (threshold limitations also and prestige) as well (deterioration of theaggression). climate, exterior 153, 218). Such a conflict situation couldbe caused by exteriorfactors permanent struggle for social positions and power (Turner 2002, 140, concept of social structure since the differentiationprocess leads to a tive to “conflict situations”.The concept of sensi “conflict” is normally linked withthan the more be perhaps could it that added be must 26). 2002, (Turner conflicts of multitude the with with linked strongly the social of The dynamics. ritualfrequency ceremonies was was linked symbolism their of complexity the nies, groups must have occasional played significant of Theroles.frequency ritual ceremo smaller to related ones and ceremonies vidual indi spontaneous, rites, collective standard controlled, the sides The art of a culture is connected with its ritual symbolism. Be symbolism. ritual its with connected is culture a of art The Human Human intramural burials can be grouped among the burial rites, Age Copper Late the at uncovered burials animal and human The of analysis the during appearing dualities and contradictions The grasped be to difficult so is culture prehistoric a of society the As “was order apparent an burials, animal the of selection the With and statuses involving (stratification structure shows society A it yet situations” “conflict many with fought culture Baden The ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 72 like in the graves of regular cemeteries. Here, however they were were they to them. features not infound thenext funeral but however Here, cemeteries. regular of graves the in like just rites, funeral at were used the various and objects vessels Ritual sacrificed. were is why they this maybe and people, imperfect ically probably in awinterprobably cycle. majority the spring, to autumn from period the from came them of choreography. uniform a cultures thehad theyof Most territory tion occupa the within although different, be can sacrifices the of acter support the supposition that certain burials were sacrifices.The char evidences hands). These bare with e.g. well as trace without kill can (althoughone skeletons animal the and human the both of analysis implies atotemic, society. ranking Cattle keeping. animal couldreplace to humans,burial rite them:was applied thesame this large from lived which settlement, Baden a leaves ceremonialcomplex area including of features. anumber which rites, various of composed series ceremonial form uni a of proof the also but feature settlement and lifestyle ganised cated to permanent or identical or cated to deities/forces 2005, permanent (Weber 20). the continuous and lasting culticAnd lasting activities. cults were dedi maintainedmythologicalconceptsabstractwerebythinking, where completelyevolvedconceptualsymbolica societiesandsystemhad constant and uniform meaning in every settlement of the culture. Such munitiescontinuouslyand existingorganisations becausea theyhad ferent identity arriving between ferent3300 arriving identity between siveconquest andassimilation theofalien Badenpopulation difaof aggres continuousvery phenomena, according and, observed theto formerly supposed organic and peaceful Boleráz/Baden evolution, the the of instead demonstrated,communities and first Badenwere the or conflicts. At Balatonőszöd, the separate identities of the Boleráz and jects within the settlements andat regular burials. within the settlements jects ob of group same the with and form same the in out carried were death to related rites sanctional the within individual the of mony cere funeral the took, it form what and served community the for the group. to loyalty the and of coherence the of manifestation the be can cult will (comp. the use of and masks idols). divine The sacrifice of life andblood spirits, punishing ancestors, e.g. community, living the side out led are out it forced that sanctions the sense) ethological man hu a in one (thesecond morality social of levelplay. this the On ing rite by mimics, which turn into a collective, a communicative duract areplayedthein withingivenout the community known stories the and fillssynchronising an important role (Csányi meaning, 1999, integral 170, an 217). Only possesses which symbol, and emotion tense in of unit inseparable only the rules, behaviour areRites rites. the in (deterioration of the climate). factors gravated by exterior ag be further could it and peaceful, not was cultures two the of tion 2001).integra Gheorghiu comp.The – use idol in and rites burial the mark the initiation level, male societies, Cucuteni-Tripolje analogues in southeast-european contact system (idol and mask use, cross band to a showedwhichculture, Baden the matrilineallineage)than a haps organisation (gynaecomorphism, the rise of the status of females, per bechertradition haddifferenta material culture and differenta social This is not simply the reflection of a relatively scattered and unor and scattered relatively a of reflection the simply not is This This implies that the cultic phenomena belonged to permanent com permanent to belonged phenomena cultic the that implies This the during demonstrated be could tools its Tracesand violence of Boleráz/ the in buried mostly were dogs and pigs cattle, Sheep, The high number of sacrifices can be linked with exterior and interiand exterior be linkedwith can sacrifices of high number The h Blrz omnte o te ot-eta Erpa Trichter European north-central the of communities Boleráz The No matter what purpose the observance of morals characteristic characteristic morals of observance the purpose what matter No expressed primarily are that community a of rules moral the is It – 3100 BCcould proved. cal be ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Tünde Horváth Transcendent phenomena in the Late Copper Age Boleráz/Baden settlement uncovered at Balatonőszöd- Temetői dűlő: human and animal “depositions” published on September 1st , 2010 73 Bökönyi 1974: Bökönyi East and in Central mammals domestic of History Bökönyi, S. 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