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UNIVERSITY OF LONDON See over for Abstract of Thesis notes on completion Author (full names) A ./V ................................................. Title of thesis A /. XfsZ CLASSJ.e.& A..AR.& BXCJ...A..G £.N.£& A±..n.& C& JPTJV£ Abstract This work investigates the structure of the conditional sentence in Arabic under different headings, following a descriptive method and analysing the topic through elements, uses, functions and meanings. Four major headings are covered in this work. Firstly, an investigation is conducted into the list of the conditional particles provided by the grammarians. The particles are divided into two groups according to certain rules within the conditional structure. Certain particles are investigated in detail and others discussed in terms of views relating to their acceptability or unacceptability, including the author’s contributions to this field. In doing so, statistics on the frequency of the appearance of these particles in the text of the Qur’an, which was chosen as the main source for examples, are listed in brief tables at the end of the discussion of each particle. This study of the conditional particles analyses the material via typological classification, examines methods of connecting the two clauses of conditional sentences, and undertakes a structural review of the word order and syntactical position of each element of the conditional sentence. Secondly, some common conditional structures that do not occur with all the particles are covered. Examples of these are the use of the fa- as an apodosis introducer with the ’in conditional particle, or the emphatic lam with thelaw conditional structure and the interrupting conditional sentence. Thirdly, I discuss the functional position of the conditional sentence within given Qur’anic texts. Finally, the thesis concludes with a study of discourse function which contributes to modern linguistics studies on the subject. The thesis represents a broad investigation of the sources on this subject and an examination of selected data, and it is intended for use as reference for further studies not possible within scope of this work. ProQuest Number: 10672904 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely ev e n t that the author did not send a co m p le te manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672904 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 Notes for Candidates 1 Type your abstract on the other side of this sheet. 2. Use single-space typing. Limit your abstract to one side of the sheet. 3. Please submit this copy of your abstract to the Research Degree Examinations Office, Room NBQ1, University of London, Senate House, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HU, at the same time as you submit copies of your thesis. 4. This abstract will be forwarded to the University Library, which will send this sheet to the British Library and to ASLIB (Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux) for publication in Index to Theses. For official use Subject Panel/Specialist Group BLLD....................................... Date of Acceptance CONDITIONAL STRUCTURE IN CLASSICAL ARABIC: A GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE STUDY SALMAN AL-SAAD PhD The University of London 2010 Declaration I hereby declare that the dissertation, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy and entitled “Conditional Structure in Classical Arabic: A General Descriptive Study”, represents my own work and has not been previously submitted to this or any other institution for any degree, diploma or other qualification. 2 my mother, father and my wife Acknowledgments I express my sincere gratitude and praise to Allah, glory to him, who granted me the strength, willingness, health and ability to complete this thesis. I want to express my gratefulness, thankfulness and my deepest appreciation to my supervisor Professor Bruce Ingham for his unlimited assistance, patience and support, which has been of substantial value to this work. I would like to thank him also for his help during the difficulties I faced during my studying including my health problems and family circumstances. I appreciate his academic guidance, constructive criticism and helpful suggestions. I thank my mother for being behind my success through her prayers and being patient while I am away from her in hard times and many unhappy occasions in which I should have been to be beside her. I owe gratitude to my sister Tarfa for her encouragement, my brothers Mansur, Fawaz and Ahmad in particular, who has been a sincere brother to me and who followed my progress until his death two years ago and could not see me finish my work. I thank my family, my wife in particular for all her support and patience during the years of my study. In addition, I want to say thank you to my daughters Amal, Amani, Imtinan and my son Abdullah for all their help, encouragement and understanding of my circumstances being away from the homeland. I will not forget to extend my great thanks and appreciation to my frind Namir who kindly sacrifice his time and effort to read through my thesis, helped me in editing and provided technical support to finalize this thesis. I want to extend my thanks to my friends who have been supportive throughout my writing of this thesis and living in the UK, Dr Amal Ayobi, Ghinwa Memary and Sulafa Nashawati. Last, but not least, I thank all my dear* relatives and friends who have been a marvellous source of encouragement and inspiration whether in Saudi Arabia or in the UK. 4 Abstract This work investigates the structure of the conditional sentence in Arabic under different headings, following a descriptive method and analysing the topic through elements, uses, functions and meanings. This method will develop statistics regarding the frequency of occurrence of these structures in the Qur’an. The puipose of utilising the descriptive approach is to provide a picture of the use of each particle in the Qur’an and other classical Arabic texts. In doing so, this study aims to derive some general conclusions which can help us begin to focus in on more accurate interpretations, and similarly help us to avoid common pitfalls. Four major headings are covered in this work. Firstly, an investigation is conducted into the list of the conditional particles provided by the grammarians. The particles are divided into two groups according to certain rules within the conditional structure. Certain particles are investigated in detail and others discussed in terms of views relating to their acceptability or unacceptability, including the author’s contributions to this field. In doing so, statistics on the frequency of the appearance of these particles in the text of the Qur’an, which was chosen as the main source for examples, are listed in brief tables at the end of the discussion of each particle. This study of the conditional particles analyses the material via typological classification, examines methods of connecting the two clauses of conditional sentences, and undertakes a structural review of the word order and syntactical position of each element of the conditional sentence. Secondly, some common conditional structures that do not occur with all the particles are covered. Examples of these are the use of the fa- as an apodosis introducer with the ’in conditional particle, or the emphatic lam with the law conditional structure and the interrupting conditional sentence. Thirdly, I discuss the functional position of the conditional sentence within given Qur’anic texts. Finally, the thesis concludes with a study of discourse function which contributes to modern linguistics studies on the subject. The thesis represents a broad investigation of the sources on this subject and an examination of selected data, and it is intended for use as reference for further studies not possible within scope of this work. 5 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................ 4 ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................6 CHAPTER I:.....................................................................................................................14 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................14 1.1 Aim of the work.................................................................................................17 1.2 The Corpus ..........................................................................................17 1.3 Structure of the thesis..........................................................................................18 1.4 The issue of terminology....................................................................................20 1.5 Definitions of elements in the conditional sentence.......................................21 1.5.1 Form of the conditional sentence.............................................................21