Raziskava o Fioreju dei liberi in njegovih razpravah, ki opisujejo L`arte dell`armizare, 1409

An examination of Fiore dei liberi and his treatises describing L`arte dell`armizare, c. 1409 • D av i d M . C v e t B.Sc., Founder and Head Instructor Academy of European Medieval , 927 Dupont St., 2nd floor, Toronto, ON M6H 1Z1, Canada; e-mail: [email protected]

Izvleček Excerpt Zapuščini Fioreja dei Liberi, nastali pred Fiore dei Liberi’s legacy created 600 years ago is 600 leti, je v 21. stoletju izkazana čast s skrb- honoured in the 21st century with the careful recon- no rekonstrukcijo in ponovno oživitvijo boril- struction and resurrection of the fighting art he de- ne veščine, ki jo je opisal v svojih razpravah z scribed in his treatises entitled “” naslovom Flos Duellatorum in Fior di Battaglia. and “Fior Battaglia”. This paper will explore the Ta spis raziskuje moža po imenu Fiore in pred- man who bore the name Fiore and conduct a brief stavlja kratko primerjalno analizo treh različic comparative analysis of the three versions of the razprave. Te razprave veljajo za pomembne te- treatise. The treatises are considered important cor- melje današnjih raziskav in rekonstrukcij zgo- nerstones in today’s research and reconstruction of dovinskih borilnih veščin zahoda zaradi svoje historical Western fighting arts given their collection zbirke ilustracij, ki neverjetno jasno pričajo o of illustrations possessing remarkable clarity in con- izročilu te veščine, vsako ilustracijo pa spre- veying the concepts in the art, and the informative mljajo informativna besedila. text accompanying each illustration.

Povzetek Summary Zapuščini Fioreja dei Liberi, nastali pred Fiore dei Liberi’s legacy created 600 years ago 600 leti, je v 21. stoletju izkazana čast s skrb- is honoured in the 21st century with the careful no rekonstrukcijo in ponovno oživitvijo boril- reconstruction and resurrection of the fighting art ne veščine, znane kot “l`arte dell`armizare”, known as “l`arte dell`armizare” he described in ki jo je opisal v svojih razpravah z naslovom his treatises entitled “Flos Duellatorum” and “Fior “Flos Duellatorum” in “Fior Battaglia”. Ta spis Battaglia”. This paper will begin with an explora- se začne z osvetlitvijo moža, ki je nosil ime Fi- tion of the man who bore the name Fiore revealing ore, in razkrije njegovo željo, da bi se učil in his desire to learn and train in the ancient fighting vadil starodavne borilne veščine pri največjih arts under the greatest German and Italian masters nemških in italijanskih mojstrih tiste dobe. of the time. His skills as a man at arms were criti- Njegova spretnost z orožjem je bila ključnega cal in his training of numerous notable “condottiere” pomena za usposabljanje številnih pomembnih and the description of their conquests in the tourna- “kondotjerjev” in opisovanje njihovih dosežkov ments they had participated in. The paper will also na turnirjih, ki so se jih udeleževali. Spis vse- conduct a brief comparative analysis of the three buje tudi kratko primerjalno analizo treh raz- versions of the treatise which include: Getty-Ludwig ličic razprave, ki vključujejo: različico Getty- version, MS Ludwig XV13 located in the John Paul Ludwig, MS Ludwig XV13 v muzeju John Paul Getty Museum, , USA; Morgan version,

MILITARY HISTORY • 45 Getty, Los Angeles, ZDA; različico Morgan, MS MS M. 383, Pierpoint-Morgan Library, M. 383, knjižnica Pierpoint-Morgan Library, City, USA; Pisani-Dossi version, of the F. Novati col- New York, ZDA; različica Pisani-Dossi iz zbirke lection. The reconstruction and practice of armizare F. Novatija. In končno, rekonstrukcija in praksa cannot be complete without referencing and study- armizare ne moreta biti popolni brez sklicevanj ing all three treatises as each possess certain unique na vse te razprave in njihove analize. Vsaka ima qualities and attributes which contribute to fleshing določene edinstvene prednosti in lastnosti, ki out the art creating a complete self-defence and of- prispevajo k osvetlitvi te veščine, da se izdela fensive fighting art system comparable to many of celovit sistem samoobrambne in napadalne bo- today’s Asian and Eastern fighting systems. It is rilne veščine, primerljiv s številnimi današnjimi evident in the Western fighting arts community that azijskimi in vzhodnjaškimi borilnimi sistemi. V the treatises are considered important cornerstones svetu borilnih veščin zahoda je povsem jasno, in todays research and reconstruction of historical da imajo razprave mesto pomembnih temeljev Western fighting arts. The reasons are numerous, današnjih raziskav in rekonstrukcij zgodovin- but perhaps their greatest value is their collection of skih borilnih veščin zahoda. Razlogov je veliko, illustrations possessing remarkable clarity in con- toda njihova največja vrednost je morda prav veying the concepts in the art, and the imformative zbirka ilustracij, ki neverjetno jasno pričajo o text accompanying each illustration, together creat- izročilu te veščine, informativna besedila ob ing a recipe for a comprehensive resource supporting vsaki ilustraciji pa skupaj s slednjo predstavljajo today’s research, practice and reconstruction of his- recept, ki je kot izčrpen vir v pomoč današnjim torical Western fighting arts. raziskavam, praksi in rekonstrukciji zgodovin- skih borilnih veščin zahoda. Keywords: Fiore dei Liberi, military history, his- torical fencing, armoured combat, Western martial Ključne besede: Fiore dei Liberi, vojaška zgo- arts, , arms, , grappling, armizare dovina, zgodovinsko sabljanje, oborožen boj, zahodne vojaške borilne veščine, meči, orožje, oklep, borba za nož, armizare Synopsis Fiore dei Liberi’s legacy created 600 years ago is st Povzetek honoured in the 21 century with the careful recon- struction and resurrection of the fighting art he de- Zapuščini Fioreja dei Liberi, nastali pred scribed in his treatises entitled Flos Duellatorum and 600 leti, je v 21. stoletju izkazana čast s skrb- Fior di Battaglia. This paper will explore the man no rekonstrukcijo in ponovno oživitvijo boril- who bore the name Fiore and conduct a brief com- ne veščine, ki jo je opisal v svojih razpravah parative analysis of the three versions of the treatise. z naslovom Flos Duellatorum in Fior di Batta- It is evident in the Western fighting arts community glia. Ta spis raziskuje moža po imenu Fiore in that the treatises are considered as important cor- predstavlja kratko primerjalno analizo treh nerstones in today’s research and reconstruction of različic razprave. V svetu borilnih veščin za- historical Western fighting arts. The reasons are nu- hoda je povsem jasno, da imajo te razprave merous, but perhaps their greatest value is their col- pomembno mesto temeljev današnjih raziskav lection of illustrations possessing remarkable clarity in rekonstrukcij zhodovinskih borilnih veščin in conveying the concepts in the art, and the inform- zahoda. Razlogov je veliko, toda njihova naj- ative text accompanying each illustration, together večja vrednost je morda prav zbirka ilustracij, creating a recipe as a comprehensive resource sup- ki neverjetno jasno pričajo o izročilu te vešči- porting today’s research, practice and reconstruction ne, informativna besedila ob vsaki ilustraciji of historical Western fighting arts.1

1 In recent years, a number of books have been published containing translations of Fiore’s works as well as interpretations of the fighting techniques. Several related research projects are also available online. Marco Rubboli, Luca Cesari, Flos - latorum – Manuale di arte del combattimento del XV secolo, Rimini 2002; Massimo Malipiero, Il Fiore di battaglia di Fiore dei Liberi da Cividale, 2006; Robert Lovett, The Exiles Fiore Project, http://www.the-exiles.org/FioreProject/Project. htm (accessed May 10, 2008); Hermes Michelini, Mich Shire, Fiore de’ Liberi, The Flower of Battles, http://www.aemma.org/onlineResources/liberi/wildRose/fiore. html (accessed January 21, 2008). In addition, the subject has been discussed in

46 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA pa skupaj s slednjo predstavljajo recept, ki se je The Man izkazal za izčrpen vir v pomoč današnjim razi- skavam, praksi in rekonstrukciji zgodovinskih Despite the significant impact Fiore’s treatise has borilnih veščin zahoda.1 had on the modern reconstruction of historical fight- ing arts, in particular, armizare,2 very little is known O njemu of the man who bore the name Fiore dei Liberi. To date, given the extensive and ongoing research being Kljub pomembnemu vplivu, ki ga ima Fiore- conducted world-wide by a variety of historical fenc- jeva razprava na sodobno rekonstrukcijo zgo- ing schools and academies3 the only definitive source dovinskih borilnih veščin, zlasti, armizare,2 for Fiore’s biography has been the prologue written je le malo znanega o človeku, ki je nosil ime by Fiore himself contained in each of the three ver- Fiore dei Liberi. Vse do danes je na podlagi sions of the treatise.4 obsežnih in stalnih raziskav, ki jih po vsem The treatise, authored by Fiore himself, styles him svetu izvajajo številne zgodovinske sabljaške as »Fior Furlan de Ciuida dostria« in the Getty’s5 šole in akademije3, edini odločilni vir za Fio- prologue, »Fiore Furlan de Ciuida dostria« in the rejevo biografijo prolog, ki ga je napisal sam Morgan’s version6 and »Fior furlano dei liberi de Fiore in je v vsaki od treh različic razprave.4 Ciuidal dostria« in the »alter prologus« in the Pisani- Razprava, katere avtor je sam Fiore, ga Dossi version.7 The Pisani-Dossi phrase translates naslavlja kot »Fior Furlan de Ciuida dostria« into »Fiore of the family of the Liberi from v prologu Getty5, »Fiore Furlan de Ciuida do- Civida d’Ostria«,8 which is commonly abbrevi- stria« v razpravi Morgan6 in »Fior furlano dei ated to Fiore dei Liberi. The prologue tells us that liberi de Ciuidal dostria« v »alter prologus« v he was from Civida d’Ostria, which belonged to the razpravi Pisani-Dossi. Zapis v Pisani-Dossi Patriarchate of Aquileia, and the son of »meser bene- lahko prevedemo kot »Furlan Fiore iz družine detto de la casada dei liberi da premergiago«,9 trans- Liberi iz Cividaja d’Ostria«,7 kar se navadno lated as »Sir Benedetto of the House of the Liberi skrajša v Fiore dei Liberi. Prolog pove, da je from Premariacco«. The village of Premariacco and bil iz Cividaja d’Ostria, ki je pripadal patriar- the town of Civida d’Ostria, now known as Cividale, hatu Oglej, in da je bil sin »meser benedetto both exist today in the region of Friuli,10 an area

1 V zadnjih letih so bile objavljene številne knjige, v katerih so prevodi Fiorejevih several recent online articles: David M. Cvet, The Measure of a Master Swordsman, del in tudi razlage borilnih tehnik. Več sorodnih raziskovalnih projektov je na vo- in: Journal of Western Martial Art, http://www.ejmas.com/jwma/articles/2005/ ljo tudi na spletu. Marco Rubboli, Luca Cesari, Flos Duellatorum – Manuale di jwmaart _ cvet _ 0105.htm (accessed August 28, 2008); Matt Easton, Fiore dei arte del combattimento del XV secolo, Rimini 2002; Massimo Malipiero, Il Fiore Liberi, http://www.fioredeiliberi.org/fiore/ (accessed July 20, 2008); Russ Howe, di battaglia di Fiore dei Liberi da Cividale, Videm 2006; Robert Lovett, The Exiles Fiore dei Liberi: Origins and Motivations, in: Journal of Western Martial Art, http:// Fiore Project, http://www.the-exiles.org/FioreProject/Project.htm (accessed May www.ejmas.com/jwma/articles/2008/jwmaart _ howe _ 0808.htm (accessed 10, 2008); Hermes Michelini, Mich Shire, Fiore de’ Liberi, The Flower of Battles, September 4, 2008). http://www.aemma.org/onlineResources/liberi/wildRose/fiore.html (accessed 2 Fiore never revealed a formal name of the art in the treatises, simply referring to it January 21, 2008). Poleg tega je bila ta tema predmet razprave v številnih člankih as l`arte dell`armizare which is briefly referred to as armizare. na spletu: David M. Cvet, The Measure of a Master Swordsman, objavljeno v: Jo- 3 At this time, there has been no formal academic study of the treatises or on Fiore urnal of Western Martial Art, http://www.ejmas.com/jwma/articles/2005/jwma- dei Liberi. All materials available on this subject are the result of significant col- art _ cvet _ 0105.htm (28. avgust 2008); Matt Easton, Fiore dei Liberi, http:// lective research efforts by individuals within a number of martial arts schools and www.fioredeiliberi.org/fiore/ (20. julij 2008); Russ Howe, Fiore dei Liberi: Origins academies worldwide, including but not limited to: The Exiles CMMA (UK), Schola and Motivations, objavljeno v: Journal of Western Martial Art, http://www.ejmas. Gladiatoria (UK), Compagnia de'Malipiero (Italy), Chicago Swordplay Guild (USA) com/jwma/articles/2008/jwmaart _ howe _ 0808.htm (4. september 2008). and the Academy of European Medieval Martial Arts (Canada). 2 Fiore v razpravah nikdar ne izda uradnega imena veščine. Omenja jo preprosto kot 4 At the present time, there are three known versions of Fiore's work, so named by l`arte dell`armizare, na kratko armizare. the collections where the treatises reside. Further examination of the treatises 3 V tem času ni nobene uradne akademske študije razprav ali Fioreja dei Liberi. Vse occurs later in this paper. However, for the purpose of convenience at this point, razpoložljivo gradivo o tej temi je rezultat večjih skupinskih raziskovalnih prizade- the three versions are: Getty-Ludwig version, MS Ludwig XV13, located in the John vanj posameznikov v številnih šolah in akademijah borilnih veščin po vsem svetu, Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA; Morgan version, MS M. 383, Pierpoint- vključno, a ne zgolj v naštetih: The Exiles CMMA (UK), Schola Gladiatoria (UK), Morgan Library, , USA; Pisani-Dossi version, of the Francesco Novati Compagnia de'Malipiero (Italija), Chicago Swordplay Guild (ZDA) in Akademija collection. evropskih srednjeveških borilnih veščin (Kanada). 5 John Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Fior di Battaglia: MS Ludwig XV 13. 4 Trenutno obstajajo tri znane različice Fiorejevega dela, imenovane po zbirkah, 6 The Pierpoint Morgan Library New York, Fior di Battaglia, MS M.383. v katerih so shranjene. Analiza razprav sledi v nadaljevanju tega spisa. Zaradi 7 Francesco Novati, Flos duellatorum: Il Fior di battaglia di maestro Fiore dei Liberi lažjega razumevanja naj bodo tri različice vsaj naštete: razprava Getty-Ludwig, da Premariacco, Bergamo 1902. MS Ludwig XV13, ki se nahaja v muzeju John Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, 8 »Dei Liberi« which means »of the family of the Liberi« implies that the Liberi family ZDA; razprava Morgan, MS M. 383, Pierpoint-Morgan Library, New York City, ZDA; had some measure of a noble status at that time. However, the extent of their sta- razprava Pisani-Dossi v zbirki Francesco Novati collection. tus is not clear from what is written without conducting further detailed research 5 Muzej John Paul Getty, Los Angeles, Fior di Battaglia: MS Ludwig XV 13. on relevant municipal records and documents found in Premariacco, Udine and 6 Knjižnica Pierpoint Morgan Library, New York, Fior di Battaglia, MS M.383. Civida d’Ostria (now ). 7 »Dei Liberi«, kar pomeni »iz družine Liberi«, pove, da je imela družina Liberi v 9 This phrase is extracted from the »alter prologus« in the Pisani-Dossi version. By tistem času nekakšen plemiški status, vendar stopnja njihovega statusa ni razvi- virtue of the title »meser« is not unlike the title of »Sir« used today, which indicates dna iz zapisanega brez nadaljnje podrobne raziskave ustreznih občinskih spisov in a man of noble origin. dokumentov v Premariaccu, Vidmu in Civida d’Ostria (zdaj Čedad). 10 Friuli is a region located in the north-eastern portion of Italy neighbouring Slove- nia, known as Furlanija (Slovenian) or Friaul (German), with Udine as its capital city. The village of Premariacco is located approximately 13km east of Udine. Civi-

MILITARY HISTORY • 47 de la casada dei liberi da premergiago«,8 kar with its own unique cultural and historical identi- se v prevodu glasi »G. Benedetto iz hiše Libe- ty. Cividale del Friuli is the last known residence of ri iz Premariacca«. Vas Premariacco in mesto Fiore based on the extracts from the prologues. Civida d’Ostria, zdaj znano kot Cividale ozi- Fiore does not reveal his birth date nor year in roma Čedad, še danes obstajata v pokrajini any version of the treatise. However, it is estimated Furlanija,9 območju z lastno edinstveno kul- that he was born some time around 1350. This es- turno in zgodovinsko identiteto. Na podlagi timated year becomes more apparent upon further izjav iz prologov je Cividale del Friuli najmanj examination of the text extracted from the prologue. poznana Fiorejeva rezidenca. He wrote that he had possessed a natural combative Fiore v nobeni razpravi ne razkrije svojega ability at a young age, having left Cividale to learn datuma ne letnice rojstva, vendar ocenjujemo, more advanced fencing techniques and to increase da se je rodil okrog leta 1350. Ta letnica se še his skills by traveling to many provinces, training bolj ponuja ob nadaljnji preučitvi besedila iz under many Italian and German masters. He stated prologa. Napisal je, da je v mladih letih imel that he had been training and fighting for more than naravno borbeno sposobnost, saj je zapustil 40 years,11 and given the timing when he started Čedad, da bi se izučil naprednejših tehnik me- writing the treatise on 10 February 1409 and the čevanja in povečal svoje spretnosti s potovanji assumption that he started training and fencing at v številne pokrajine, kjer se je učil pri številnih the age of 10 years, would make Fiore somewhere italijanskih in nemških mojstrih. Izjavil je, da around sixty years of age at the time of writing the se je usposabljal in bojeval več kot 40 let,10 in treatise. glede na čas, ko je začel pisati razpravo, 10. Fiore wrote that he trained under different mas- februarja 1409, in predpostavko, da je začel ters in different provinces at great personal expense, trenirati in sabljati pri 10 letih, bi moral imeti implying that he was able to draw upon family re- v času pisanja razprave okrog šestdeset let. sources indicating some level of financial stamina in Fiore je napisal, da se je učil pri različnih the least, indicative of a modest noble family. He mojstrih v različnih provincah na velike oseb- indicated that he trained under many masters and ne stroške, in s tem namignil, da je lahko čr- scholars, as well as in the courts of great gentle- pal iz družinskih virov, kar kaže vsaj določeno men, princes, dukes, marquises, counts, raven finančne moči, značilne za zmerno ple- and squires. He mentioned by name only one of the miško družino. Navedel je, da se je usposabljal masters he studied under and only in the Pisani- pri številnih mojstrih in učenjakih in tudi na Dossi version, »Et maxime a magistro Johane dicto dvorih velikih gospodov, princev, vojvod, mar- suueno qui fuit scholaris magistri Nicholai de to- kizov, grofov, vitezov in plemičev. Po imenu blem mexinensis diocesis« translated as »and above je omenil samo enega od mojstrov, pri katerih all, namely master Johannes Suuenus,12 who was a se je učil, in samo v različici Pisani-Dossi, »Et scholar of Master Nicholas of Toblem of the Diocese maxime a magistro Johane dicto suueno qui fuit of Mexinensis«.13 Unfortunately, there are no further

8 Ta fraza je iz »alter prologus« razprave Pisani-Dossi. Sam naziv »meser« bi lahko dale del Friuli is adjacent to the river Natisone, approximately 15km east of Udine bil enak nazivu »sir«, ki se uporablja dandanes in pomeni moža plemiškega izvora. and close to the border of Slovenia. 9 Friuli je pokrajina na severovzhodu Italije in na meji s Slovenijo, znana tudi kot Fur- 11 Despite the common subject across the three versions of the treatise, some dif- lanija (slovensko) ali Friaul (nemško), in njeno središče je Videm. Vas Premariacco ferences do surface. For example, in the Pisani-Dossi version, the text describes je približno 13 km vzhodno od Vidma. Čedad leži ob reki Nadiža, približno 15 km Fiore's fighting career as more than 50 years, yet in the Getty's and Morgan's vzhodno od Vidma in blizu meje s Slovenijo. version, it is described as being for more than 40 years. This may imply that the 10 Čeprav je vsem trem različicam razprave skupna ista tema, je vendarle nekaj raz- manuscripts may have been written in different years and therefore, the versions lik. Na primer, v razpravi Pisani-Dossi besedilo pravi, da je Fiorejeva kariera v represents not copies or versions of a single original treatise, but are instances bojevanju trajala več kot 50 let, v skladu z razpravama Getty in Morgan pa je trajala of a number of treatises by Fiore, perhaps each created for a different purpose or več kot 40 let. To lahko pomeni, da so rokopisi nastali v različnih letih, in zato raz- patron. ličice niso kopije ali različice ene same izvirne razprave, temveč primeri številnih 12 This has been a source of great discussion in the historical fencing community. The Fiorejevih razprav, in morda je vsaka nastala za drug namen ali pokrovitelja. word »suueno« may indicate Master Johannes was of German origin, more speci- fically, from Swabia. One line of thought is that Johannes of Swabia may in fact be , a swordsmaster from the mid-14th century However, the timing is not quite right, as Fiore would only have been born around that time. To add to the confusion, Fiore wrote that Master Johannes was a student of Master Nicholas of Toblem, which would mean that Master Nicholas was Liechtenauer’s instructor, and there is no mention of Master Nicholas in German treatises, altho- ugh Liechtenauer’s lineage has been mapped out with respect to German longs- word tradition (Hans-Peter Hils, Meister Johann Liechtenauers Kunst des langen Schwertes, Frankfurt 1985). To date, there are no other records nor documents which offer clues to flesh out Master Nicholas’ or Master Johannes’ biographical data. 13 Preliminary examination by practitioner and researcher Matt Galas (Belgium, Au-

48 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA scholaris magistri Nicholai de toblem mexinen- details on these two gentlemen in Fiore’s treatise and sis diocesis«, kar se v prevodu glasi »in pred- therefore, no further illumination on their biogra- vsem mojster Johannes Suuenus11 namreč, ki phies can be extracted from the prologue. je bil učenec mojstra Nicholasa Toblemskega Interestingly, Fiore does not elaborate on the dec- iz škofije Mexinensis«.12 Žal ni drugih podat- ades of his own military service, and swords- kov o omenjenih gospodih v Fiorejevi razpravi, manship instruction given and/or received in the zato iz prologa ne moremo izluščiti nobenega prologue. However, Zanutto14 revealed that Fiore dodatnega namiga o njuni biografiji. may have been in service of Udine during the civil Zanimivo je, da Fiore v prologu ne obdela war which broke out in 1383 following, or more ac- podrobneje desetletij lastnega služenja vojašči- curately, being provoked by the ascension of Filippo ne, navodil za dvobojevanje in mečevanje, ki d’Alençon to the Patriarchate of Aquileia two years jih je delil in/ali prejel. Toda Zanutto13 je raz- earlier in 1381. Fiore was recorded as being in charge kril, da je Fiore najverjetneje služil za Videm v of the crossbowmen and artillery or ballista crews, času državljanske vojne, ki je izbruhnila leta as well as procuring arms and gunpowder for the 1383 in je sledila oziroma, če smo bolj natanč- defense of the towns in the alliance with Udine.15 ni, jo je izzval vzpon Filippa d’Alençona v patri- Details of the civil war are few. However, Udine did arhat Ogleja dve leti poprej, leta 1381. Zabele- prevail, and the village of Premariacco, Udine and ženo je, da je bil Fiore zadolžen za samostrelce Cividale must have been the towns in the alliance in topništvo ali balistično enoto in tudi naba- that honoured Fiore’s part in the war by naming vljal orožje in strelivo za obrambo zaveznšikih a street after him in each location – Via Fiore dei mest Vidma.14 Podrobnosti o državljanski vojni Liberi. Other archived documents suggest that Fiore je malo, toda Videm je dokazal premoč, in vas was also in in 1395 and Pavia in 1399, but Premariacco, Videm in Čedad so bila očitno further detailed examination of these instances is be- mesta v zavezništvu, ki so izkazala čast Fiore- yond the scope of this paper. jevemu prispevku v vojni tako, da je vsak kraj What Fiore did write were brief accounts de- poimenoval ulico po njemu – Via Fiore dei Li- scribing feats of arms of some of his students16 who beri. Drugi ohranjeni dokumenti nakazujejo, competed in the barriers. For example, Sir Piero del da je bil Fiore leta 1395 tudi v Padovi in leta Verde17, a German ,18 faced his compatriot Sir 1399 v Pavii, toda podrobnejše preučevanje teh Piero de la Corona19 in Perosa (). Another of primerov presega namen tega spisa. his students, Sir Galeazzo from Mantoa,20 described

11 To je bil vir silovitih razprav v svetu zgodovinskega mečevanja. Beseda »suue- gust 2005) indicated that the Diocese Mexinensis was not found in period and no« lahko pomeni, da je bil mojster Johannes nemškega porekla, podrobneje s modern texts as spelled in the treatise. However, he did discover names »close« Švabskega. Ena misel je, da bi Johannes Švabski lahko bil Johannes Liechtena- to Fiore's written text which may be one of Mechlinensis (Mechelen in Belgium), uer, mojster mečevanja iz sredine 14. stoletja. Toda čas ni ravno pravi, saj se Megenensis / Meginensis campus (the former district of Mayenfeld on the lower je Fiore v tistem času komaj rodil. Da bo zmeda še večja, je Fiore zapisal, da je Mosel river), Mexentiae pons (Pont-Sainte-Maxence in France), Misnensis (Meis- bil mojster Johannes učenec mojstra Nicholasa Toblemskega, kar bi pomenilo, da sen in Saxony), and Metensis ( in Lorraine). The going forward assumption je bil mojster Nicholas Liechtenauerjev učitelj, mojster Nicholas pa ni omenjen v was that Toblem was of German heritage. However, recent discussions (Ariella nemških razpravah, čeprav so odkrili, da Liechtenauer izhaja iz nemške tradicije Eleman, Toronto, and Fabrice Cognot, Belgium, 2006) appear to have vapourized dolgega meča (Hans-Peter Hils, Meister Johann Liechtenauers Kunst des langen that assumption with suggestions that the Diocese of Mexinensis may in fact be Schwertes, Frankfurt 1985). Vse do danes ni nobenih spisov ne dokumentov, ki bi referring to Messina and which may be supported by Johann Georg Theodor Gräs- razgrinjali biografske podatke mojstra Nicholasa ali mojstra Johannesa. se, Orbis Latinus, Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und 12 Predhodne analize praktikanta in raziskovalca Matta Galasa (Belgija, avgust 2005) der Neuzeit, Braunschweig 1972. This paper is not intended to crystallize the bi- so pokazale, da škofija Mexinensis v takratnih in sodobnih besedilih nima takšnega ography of Fiore, however, it is evident that the fragments of information found in zapisa kot v razpravi. Odkril pa je imena, ki so »blizu« Fiorejevim zapisom, in sicer Fiore’s prologue will require further significant direct and related research effort, bi lahko bilo Mechlinensis (Mechelen, Belgija), Megenensis / Meginensis campus as well as a detailed linguistic study of Friulian, in order to tease out more details (nekdanje okrožje Mayenfeld ob nižjem toku reke Mosel), Mexentiae pons (Pont- originating from supporting historical sources necessary to flesh out Fiore’s bio- Sainte-Maxence, Francija), Misnensis (Meissen, Saxony) in Metensis (Metz, Lor- graphy. raine). Uveljavila se je domneva, da je bil Toblem nemška zapuščina. Vendar se zdi, 14 Luigi Zanutto, an historian who conducted research into Fiore’s past and authored da so nedavne razprave (Ariella Eleman, Toronto in Fabrice Cognot, Belgija, 2006) a book on his research. Luigi Zanutto, Fiore di Premariacco ed i ludi e le feste razpršile to domnevo s predlogi, da se škofija Mexinensis pravzaprav lahko nanaša marziali e civili in Friuli, Udine 1907. na Messino, kar lahko potrdi Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, Orbis Latinus, Lexikon 15 Zanutto discovered these pieces of information in the records found in the Mu- lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit, Braunsch- nicipal Archive of Udine, VII, f. 208v dated September 30, 1383. They indicated weig 1972. Namen tega spisa ni razjasniti Fiorejeve biografije, vendar je očitno, da that after deliberation by the town council Fiore was tasked to take charge of the bodo drobci informacij v Fiorejevem prologu zahtevali dodatne večje neposredne in crossbowmen and artillery. posredne raziskave ter podrobno jezikovno študijo furlanščine, da bi lahko pridobili 16 The brief accounts describing feats of arms are written in the prologue of the več podatkov, ki izhajajo iz pomožnih zgodovinskih virov, potrebnih za razjasnitev Getty's and Morgan's versions, but are visibly absent in the Pisani-Dossi version. Fiorejeve biografije. 17 Miß piero dal uerde (Morgan) / Missier piero del verde (Getty). 13 Luigi Zanutto, zgodovinar, ki je raziskoval Fiorejevo preteklost in napisal knjigo o 18 Fiore refers to Germans as »todeschi«. Given the political and historical landscape svoji raziskavi. Luigi Zanutto, Fiore di Premariacco ed i ludi e le feste marziali e at the time, there was little distinction between German and Swabian, all collecti- civili in Friuli, Videm 1907. vely refered to as »todeschi«. 14 Zanutto je odkril te podatke v spisih, ki jih je našel v občinskem arhivu Vidma, VII, 19 Miser piero dala corona (Morgan) / Missier piero dela corona (Getty). f. 208v, z datumom 30. september 1383. V teh spisih piše, da je Fiore po posvetu 20 Miß Galeaz delli capitani de grimello chiamado da Mantoa (Morgan) / Missie Gale- mestnega sveta dobil nalogo, da skrbi za samostrelce in topništvo. aco di Captani di Grimello chiamado da Mantoa (Getty).

MILITARY HISTORY • 49 Fiore je pisal kratka poročila in opisoval as a »valiant and strong knight«, fought with the junaška dejanja nekaterih svojih učencev15, French knight Boucicault21 in the field at Padua in ki so tekmovali v ograjenih prostorih. Na pri- 1395 which was more akin to a duel of honour, pro- mer Sir Piero del Verde16, nemški vitez,17 se voked by Boucicault’s allegation that Italians were je spopadel v Perosi (Perugia) s svojim roja- cowards.22 He wrote of a Sir Nicolo Wriçilino,23 a kom, Sirom Pierom de la Corono18. Drugi nje- German who fought with Nicolo Inghileso24 (»one gov učenec, Sir Galeazzo iz Mantove,19 opisan who is English«) at the field at Imola. Another kot »hraber in močan vitez«, se je bojeval leta account describes the valiant squire Lanzilotto 1395 na polju v Padovi s francoskim vitezom Beccaria25 of Pavia who faced Sir Baldassaro,26 a Boucicaultom20, kar je bilo bolj podobno dvo- German, on horseback. Baldassaro received six boju za čast, ki ga je izzvala Boucicaultova thrusts from Lanzilotto’s lance. They continued to izjava, da so Italijani strahopetci.21 Pisal je fight in the barriers, all occuring in Imola.27 o Siru Nicolu Wriçilinu,22 Nemcu, ki se je na Fiore wrote, with an air of pride, details of a val- polju v Imoli bojeval z Nicolom Inghilesom23 iant squire Çoanino da Bavo from Milan28 who faced (»enim, ki je Anglež«). Drugo poročilo opisu- a valiant German squire by the name of Siram set je pogumnega plemiča Lanzilotta Beccario24 in the field at a castle in Pavia. They duelled with iz Pavie, ki se je na konju spopadel s Sirom a count of three thrusts of a lance of »soft iron«29 Baldassarom,25 Nemcem. Baldassaro je utr- on horseback. Fiore further elaborates on the duel pel šest udarcev z Lanzilottovo sulico. Boj sta nadaljevala v ograjenem prostoru in vse se je dogajalo v Imoli.26

Fiore je zapisal, in sicer rahlo ponosno, vse podrobnosti o hrabrem graščaku Çoani- nu da Bavu iz Milana,27 ki se je na polju pri gradu v Pavii spopadel s pogumnim nemškim graščakom po imenu Siram. Dvobojevala sta se na konju s štetjem treh sunkov s sulico iz »mehkega železa«28. Fiore še nadalje razpreda o dvoboju, ki sta ga nadaljevala na tleh na šte- III. 1: Heraldične slike Lanzilotta Beccarie tje treh udarcev s sekiro, treh udarcev meča III. 1: Armorial Bearings of Lanzilotto Beccaria

15 Kratka poročila, ki opisujejo junaška dejanja, so v prologu razprav Getty in Morgan, 21 Miser Bricichardo de Franza (Morgan) / Missier Bucichardo de fraca (Getty). v razpravi Pisani-Dossi pa prav očitno manjkajo. 22 Fiore’s prologue does not reveal dates of the duels. However, there is a detailed 16 Miß piero dal uerde (Morgan) / Missier piero del verde (Getty). account describing the traditional protocol and ceremony surrounding this form of 17 Fiore imenuje Nemce »todeschi«. Zaradi političnih in zgodovinskih razmer tiste duel held before Lords of Padua, , Ravenna and Lord Carlo Malatesta, a dobe niso delali večjih razlik med Nemci in Švabi; vsi so bili »todeschi«. notable condottiere. It ended non-fatally despite Boucicault receiving a thrust of 18 Miser piero dala corona (Morgan) / Missier piero dela corona (Getty). Galeazzo’s spear in the camail around the shoulder. The extent of the injury incur- 19 Miß Galeaz delli capitani de grimello chiamado da Mantoa (Morgan) / Missie Ga- red, if at all, was not revealed in the account but the duel was immediately halted leaco di Captani di Grimello chiamado da Mantoa (Getty). by the Lords and peace was made between Galeazzo and Boucicault. Galeazzo, 20 Miser Bricichardo de Franza (Morgan) / Missier Bucichardo de fraca (Getty). Bartolomeo Gatari, Cronaca carrarese, in: Rerum italicarum scriptores, XVII/1, 21 Fiorejev prolog ne razkriva datumov dvobojev, vsebuje pa podrobno poročilo, ki Perugia 1909-1931, pp. 83, 448-9. opisuje tradicionalni protokol in obred okrog te oblike dvoboja, ki se je odvil pred 23 Miser Nicholo Vricilino (Morgan) / Missier Nicol Wricilino (Getty). lordi Padove, Mantove, Ravenne in lordom Carlom Malatesto, uglednim kondo- 24 Nicholo Inghileso (Morgan) / nicolo Inghileso (Getty). tjerjem. Za nikogar se ni končal usodno, čeprav je Galeazzova sulica zadela Bou- 25 Lancilotto / Lanzilotto de Boecharia da Pavia (Morgan) / Lancilotto da Becharia cicaulta v pokrivalo. Poročilo ne razkrije resnosti rane, če je sploh bila, toda lordi de Pauia (Getty). This person may have made an appearance in a 15th century so nemudoma prekinili dvoboj in Galeazzo in Boucicault sta sklenila mir. Galeazzo, German armorial (Latin MS 28, University of Manchester, Ryland Collection Li- Bartolomeo Gatari, Cronaca carrarese, v: Rerum italicarum scriptores, XVII/1, Pe- brary). However, only some of the plates are visible in the online collection and no rugia 1909-1931, str. 83, 448-9. text describing the arms is available at least online, and therefore, qualifying this 22 Miser Nicholo Vricilino (Morgan) / Missier Nicol Wricilino (Getty). potential lead will require more effort which is outside the scope of this paper. The 23 Nicholo Inghileso (Morgan) / nicolo Inghileso (Getty). arms are included for reference and interest only. 24 Lancilotto / Lanzilotto de Boecharia da Pavia (Morgan) / Lancilotto da Becharia 26 Miß Baldesar (Morgan) / Missier Baldassaro (Getty). de Pauia (Getty). Ta oseba se je morda pojavila na nemškem grbovniku iz 15. 27 Cf. Trevor Dean, Crime and Justice in Late Medieval Italy, Cambridge 2007. stoletja (latinsko MS 28, Univerza v Manchestru, knjižnica Ryland Collection Li- 28 Zohanni de Baio da Milano (Morgan) / çoanino da Bavo (modern-day village of brary). Vendar je na spletni zbirki videti le nekaj slik in vsaj na spletu ni nobenega Baggio) da Milano (Getty). besedila, ki bi opisovalo orožje, zato bodo za opredelitev te sledi potrebna nadaljnja 29 Probably referring to »rebated« weapons which were incapable of taking an edge, prizadevanja, ki pa presegajo namen tega spisa. Orožje je vključeno samo kot re- often employed in tournaments. ferenca in zanimivost. 25 Miß Baldesar (Morgan) / Missier Baldassaro (Getty). 26 Cf. Trevor Dean, Crime and Justice in Late Medieval Italy, Cambridge 2007. 27 Zohanni de Baio da Milano (Morgan) / çoanino da Bavo (današnja vas Baggio) da Milano (Getty). 28 Najverjetneje se nanaša na »otopelo« orožje, ki ga ni bilo mogoče nabrusiti in se je pogosto uporabljalo na turnirjih.

50 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA in treh udarcev bodala, vse v navzočnosti »ne- which then continued on foot to the count of three šteto« visokih plemičev, vključno s princem blows of axe, three blows of and three blows of ter lordom in vojvodinjo Milana. V prologu ni dagger, all in the presence of »countless« high rank- podatkov o izidu tega dvoboja, vendar lahko ing nobles including the prince and the Lord and the sklepamo, da je zmagal Fiorejev učenec. Lady Duchess of . Details of the outcome of this Drugi dvoboji njegovih učencev, omenje- duel were not revealed in the prologue, but it can be nih v prologu, vključujejo Sira Açça da Castell assumed that Fiore’s student was victorious. Barcha,29 ki se je bojeval s Çuannejem di Or- Other duels of his students mentioned in the pro- delaffijem30, ter pogumnega in dobrega viteza logue include Sir Açço da Castell Barcho30 who fought Sira Jacoma di Bosona31, čeprav ni podatkov, with Çuanne di Ordelaffi,31 and the valiant and good s kom se je dvobojeval Jacomo. knight Sir Jacomo di Boson,32 although there are no V prologu Pisani-Dossi je v razdelku pro- details on whom Jacomo faced in the duel. loga »alter prologus« zapisan stavek »...che io In the Pisani-Dossi prologue, in the »alter pro- predito fior o uecudo mille chiamati magistri logus« section of the prologue, the phrase »...che io che non sono de tuti loro quatro boni scholari predito fior o uecudo mille chiamati magistri che e de quilli quatro boni scholari non seria uno non sono de tuti loro quatro boni scholari e de quilli bon magistro«, v katerem se Fiore skoraj baha, quatro boni scholari non seria uno bon magistro« da je bil videl na tisoče samozvanih mojstrov, is written in which Fiore almost boasts having seen od katerih bi imel samo štiri za dobre pozna- thousands of self-styled masters of which he would valce in enega samega za mojstra. Te trditve consider only four good scholars and just one a mas- ni najti v prologu Getty ne v prologu Morgan. ter. This claim is not included in the Getty nor the Vendar pa prologa Getty in Morgan omenjata, Morgan prologue. However, in the Getty and Morgan da so Fioreja izzvali na pet dvobojev z uporabo prologues it is mentioned that Fiore was challenged orožja za mečevanje, in sicer samo v jopiču32 in to five duels, using cut and thrust weapons, wear- usnjenih rokavicah (»chamois«), ker se ni želel ing only an arming doublet33 and leather gauntlets bojevati ne vaditi z mojstri, ki so ga izzivali. Ti (»chamois«) because he did not wish to fight nor dvoboji so se odvijali na krajih brez vsakršnih practice with the masters who challenged him. These podpornikov in prijateljev, toda očitno je bila duels occurred in locations without any supportive njegova čast zaščitena in je takšna tudi ostala. relations and friends, but apparently, his honour Nedvomno so bila najbolj vznemirljiva po- was and remained secured. znejša leta Fiorejevega življenja konec 14. in Without a doubt, the most vexing part of Fiore’s začetek 15. stoletja v času, ko je pisal svojo life were his later years, at the end of the 14th and razpravo oziroma razprave. Prolog »alter pro- the beginning of the 15th century during the period logus« v različici Pisani-Dossi osvetljuje Nicola of time of the composition of his treatise or treatis- III d'Este in Marquisa Ferrarskega33 ter ome- es. The »alter prologus« in the Pisani-Dossi version nja, da je razprava, njen pisni in tudi ilustrira- highlights Nicolo III d’Este and Marquis of Ferrara34 ni del, nastala na Nicolovo željo. To pomeni, da and mentions that the composition of the treatise je bil Nicolo Fiorejev pokrovitelj, in kot takšen including both the writing and the illustrations was je naročil Fioreju, naj napiše knjigo o bojeva- done at the request of Nicolo. This implies that Nicolo nju, in s tem zadovoljil svojo željo, da jo doda was Fiore’s patron and therefore commissioned Fiore svoji obsežni bibliografski zbirki. V prologu nič to compose a book on combat to satisfy Nicolo’s de- ne nakazuje, da je bil Fiore član Marquisovega sire to add to his extensive bibliographic collection. dvora. Domneva se, da se je Nicolojeva knji- There is nothing in the prologue which may indicate žnica povečala z dodatkom Fiorejeve razprave, that Fiore was a member of the Marquis’ court. It is

29 Miser Azo da Castelbarcho (Morgan) / Missier Açço da Castell Barcho (Getty). 30 Miser Azo da Castelbarcho (Morgan) / Missier Açço da Castell Barcho (Getty). 30 Miß Zohanni di li ordelaffig (Morgan) / çuanne di Ordelaffi (Getty). 31 Miß Zohanni di li ordelaffig (Morgan) / çuanne di Ordelaffi (Getty). 31 Miß Jacomo da Besen (Morgan) / Missier Jacomo di Boson (Getty). 32 Miß Jacomo da Besen (Morgan) / Missier Jacomo di Boson (Getty). 32 Mišljen je podložen jopič z dolgimi rokavi, ki se nosi pod oklepom, pogosto oprem- 33 An arming doublet is a long-sleeved padded jacket worn under armour, often fitted ljen z nastavki, na katere se pričvrsti ploščni oklep. Fiore omeni v svojem prologu, with arming points to which plate armour would have been tied to. Fiore mentioned da se je raje bojeval v oklepu, ker je bilo veliko bolj prizanesljivo, če je bojevnik in his prologue that his preference was to fight in armour because it was far more naredil napako, saj ploščni oklep vendarle ščiti. Izjavil je, da se raje trikrat bojuje forgiving should the combatant make a mistake by virtue of the protection offered v oklepu v ograjenem prostoru kot v enem samem dvoboju brez oklepa z ostrim by the plate armour. He stated that he would rather fight three times in armour in mečem. the barriers than a single unarmoured duel with a sharp sword. 33 Nicolo III, rojen 9. novembra 1383. Ko je umrl njegov oče Alberto V leta 1394, je 34 Nicolo III, born on 9 November 1383. When his father Alberto V died in 1394, Nicolo Nicolo podedoval posestvo Estense, ki je trakrat vključevalo Ferraro, Modeno, inherited the Estense state whose dominions at that time included , Mode- Adrio, Comacchio, Rovigo in več posesti v Romagni. na, Adria, Comacchio, Rovigo and various possessions in Romagna.

MILITARY HISTORY • 51 saj je bil Fiore cenjen in ugleden mečevalec. thought that given Fiore was a reputable and notable Različica Pisani-Dossi razkriva, da je začel pi- swordsman, Nicolo’s library was enhanced with the sati razpravo10. februarja 1409 in jo končal addition of Fiore’s treatise. The Pisani-Dossi version kakšnih šest mesecev pozneje. indicates that he started writing on 10 February 1409 Zanimivo je, da Marquis de Ferrara ni ome- and completed the treatise some six months later. njen v prologu razprave Morgan. Pravzaprav Interestingly, there is no mention of the Marquis ni omenjen nihče, ki bi si ga lahko razlagali de Ferrara in the Morgan’s prologue. In fact, there kot Fiorejevega pokrovitelja. Fiore piše o svojih is no mention of anyone who may be interepreted učencih in njihovih junaških dejanjih in prav as being Fiore’s patron. Fiore writes of his students očitno izpusti Nicolo III s seznama svojih učen- and their feats of arms, with an obvious omission of cev. Ko je Fiore začel pisati »Flos Duellatorum« Nicolo III from the list of his students. By the time (različico Pisani-Dossi), bi Nicolo štel 21 let, Fiore began his composition of »Flos Duellatorum« torej bi se že izučil in preskušal svoje spretno- (Pisani-Dossi version), Nicolo would have been 21 sti v ograjenem protoru. years of age and therefore would have received in- Nicolo d’Este, Marquis de Ferrara itn. pa so struction and would have been able to test his skills vendarle omenjeni v prologu Getty. V bistvu se in the barriers. zdi, da je Marquis dal Fioreju navodila, kako However, we do find Nicolo d’Este, Marquis de strukturirati razpravo. Ob tem se ponuja vpra- Ferrara, etc., mentioned in the Getty’s prologue. In šanje, ali je bil Nicolo Fiorejev pokrovitelj ali je fact, it appears that the Marquis had provided in- bil morda eden od Fiorejevih učencev, ki pa je structions to Fiore on how to structure the treatise. imel dovolj vpliva in sredstev, da je naročil ko- This raises the question about whether Nicolo was pijo armizare samo zase? Mogoče si je Nicolo Fiore’s patron, or perhaps he was one of Fiore’s stu- želel postati izkušen mečevalec ali vsaj dajati dents, and wielded enough power and resources to re- ta vtis, če pomislimo, da je Fiore v prologu iz- quest a copy of the art for his own reference to armi- javil, da noben človek nima dovolj spomina, da zare? Perhaps Nicolo had the desire to become or at bi si zapomnil vse spretnosti brez pomoči tovr- least be perceived as a skilled swordsman, given that stne knjige. In vendar prolog Getty ne omenja Fiore stated in the prologue that no man has a great Nicola kot enega njegovih učencev, ki bi doka- enough memory to remember the complete art with- zoval junaška dejanja, znanja in spretnosti na out the aid of such a book. Yet, the Getty’s prologue enak način kot drugi omenjeni učenci. had no mention of Nicolo as one of his students dem- V prologih žal ni letnice Fiorejeve smrti in onstrating feats of arms of the knowledge and skills vse do danes ni zapisov, arhiviranih ali dru- in the same manner as the other scholars mentioned. gačnih, ki bi razkrivali Fiorejeve dejavnosti po Unfortunately, the prologues obviously do not in- letu 1410. Najverjetneje je umrl enkrat med clude the year of Fiore’s death, and to date, there are leti 1410 in 1420. no records, archived or otherwise which reveal Fiore’s activities after 1410. Presumably, he died some time Razprave – kratka primerjalna analiza between 1410 and 1420.

Trenutno obstajajo tri znane različice Fio- The treatises – a bief comparative analysis rejevih razprav o armizare. Spodaj so točne navedbe: There are presently three known versions of Fiore’s treatises on armizare. The following are the Fior di Battaglia: MS M.383 - knjižnica Pierpo- exact citations: int Morgan Library (rokopis »Morgan«) Fior di Battaglia: MS Ludwig XV 13 - J. Paul Fior di Battaglia: MS M.383 - The Pierpoint Morgan Getty Museum (rokopis »Getty«) Library (Codex »Morgan«) Flos Duellatorum (Pisani-Dossi MS): Frances- Fior di Battaglia: MS Ludwig XV 13 - J. Paul Getty co Novati, Flos duellatorum: Il Fior di batta- Museum (Codex »Getty«) glia di maestro Fiore dei Liberi da Premaria- Flos Duellatorum (Pisani-Dossi MS): Francesco Nova- cco, Bergamo 1902. ti, Flos duellatorum: Il Fior di battaglia di maestro Viri za različico Morgan so:34 Fiore dei Liberi da Premariacco, Bergamo 1902.

34 Viri, našteti za razpravo Morgan, so povzeti z informativne platnice, ki opisuje

52 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA MS M.383 je izgubljeni rokopis MCCLXI knji- The provenance for the Morgan version is:35 žnice Biblioteca Soranzo v Benetkah (knji- žnica Jacopa Soranza, beneškega senatorja, MS M.383 is the lost codex MCCLXI of the Biblioteca 18. stoletje) prodano leta 1780; Soranzo in (Library of Jacopo Soranzo, Ve- Matteo Luigi Canonici (1727-1805); prodal netian senator, 18th century) sold in 1780; ( Sotheby's, 15. junij 1836, št. 40): Matteo Luigi Canonici (1727-1805); his sale (London Častiti Walter Sneyd iz župnije Bagington, Co- Sotheby’s, 15 June 1836, no. 40) to: ventry; prodal (London, Sotheby's, 19. de- Rev. Walter Sneyd of Bagington Rectory, ; cember 1903, št. 720): his sale (London, Sotheby’s, 19 December 1903, Ellis; Tammaro de Marinis, katalog 8, 1908, no. 720) to: slika 9; Ellis; Tammaro de Marinis, catalogue 8, 1908, plate 9; Kupil John Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913) od T. purchased by John Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913) de Marinisa leta 1909; from T. de Marinis in 1909; J.P. Morgan (1867 - 1937). J.P. Morgan (1867 - 1937).

Trenutno in splošno priznan vir za različico The currently understood and generally accepted Getty je:35 provenance for the Getty version is:36

Niccolò Marcello di Santa Marina, Benetke; Niccolò Marcello di Santa Marina Venezia; Apostolo Zeno (1668-1750); Apostolo Zeno (1668-1750); Luigi Celotti (1789 cca.-1846 cca.) – prodano Luigi Celotti (1789 ca.-1846 ca.) – sold at Sotheby’s pri Sotheby’s leta 1825; in 1825; – št. Ms.4204 – prodano pri Thomas Phillipps – Nr. Ms.4204 – sold at Sotheby’s Sotheby’s leta 1966; in 1966; Peter in Irene Ludwig iz Aachena, Nemčija; Peter and Irene Ludwig from Aachen, Germany; sold prodano: to the: Muzej John Paul Getty leta 1983, in od tod John Paul Getty Museum in 1983, thus getting its zdajšnje ime. present name.

Različica Pisani-Dossi ima prolog, ki ga se- The Pisani-Dossi version has a prologue com- stavljata dva dela, prvi v latinščini in drugi, prised of two portions, the first in Latin, and the sec- obsežnejši del, »alter prologus«, v beneški ita- ond more comprehensive portion »alter prologus« in lijanščini.36 Njen prolog ni prav nič podoben a Venetian dialect of Italian.37 Its prologue is quite drugima dvema različicama, saj je brez vsakr- unlike the other two versions inasmuch as it is com- šnega opisa junaških dejanj Fiorejevih učen- pletely devoid of any description of the feats of arms cev, in omenja, da je Fiorejeva kariera traja- of Fiore’s students, and mentioned Fiore’s career as la 50 let v nasprotju s 40 leti, ki jih navajata 50 years as opposed to 40 years in the other two ver- drugi dve različici. Vendar je samo v različi- sions. However, only in the Pisani-Dossi version is ci Pisani-Dossi točen datum. Fiore je zapisal, a date explicitly stated. Fiore wrote that he started da je začel pisati 10. februarja 1409 (1410 po his composition on 10 February 1409 (1410 using sodobnem koledarju), in namiguje, da je delo the modern calendar) and alludes to taking approxi- dokončal približno v šestih mesecih. Ali so raz- mately six months to complete. Were the differences like v letih trajanja Fiorejeve kariere v drugih in the years of Fiore’s career an error in the other two dveh različicah napaka? Lahko bi zagovarjali versions? It could be argued that such a personal de- dejstvo, da bi se v tako osebni podatek tež- tail would hardly succumb to such an obvious error, ko prikradla tako očitna napaka, zato lahko and therefore one can postulate that the Pisani-Dossi

rokopis iz Oddelka za srednjeveške in renesančne rokopise knjižnice Pierpoint 35 The provenance listed for the Morgan version is extracted from the cover informa- Morgan Library in tudi izvor virov, naštetih v omenjenem dokumentu, iz objave tion page describing the manuscript from the Pierpoint Morgan Library Department Francesca Novatija leta 1902. of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts, and which describes the source of the 35 Viri, našteti za razpravo Getty, so povzeti po spletni strani Matta Eastona: http:// provenance listed in that document from the publication by Francesco Novati in www.fioredeiliberi.org/fiore/. Prvotno jih je sestavil Matt Galas. 1902. 36 Glej John Florio, Queen Anna's New World of Words or Dictionarie of the Italian and 36 The provenance listed for the Getty version is extracted from Matt Easton's websi- English Tongues, London 1611. te: http://www.fioredeiliberi.org/fiore/. It was originally compiled by Matt Galas. 37 Cf. John Florio, Queen Anna’s New World of Words or Dictionarie of the Italian and English Tongues, London 1611.

MILITARY HISTORY • 53 III. 2: 1. igra – abrazare (Getty) III. 3: 1. igra – abrazare (Pisani-Dossi) III. 2: 1st play – abrazare (Getty) III. 3: 1st play – abrazare (Pisani-Dossi) domnevamo, da je bila različica Pisani-Dossi version was composed approximately 5 to 10 years spisana približno 5 do 10 let po dokončanju after the completion of the Getty’s and Morgan’s ver- različice Getty in Morgan, kar pomeni, da sta sions, meaning the Getty’s and the Morgan’s versions bili različici Getty in Morgan napisani kmalu were written some time shortly after the turn of the po začetku 14. stoletja. Med zgodovinarji se 14th century. This debate continues with vigour in okrog tega še vedno odvija vneta razprava, the historical community and further discussion namen tega spisa pa ni nadalje razpravljati ali or research on this particular subject is outside the raziskovati v tej smeri. scope of this paper. Najbolj nenavadna razlika med različico Pi- The most extraordinary difference between the sani-Dossi in drugima različicama je zgradba Pisani-Dossi and the other versions is in the struc- besedila, ki spremlja ilustracije. Besedilo je ture of the text accompanying the illustrations. The sestavljeno iz rimanih kupletov, morda zato text is comprised of rhyming couplets, which may da bi vključili borilne pojme v obliko proze, have been designed to inject combative concepts ki je najkrajša in si jo je najlažje zapomniti, into the shortest and most memorable prose to aid in kot takšna pomaga priklicati v spomin in si in recalling and remembering the great expanse of zapomniti velik obseg armizare. Mnenje tega armizare. It is the opinion of this author, which is avtorja, s katerim se strinjajo tudi drugi razi- shared by other researchers and practitioners of his- skovalci in praktikanti zgodovinskega mečeva- torical fencing, that the design of this manuscript nja, je, da je oblika tega rokopisa morda služi- may have served a similar purpose as mnemonics la podobnemu namenu, kot se mnemotehnika is used to remember details of certain information, uporablja za pomnjenje podrobnosti določenih facts or concepts.38 The Pisani-Dossi version may informacij, dejstev ali pojmov.37 Za različico have employed similar memorial techniques consist- Pisani-Dossi so se morda uporabljale podobne ent with other period writings as memorial cues and spominske tehnike, primerne tudi za druge aids. This technique can be extended to a conglom- spise tiste dobe, in sicer kot iztočnice in pomoč eration of mnemonic phrases and the popular »Coles za lažje pomnjenje. Ta tehnika se lahko razširi Notes«39 used by students for many years as a study v skupek mnemotehničnih fraz in priljubljene guide and learning aid. Interestingly, approximately

37 Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory – A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture, 38 Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory – A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture, Cambridge 1990. Cambridge 1990. 39 Coles Notes were first published in 1948 in the UK, and are now owned by Indigo Books in Canada. Coles Notes served a similar function to the American's version called »Cliff Notes«, first published in 1958.

54 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA zapiske »Coles Notes«38, ki so jih študenti dol- 68% of the prologue in the Pisani-Dossi is focused on ga leta uporabljali kot vodilo za študij in učno describing the structure and order of the treatise, as pomoč. Zanimivo je, da se približno 68% pro- compared to approximately 47% in the Getty’s ver- loga v Pisani-Dossi osredotoča na opisovanje sion and only 26% of the prologue in the Morgan’s zgradbe in ureditve razprave, v primerjavi s version. Such detail in its structure adds credence to približno 47% v različici Getty in pičlimi 26% the notion that perhaps the Pisani-Dossi version was prologa v različici Morgan. Tako podrobno indeed oriented towards a student’s learning and obravnavanje njene zgradbe potrjuje misel, da training guide. je bila različica Pisani-Dossi morda res name- njena za šolski učbenik in usposabljanje. Of the three versions, the Getty’s offers the most detailed paragraphs accompanying the illustrations Med vsemi tremi različicami vsebuje Getty (see Ill. 2), followed by the Morgan’s with a slightly najbolj podrobne odstavke ob ilustracijah (glej abbreviated text. To add, the illustrations found in Ill. 2). Sledi Morgan z nekoliko krajšim bese- the Getty’s and Morgan’s are less »cartoon« like than dilom. Poleg tega ilustracije v različicah Getty the illustrations found in the Pisani-Dossi. Moreover, in Morgan ne dajejo toliko vtisa »šablon« kot the contents of the Morgan, despite being more simi- ilustracije v Pisani-Dossi. In vsebina različice lar to the Getty’s version, are not a complete trea- Morgan, čeprav je bolj podobna različici Getty, tise, with significant portions not included such as ni popolna razprava, saj manjkajo pomembni the »abrazare« (grappling) and »daga« (dagger) sec- deli, na primer temi »abrazare« (ruvanje) in tions found in both the Pisani-Dossi and Getty’s. »daga« (bodalo), ki jih najdemo v različicah A more detailed examination of the presentation Pisani-Dossi in Getty. of the First Remedy Master of the first play of abra- Sledi podrobnejši pregled predstavitve ma- zare follows. The text accompanying the figures in gistra rimedia (op. prev. prvega mojstra boje- the Pisani-Dossi version reads as: vanja z bodalom, ki se zna braniti in hkrati napasti) prve igre abrazare. Like v različici Pi- Cum questa presa in terra andare ti farò sani-Dossi spremlja naslednje besedilo: Ouero el braço senistro ti deslogaro,40

Cum questa presa in terra andare ti farò which translated becomes: Ouero el braço senistro ti deslogaro,39 I will make you go to the ground with this hold kar pomeni v prevodu: Or else I will dislocate your left arm.

S tem prijemom te bom spravil na tla, Although the couplet is not as much a mnemonic ali pa ti bom izpahnil levo roko. as it is a simplified verse to convey a particular prin- ciple with respect to the classic shoulder grab and the Čeprav kuplet ni toliko mnemotehničen, counter to such an attack it can easily be translated temveč bolj poenostavljen verz, ki predstavi into a physical reality by a student of the art. določeno načelo o klasičnem prijemu za ramo Continuing on with the Getty’s text accompany- in protiudarcu na takšen napad, ga učenec bo- ing the same figures in its version, it reads as: rilne veščine zlahka prevede v fizično realnost. Besedilo v različici Getty ob enakih likih se Questo sie lo primo zogho de abrazare / et ogni glasi: guardia d’abrazare si po ‘riuare in questo zogho / e in questa Questo sie lo primo zogho de abrazare / et presa

38 Veliko transkripcij iz rokopisa v razpravah je iz Rubboli – Cesari 2002. Te tran- 40 Much of the transcriptions from the script found in the treatises were extracted skripcije so bolj ali manj v skladu s številnimi drugimi transkripcijami, ki so na from Rubboli – Cesari 2002. These transcriptions are more or less consistent voljo na internetu, dodanih je bilo le nekaj manjših popravkov, da so bolj v skladu with the many other transcriptions available online in the Internet and some minor z izvirnim besedilom. corrections were edited into the transcriptions to improve their consistency with 39 V tej zvezi je »prijem« samostalnik, ki opisuje »nekaj«, kar se nanaša na prijem ali the original text. »preso«. Nobena druga beseda ne bi mogla bolje opisati ta »nekaj«, medtem ko v nadaljevanju istega stavka drugi »prijem« opisuje dejanje. 40 V tej zvezi je »prijem« samostalnik, ki opisuje »nekaj«, kar se nanaša na prijem ali »preso«. Nobena druga beseda ne bi mogla bolje opisati ta »nekaj«, medtem ko v nadaljevanju istega stavka drugi »prijem« opisuje dejanje.

MILITARY HISTORY • 55 ogni guardia zoe / pigli cum la man stancha lo suo brazo dritto d'abrazare si po 'riuare in questo zogho / e in in la questa presa piegadura del suo brazo dritto / e la sua dritta mano zoe / pigli cum la man stancha lo suo brazo metta chosi dritta apresso lo suo cubito / e poy subito dritto in la faza piegadura del suo brazo dritto / e la sua la presa del segondo zogho / zoe piglilu in quello dritta mano modo metta chosi dritta apresso lo suo cubito / e e daga la uolta ala persona / E per quello modo / o poy subito faza ello an- la presa del segondo zogho / zoe piglilu in dara in terra / ouero lo brazo gli serà dislogado. quello modo e daga la uolta ala persona / E per quello This is the first play of abrazare and every guard modo / o ello an- of abrazare can arrive in this play and in this hold,41 dara in terra / ouero lo brazo gli serà dislo- namely take hold with the left hand his right arm gado. in the bend of his right arm and your right hand To je prva igra abrazare in vsak stav is put like this right behind his elbow and then sud- v abrazare lahko preide v to igro in ta prijem,40 denly I will make in sicer da z levo roko primeš njegovo desno the hold »presa« of the second play, namely I catch roko him in this way v pregib njegove desne roke in desno roko and give a turn to his body and in this way I have him daš za njegov komolec in potem nenadoma go to the ground or I shall dislocate the arm of his. izvedem prijem »presa« druge igre, ujel ga bom namreč tako in mu zasukal telo in na The Getty’s text offers more detailed description ta način ga bom spravil na tla ali mu bom and examination of the subtleties of the actions in- izpahnil roko. volved accompanying the illustration, which were rendered with greater sophistication as compared Gettyjevo besedilo vsebuje podrobnejši opis to the former treatise. Yet both versions convey very in preučitev spretnosti napada, ki spremlja similar concepts and achieve the same instructional ilustracijo, in je bolj izdelano v primerjavi s objective. This is consistent across the entire Pisani- prejšnjo razpravo. Vendar podajata obe razli- Dossi and Getty’s treatises. čici zelo podobna koncepta in dosegata enak The examination of the Morgan’s version, as com- poučni cilj. Tako dosledni sta celotni razpravi pared to the Getty’s reveals that the Morgan’s text is Pisani-Dossi in Getty. near word-for-word similar to the Getty’s. However, Če si ogledamo različico Morgan, primerja- the organization of the Morgan’s is completely dif- va z Gettyjevo razkrije, da je besedilo razprave ferent from the Getty’s in that it begins with a sec- Morgan skoraj dobesedno enako besedilu raz- tion on combats on horseback with lances, whereas prave Getty, vendar je različica Morgan ureje- the Getty’s starts with abrazare or grappling. The na popolnoma drugače kot Getty in se začne Morgan’s is also the shortest of the three treatises, s poglavjem o bojevanju na konju s sulicami, whereby the abrazare and daga sections are com- medtem ko se Getty začne z abrazare ali ru- pletely absent. However, there are plates which depict vanjem. Različica Morgan je tudi najkrajša od wrestling on horseback and some plates depicting vseh treh razprav, saj manjkata poglavji abra- dagger against sword. zare in daga. Vsebuje pa slike, ki prikazujejo The general thinking about why the Morgan’s is bojevanje na konju, in nekaj slik bodala proti so much shorter than the other two suggests that meču. the manuscript was in all probability not completed Splošno razmišljanje o tem, zakaj je razli- due to lack of funds or events which precluded its čica Morgan toliko krajša od drugih dveh raz- completion. Perhaps other projects took precedence prav, namiguje, da rokopis najverjetneje ni and the Morgan’s version was left as an incomplete

41 In this context, »hold« is a noun describing a »thing« referring to a grab or »presa«. There are no other appropriate English words to describe the »thing«, whereas, continuing in the same statement, the next instance of »hold« describes an action.

56 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA Ill. 4: Trije igralci (Getty) Ill. 5: Trije igralci (Morgan) Ill. 4: The three players (Getty) Ill. 5: The three players (Morgan) bil dokončan zaradi pomanjkanja sredstev ali manuscript. To add, there is no dedication in the dogodkov, ki so ovirali njegovo dokončanje. prologue to a patron nor any mention of Nicolo III. Mogoče so imeli prednost drugi projekti in je ostala različica Morgan nedokončan rokopis. In conclusion Vrh tega v prologu ni nobenega posvetila po- krovitelju in niti ni omenjen Nicolo III. Although Fiore dei Liberi was merely a footnote in the annals of history, definitely not in the same Za konec league as some of the great men of the period, his influence in the 21st century can be vividly seen and Čeprav je bil Fiore dei Liberi neznatna oseb- experienced across many historical fighting and nost v zgodovinskih analih, vsekakor ne v fencing schools and academies throughout the world. istem razredu kot nekaj velikih mož njegove The challenge of rebuilding the man who bore the dobe, lahko jasno vidimo in občutimo njegov name Fiore will require exhaustive research into ar- vpliv v 21. stoletju v številnih šolah in akade- chives, personal collections and libraries which re- mijah zgodovinskih borilnih veščin in meče- main untouched or inaccessible today. Cultivating a vanja po vsem svetu. Rekonstruirati moža, ki more complete and detailed biography of Fiore will je nosil ime Fiore, zahteva obsežne raziskave most definitely aid in our understanding, develop- arhivov, osebnih zbirk in knjižnic, ki so še da- ment and evolution of armizare, perhaps ensuring nes nedotaknjeni ali nedostopni. Izdelava po- that the resurrected form of armizare is closer to the polnejše in podrobnejše Fiorejeve biografije bo »truth« as expected by Fiore himself. vsekakor prispevala k boljšemu razumevanju, Lastly, the reconstruction and practice of armi- razvoju in nadrgadnji armizare ter morda za- zare cannot be complete without referencing and gotovila, da se bo ta ponovno oživljena oblika studying all three treatises. Each has certain unique armizare bolj približala »resnici«, kot bi priča- qualities and attributes which contribute to fleshing koval sam Fiore. out the art. It is hoped that as we learn more about In končno, rekonstrukcija in praksa armi- Fiore, through closer examination of the treatises zare ne moreta biti popolni brez sklicevanj na and through research of secondary sources such as vse te razprave in njihove analize. Vsaka ima archived records and documents, armizare will once določene edinstvene kakovosti in lastnosti, again reacquire its original status as a complete and ki prispevajo k osvetlitvi te veščine. Upamo, viable offensive and defensive fighting art system – a da bo, ko bomo po temeljiti analizi razprav in viable alternative to today’s popular Eastern systems. raziskavi sekundarnih virov, kot so arhivirana poročila in dokumenti, vedeli kaj več o Fioreju armizare spet povrnjen prvotni status celovite- ga napadalnega in obrambnega sistema boril- ne veščine, ki lahko preživi – alternativa dana- šnjim priljubljenim vzhodnjaškim sistemom.

MILITARY HISTORY • 57