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Swaziland's First State of Environment Report

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Swaziland's First State of Environment Report FINAL DETAILED REPORT STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE 11TH EDF PROGRAMME’S FOCAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE IN SWAZILAND EUROPEAID/132633/C/SER/MULTI LOT 6: ENVIRONMENT FWC BENEFICIARIES 2013 PREPARED FOR: DELEGATION OF THE EU TO SWAZILAND PREPARED BY: PARTICIP AND ETI LOUISE GRENIER REX BROWN SUBMITTED IN: JUNE 2016 This report was prepared with the financial assistance of the European Commission. The views expressed in this report are those of the consultants and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Particip Consortium StrEA of the 11th EDF in Agriculture for Swaziland Specific Contract 2015/362948 Particip-led Consortium comprising: Particip, Adelphi, AETS, Bipro, ELLE, ETI Consulting, Geotest, HTSPE, Milieu, NIRAS, PEMConsult, Poseidon ii StrEA of the 11th EDF in Agriculture for Swaziland Specific Contract 2015/362948 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... i List of tables ............................................................................................................ iii List of figures .......................................................................................................... iv Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. ix Executive Summary of the Stratgic Environmental Assessment of the 11th EDF–Agriculture ....................................................................................................... x The Strategic Enviromental Assessment of the 11th EDF, Swaziland ................. 1 1 Scope and Introduction to the Assessment .................................................... 1 2 Approach, Methodology, Assumptions, Uncertainties, and Constraints ...... 2 2.1 Approach, Methodology, and Key Outputs .................................................................. 2 2.1.1 Scoping-Period Approach, Methodology, and Key Outputs ................................... 2 2.1.2 Approach, Methodology, and Results of the Detailed Study .................................. 2 2.1.3 Review of Draft Report and Final Report ............................................................... 3 2.2 Assumptions, Uncertainties, Constraints, and Limitations ............................................ 3 3 Description of the 11th EDF Programme – Agriculture .................................... 5 3.1 Background: Overview of the Agricultural Sector ......................................................... 5 3.1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5 3.1.2 Agricultural Production Systems ........................................................................... 5 3.1.3 Vegetables in General........................................................................................... 6 3.1.4 Maize .................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.5 Maize Production and Fertilizer Application ........................................................... 8 3.1.6 Livestock ............................................................................................................... 8 3.1.7 Irrigation Potential and Ongoing Irrigation Projects ............................................. 10 3.1.8 Smallholder Agricultural Issues & Challenges: .................................................... 12 3.2 Agriculture and Droughts ........................................................................................... 16 3.3 The 11th EDF National Indicative Programme (NIP) ................................................. 16 3.3.1 The National Indicative Programme (NIP) ........................................................... 18 3.3.2 The Water Harvesting Dams Project (WHDP) ..................................................... 19 3.3.3 The High Value Crop and Horticulture Project (HVCHP) ..................................... 21 3.3.4 Livestock Development Project (LDP) ................................................................. 24 3.4 Alternatives ............................................................................................................... 24 3.5 General Geographical Scope .................................................................................... 25 4 The Policy, Legal, and Institutional Framework for the Agricultural Sector and for Environmental Management .................................................................... 26 4.1 The Policy and Legal Framework for Agriculture ....................................................... 27 4.2 Swaziland’s Framework for Environmental Management .......................................... 28 4.3 Roles and Responsibilities of the Institutions Most Relevant to the 11th EDF Programme ......................................................................................................................... 29 5 Baseline Study: Risks, Constraints, Trends, and Opportunities ................. 32 5.1 Land .......................................................................................................................... 34 5.2 Ecosystems and Biodiversity ..................................................................................... 39 5.2.1 Ecosystems ........................................................................................................ 39 5.2.2 Protected Areas (PAS) ........................................................................................ 40 5.2.3 Biodiversity ......................................................................................................... 44 Final Detailed Report Particip GmbH | i StrEA of the 11th EDF in Agriculture for Swaziland Specific Contract 2015/362948 5.3 Climate, GHG Emissions, and Climate Change ......................................................... 46 5.3.1 Rainfall and Temperature .................................................................................... 46 5.4 Water Resources and Water Management ................................................................ 50 5.4.1 Groundwater Resources ..................................................................................... 50 5.4.2 Surface Water Resources ................................................................................... 51 5.4.3 Constraints related to Management of Water Quality .......................................... 53 5.4.4 Trends: Water Demand, Water Supply, and Climate Change.............................. 53 5.4.5 Strengths and Opportunities related to Water Management ................................ 54 5.5 Socio-Cultural Baseline, Trends, Risks, Constraints, and Opportunities .................... 55 5.6 Socio-Economic Trends, Constraints, & Opportunities .............................................. 59 6 Impact Identification and Evaluation .............................................................. 64 6.1 Consistency Analysis of the 11th EDF Objectives ..................................................... 64 6.2 Compatibility of the 11th EDF (Agriculture) with Various Policy and Legal Instruments 67 6.3 Qualitative Impact Analysis of the 11th EDF and Evaluation of Alternatives .............. 80 6.3.1 Qualitative Impact Analysis of the Core Projects: Analysis of Alternative 1 (no project) and Alternative 2 (full implementation) ................................................................ 80 6.3.2 The Impact of the HVCHP on ESCR Components .............................................. 80 6.3.3 The Impact of the WHDP on ESCR Components ................................................ 82 6.3.4 The Impact of the LDP on ESCR Components ................................................... 83 6.3.5 Alternative 1 vs. Alternative 2 ............................................................................. 84 6.4 Spatial Analysis of the WHDP and HVCHP project sites ........................................... 84 6.4.1 General Impacts of The Water Harvesting Dams Project (WHDP) ...................... 84 6.4.2 General Impacts from High Value Crop and Horticulture Project (HVCHP) ......... 85 7 Environmental, Social, and Climate-Risk (ESCR) Management Plan and Logical Framework Indicators .............................................................................. 86 7.1 Preliminary Programme-level ESCR Management Plan ............................................ 86 7.1.1 Preliminary General Programme-level ESCR Management ................................ 86 7.1.2 Preliminary ESCR management by Component .................................................. 89 7.2 THREE Preliminary Project-level ESCR Management Plans ..................................... 98 7.3 The 11th EDF Logical Framework Indicators ............................................................ 108 8 Stakeholder Capacity Assessment to Manage Environmental, Social, & Climate-related Challenges ................................................................................. 116 8.1 Stakeholder Consultations ....................................................................................... 116 8.2 Stakeholder Capacity Review .................................................................................. 120 8.2.1 Capacity Assessment for Environmental, Social, and Climate-Risk (ESCR) Management .................................................................................................................
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