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Mauritia Flexuosa (Arecaceae: Calamoideae), an Amazonian Palm with Cultivation Purposes in Peru

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Mauritia Flexuosa (Arecaceae: Calamoideae), an Amazonian Palm with Cultivation Purposes in Peru Review Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae: Calamoideae), an Amazonian palm with cultivation purposes in Peru Cesar DELGADOa, Guy COUTURIERb*, Kember MEJIAa a Instituto de Investigaciones Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae: Calamoideae), an Amazonian palm with de la Amazonía Peruana, Pbio, cultivation purposes in Peru. Avenida Abelardo Quiñones, km 2,5, Apartado 784, Abstract – The plant. The aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) is an Amazonian palm which Iquitos, Perou grows naturally on flooded soils, forming dense gatherings called aguajales in Peru. It can [email protected], reach a height of 35–40 m. Each tree has an average of 8 inflorescences per year and each [email protected] inflorescence produces about 900 fruits. This palm is in the domestication process. A dwarf form, recently discovered, could permit the improvement of the methods of production. The b Museum national d’Histoire fruit. The fruit is an ellipsoid oval-shaped drupe, covered by red or dark red-coloured cornea naturelle, Département scales. It measures (5 to 7) cm long and (4 to 5) cm in diameter. The pulp has a high content systématique et évolution, of β-carotene (260 mg·100 g–1 of pulp). Marketing. Marketing is carried out for fruits coming case 50, Antenne IRD, from the natural environment. There is a local consumption of approximately 150 t·month–1 Entomologie, 57, rue Cuvier, and it can be of raw or processed fruit. For this fruit’s demand, it is necessary to cut down 75231 Paris Cedex 05 approximately 24 000 palms a year. Discussion. The aguaje has big social and economical [email protected] importance to these regions' inhabitants. It represents great potential for the national as well as the international market. The Research Institute of the Peruvian Amazon (IIAP) is devel- oping technologies for agronomical management of the species, and for production and proc- essing of the fruit. Studies on aguaje growth and genetic diversity in the natural conditions also have to be carried out. Amazonia / Peru / Mauritia flexuosa / botany / cultivation / pests of plants / uses / domestication / proximate composition / marketing / storage / carotenoids Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae : Calamoideae), un palmier amazonien à cultiver au Pérou. Résumé – La plante. L’aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) est un palmier amazonien qui croît naturellement dans les zones inondables formant de denses étendues appelées aguajales au Pérou. L’arbre peut atteindre (35 à 40) m et porter une moyenne de 8 inflorescences par an, chaque inflorescence portant environ 900 fruits. Ce palmier est en cours d’adaptation à la cul- ture. Une forme naine, récemment découverte, permet d’espérer une amélioration des métho- des de production. Le fruit. Le fruit est une drupe de forme ovoïde recouverte d’écailles lisses de couleur brun-rouge de (5 à 7) cm de long et (4 à 5) cm de diamètre. La pulpe est riche en β-carotène (260 mg·100 g–1 de pulpe). Le marché. Le marché est alimenté par des –1 * Correspondence and reprints fruits provenant du milieu naturel. La consommation locale est d’environ 150 t·mois et la pulpe est consommée directement ou transformée localement. Pour satisfaire à la demande, environ 24 000 palmiers sont coupés chaque année. Discussion. L’aguaje présente une Received 21 September 2005 grande importance socio-économique pour les habitants de l’Amazonie péruvienne et repré- Accepted 12 January 2007 sente un potentiel élevé pour le marché national et international. L’Institut de recherche de l’Amazonie péruvienne (IIAP) met au point des pratiques agronomiques pour la mise en cul- ture de M. flexuosa, ainsi que pour la production et l’industrialisation des fruits. La croissance Fruits, 2007, vol. 62, p. 157–169 ainsi que la diversité génétique de ce palmier dans les conditions naturelles doivent égale- © 2007 Cirad/EDP Sciences ment être étudiées. All rights reserved DOI: 10.1051/fruits:2007011 Amazonie / Pérou / Mauritia flexuosa / botanique / pratique culturale / ravageur www.edpsciences.org/fruits des plantes / utilisation / domestication / composition globale / commer- RESUMEN ESPAÑOL, p. 169 cialisation / stockage / caroténoïde Fruits, vol. 62 (3) 157 Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.edpsciences.org/fruits or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2007011 C. Delgado et al. 1. Introduction demand. It lacks: (1) the use of good har- vesting methods to preserve the female The Amazonia lodges approximately 50% of palms; (2) farming techniques to cultivate all palm genera and 30% of the New World this palm, and (3) promotion to grow it on palm species [1], which hold ecological, farms or agroforestry systems. ornamental, nourishing and medicinal importance for the people in the region. One of these species is the aguaje (Mau- 2. Botany ritia flexuosa L. f.), which represents the greatest economical and cultural value Mauritia flexuosa L. filius (synonym: Mau- resource in the Peruvian Amazon, especially ritia vinifera Mart., M. sphaerocarpa Burret, for women, who consume it raw [2, 3]. The M. minor Burret or M. flexuosa var. vene- main importance for the cultivation of this zuelana Steyerm. [9]), is commonly known β palm is the high content of -carotene in the as aguaje in Peru (figures 1, 2), buriti, bur- β –1 fruits (up to 260 mg -carotene·100 g pulp) iti-do-brejo, caranda-guassu and moriti in [4]. This potential exceeds that of any other Brazil, caranday-guassu, palma real and known fruit of fruit trees up to now. In the ideui in Bolivia, canangucha, oriche and Amazonia, the aguaje can be exploited for miriti in Colombia, morichi in Venezuela, bioindustry development. morete in Ecuador, aete palm in Guyana and The M. flexuosa tree grows naturally on palmier-bâche in French Guyana. It is a dio- flooded soils, forming dense gatherings ecious palm, male and female inflores- known as aguajales. In the Peruvian Ama- cences (figure 3) are on separate plants (fig- zon, there are (6 to 8) Mha of aguajales. ure 2), and it is impossible to distinguish the Dense and monospecific populations of sexes before the first flowering. The tree is aguaje species cover 2.5 Mha and the other monocaulous and can reach (35 to 40) m M. flexuosa trees grow among mixed spe- high and 50 cm in diameter. The stem is cies [2, 5]. The density of the aguajales varies straight, smooth and cylindrical with inter- according to the zones; it can be between foliar space always superior to 10 cm. The (170 and 368) palms·ha–1 [6–8]. These gath- 8 to 25 leaves per plant are of costapalmate erings have been reduced at an accelerated type. They measure up to 5.83 m long, and rate because of the increasing market each leaf has 120 to 236 segments; the pet- iole measures from (1.6 to 4) m long. There is an average of eight inflorescences per Figure 1. adult plant, each one from (2 to 3) m long. Adult specimens of aguaje In Peru, the fruit is an ellipsoid oval-shaped (Mauritia flexuosa) in Jenaro Herrera, department of Loreto drupe covered by red or dark red-coloured (Peru). cornea scales; it measures between (5 and 7) cm long and (4 to 5) cm in diameter. Aguaje flowering, for male and female, and fructification, start at the age of (7 or 8) years when the plant reaches a height from (6 to 7) m [9–13]. The aguaje reaches its commer- cial fructification between (12 and 20) years [8]. 3. Variability in Peru In Peru, there are several varieties of aguaje, depending on the fruit shape and size, but the most important characteristic for the consumers is the pulp colour, associated 158 Fruits, vol. 62 (3) Mauritia flexuosa in Peru Figure 2. Plants and inflorescences of aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa). Fruits, vol. 62 (3) 159 C. Delgado et al. Figure 3. Detail of flowers and fruit structure of aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa) [10]. with its flavour. In this context, they can be tions (figure 2). This palm has a thick stem; classified as the following types: the internodes are less than 6 cm long; fruc- – Yellow aguaje: this type can be divided tification happens at the age of 5 years, into yellow-yellow, pale yellow and dark before the stem is less than 1 m high. This yellow groups. The yellow-yellow group form seems to have ecological significance. does not change the pulp colour some min- There are solitary individuals on upland soil utes after taking the scales out. It is the (tierra firme), open areas free of shrubs and approximate variety for processed aguaje trees, and periodical seasonal floods [15]. sale such as mashed aguaje (masa de Due to the precocity of its fructification and aguaje) to prepare soft drinks, ice creams its short stem that permits easy collection of and popsicles. The pale yellow or posheco the fruit, this “variety” would be recom- group loses its colour some minutes after mended for monospecific cultivations or taking the scales out and the dark yellow forest-agricultural systems. In Iquitos, we one then acquires a blackish colour. have to improve the research on the agri- cultural management of this particular – Reddish aguaje: this type can be divided aguaje enano. into the coloured form, when only the superficial part is reddish and the shambo We must also report the distichous form, when the whole pulp is reddish. It is aguaje, an uncommon form of which the the preferred variety for direct consumption leaves are in two orders in opposite direc- and the one that has the highest price in the tions, which makes it look like a fan. This local market. The shambo variety is the one palm cannot produce inflorescences, due to that rusts faster, making processed products the compression of the bunches between lose their quality (the pulp becomes blackish).
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