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Icelandic Folklore
i ICELANDIC FOLKLORE AND THE CULTURAL MEMORY OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE ii BORDERLINES approaches,Borderlines methodologies,welcomes monographs or theories and from edited the socialcollections sciences, that, health while studies, firmly androoted the in late antique, medieval, and early modern periods, are “edgy” and may introduce sciences. Typically, volumes are theoretically aware whilst introducing novel approaches to topics of key interest to scholars of the pre-modern past. FOR PRIVATE AND NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY iii ICELANDIC FOLKLORE AND THE CULTURAL MEMORY OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE by ERIC SHANE BRYAN iv We have all forgotten our names. — G. K. Chesterton British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. © 2021, Arc Humanities Press, Leeds The author asserts their moral right to be identified as the author of this work. Permission to use brief excerpts from this work in scholarly and educational works is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in this work that is an exception or limitation covered by Article 5 of the European Union’s Copyright Directive (2001/29/ EC) or would be determined to be “fair use” under Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act September 2010 Page 2 or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17 USC §108, as revised by P.L. 94– 553) does not require the Publisher’s permission. FOR PRIVATE AND ISBN (HB): 9781641893756 ISBN (PB): 9781641894654 NON-COMMERCIAL eISBN (PDF): 9781641893763 USE ONLY www.arc- humanities.org Printed and bound in the UK (by CPI Group [UK] Ltd), USA (by Bookmasters), and elsewhere using print-on-demand technology. -
Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche. -
Addressing the Actuation Problem of the Icelandic New Transitive Impersonal
Addressing the Actuation Problem of the Icelandic New Transitive Impersonal Edwin Ko Quirin Würschinger Georgetown University LMU Munich 22nd Germanic Linguistics Annual Conference University of Iceland • May 21st 2016 OVERVIEW BACKGROUND GERMAN BORROWING SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT CORPUS STUDIES LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION BACKGROUND ICELANDIC CONSTRUCTIONS Active: Einhver opnaði skápinn. somebody-sg.Nom opened-3sg the.cupboard-sg.Acc ‘Somebody opened the cupboard.’ (Thráinsson 2007: 10, Ex. 1.22a) Canonical Passive: Skápurinn var opnaður. the.cupboard-m.sg.Nom was opened-m.sg.Nom ‘The cupboard was opened.’ (Thráinsson 2007: 10, Ex. 1.22b) ICELANDIC CONSTRUCTIONS Traditional Impersonal Passive: Það var dansað í Kringum jólatréð. itEXPL was danced-neut.sg around the.Christmas tree ‘People danced around the Christmas tree.’ (Maling & Sigurjónsdóttir 2002: 98, Ex. 1c) New Transitive Impersonal (NTI): %Það var lamið stúlkuna í Klessa. itEXPL was hit-neut.sg the.girl-f.sg.Acc in a.mess ‘People badly beat the girl.’ (Maling & Sigurjónsdóttir 2002: 98, Ex. 2a) ICELANDIC NEW TRANSITIVE IMPERSONAL (NTI) New Transitive Impersonal (NTI): %Það var lamið stúlkuna í Klessa. itEXPL was hit-neut.sg the.girl-f.sg.Acc in a.mess ‘People badly beat the girl.’ Burzio’s Generalization (1986:178): all and only the verbs that can assign θ-role to the subject can assign accusative Case to an object. In the 1st 1999-2000 nationwide survey (Maling & Sigurjónsdóttir 2002, henceforth M&S): ☞ 93% of adults (n=200) found the constructions unacceptable. ☞ But, 70% of adolescents (n=1695) found the constructions acceptable! ☞ First attested example in 1959 by a girl born in AKureyri (M&S 2002). -
Putting Frisian Names on the Map
GEGN.2/2021/68/CRP.68 15 March 2021 English United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Second session New York, 3 – 7 May 2021 Item 12 of the provisional agenda * Geographical names as culture, heritage and identity, including indigenous, minority and regional languages and multilingual issues Putting Frisian names on the map Submitted by the Netherlands** * GEGN.2/2021/1 ** Prepared by Jasper Hogerwerf, Kadaster GEGN.2/2021/68/CRP.68 Introduction Dutch is the national language of the Netherlands. It has official status throughout the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In addition, there are several other recognized languages. Papiamentu (or Papiamento) and English are formally used in the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom, while Low-Saxon and Limburgish are recognized as non-standardized regional languages, and Yiddish and Sinte Romani as non-territorial minority languages in the European part of the Kingdom. The Dutch Sign Language is formally recognized as well. The largest minority language is (West) Frisian or Frysk, an official language in the province of Friesland (Fryslân). Frisian is a West Germanic language closely related to the Saterland Frisian and North Frisian languages spoken in Germany. The Frisian languages as a group are closer related to English than to Dutch or German. Frisian is spoken as a mother tongue by about 55% of the population in the province of Friesland, which translates to some 350,000 native speakers. In many rural areas a large majority speaks Frisian, while most cities have a Dutch-speaking majority. A standardized Frisian orthography was established in 1879 and reformed in 1945, 1980 and 2015. -
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR of OLD ENGLISH Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR OF OLD ENGLISH MEDievaL AND Renaissance Texts anD STUDies VOLUME 463 MRTS TEXTS FOR TEACHING VOLUme 8 An Introductory Grammar of Old English with an Anthology of Readings by R. D. Fulk Tempe, Arizona 2014 © Copyright 2020 R. D. Fulk This book was originally published in 2014 by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona. When the book went out of print, the press kindly allowed the copyright to revert to the author, so that this corrected reprint could be made freely available as an Open Access book. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE viii ABBREVIATIONS ix WORKS CITED xi I. GRAMMAR INTRODUCTION (§§1–8) 3 CHAP. I (§§9–24) Phonology and Orthography 8 CHAP. II (§§25–31) Grammatical Gender • Case Functions • Masculine a-Stems • Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of a 16 CHAP. III (§§32–8) Neuter a-Stems • Uses of Demonstratives • Dual-Case Prepositions • Strong and Weak Verbs • First and Second Person Pronouns 21 CHAP. IV (§§39–45) ō-Stems • Third Person and Reflexive Pronouns • Verbal Rection • Subjunctive Mood 26 CHAP. V (§§46–53) Weak Nouns • Tense and Aspect • Forms of bēon 31 CHAP. VI (§§54–8) Strong and Weak Adjectives • Infinitives 35 CHAP. VII (§§59–66) Numerals • Demonstrative þēs • Breaking • Final Fricatives • Degemination • Impersonal Verbs 40 CHAP. VIII (§§67–72) West Germanic Consonant Gemination and Loss of j • wa-, wō-, ja-, and jō-Stem Nouns • Dipthongization by Initial Palatal Consonants 44 CHAP. IX (§§73–8) Proto-Germanic e before i and j • Front Mutation • hwā • Verb-Second Syntax 48 CHAP. -
Old Frisian, an Introduction To
An Introduction to Old Frisian An Introduction to Old Frisian History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. University of Leiden John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bremmer, Rolf H. (Rolf Hendrik), 1950- An introduction to Old Frisian : history, grammar, reader, glossary / Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Frisian language--To 1500--Grammar. 2. Frisian language--To 1500--History. 3. Frisian language--To 1550--Texts. I. Title. PF1421.B74 2009 439’.2--dc22 2008045390 isbn 978 90 272 3255 7 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 3256 4 (Pb; alk. paper) © 2009 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Preface ix chapter i History: The when, where and what of Old Frisian 1 The Frisians. A short history (§§1–8); Texts and manuscripts (§§9–14); Language (§§15–18); The scope of Old Frisian studies (§§19–21) chapter ii Phonology: The sounds of Old Frisian 21 A. Introductory remarks (§§22–27): Spelling and pronunciation (§§22–23); Axioms and method (§§24–25); West Germanic vowel inventory (§26); A common West Germanic sound-change: gemination (§27) B. -
(In)Declinable Relative Pronoun and Its Syntactic Functions
It Beaken jiergong 77 – 2015 nr 3/4 165-174 A historical note on the (in)declinable relative pronoun and its syntactic functions Eric Hoekstra Summary The indeclinable relative particle of Old Germanic could be used for at least 3 syntactic functions: for the relativisation of (1) subjects, (2) objects and (3) preposi- tional complements, for example in Old English and Old Frisian. This is no longer the case in Modern English, Modern Dutch, Modern German or Modern Frisian. It is pointed out that the indeclinable relative particle retained all three functions in Frisian until around 1900, when it stopped being used for the relativisation of subjects and objects. All three functions were retained at least until the middle of the 20th century in the Dutch dialects of Marken and Volendam, which both border on the lake IJsselmeer as does the province of Fryslân. The indeclinable relative particle has been pushed back in Frisian by the declinable relative particle, a process which has its roots in Old Frisian. It is shown that the declinable relative particle (dy, dat in Frisian) has gradually taken over the function of subject and ob- ject relativisation. Historically, the indeclinable relative particle developed into the R-pronoun (Frisian dêr), and it is still used to relativize prepositional complements in Modern Frisian, thus retaining its third syntactic function. 1. Two types of relative pronouns It is the purpose of this article to establish that, for centuries now, Frisian distinguishes between two types of relative pronouns. One type of pronoun does not decline for gender, the other type does. -
Workshop the Determinants of Diachronic Stability 28 June 2016 8
Workshop The determinants of diachronic stability 28 June 2016 8:30-9:00 Registration 9:00-9:10 Welcome Invited speaker: 9:10-10:00 Sheila Watts: Token stability vs. type stability: Studies from the History of German. 10:00-10:15 Coffee break Thorhallur Eythorsson and Sigridur Saeunn Sigurdardottir: 10:15-10:50 Arguments in a cold climate: Stability and change in Icelandic weather verbs Pierre Rucart: 10:50-11:25 Arabic loans in the verbal system of Afar Susanne Vejdemo and Thomas Hörberg: 11:25-12:00 The role of frequency in measuring the rate of lexical replacement. 12:00-13:10 Lunch break (on site) Charlotte Galves: 13:10-13:45 Competition, stability and change in the emergence of Brazilian Portuguese Theresa Biberauer: 13:45-14:20 Contact and acquirers: the “exotic” factors that have shaped Afrikaans V2 Waltraud Paul & Redouane Djamouri: 14:20-14:55 Disharmony in harmony with diachronic stability: The case of Chinese 14:55-15:10 Coffee break Invited speaker: 15:10-16:00 Joel Wallenberg: "Variational specialization: towards an acquisition-based model of diachronic stability" Henri Kauhanen: 16:00-16:35 Stable variation arises from noisy across-population bias distributions in the absence of global bias Ian Roberts: 16:35-17:10 Stable and unstable OV systems: the role of pleiotropic formal features 18:00 Reception at Townhall Theresa Biberauer: Contact and acquirers: the “exotic” factors that have shaped Afrikaans V2 All matrilectal varieties of modern Afrikaans (henceforth: Afrikaans) are firmly V2. This is often viewed as surprising, given speculation about the extent to which it represents a (de)creolized/creoloid variety (cf. -
For the Official Published Version, See Lingua 133 (Sept. 2013), Pp. 73–83. Link
For the official published version, see Lingua 133 (Sept. 2013), pp. 73–83. Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00243841 External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, D. Gary Miller, Oxford University Press (2012), xxxi + 317 pp., Price: £65.00, ISBN 9780199654260 Lexical borrowing aside, external influences are not the main concern of most histories of the English language. It is therefore timely, and novel, to have a history of English (albeit only up to the Renaissance period) that looks at English purely from the perspective of external influences. Miller assembles his book around five strands of influence: (1) Celtic, (2) Latin and Greek, (3) Scandinavian, (4) French, (5) later Latin and Greek input, and he focuses on influences that left their mark on contemporary mainstream English rather than on regional or international varieties. This review looks at all chapters, but priority is given to Miller’s discussions of structural influence, especially on English syntax, morphology and phonology, which often raise a number of theoretical issues. Loanwords from various sources, which are also covered extensively in the book, will receive slightly less attention. Chapter 1 introduces the Indo-European and Germanic background of English and gives short descriptions of the languages with which English came into contact. This is a good way to start the book, but the copious lists of loanwords from Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, German, Low German, Afrikaans etc., most of which appear in English long after the Renaissance stop-off point, were not central to its aims. It would have been better to use this space to expand upon the theoretical framework employed throughout the book. -
Language and Space
Language and Space An International Handbook o Linguistic Variation Volume 2: Language Mapping Edited by Alred Lameli Roland Kehrein Stean Rabanus Oprint De Gruyter Mouton 180 II. Traditions 9. Mapping Dutch and Flemish 1. Introduction 2. Prescientific linguistic maps or dialect data covering the entire Dutch language area 3. Dialect surveys 4. Linguistic atlases of the entire Dutch language area 5. Linguistic atlases or maps covering a Dutch region (regional atlases) 6. Special linguistic atlases or linguistic maps 7. Conclusion 8. Atlases 9. References 1. Introduction The beginnings and growth of dialectology in the Netherlands and Flanders can only be discussed against the background of the situation in neighboring countries. In reaction to the Enlightenment, the Romantic period brought with it an interest in and apprecia- tion of prescientific culture and nostalgia for the past. More attention came to be paid to art, myths, fairy tales and the language of ordinary people past and present, as op- posed to the Enlightenment period interest in cultured standard language. The new focus was imported from the France of Rousseau and the Germany of Schiller. But later devel- opments in the Netherlands and Flanders did not take place in isolation either. Thus, the German linguist Georg Wenker and his French colleague Jules Gillie´ron were the unmistakable precursors of Dutch linguistic atlas projects, while the work of Jean Se´guy and of Hans Goebl served as models for dialectometry in our region. In section 2 of this chapter, we take a brief look at prescientific linguistic maps and dialect collections. In section 3, dialect surveys that have not been developed into linguis- tic atlases are discussed. -
The Icelandic Language Free Download
THE ICELANDIC LANGUAGE FREE DOWNLOAD Stefan Karlsson,Rory McTurk | 84 pages | 20 Jun 2004 | Viking Society for Northern Research | 9780903521611 | English | London, United Kingdom Icelandic (Íslenska) Nilo-Saharan Language Family. A number of great literary works - the sagas - were written by Icelanders during the 12th and 13th centuries. The introduction of The Icelandic Language in the 11th century brought new religious terminology from other Scandinavian languages, The Icelandic Language. Many of the texts are based on poetry and laws traditionally preserved orally. Dravidian Language Family. I just tried using the kind of language my grandmother uses and put in Danish words every now and then and there was almost a complete understanding. Voice plays a primary role in the differentiation of most consonants including the nasals but excluding the plosives. Icelandic is a very The Icelandic Language language. As you can see, most place names in Iceland are very seethrough. It belongs with Norwegian and Faroese to the West Scandinavian group of North Germanic languages and developed from the Norse speech brought by settlers from western Norway in the The Icelandic Language and 10th centuries. Learn about the languages and dialects of the entire Nordic region with our interactive map. Language family. Nevertheless, the circumstances of the language were highly restricted until self-government developed The Icelandic Language the 19th century and Icelandic was rediscovered by Scandinavian scholars. Semitic Branch. Main article: History of Icelandic. Once you can see how the word is split up, then it becomes easier to pronounce. Arabic Egyptian Spoken. In most Icelandic families, the ancient tradition of patronymics is still in use; i. -
The Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (Icepahc)
The Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC) Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson1, Anton Karl Ingason2, Einar Freyr Sigurðsson1, Joel Wallenberg3 University of Iceland1, University of Pennsylvania2, Newcastle University3 Árnagarði við Suðurgötu, IS-101 Reykjavík1, 619 Williams Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-63052, Percy Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU3 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract We describe the background for and building of IcePaHC, a one million word parsed historical corpus of Icelandic which has just been finished. This corpus which is completely free and open contains fragments of 60 texts ranging from the late 12th century to the present. We describe the text selection and text collecting process and discuss the quality of the texts and their conversion to modern Icelandic spelling. We explain why we choose to use a phrase structure Penn style annotation scheme and briefly describe the syntactic anno- tation process. We also describe a spin-off project which is only in its beginning stages: a parsed historical corpus of Faroese. Finally, we advocate the importance of an open source policy as regards language resources. Keywords: Icelandic, Faroese, treebank, parsed corpus, annotation 1. Introduction nology use (such as the Penn Treebank, http://www. The parsed corpus, or treebank, reported on in this paper, cis.upenn.edu/~treebank/) or for syntactic research (such Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus or IcePaHC (Wallen- as the Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English, PPCHE, berg et al., 2011) is the product of three different projects http://www.ling.upenn.edu/hist-corpora/; Kroch and which originally had different aims.