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Indigenous Peoples of Russia Country Profile Table of Contents Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized JUNE 2014 PROFILE COUNTRY PEOPLES OFRUSSIA INDIGENOUS © 2014 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank 1818 H St., NW Washington, DC 20433 U.S.A. Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. June 2014 This volume is a product of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/ or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http:// www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. PAGE ii | INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF RUSSIA COUNTRY PROFILE TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................................. vi Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Part I. Indigenous Peoples in the Evolution of the Russian State – A Brief Historical Review ............................................ 3 A. Ethnicity in Historical Context. .................................................................................................................................. 3 Part II. Who Is Indigenous? ..................................................................................................................................................11 A. Russian Law ..............................................................................................................................................................11 B. International Law...................................................................................................................................................... 12 C. World Bank Policy .................................................................................................................................................... 13 Part III. Legal Protection for Indegenous People ................................................................................................................. 17 A. General Legal Framework in the Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 17 B. Participation in Development Process ...................................................................................................................... 20 C. Lands and Related Natural Resources ...................................................................................................................... 22 D. Commercial Development of Natural and Cultural Resources ................................................................................ 24 E. Physical Relocation of Indigenous Peoples .............................................................................................................. 26 F. Developmental Assistance......................................................................................................................................... 28 G. World Bank Projects Applying the Indigenous Peoples Policy (OD 4.20 and OP 4.10) in Russia.......................... 30 H. An Indigenous View ................................................................................................................................................. 32 Part IV. Key Issues and Opportunities ................................................................................................................................. 37 A. Development Preferences and Challenges of Russia’s Indigenous Peoples ............................................................ 37 B. Possible Directions for Further Action ..................................................................................................................... 40 Annex A. Population Profile of Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Federation ..................................................................... I Annex B. Map of Geographic Distributions of Indigenous Peoples Populations ................................................................ VI Annex C. Case Studies .......................................................................................................................................................VIII Case Study 1. Building Indigenous Capacity: the Sakhalin Indigenous Minorities Development Plan [Russian Federation] ..................................................................................................................................................... IX Case Study 2. Demonstrating Customary Indigenous Land Use [Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Northwestern Russia] ....................................................................................................XII Case Study 3. Institution-Building for Northern Aboriginal Peoples in Russia (INRIPP-2) .......................................XV Case Study 4. Regional Support for the Traditional Economy ................................................................................XVIII Annex D Literature Cited ...............................................................................................................................................XXIV ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank AO Autonomous Oblast (or Okrug) ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics CANSR Chief Administration of the Northern Sea Route CCCS Cross-Cultural Consulting Services, PLLC CERD Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CPS Country Partnership Strategy CSO Civil Society Organization EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ECA Europe and Central Asia region of the World Bank FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ICERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ICESR International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights IFC International Finance Corporation IP Indigenous People IPO Indigenous Peoples Organization IPP Indigenous Peoples Plan IPPF Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework KMNRF Small-numbered Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation KMNSSDV Small-numbered Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MINREG Ministry of Regional Development OD Operational Directive OP Operational Policy PS Performance Standard RAIPON Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North RSFSR Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic RTA Reimbursable Technical Assistance TTNU Territories of Traditional Nature Use UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Council USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WBG World Bank Group WGIP Working Group on Indigenous Populations WIPO United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The report was prepared by Aaron Kyle Dennis and Grego- The study was overseen by a core team led by Nicolas Per- ry Eliyu Guldin of the consultancy Cross-Cultural Consult- rin (ECSSO, World Bank). Jennifer Shkabatur (ECSSO) ing Services, PLLC (CCCS), a private firm registered in the and Carolyne Makumi (ECSSO) provided support to final- USA that specializes in working with international devel- ize this report. Luis Felipe Duchicela (peer reviewer), Elis- opment institutions and private sector firms to devise col- abeth Huybens, Victor Bundi Mosoti (peer reviewer), Juan laborative partnerships with indigenous groups. The Rus- Navas-Sabater, Soren Nellemann (peer reviewer), Michal sian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Far Rutkowski, Lada Strelkova, and Jorge E. Villegas offered East and Siberia (RAIPON)—the preeminent Indigenous helpful comments and suggestions. Peoples Organization of the Russian Federation—served as collaborating partner to CCCS for all stages of report preparation, with a particular responsibility for data review and enunciation of indigenous priorities. PAGE vi | INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF RUSSIA COUNTRY PROFILE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A popular saying holds that, “In Russia, everyone is and
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