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Crusaders and Georgia: a Critical Approach to Georgian Historiography1
David Tinikashvili Ilia State University Ioane Kazaryan Unaffiliated researcher Crusaders and Georgia: A Critical Approach to Georgian Historiography1 Keywords: Georgia, Iberia, Crusades, David the Builder (King of Georgia), Jerusalem, Antioch, Roman Church, Pope I. Introduction In the present article we consider military relations between Latins and Georgians (Iberians) in the period of the Crusades. The research draws on Georgian and non-Georgian medieval sources as well as relevant secondary historical publications and reassesses some of the opinions expressed in the works by Georgian researchers. One of the first mentions of Georgians (Iberians2) in the Medieval Latin sources is a letter of a 12th century Latin clergyman, Ansellus, the Cantor of the Holy Sepulchre, addressed to Gallon the Bishop of Paris [Ansellus 1902: 729-732]. However, the major source of information about the Georgians is Historia Orientalis by Jacques de Vitry, bishop of Acre (†1240) [Jacques de Vitry 2008]. The chronicle was written at the time of the Fifth Crusade. Since then Georgians become widely known to Latin authors, who portrayed them 1 The authors are grateful to Dr Peter Halfter for his helpful comments on the article. 2 In this period “Iberia” and “Georgia” were synonyms [Skylitzae 1973: 339, 74-80; 340]. It should be mentioned that when Emperor Basilius arrived in Georgia, it was not eastern but south-western Georgia, which Skylitzae likewise calls Iberia. Besides, under the reign of David the Builder and King Thamar, Georgia (Saqartvelo) was a single kingdom called by the Latins Iberia in the 12th-13th centuries; e.g. crusader G. De Boys writes: “quodde Hiberia quidam Christiani” (“Christians from Iberia”). -
Istanbul Bids Final Farewell to Mesrob II
MARCH 23, 2019 Mirror-SpeTHE ARMENIAN ctator Volume LXXXIX, NO. 35, Issue 4579 $ 2.00 NEWS The First English Language Armenian Weekly in the United States Since 1932 INBRIEF Guns Used by New Zealand Terrorist Had Armenian, Georgian Writing YEREVAN (Armenpress) — Armenia’s Foreign Ministry was in contact with the authorities of New Zealand regarding the note in Armenian and other languages found on one of the weapons used for the attack on the two mosques in the city of Christchurch, on Friday, March 15, MFA spokesper- son Anna Naghdalyan noted. “We are in contact with New Zealand’s relevant authorities on all issues linked with the incident,” Naghdalyan said. Brenton Tarrant, a 28-year-old Australian, was charged with the deadly attacks on two mosques in the city, which killed 50 and injured as many. One of the weapons used for the attack on the two mosques in New Zealand was covered with notes in different languages, including Armenian and Georgian, the videos released from the incident show. The Georgian state security service has already The funeral of Armenian Patriarch Mesrob II reacted to these reports, stating that it is cooperat- ing with its partners. The gun covered in white lettering featured the names of King Davit Agmashenebeli and Prince Istanbul Bids Final Farewell to Mesrob II David Soslan, the second husband of Queen Tamar, in Georgian, the Battle of Kagul 1770 (Russian- ISTANBUL (Public Radio of Armenia) referred to the Sisli Armenian cemetery in Zeytinburnu district on March 8 where he Turkish war) and the Battle of Bulair 1913 were — Archbishop Mesrob II Mutafyan, the 84th an area designated for patriarchs for burial. -
Packet 4.Pdf
Pre-ICT and Nationals Open/Minnesota Open 2019 (PIANO/MO): “What about bad subject matter? Or a bad title drop, even? That could kill a tournament pretty good.” Written and edited by Jacob Reed, Adam Silverman, Sam Bailey, Michael Borecki, Stephen Eltinge, Adam S. Fine, Jason Golfinos, Matt Jackson, Wonyoung Jang, Michael Kearney, Moses Kitakule, Shan Kothari, Chloe Levine, John Marvin, and Derek So, with Joey Goldman and Will Holub-Moorman. Packet 4 Tossups 1. The original designs for a highway in this city involved the destruction of its namesake Life Insurance Company, its largest black-owned business. Bill Dedman won the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for the series “The Color of Money” about redlining in this city. Its redlining was also described in Kevin Kruse’s White Flight. This city tripled in size under its 1952 “Plan of Improvement,” though it never annexed Sandy Springs, a community founded during the “cityhood” movement in its suburbs. This city was supposedly “too (*) busy to hate” while its white majority was being maintained by Mayor William Hartsfield. In a 1964 Supreme Court case, the use of the Commerce Clause to implement the Civil Rights Act was upheld after a motel in this city refused to take black customers. In the ‘60s and 70s, many whites moved to Fulton, Gwinnett, and DeKalb counties from—for 10 points—what Georgia city? ANSWER: Atlanta [accept Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States] <MB> 2. At the end of a story by this author, the narrator says that he considers another man’s confusion to be “quite my revenge,” following a disappointing conversation with Drayton Deane. -
The Ossets in Georgia
ANZOR TOTADZE THE OSSETS IN GEORGIA: MYTH AND REALITY Publishing House “Universal” Tbilisi 2008 The present book highlights the anatomy of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict and on the basis of analysis of Georgian and foreign literary sources and official demographic data it discusses the issues of Ossets migration to Georgia in the XVII-XIX centuries and of the aboriginal population of Tskhinvali. It also displays the absurd consideration of the Ossetian dilettante scholars on “South Ossetia” joining Russia in 1774, the unprecedented facts of distorting the history of Georgia and their efforts to misappropriate the Georgian cultural heritage. By the offcial statistical data living standard of Ossets in Georgia is the highest in the former Soviet Union. editor: Academician Mariam Lordkipanidze review: Professor Anzor Sakhvadze Professor Vazha Gurgenidze © A. Totadze, 2008 Publishing House “UNIVERSAL” 19, I. Chavchavadze Ave., 0179, Tbilisi,Georgia : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30, E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 99940-61-90-9 2 ANATOMY OF THE CONFLICT “I would like to be unbiased and clear up whether there were some hasty, senseless activities of Ossets, who intensified the contradictions through provocation. I would also like to say such events took place then. I mean declaration of sovereignty, which was fully orientated to Moscow with the prospect of uniting South and North Ossetia in the future. Aspirations of South Ossetians to join their Northern tribesmen can be understood from the human viewpoint. However, from the geopolitical viewpoint it is a mistake. The main Caucasus Ridge is a natural border between Georgia and Ossetia and any efforts of removing this border will cause permanent conflicting situation between Georgians and Ossets. -
MLK Asteroids Report
The Asteroids Report for Martin Luther King 15 January 1929 12:00 Atlanta, Georgia Profesional Astro Reports www.astro-reports.com [email protected] Introduction to the Asteroids Report Asteroids orbit around the Sun just as planets do, but they are generally smaller than planets, and some of their physical characteristics and orbital characteristics are different from those of planets. Some objects are classified as being dwarf planets, and these objects are more similar to planets than most asteroids but do not fully have the characteristics that are typical of a planet. Pluto was once regarded officially as a planet but has been reclassified as a dward planet, and the asteroid Ceres is now widely regarded as a dwarf planet. Of the hundreds of thousands of asteroids that orbit around our Sun, over 1,000 of them have been given names that are related to myths, legends, literary or historical figures of interest, or places. Some astrologers believe that asteroids have a significance and relevance to human life just as the planets do, and that the astrological significance of the asteroid is often related in some way to the name of the asteroid. In this report 1,425 asteroids are analyzed to see if they are conjunct in zodiac longitude the Sun, Moon, or planets in the birth chart within a 1 degree orb. If the conjunction occurs, information about the asteroid is provided. Those astrologers who include hundreds of asteroids in their interpretations believe that the asteroids often related to very specific events in your life. The names of close family and friends and situations that you encounter in life often reflect the nature of the asteroids that are conjunct planets in your chart. -
Rustaveli and Nizami
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature Intercultural Space: Rustaveli and Nizami Tbilisi 2021 1 UDK )ირააირ 29.( .8.281. .1.8 )ილევათსურ 29.( .1.821.128 919-ი TSU Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature This Book was prepared as part of the Basic Research Grant Project (N FR17_109), supported by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia. Editors: Maka Elbakidze, Ivane Amirhanashvili ©Ivane Amirkhanashvili, Maka Elbakidze, Nana Gonjilashvili, Lia Karichashvili, Irma Ratiani, Oktai Kazumov, Lia Tsereteli, Firuza Abdulaeva, Zahra Allahverdiyeva, Nushaba Arasli, Samira Aliyeva, Tahmina Badalova, Hurnisa Bashirova, Isa Habibbayli, Abolfasl Muradi Rasta. Layout: Tinatin Dugladze Cover by ISBN 2 Contents Preface.....………………………………………………………………….…7 Rustaveli and Nizami – Studies in Historical Context Lia Tsereteli On the History of Studying the Topic…………………………222……211 Zahra Allahverdieva On history of study of Nizami Ganjavi and Shota Rustaveli in Azerbaijan…………………………………..…31 Rustaveli - The Path to Renaissance Maka Elbakidze The Knight in the Panther's Skin – the path of Georgian literature to Renaissance………………………2239 Nizami – Poet and Thinker Isa Habibbayli Great Azerbaijani Poet Nizami Ganjavi……………………………22…57 Zahra Allahverdiyeva Philosophy of Love of Nizami Ganjavi…………………………...……78 3 Zahra Allahverdiyeva Nizami Ganjavi's “Iskandar-nameh”…………………………22………292 Hurnisa Bashirova The epic poem ”Leyli and Majnun”………………………………..…112 of Nizami Ganjavi Nushaba Arasli The Fourth Poem of the „Five Treasures“…………………………....120 Samira Aliyeva The Lyrics of Nizami Ganjavi…………………………………………8.. Tahmina Badalova Nizami Ganjavi and World Literature………………………………..168 Nushaba Arasli Nizami and Turkish Literature…………………………………….…2190 Aesthetic Views of Rustaveli and Nizami Ivane Amirkhanashvili Nizami and Rustaveli: Time and the Aesthetic Creed……………………………………..…2203 Irma Ratiani The Three Realities in Rustaveli……………………………………22.221 Ivane Amirkhanashvili The Cosmological Views of Rustaveli and Nizami…………………22.. -
Abhazya Tarihi
PROF. DR. TİMUR AÇUGBA KRONOLOJİK ABHAZYA TARİHİ Çeviri: Oktay Chkotua İstanbul - 2015 1 Orijinal Adı: İstoriya Abhazii v Datax Basım Yeri: Sohum – Devlet Basımevi Basım Tarihi: 2011 Akademik Redaktör: Prof.Dr. O.X.Bğavüba Rusçadan Çeviren: Oktay Chkotua Kapak Tasarım:GurguliyaÜnal Akbulut Türkçe Redaksiyon:Kutarba Hayri Ersoy, Chkotua Hakan Mercan Kapak ve Kitapta Kullanılan Resimler: Batal Capua Eleştirmenler Kurulu: Prof.S. Z.Lakoba Doç.A. M.Xışba Doç.G. D.Gumba Dr.A. F.Ayüdzba © T.A. Achugba 2 Bu çeviriyi; bana Abhazlığı, Abhazya’yı, Abhazcayı ve Abhaz tarihini sevdiren ve şimdi herbiri ebediyete intikal etmiş olan değerli büyüklerim; Ömer Beyguaa, Orhan Aşamba, Cemal Çukniya, Tahsin Açuışba, Şefket Bediya, Cemal Haraniya, Cengiz Bganba, İfrar Çkotua(Abdlipa), Fehmi Agırba, Sezai Matua ve babam Çkotua (Abdlipa) Bekir’in anılarına ithaf ediyor, toplumumuzdan böylesi bilge kişilikleri bundan böyle de esirgememesini rabbimden diliyorum... 3 Sevgili dostlar; Henüz yumurtadan çıkmamış olan bir civciv dünyayı ne kadar biliyorsa bizler de tarihimizi ancak o karar biliyoruz ne yazık ki... Özellikle de diaspora coğrafyasında yaşayanlarımız... Bilinen kırıntıların ötesinde, devasa bir tarihi geçmişin, su üzerinde küçücük görüntüsüyle gezinen kıta büyüklüğündeki bir buzdağı gibi yedeğimizde durduğunu ve tarihimize ait belgelerin dünya arşivlerinin tozlu raflarında kendilerine uzanacak ellerimizi beklediğinin farkında mıyız acaba? Bizler, bu güne kadar ne yazık ki başkalarının kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda ürettikleri tarihi yalanlara inanmak -
“Noblemen Became Enthroned” Keywords: Autocracy, Limited Monarchy, Representative Assembly, Social Freedom
Avtandil Jokhadze Ilia State University “Noblemen became enthroned” Keywords: autocracy, limited monarchy, representative assembly, social freedom Introduction (Serfdom and freedom) Feudalism or patron-client relations (patronqmoba: patroni – patron, lord and qma – client) ended in Georgia in Queen Tamar’s era (1184-1213) and developed into a new phase of relations called serfdom (batonqmoba: batoni – master) (Berdzenishvili 1979). Society in the conditions of serfdom is characterized by a universal restriction of social freedom and the latter becomes of crucial importance in determining the typological essence of the Georgian state of those times. Under patron-client relations, representatives of different social strata had one thing in common: Most of them (with the exception of prisoners of war or slaves) were not owned by anyone and were free in this sense. Belonging to “kin” and being someone’s “son” or “blood relative” guaranteed a person’s social freedom. “No ‘seigneurs’ – a prince’s child, sovereign, landed gentry – could be free nor an ordinary, taxpaying “layman” and “peasant” be semi-free without “kin”, which means that a person’s being part of “kin” was a precondition of freedom in the ‘Kingdom of Kartli’” (Mamulia 1987, 189). The situation changed in the era of serfdom. It was possession of land, not belonging to “kin”, that became the precondition for freedom. A vast majority of the people involved in production became serfs. “There were numerous free land tillers in the 11th century, but the 12th and 13th centuries were the era of their enslavement and transformation into peasants” (Berdzenishvili 1979, 135). Due to the introduction and establishment of serfdom, most people lost their freedom. -
Illuminated Georgian Manuscripts and Historical Documents
ქართული მოხატული ხელნაწერები და ისტორიული საბუთები საქართველოს ეროვნულ არქივში დაცული მასალა ILLUMINATED GEORGIAN MANUSCRIPTS AND HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS PRESERVED IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF GEORGIA ალბომში გამოყენებული მასალა დაცულია საქართველოს იუსტიციის სამინისტროს სსიპ საქართველოს ეროვნულ არქივში Materials used in the album are preserved in the National Archives of the Ministry of Justice of Georgia © ყველა უფლება დაცულია All rights reserved saqarTvelos saqarTvelos National erovnuli erovnuli Archives of arqivi arqivi Georgia National Archives of Georgia თბილისი 2016 Tbilisi Font geo: mamuka Font eng: Geomert231 Lt Bt cmyk:100,82,48,7 cmyk:100,82,48,7 რედაქტორ-შემდგენელი: ქეთევან ასათიანი პროექტის ავტორი: თეონა იაშვილი კონსულტანტები: მზია სურგულაძე, დალი ჩიტუნაშვილი წიგნზე მუშაობდნენ: ნინო ბადაშვილი, თამარ გაბუნია, თეონა გელაშვილი, თეა ქიმერიძე, ნატა ყუბანეიშვილი, ვერა შენგელია, თამთა შონვაძე, მანანა ჭუმბურიძე მთარგმნელები: ნინო გაბუნია, მარინე ყენია ინგლისური ტექსტის რედაქტორი: რონალდ სკოტ მანგუმი კორექტორი: მარიამ ჯანიკაშვილი ფოტო: თამარ გაბუნია, არმენ პეტროსიანი AUTHOR/COMPILER: Ketevan Asatiani AUTHOR OF PROJECT: Teona Iashvili KONSULTANTS: Mzia Surguladze, Dali Chitunashvili EDITIon Assistants: nino Badashvili, Tamara Gabunia, Teona Gelashvili, Tea Kimeridze, nata Kubaneishvili, Vera Shengelia, Tamta Shonvadze, Manana Chumburidze TRANSLATOR: nino Gabunia, Marine Kenia EDITor of EnGlISh TExT: ronald Scott Mangum Proof-reader: Mariam Janikashvili PHOTO: Tamar Gabunia, Armen Petrosiani 2011 წელს საქართველოს ეროვნული არქივის ხელნაწერთა ბაზაზე მომზადდა გამოცემა „საეკლესიო მოხატული ხელნაწერი წიგნები“1. მინიატურების უდიდესი ნაწილი პირველად გამოქვეყნდა, შესაბამისად, წიგნმა დიდი სამსახური გაუწია ხელნაწერითა და მისი მოხატულობით დაინტერესებულ პირებს. წინამდებარე გამოცემა მეორე შევსებული ვერსიაა. დღემდე გამოქვეყნებულ მასალასთან ერთად, აქ შესულია ისეთი მინიატურები, რომელთა შესახებ ინფორმაცია აქამდე არსებულ კატალოგებსა თუ სხვა საცნობარო ლიტერატურაში მითითებული არ იყო. ალბომში ცალკე ადგილი უჭირავს ეროვნულ არქივში დაცულ მოხატულ ისტორიულ საბუთებს. -
Influence of Cultural and Historical Context on the Moral Competence in Modern Society (In Terms of Georgia and Russia)
Ethics in Progress (ISSN 2084-9257). Vol. 7 (2016). No. 1, Art. #11, 152-173. doi: 10.14746/eip.2016.1.9 Influence of Cultural and Historical Context on the Moral Competence in Modern Society (in Terms of Georgia and Russia) Eka Kaznina (Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia in St. Petersburg ) , [email protected] 1. Introduction The break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 sharply cast the relationships between the Republics of post-Soviet space and Russia back, mutual trust was lost, economic and cultural interaction was practically stopped. The global changes of the 1990s in the field of political order, social and economic lifestyle in the countries of the former socialist camp brought up to severe demographic situation (depopulation), impoverishment of its significant part, criminalization of society and, what is quite important, to negative changes in consciousness and behavior of its population, including deformation of ethical code of personality, for long time fixing the acute social-cultural situation. A. Yurevich and D. Ushakov (2010) call that the moral collapse. One hundred years ago, E. Durkheim called such a situation in society “the social anomia” (destruction of the system of moral norms). In the post-Soviet space the given phenomenon changed hypernomia (over-normativity) of socialist regimes (Merton 1996). Freedom in Russia of the beginning of the 90s was understood as absence of bans and rules, relying on the concept of “the vulgar liberalism”. Yurevich calls the preconditions of the moral collapse the general weakening of the control over the behavior of citizens, which is peculiar for changing societies, ethical features of the reformers – “democrats” from Komsomol workers, formation by them the ideology of needlessness of moral for market economy and criminalization of society (Yurevich 2009). -
GEORGIA: Ethnic Cleansing of Ossetians 1989-1992
Regional Non-Governmental Organisation for the protection and development of national culture and identity of the people of the Republic of North Ossetia and the Republic of South Ossetia «VOZROZHDENIE» - «SANDIDZAN» Profsoyuznaya str., 75-3-174, 117342, Moscow, Russia теl.: +7 (495) 642-3553, e-mail: [email protected] , www.sandidzan.org СОВЕЩАНИЕ 2011 ГОДА ПО ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОМУ ИЗМЕРЕНИЮ В ВАРШАВЕ РАБОЧЕЕ ЗАСЕДАНИЕ 11 Беженцы и перемещенные лица. GEORGIA: Ethnic Cleansing of Ossetians 1989-1992 Inga Kochieva, Alexi Margiev First published in Russia in 2005 by Europe Publishing House as GEORGIA: Ethnic Cleansing of Ossetians ISBN: 5-9739-0030-4 Table of Contents [Main Text] ................................................................................................................... 1 Geographical Index ................................................................................................... 74 Toponymical Reference Table for South Ossetia ...................................................... 78 Introduction As a result of the armed conflict between Georgia and South Ossetia in 1989-1992, a huge part of the Ossetian population in South Ossetia and in Georgia, became refugees, or forcibly displaced people. Significant numbers were forced to resettle in North Ossetia, while the remainder dispersed in Tskhinval and the Ossetian villages of South Ossetia. Since then a plethora of government agencies and non-governmental organisations have wrestled with the refugee problem, but what they have achieved is incommensurate with the -
The Royal Hou of Georgia the Royal House of Georgia
DON SALVATORE FERDINANDO ANTONIO CAPUTO THE ROYAL HOUSE OF GEORGIA H.R.H. CROWN PRINCE NUZGAR BAGRATION -GRUZINSKY DYNASTY PRESENTED BY Page 0 de 56 Contents PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... 3 KINGDOM OF GEORGIA ......................................................................................................... 5 Origins ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Golden Age ............................................................................................................................... 6 Tamar (Great Empires) ...................................................................................................... 6 Early life ............................................................................................................................... 6 Queen of Georgia ................................................................................................................ 7 Death .................................................................................................................................... 7 Legacy ................................................................................................................................... 7 Final disintegration ................................................................................................................ 8 Unified Kingdom ....................................................................................................................