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Ceramic Technology: a Technological Research and Curriculum Analysis, with Implications for Industrial Education

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Ceramic Technology: a Technological Research and Curriculum Analysis, with Implications for Industrial Education This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received Mic e 1-908 FRITZ, Robert Charles. CERAMIC TECH­ NOLOGY: A TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND CURRICULUM ANALYSIS, WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL EDUCA­ TION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1960 Education, theory and practice University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY A Technological Research and Curriculum Analysis, with Implications for Industrial Education DISSERTATION resented ■'n Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University B y ROBERT CHARLES FRTTZ, A.3., M.A The 0hJo St^te University I960 Approved by Department of Education ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer Is pleased to express his sincere appreciation for the counseling and guidance of his adviser, Dr. Robert M. Reese, and the other members of h^s committee, Dr. Earl W. Anderson and Dr. Robert W. Haws, for their constructive aid during the study. The writer is most grateful to Dr. Ralston Russell, Jr. for his review of the ceramic technological research for the study and to the staff of the Ceramic Division of Battelle Memorial Institute for their constant en­ couragement and interest in the study. CONTENTS PART T INTRODUCTION Chapter Page I. NATURE OF THE DISSERTATION .................. 1 Statement of the Problem .................. C. Assumptions ................................. 4 Limitations ................................. 6 Methods and Techniques .................... 8 Terminology ................................. 10 II. THE FUNCTION OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION . 14 General Education .......................... 16 Industrial Education........................ 17 III. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CERAMICS ......... 31 Genesis of Industrial Processes ........... 31 Technological Advancements ................ 40 PART tj INVESTIGATION OF CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY TV. THE AMERICAN CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY ............. 45 The Nature of Ceramics...................... ^5 Scope of the Industry - Growth ........... 46 Nature of the Ceramic Industry ........... 57 V. ANALYSIS OF THE CERAMTC TECHNOLOGY ......... 70 Ceramic Minerals Analysis .................. 70 Origin and Occurrence of Ceramic Minerals . 83 Properties of Ceramic Materials ........... 92 Rheologlcal Phenomena ...................... 100 Physio-Chemical Reaction between Ceramic Materials ................................. 105 Classification of Ceramic Materials . 112 11 i 1v CONTENTS (Continued) Chapter Page VT. ANALYSTS OF MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING. 126 Preparation of Raw Materials. ........ 126 Composition and Calculation of Ceramic Products....................................129 Preparation of Ceramic Bodies ............... 146 VII. ANALYSTS OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES .............. 177 Forming Methods ............................... 177 Drying Products ............................... 195 Design Development .......................... 199 Decorative Processes ........................ 200 Firing and Settings........................ 204 Thermal Chemical Reactions.................. 221 PART ITT ORGANIZATION OF THE SUBJECT MATTER VTTT. CURRICULAR ELEMENTS ............................. 243 Scientific Research .......................... 245 Analysis of Ceramic Material and Classifications ............................. 251 Composition and Preparation of Ceramic Materials................................. 254 Ceramic Processes ............................. 257 Tests of Ceramic Material and Products . 266 PART TV APPLICATION AND CONCLUSIONS IX. APPLICATION OF CERAMTC TECHNOLOGY TO INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION....................................279 Implications for Industrial Education .... 28l The Problem: Slip c a s t i n g ................283 Recommendations........................ 290 CONTENTS (Continued) Chapter Page X. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS........................ 293 Summary......................................... 293 Conclusions..................................... 295 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................... 300 AUTOBIOGRAPHY......................................... 310 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Statistical Summary of Ceramic Manufacturing in 1956 ........................................ 53 IT. General Statistics, 1957 55 TIT. Mendeleef's Periodic Table .................... 76 TV. Optical, Crystallographic, and Thermal Properties of Some Clay Minerals .......... 8l V. World-Wide Composite Analysis of Igneous Rocks. 85 VT. Chemical Composition of Some C l a y s .......... 90 VIT. Classification of Clays as to O r i g i n ........113 VTTT. Classification of Clays as to U s e ............ 115 TX. Chemical Analysis of Several F<re Clays .... 118 X. Standards for British and American Sieves , . 130 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Comparison of Antique Glass and a Comtemporary Commercially Used Window Glass. ....... 36 2. Ceramic Product Classification ................ 47 3. Indexes of the Physical Volume of Mineral Production and Population Rise, 1925 to 1958...............................................51 4. Upper Operating Temperatures of Commercial Ceramics and Melting Points of Pure Compounds........................................ 66 5. Analyses of Thermal Curves......................... 82 6 . Viscosity: Effect of Pressure on Flow of Liquid and Plastic Paste. ................. 106 7. Analysis of a Washed North Carolina Residual Kaol<n........................................... 117 8 . Chemical Analysis of Tennessee Ball Clay. 117 9. Graphical Representation of the Molecular Formulas of Ceramic Glazes..................... 142 10. Illustration of Triaxial Blending for Three Glaze Batches...................................145 11. Blending Glaze Slips .......................... 147 12. Representative Chemical Analysis of Albany s u p ..............................................153 13. Effect of Water Content on Properties of Plaster......................................... I85 14. Viscosity Curves for a Whiteware Slip Solid Castings are Made at (A) and Drain Castings at ( B ) ..........................189 15. Range of Temperature Instruments..................209 yi 1 viii LIST OP FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 16. Single-Component Equilibrium Diagram........ 227 17. Two-Component Equilibrium Diagram ...... 227 18. Equilibrium Diagram of the System A1203 • Si 0 2 ............................... 229 19. Standard Method for Testing for Water of Plasticity................................... 238 20. Standard Method for Testing Fired Properties of Clay Products............................. 239 PART T INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I NATURE OP THE DISSERTATION This dissertation is a technological research and curriculum analysis focused upon the ceramic phase of American technology. It has general reference to tech­ nology's impact upon man and society, and special refer­ ence to curriculum development for Industrial Education. Scientific research has changed with explosive force the complex economic system of the United States, particularly in occupations. Technological advancements, giving impetus to the need for technical occupations, have produced changes in the requirements for the training and education of the working force. Consequently, industrial education programs for the technical level have been de­ veloped in most states to train persons for highly skilled occupations. in recent years, the ceramic industry, with the development of new raw materials, new fabricating processes, and new products, has become one of the major industries 1 In the United States. Through scientific research, man has developed and advanced ceramics toward new horizons. Ceramic materials have become Important to such areas as agriculture, science, transportation, the domestic scene, medicine, electricity and electronics, and national de­ fense developments. It is evident that as a major industry ceramics should be represented In industrial education. Statement of the Problem Industrial education is dedicated to the postulate that the curriculum Bhould reflect that part of the culture which is technological. Curriculum research for industrial education is needed to keep abreaBt of the technological advances. The curriculum, therefore, should be derived from and be reflective of technology through the utilization of the materials, processes, and tools of industry that are applicable to curriculum development. The ceramic in­ dustry has inherent within it a wealth of subject matter for curriculum organization. This study Is based upon a working hypothesis derived from the above stated postulate and involves a technological investigation of ceramics and the development of a subject matter outline pertinent to industrial education. The subject matter Is organized so as to be applicable primarily to the secondary and 3 technical levels of educational institutions and to reflect both philosophies represented within industrial education: general education (industrial arts) and vocational edu­ cation (trade or technical). Quldlng principles are needed to provide a plan for presentation, Tt Is expected that the following principles for the dissertation are clearly Justified by the material gathered and presented within the text of this study: 1. The presentation of a basic philosophical foundation for industrial education should Illustrate Its position in education: general and vocational. 2. The presentation of an investigation of the historical significance of ceramics, Its nature, and techno­ logical development from 12000 B.C. to the twentieth cen­ tury should illustrate the role ceramics has
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