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Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Fire Rated Glass Burglar Resistant Glass Sound Protection Glass Decorative Glass Curved Glass

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Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Fire Rated Glass Burglar Resistant Glass Sound Protection Glass Decorative Glass Curved Glass Envelopes in Architecture (A4113) Designing holistic envelopes for contemporary buildings Silvia Prandelli, Werner Sobek New York A4113 ENVELOPES IN ARCHITECTURE - FALL 2016 Supply chain for holistic facades 2 Systems Door systems Media Facades Rainscreen facades Dynamic facades Mesh System Structural glass/Cable Glass floors Multiple skins Shading systems Green facades Panelized systems Stick/Unitized systems 3 Curtain wall facades 4 What are the components of a façade system? 5 What are the components of a façade system? 6 What are the components of a façade system? 7 Glass 8 Glass Types Base Glass (float glass) Heat Treated Glass Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Fire Rated Glass Burglar Resistant Glass Sound Protection Glass Decorative Glass Curved Glass 9 Base Glass (Float Glass) 10 3500 BC Glass Making: Man-made glass objects, mainly non-transparent glass beads, finds in Egypt and Eastern Mesopotamia 1500 BC Early hollow glass production: Evidence of the origins of the hollow glass industry, finds in Egypt 11 27 BC - 14 AD Glass Blowing: Discovery of glassblowing, attributed to Syrian craftsmen from the Sidon- Babylon area. > The blowing process has changed very little since then. 12 Flat Glass Blown sheet 13 15th century Lead Crystal Glass: During the 15th century in Venice, the first clear glass called cristallo was invented. In 1675, glassmaker George Ravenscroft invented lead crystal glass by adding lead oxide to Venetian glass. 14 16th century Sheet Glass: Larger sheets of glass were made by blowing large cylinders which were cut open and flattened, then cut into panes 19th century Sheet Glass: The first advances in automating glass manufacturing were patented in 1848 by Henry Bessemer, an English engineer. His system produced a continuous ribbon of flat glass by forming the ribbon between rollers. 20th century Sheet Glass: On March 25, 1902, Irving W Colburn patented the sheet glass drawing machine, making the mass production of glass for windows possible. 20th century Sheet Glass: The first real innovation came in 1905 when a Belgian named Fourcault managed to vertically draw a continuous sheet of glass of a consistent width from the molten tank. 15 Flat Glass Bessemer Method 16 Flat Glass Drawn Glass Fourcault Process Colburn-Owens Process 17 20th century Modern Sheet Glass: 1953 and 1957, Sir Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff of the UK's Pilkington Brothers developed the first successful commercial application • for forming a continuous ribbon of glass • using a molten tin bath on which the molten glass flows unhindered under the influence of gravity 18 Float Glass Float Process 19 Float Glass Float Process 20 Float Glass Float Process Stage 1: Melting and refining Stage 2: Float bath Fine-grained ingredients, closely controlled for quality, are Glass from the melter flows gently over a refractory mixed to make a batch, which flows into the furnace which spout on to the mirror-like surface of molten tin, is heated to 1500 ºC. Float today makes glass of near starting at 1,100ºC and leaving the float bath as a optical quality. Several processes - melting, refining, solid ribbon at 600ºC. homogenizing – take place simultaneously in the 2,000 tones of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in The principle of float glass is unchanged from the separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high 1950s. But the product has changed dramatically: temperatures, as the diagram shows. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, • from a single equilibrium thickness of 6.8mm to a that delivers glass at 1,100oC, free from inclusions and range from sub-millimeter to 25mm; bubbles, smoothly and continuously to the float bath. • from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions, The melting process is key to glass quality; and bubbles and striations to almost optical perfection. compositions can be modified to change the properties of the finished product. 21 Float Glass Coating Soft coating Stage 3: Coating Coatings that make profound changes in optical properties can be applied by advanced high temperature technology to the cooling ribbon of glass. On-line chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of coatings is the most significant advance in the float process since it was invented. CVD can be used to lay down a variety of coatings, less than a micron thick, to reflect visible and infrared wavelengths, for instance. Multiple coatings can be deposited in the few seconds available as the glass ribbon flows beneath the coaters. Further development of the CVD process may well replace changes in composition as the principal way of varying the optical properties of float glass. 22 Float Glass Annealing Stage 4: Annealing Despite the tranquility with which float glass is formed, considerable stresses are developed in the ribbon as it cools. Too much stress and the glass will break beneath the cutter. The picture shows stresses through the ribbon, revealed by polarized light. To relieve these stresses the ribbon undergoes heat-treatment in a long furnace known as a lehr. Temperatures are closely controlled both along and across the ribbon. 23 Float Glass Inspection Stage 5: Inspection The float process is renowned for making perfectly flat, flaw-free glass. But to ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. It reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. And it enables computers downstream to steer cutters round flaws. Inspection technology now allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. The data drives 'intelligent‘ cutters, further improving product quality to the customer. 24 Float Glass Cutting Stage 6: Cutting to order Diamond wheels trim off selvedge - stressed edges - and cut the ribbon to size dictated by computer. Float glass is sold by the square meter. Computers translate customers' requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimize wastage. 25 Heat Treated Glass 26 Heat Treatment 27 Heat Treatment Tempered Glass Thermally Fully Tempered Glass: Generally speaking, “Toughened glass’ is about 4 – 5 times stronger than its non-toughened equivalent. Minimum thickness of glass is 3 mm. 28 Heat Treatment Tempered Glass Chemically Tempered Glass: When glasses are dipped into a bath with melted potassium salt at a temperature above 380ºC, an exchange takes place between the potassium ions in the salt and the sodium ions on the surface of the glass. Tempered Chemical tempering should be considered in the following situations: • When glass thickness is less than 2.5mm potassium • Where glass with complex bending or dimensional characteristics cannot be tempered with thermal tempering. Chemical tempering can be used on previously curved glass, and also on glass that is less than 2 mm thick. sodium The shape of the glass sheet will not be modified during tempering, so perfectly coupled sheets can be obtained during PVB lamination. 29 Heat Treatment Brakeage Pattern Toughened or Heat Strengthened Float Fully Tempered 30 Heat Treatment Brakeage Pattern Float Glass 31 Heat Treatment Brakeage Pattern Toughened or Fully Tempered Glass Heat Strengthened Glass 32 Laminated Glass 33 Laminated Glass In 1903, French chemist Edouard Benedictus accidentally broke a bottle of cellulose acetate in his laboratory. As a result, he discovered that the cellulose, upon hardening, held the fragments of glass together. This subsequently led to the use of cellulose as a binding agent in the glass laminating process. A Saint-Gobain patent of the process followed in 1910. Further development by DuPont and Monsanto led to the use of laminated windscreens in cars after the second world war. • Performance? • safety • security • sound control • solar energy performance • ultraviolet radiation protection • hurricane, earthquake and bomb blast 34 Laminated Glass Process Technical data Minimum glass size 250 x 400 mm Maximum glass size 3300 x 9000 mm Glass types • Float glass, also with the latest coatings • Tempered and heat strengthened glass Laminating interlayers • PVB • EVA • SGP (SentryGlas®plus) 35 Laminated Glass Infill Glass Pane PVB, SGP,… Infill PVB, SGP,… Glass Pane 36 Laminated Glass Interlayer 1. Butacite® polyvinyl butyral interlayer (PVB) has been continuously improved over the past 67 years from its inception as the preferred material for safety glass. It has established all of the advantages of laminated glass: Safety and security, sound dampening; ability to offer solar control for energy savings; protection of interiors from fading; and added beauty. 2. SentryGlas®Plus interlayer (SGP) for laminated safety glazing is the latest innovation in DuPont’s family of glass laminating products. It extends the performance of laminated glass beyond current technologies. SentryGlas® Plus Interlayer offers five times the tear strength and 100 times the rigidity of conventional PVB interlayer. Because of its added strength, clarity, durability, fabrication and installation ease, it is an excellent candidate for demanding applications in the architectural market place. It can offer improved ballistic protection or thinner constructions than are now possible with conventional laminated glass. 37 Laminated Glass Comparison 38 Insulating Glass 39 Insulating Glass 40 Insulating Glass 41 Insulating Glass Hermetically sealed
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