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Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES ) BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS \ # * • No. 441 PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR SERIES PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY / v \ \ “ / JULY, 1927 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1927 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ACKNOWLEDGMENT This bulletin was prepared by Boris Stern, of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. ii ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS U .S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 40 CENTS PER COPY Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS Introduction and summary: Page Industrial revolution in the glass industry____________________ ____ 1-14 Early history of glass making_______________________________ 1-3 Regenerative furnace and continuous tank___________________ 3, 4 Development of machinery in the industry___________________ 4-7 Bottles and jars_______________________________________ 4, 5 Pressed ware__________________________________________ 5 Blown ware___________________________________________ 5, 6 Window glass__________________________________________ 6 Plate glass____________________________________________ 6, 7 Effects of machinery on labor productivity and labor cost_____ 7-14 Bottles and jars________________________________________ 7, 8 Pressed ware__________________________________________ 9, 10 Blown ware___________________________________________ 10-12 Window glass__________________________________________ 13 Plate glass_____________________________________________ 13, 14 Effects of the industrial revolution on the industry________________ 14-25 Establishments and wage earners____________________________ 15, 16 Output of establishments___________________________________ 16-18 Stabilization of the industry_________________________ _______ 18 Value of output____________________________________________ 18-20 Output of wage earners_____________________________________ 20, 21 Wage workers' earnings_____________________________________21, 22 Child labor________________________________________________ 22-25 Chapter I.—Bottles and jars: Annealing bottles_______________________________________________26, 27 Assorting bottles_______________________________________________ 27, 28 Blowing bottles by hand________________________________________ 28-31 Blowing bottles by machine______________________ ^_____________ 32 Semiautomatic machinery___________________________________32-35 One-man machine____________________ ________ _________ 34, 35 “ Feed and flow ” devices_______________________________ 35 Automatic machinery______________________________________ 36-45 Owens machine________________________________________ 36-38 Conveyors____________________________________________ 38, 39 Feeders_______________________________________________ 39-41 Machines used with feeders___________________________ 41-45 Labor productivity and labor cost_____________________________ _ 45-54 Man-hour output---------- -------------------- --------------------------------- 46-50 Blowing labor cost_________________________________________ 50-54 Present situation in the bottle branch of the industry______________ 55 Statistics of production and labor cost___________________________ 55-87 Table A .—Production and labor cost in making bottles by hand and by machine__________________________________________59-87 Chapter II.— Pressed and blown ware: Pressed ware________________________________ - _________________ 88 Making pressed ware by hand---------- ------------------------------------ 89-91 Semiautomatic machinery___________________________________91, 92 Automatic machinery______________________________________ 92-94 Labor productivity and labor cost___________________________ 95-99 Man-hour output______________________ _______________ 95-97 Direct labor cost_______________________________________ 97-99 Effects of the introduction of machinery____________________ 99, 100 Statistics of production and labor cost_____________________ 100-109 Table B .— Production and labor cost in making pressed ware by hand and by machine_____________ - ________ 101-109 in Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IV CONTENTS Chapter II.—Pressed and blown ware—Continued. Blown ware: Page Lamp chimneys__________________________________________ 110-116 Offhand process______________________________________ 110, 111 Paste-mold process_____________________________________ 111 Semiautomatic process_______________________________ 111, 112 Man-hour output and labor cost______________________ 112-114 Statistics of production and labor cost_________________ 114-116 Table C .—Production and labor cost in making lamp chimneys by hand and by machine________________ 116 Electric light bulbs_______________________________________ 117-131 Making bulbs by hand_________________________________ % 117 Semiautomatic process_______________________________ 117-119 Automatic machinery________________________________ 119-125 Man-hour output and labor cost______________________ 125-127 Statistics of production and labor cost_________________ 127-131 Table I).— Production and labor cost in making elec­ tric light bulbs by hand and by machine_________ 128-131 Punch tumblers__________________________________________ 132-136 Making tumblers by hand____________________________ 132-134 Automatic process___________________________________ 134, 135 Man-hour output and labor cost________________________ 135 Statistics of production and labor cost_________________ 135, 136 Table E .— Production and labor cost in making punch tumblers by hand and by machine_______ _________ 136 Glass tubing. _____________________________________________ 137-144 Making glass tubing by hand___________________________ 137 Making glass tubing by machine______________________ 137-142 Man-hour output and labor cost______________________ 142, 143 Statistics of production and labor cost_________________ 143, 144 Table F .—Production and labor cost in making glass tubing by hand and by machine__________________ 144 Chapter III.— Window glass: Making window glass by hand_________________________________ 145-148 Cylinder-machine process_____________________________________ 148-154 Hand and cylinder-machine processes compared___________________ 154 Flat glass____________________________________________________ 154HL58 Colburn process__________________________________________ 154, 155 Fourcault machine_______________________________________ 155-158 Man-hour output and labor cost_______________________________ 159, 160 Present situation in the window glass branch of the industry___ 161, 162 Statistics of production and labor cost_____________________ ____162-169 Table G .—Production and labor cost in making window glass by hand and by machine________________________________ 164-169 Chapter IV.—Plate glass: Discontinuous process________________________________________ 171-181 Melting the glass___________________________________________ 171 Casting the rough plate___________________________________ 171-174 Annealing the rough plate_________________________________ 174-177 Grinding and polishing plate glass------------------------------ --------177-180 Laying out a table__________________________________ - 177, 178 Grinding machine______________________________________ 178 Middle yard___________________________________________ 178 Polishing machine__________________________ _________ 178-180 Relaying or turnover gang_-------------------------------------------- 180 Stripping and washing the glass----------------------------------— 180 Examining and cutting department---------------------------------------- 180 Continuous process___________________________________________ 182-187 Casting department______________________________________ 182-184 Finishing department_____________________________________ 184—187 Cutting department_____________________ __________________ 187 Discontinuous and continuous processes compared---------------------- 187-189 Man-hour output and labor cost_______________________________ 189-196 Present situation in the plate-glass branch of the industry--------------- 197 Statistics of production and labor cost_________________________ 197-204 T able H .—Production and labor cost of making plate glass by hand and by machine__________________________________ 199-204 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS n o . 441 WASHINGTON j u l y , 1927 PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY EARLY HISTORY OF GLASS MAKING Very little is known of the early history of glass making and abso­ lutely nothing of the manner and date of its discovery. It is reason­ ably certain, however, that the art of blowing glass into bottles, making it into vases, coloring it to imitate precious stones, melting it into enormous masses to make pillars, and rolling and polishing it into mirrors was well known and practiced even in the most remote ages. The earliest evidences of the existence of the art of glass making are found in Egypt. Champollion discovered on the walls of the tomb of Beni-Hassan-el-Gadim drawings of workmen engaged in glass blowing, and the reproduction of these drawings shows
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